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162 relations: Abortion, Abortion debate, Adult, Adult stem cell, Alzheimer's disease, Amniotic fluid, Amniotic stem cells, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Apheresis, Astrocyte, Asymmetric cell division, Australian Family Physician, Autotransplantation, Biocell Center, Birth defect, Blastocyst, Bone marrow, Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Catholic Church, Cell (biology), Cell bank, Cell culture, Cell cycle, Cell division, Cell fusion, Cell potency, Cell type, Cellular differentiation, Central nervous system, Chimera (genetics), Clonogenic assay, Consumer Watchdog, Cord blood, Cornea, Crohn's disease, Decapentaplegic, Dental pulp stem cells, Diabetes mellitus, DNA damage theory of aging, Dolly (sheep), Drug development, Embryo, Embryoid body, Embryonic stem cell, Encephalization, Endoglin, Endothelial stem cell, Epigenetics, Ernest McCulloch, ..., Experimental Hematology, Extracellular matrix, Extraembryonic membrane, Femur, Fetus, Fibroblast, Foreskin, Gelatin, Germ layer, Geron Corporation, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, GSK3B, Hair loss, Hearing, Hematopoietic stem cell, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Hepatotoxicity, Holy See, Homeobox protein NANOG, House mouse, Human body, Human cloning, Human fertilization, Human genome, Ian Wilmut, Iliac crest, Immortalised cell line, Immunosuppression, In vitro, In vivo, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Inner cell mass, James Thomson (cell biologist), James Till, Junying Yu, KLF4, Kyoto University, L'Osservatore Romano, Learning disability, Leukemia inhibitory factor, Male infertility, Mammal, Mammalian embryogenesis, MAPK/ERK pathway, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Meristem, Mesenchymal stem cell, Micrograph, Mitosis, Moratorium (law), Multicellular organism, Myc, Myocardial infarction, Nerve, Neural stem cell, Neural tube, Neurodegeneration, Neuroectoderm, Neurogenesis, Neuroglia, Neuron, Neurulation, NPR, Oct-4, Oligodendrocyte, Organogenesis, Organoid, Osteoarthritis, Parkinson's disease, Partial cloning, Patent, PBS NewsHour, Placenta, Plant stem cell, Progenitor cell, Public Patent Foundation, Radial glial cell, Receptor (biochemistry), Regenerative medicine, Reprogramming, Rheumatoid arthritis, Shinya Yamanaka, Somatic (biology), Somatic cell nuclear transfer, SOX2, Spinal cord injury, Spinal cord injury research, Stage specific embryonic antigen 3, Standing (law), Stem cell controversy, Stem cell marker, Stroke, Teratoma, The Daily Telegraph, Tissue (biology), Tooth, Transcription factor, Transmission electron microscopy, Traumatic brain injury, Ultrastructure, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, United States Patent and Trademark Office, University of Toronto, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Ventricular system, Ventricular zone, Vertebrate, Visual system, WebMD, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Wound healing, Yamanaka. Expand index (112 more) »
Abortion
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus.
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Abortion debate
The abortion debate is the ongoing controversy surrounding the moral, legal, and religious status of induced abortion.
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Adult
Biologically, an adult is a human or other organism that has reached sexual maturity.
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Adult stem cell
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Amniotic fluid
The amniotic fluid is the protective liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a gravid Amniote.
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Amniotic stem cells
Amniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), and Lou Gehrig's disease, is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles.
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Apheresis
Apheresis (ἀφαίρεσις (aphairesis, "a taking away")) is a medical technology in which the blood of a person is passed through an apparatus that separates out one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the circulation.The blood is filtered to remove the stem cells.
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Astrocyte
Astrocytes (Astro from Greek astron.
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Asymmetric cell division
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates.
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Australian Family Physician
The Australian Family Physician is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners.
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Autotransplantation
Autotransplantation is the transplantation of organs, tissues, or even particular proteins from one part of the body to another in the same person (auto- meaning "self" in Greek).
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Biocell Center
Biocell Center is an international company specializing in the cryopreservation and private banking of amniotic fluid stem cells.
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Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.
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Blastocyst
The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals.
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Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell bank
A cell bank is a facility that stores cells of specific genome for the purpose of future use in a product or medicinal needs.
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Cell culture
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.
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Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Cell fusion
Cell fusion is an important cellular process in which several uninuclear cells (cells with a single nucleus) combine to form a multinuclear cell, known as a syncytium.
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Cell potency
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.
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Cell type
A cell type is a classification used to distinguish between morphologically or phenotypically distinct cell forms within a species.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Chimera (genetics)
A genetic chimerism or chimera (also spelled chimaera) is a single organism composed of cells with distinct genotypes.
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Clonogenic assay
A clonogenic assay is a cell biology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells.
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Consumer Watchdog
Consumer Watchdog (formerly the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights) is a non-profit, progressive organization which advocates for taxpayer and consumer interests, with a focus on insurance, health care, political reform, privacy and energy.
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Cord blood
Umbilical cord blood is blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth.
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Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
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Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus.
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Decapentaplegic
Decapentaplegic (Dpp) is a key morphogen involved in the development of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and is the first validated secreted morphogen.
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Dental pulp stem cells
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are stem cells present in the dental pulp, the soft living tissue within teeth.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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DNA damage theory of aging
The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damages.
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Dolly (sheep)
Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.
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Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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Embryoid body
Embryoid bodies (EBs) are three-dimensional aggregates of pluripotent stem cells.
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Embryonic stem cell
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo.
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Encephalization
Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass related to an animal's total body mass.
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Endoglin
Endoglin (ENG) is a type I membrane glycoprotein located on cell surfaces and is part of the TGF beta receptor complex.
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Endothelial stem cell
Endothelial stem cells (ESCs) are one of three types of stem cells found in bone marrow.
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.
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Ernest McCulloch
Ernest Armstrong McCulloch, (27 April 1926 – 20 January 2011) was a University of Toronto cellular biologist, best known for demonstrating – with James Till – the existence of stem cells.
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Experimental Hematology
Experimental Hematology is a peer-reviewed medical journal of hematology, which publishes original research articles and reviews, as well as the abstracts of the annual proceedings of the Society for Hematology and Stem Cells (formerly known as the International Society for Experimental Hematology).
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Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
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Extraembryonic membrane
An extraembryonic membrane is one of the membranes which assist in the development of the embryo.
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Femur
The femur (pl. femurs or femora) or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the hip joint) bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles including lizards, and amphibians such as frogs.
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Fetus
A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.
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Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.
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Foreskin
In male human anatomy, the foreskin is the double-layered fold of smooth muscle tissue, blood vessels, neurons, skin, and mucous membrane part of the penis that covers and protects the glans penis and the urinary meatus.
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Gelatin
Gelatin or gelatine (from gelatus meaning "stiff", "frozen") is a translucent, colorless, brittle (when dry), flavorless food derived from collagen obtained from various animal body parts.
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Germ layer
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis.
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Geron Corporation
Geron Corporation is a biotechnology company located in Menlo Park, California, which specializes in developing and commercializing therapeutic products for cancer that inhibit telomerase.
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a protein that is encoded by the GFAP gene in humans.
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GSK3B
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, also known as GSK3B, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene.
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Hair loss
Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body.
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Hearing
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear.
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Hematopoietic stem cell
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells.
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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood.
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Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.
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Holy See
The Holy See (Santa Sede; Sancta Sedes), also called the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity.
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Homeobox protein NANOG
NANOG (pron. nanOg) is a transcription factor critically involved with self-renewal of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.
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House mouse
The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a small mammal of the order Rodentia, characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, and a long naked or almost hairless tail.
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Human body
The human body is the entire structure of a human being.
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Human cloning
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy (or clone) of a human.
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Human fertilization
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
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Human genome
The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
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Ian Wilmut
Sir Ian Wilmut, OBE FRS One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: FMedSci FRSE (born 7 July 1944) is a British embryologist and Chair of the Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh.
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Iliac crest
The crest of the ilium (or iliac crest) is the superior border of the wing of ilium and the superolateral margin of the greater pelvis.
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Immortalised cell line
An immortalized cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism which would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division.
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Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Induced pluripotent stem cell
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
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Inner cell mass
In early embryogenesis of most eutherian mammals, the inner cell mass (abbreviated ICM and also known as the embryoblast in mammals or pluriblast) is the mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus.
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James Thomson (cell biologist)
James Alexander Thomson (born December 20, 1958) is an American developmental biologist best known for deriving the first human embryonic stem cell line in 1998 and for deriving human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) in 2007.
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James Till
James Edgar Till, (born August 25, 1931) is a University of Toronto biophysicist, best known for demonstrating – with Ernest McCulloch – the existence of stem cells.
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Junying Yu
Junying Yu, is an American stem cell biologist.
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KLF4
Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4; gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor or GKLF) is a zinc-finger transcription factor, and it was first identified in 1996.
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Kyoto University
, or is a national university in Kyoto, Japan.
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L'Osservatore Romano
L'Osservatore Romano (Italian for "The Roman Observer") is the daily newspaper of Vatican City State which carries the Pope’s discourses and reports on the activities of the Holy See, reports on events taking place in the Church and the world, and many cultural articles.
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Learning disability
Learning disability is a classification that includes several areas of functioning in which a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner, usually caused by an unknown factor or factors.
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Leukemia inhibitory factor
Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is an interleukin 6 class cytokine that affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation.
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Male infertility
Male infertility refers to a male's inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Mammalian embryogenesis
Mammalian embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation during early prenatal development which leads to the development of a mammalian embryo.
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MAPK/ERK pathway
The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
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Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. is a privately held independent publishing company founded by its president, Mary Ann Liebert, in 1980.
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Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
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Mesenchymal stem cell
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue).
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Micrograph
A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an item.
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Mitosis
In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
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Moratorium (law)
A moratorium is a delay or suspension of an activity or a law.
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Multicellular organism
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.
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Myc
Myc is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors.
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Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
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Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (nerve fibers, the long and slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system.
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Neural stem cell
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells that generate the neurons and glia of the nervous system of all animals during embryonic development.
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Neural tube
In the developing chordate (including vertebrates), the neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
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Neurodegeneration
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.
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Neuroectoderm
Neuroectoderm (or neural ectoderm or neural tube epithelium) is ectoderm which receives bone morphogenetic protein-inhibiting signals from proteins such as noggin, which leads to the development of the nervous system from this tissue.
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Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, known as neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSC)s, and it occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans.
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Neuroglia
Neuroglia, also called glial cells or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neurulation
Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
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NPR
National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.
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Oct-4
Oct-4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), also known as POU5F1 (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU5F1 gene.
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Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocytes, or oligodendroglia,.
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Organogenesis
In animal development, organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and goes until birth.
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Organoid
An organoid is a miniaturized and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in three dimensions that shows realistic micro-anatomy.
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Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Partial cloning
In the field of cell biology, the method of partial cloning (PCL) converts a fully differentiated old somatic cell into a partially reprogrammed young cell that retains all the specialised functions of the differentiated old cell but is simply younger.
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Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.
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PBS NewsHour
The PBS NewsHour is an American daily evening television news program that is broadcast on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), airing seven nights a week on more than 350 of the public broadcaster's member stations.
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Placenta
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.
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Plant stem cell
Plant stem cells are innately undifferentiated cells located in the meristems of plants.
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Progenitor cell
A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell.
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Public Patent Foundation
Public Patent Foundation, or PUBPAT, is a non-profit organization that seeks to limit perceived abuse of the United States patent system.
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Radial glial cell
Radial glial cells are bipolar-shaped cells that span the width of the cortex in the developing vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and serve as primary progenitor cells capable of generating neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Regenerative medicine
Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function".
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Reprogramming
In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture.
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Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.
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Shinya Yamanaka
is a Japanese Nobel Prize-winning stem cell researcher.
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Somatic (biology)
The term somatic is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells which usually give rise to the gametes (ovum or sperm).
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer
In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell.
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SOX2
SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, also known as SOX2, is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal, or pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.
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Spinal cord injury
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function.
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Spinal cord injury research
Spinal cord injury research seeks new ways to cure or treat spinal cord injury in order to lessen the debilitating effects of the injury in the short or long term.
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Stage specific embryonic antigen 3
Stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA-3) is a glycosphingolipid, specifically, an oligosaccharide composed of five carbohydrate units connected to a sphingolipid.
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Standing (law)
In law, standing or locus standi is the term for the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party's participation in the case.
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Stem cell controversy
The stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development, use, and destruction of human embryos.
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Stem cell marker
Stem cell markers are genes and their protein products used by scientists to isolate and identify stem cells.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Teratoma
A teratoma is a tumor made up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, or bone.
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The Daily Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Tooth
A tooth (plural teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, also sometimes conventional transmission electron microscopy or CTEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.
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Traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, occurs when an external force injures the brain.
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Ultrastructure
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope.
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United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit; in case citations, Fed. Cir. or C.A.F.C.) is a United States court of appeals headquartered in Washington, D.C. The court was created by Congress with passage of the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982, which merged the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims, making the judges of the former courts into circuit judges.
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United States Patent and Trademark Office
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an agency in the U.S. Department of Commerce that issues patents to inventors and businesses for their inventions, and trademark registration for product and intellectual property identification.
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University of Toronto
The University of Toronto (U of T, UToronto, or Toronto) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queen's Park.
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
The University of Wisconsin–Madison (also known as University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, UW, or regionally as UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States.
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Ventricular system
The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced.
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Ventricular zone
In vertebrate organisms, the ventricular zone (VZ) is a transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells, principally radial glial cells, of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Visual system
The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which gives organisms the ability to process visual detail, as well as enabling the formation of several non-image photo response functions.
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WebMD
WebMD is an American corporation known primarily as an online publisher of news and information pertaining to human health and well-being.
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Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
The Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation is the independent nonprofit technology transfer organization serving the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Morgridge Institute for Research.
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Wound healing
Wound healing is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury.
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Yamanaka
is a Japanese surname.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell
