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Stuttering

Index Stuttering

Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. According to Watkins et al., stuttering is a disorder of "selection, initiation, and execution of motor sequences necessary for fluent speech production." For many people who stutter, repetition is the primary problem. The term "stuttering" covers a wide range of severity, encompassing barely perceptible impediments that are largely cosmetic to severe symptoms that effectively prevent oral communication. In the world, approximately four times as many men as women stutter, encompassing 70 million people worldwide, or about 1% of the world's population. The impact of stuttering on a person's functioning and emotional state can be severe. This may include fears of having to enunciate specific vowels or consonants, fears of being caught stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, being a possible target of bullying having to use word substitution and rearrange words in a sentence to hide stuttering, or a feeling of "loss of control" during speech. Stuttering is sometimes popularly seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is actually no direct correlation in that direction (though as mentioned the inverse can be true, as social anxiety may actually develop in individuals as a result of their stuttering). Stuttering is generally not a problem with the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load (chronic nervousness and stress) that reduce the amount of acute stress necessary to trigger stuttering in any given person who stutters, exacerbating the problem in the manner of a positive feedback system; the name 'stuttered speech syndrome' has been proposed for this condition. Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering. The disorder is also variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more severe or less, depending on whether or not the stutterer is self-conscious about their stuttering. Stutterers often find that their stuttering fluctuates and that they have "good" days, "bad" days and "stutter-free" days. The times in which their stuttering fluctuates can be random. Although the exact etiology, or cause, of stuttering is unknown, both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute. There are many treatments and speech therapy techniques available that may help decrease speech disfluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot identify a problem; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present. The severity of the person's stuttering would correspond to the amount of speech therapy needed to decrease disfluency. For severe stuttering, long-term therapy and hard work is required to decrease disfluency. [1]

163 relations: Affect (psychology), Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Allostatic load, American Institute for Stuttering, Analogy, Anger, Anticonvulsant, Antidepressant, Antihypertensive drug, Antipsychotic, Anxiety, Arcuate fasciculus, Arkwright (Open All Hours), Auditory masking, Austin, Texas, Autism, Autopsy, Basal ganglia, Benzodiazepine, Bible, Blood pressure, Breastfeeding, British Stammering Association, Broca's area, Bullying, Cerebral palsy, Charles Van Riper, Claudius, Cluttering, Cognition, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Colin Firth, Communication, Cortisol, David Seidler, Delayed Auditory Feedback, Demosthenes, Dennis Drayna, Derek Jacobi, Developmental disorder, Diaphragmatic breathing, Disability rights movement, Dopamine, Dopamine antagonist, DSM-5, Edward Norton, Elocution, Embarrassment, Emotion, ..., Essential tremor, Etiology, Eurodance, European League of Stuttering Associations, Fear, Four temperaments, Frustration, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Galen, Genetics, George VI, Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Girolamo Mercuriale, Glossophobia, GNPTG, Guilt (emotion), Headache, Herbalism, Hove, Hyoid bone, Hypoactivity, Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, Iceberg, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Israel Stuttering Association, Jayasurya, Jazz, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, Joe Dougherty, Joseph Jordania, Lionel Logue, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Lisp, List of language disorders, List of stutterers, Looney Tunes, Lund University, Magnetoencephalography, Malayalam, Malcolm Fraser (philanthropist), McGuire programme, Mel Blanc, Michael Palin Centre for Stammering Children, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Monster Study, Moses, N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase, NAGPA, National Stuttering Association, NeuroImage, Neurophysiology, New York City, Notker the Stammerer, Open All Hours, Operant conditioning, Operculum (brain), Pagoclone, Palatine uvula, Palilalia, Parkinson's disease, Pathology, Pediatrics, Peer pressure, Planum temporale, Porky Pig, Positive feedback, Positron emission tomography, Prevalence, Primal Fear (film), Prognosis, Promotion (rank), Prosody (linguistics), Reginald Barclay, Robert Graves, Roman emperor, Romance (love), San Diego, Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop), Scatman John, Selective mutism, Self-esteem, Semivowel, Shame, Side effect, Sitcom, Social anxiety, Spasmodic dysphonia, Speech, Speech disfluency, Speech disorder, Speech processing, Speech-language pathology, Star Trek, Starfish Project, Stuttering Foundation of America, Su.. Su... Sudhi Vathmeekam, Symptom, Syntax, T.U.F.F. Puppy, Talmud, The Indian Stammering Association, The King's Speech, Tickling, Tonsil, Twin study, United Kingdom, Vomiting, Vowel, Warner Bros., Waterline, Weight gain, Wendell Johnson, Winston Churchill. Expand index (113 more) »

Affect (psychology)

Affect is a concept used in psychology to describe the experience of feeling or emotion.

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Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll.

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All India Institute of Speech and Hearing

The All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, commonly known as AIISH (AYE-SH), is located in Manasagangotri (Mysore University Campus), Mysore, India.

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Allostatic load

Allostatic load is "the wear and tear on the body" that accumulates as an individual is exposed to repeated or chronic stress.

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American Institute for Stuttering

The American Institute for Stuttering is an American nonprofit organization that provides universally affordable speech therapy to people who stutter.

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Analogy

Analogy (from Greek ἀναλογία, analogia, "proportion", from ana- "upon, according to" + logos "ratio") is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the analog, or source) to another (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process.

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Anger

Anger or wrath is an intense negative emotion.

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Anticonvulsant

Anticonvulsants (also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.

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Antidepressant

Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions, including dysthymia, anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, neuropathic pain and, in some cases, dysmenorrhoea, snoring, migraine, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction, dependence, and sleep disorders.

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Antihypertensive drug

Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).

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Antipsychotic

Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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Anxiety

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.

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Arcuate fasciculus

The arcuate fasciculus (curved bundle) is a bundle of axons that forms part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, an association fiber tract.

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Arkwright (Open All Hours)

Albert E. Arkwright, usually referred to simply as Arkwright, is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the British sitcom, Open All Hours, played by Ronnie Barker.

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Auditory masking

Auditory masking occurs when the perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound.

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Austin, Texas

Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties.

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Autism

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behavior.

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Autopsy

An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.

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Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) is a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates including humans, which are situated at the base of the forebrain.

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Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines (BZD, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

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Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, "the books") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans.

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Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young children with milk from a woman's breast.

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British Stammering Association

The British Stammering Association (BSA), a charity since 1978, is a national membership organisation in the United Kingdom for adults and children who stammer, their friends and families, speech and language therapists and other professionals.

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Broca's area

Broca's area or the Broca area or is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.

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Bullying

Bullying is the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate or aggressively dominate others.

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Cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood.

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Charles Van Riper

Charles Gage Van Riper (December 1, 1905 – September 25, 1994) was a renowned speech therapist who became internationally known as a pioneer in the development of speech pathology.

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Claudius

Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54 AD) was Roman emperor from 41 to 54.

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Cluttering

Cluttering (also called tachyphemia or tachyphrasia) is a speech and communication disorder characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax or grammar, making speech difficult to understand.

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Cognition

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

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Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psycho-social intervention that is the most widely used evidence-based practice aimed at improving mental health.

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Colin Firth

Colin Andrew Firth, (born 10 September 1960), is an English actor who has received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, two BAFTA Awards, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival.

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Communication

Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.

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Cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.

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David Seidler

David Seidler (born 1937) is a British-American playwright and film and television writer.

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Delayed Auditory Feedback

Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF), also called delayed sidetone, is a type of altered auditory feedback that consists of extending the time between speech and auditory perception.

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Demosthenes

Demosthenes (Δημοσθένης Dēmosthénēs;; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens.

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Dennis Drayna

Dennis T. Drayna (born 1952) is an American human geneticist known for his contributions to stuttering, human haemochromatosis, pitch, and taste.

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Derek Jacobi

Sir Derek George Jacobi, (born 22 October 1938) is an English actor and stage director.

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Developmental disorder

Developmental disorders comprise a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas.

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Diaphragmatic breathing

Diaphragmatic breathing, or deep breathing, is breathing that is done by contracting the diaphragm, a muscle located horizontally between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.

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Disability rights movement

The disability rights movement is a global social movement to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for all people with disabilities.

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Dopamine

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.

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Dopamine antagonist

A dopamine antagonist (antidopaminergic) is a type of drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism.

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DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

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Edward Norton

Edward Harrison Norton (born August 18, 1969) is an American actor and filmmaker.

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Elocution

Elocution is the study of formal speaking in pronunciation, grammar, style, and tone.

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Embarrassment

Embarrassment is an emotional state that is associated with moderate to high levels of discomfort, and which is usually experienced when someone has a socially unacceptable or frowned-upon act or condition that was witnessed by or revealed to others.

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Emotion

Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.

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Essential tremor

Essential tremor (ET, also referred to as benign tremor, familial tremor, or idiopathic tremor) is a progressive neurological disorder that is also the most common movement disorder.

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Etiology

Etiology (alternatively aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation, or origination.

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Eurodance

Eurodance (sometimes known as Euro-NRG or Euro) is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in the late 1980s in Europe.

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European League of Stuttering Associations

The European League of Stuttering Associations (ELSA) was set up in 1990 by organisations in 12 countries to promote a greater knowledge and understanding of stuttering and to bring together, as a top umbrella organisation, the national stuttering self-help organisations of Europe.

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Fear

Fear is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat that occurs in certain types of organisms, which causes a change in metabolic and organ functions and ultimately a change in behavior, such as fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived traumatic events.

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Four temperaments

The Four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory that suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic.

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Frustration

In psychology, frustration is a common emotional response to opposition, related to anger, annoyance and disappointment, frustration arises from the perceived resistance to the fulfillment of an individual's will or goal and is likely to increase when a will or goal is denied or blocked.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

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Galen

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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George VI

George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952.

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Giovanni Battista Morgagni

Giovanni Battister Morgagni (25 February 1682 – 6 December 1771) was an Italian anatomist, generally regarded as the father of modern anatomical pathology, who taught thousands of medical students from many countries during his 56 years as Professor of Anatomy at the University of Padua.

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Girolamo Mercuriale

Girolamo Mercuriale (Geronimo Mercuriali; Hieronymus Mercurialis, Hyeronimus Mercurialis) (September 30, 1530 – November 8, 1606) was an Italian philologist and physician, most famous for his work De Arte Gymnastica.

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Glossophobia

Glossophobia or speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking.

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GNPTG

GNPTG (“N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase, gamma subunit.”) is a gene in the human body.

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Guilt (emotion)

Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person believes or realizes—accurately or not—that he or she has compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a universal moral standard and bears significant responsibility for that violation.

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Headache

Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck.

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Herbalism

Herbalism (also herbal medicine or phytotherapy) is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet.

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Hove

Hove is a town in East Sussex, England, immediately west of its larger neighbour Brighton, with which it forms the unitary authority Brighton and Hove.

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Hyoid bone

The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.

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Hypoactivity

Hypoactivity is an inhibition of behavioral or locomotor activity.

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Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the thalamus), and the adrenal (also called "suprarenal") glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).

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Iceberg

An iceberg or ice mountain is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open water.

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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.

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Israel Stuttering Association

AMBI, Israel Stuttering Association, a charity since 1999, is a public non-profit organization that supports people who stutter and their families in Israel.

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Jayasurya

Jayasurya (born 30 August 1978) is an Indian film actor, producer, playback singer, and impressionist, who works in Malayalam film industry.

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Jazz

Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in blues and ragtime.

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Jean Marc Gaspard Itard

Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (24 April 1774, Oraison, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence – 5 July 1838, Paris) was a French physician born in Provence.

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Joe Dougherty

Joseph Tapley "Joe" Dougherty (November 4, 1898 – April 19, 1978) was an American actor and voice actor who provided the original voice of the Warner Bros. animation character, Porky Pig, starting with the character's debut in I Haven't Got a Hat in 1935 until Porky's Romance in 1937.

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Joseph Jordania

Joseph Jordania (born February 12, 1954 and also known under the misspelling of Joseph Zhordania) is an Australian–Georgian ethnomusicologist and evolutionary musicologist and professor.

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Lionel Logue

Lionel George Logue, CVO (26 February 1880 – 12 April 1953) was an Australian speech and language therapist and amateur stage actor who successfully treated, among others, King George VI, who had a pronounced stammer.

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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW) is an imprint of the publishing conglomerate Wolters Kluwer.

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Lisp

A lisp, also known as sigmatism, is a speech impediment in which a person misarticulates sibilants,. These misarticulations often result in unclear speech.

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List of language disorders

No description.

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List of stutterers

Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.

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Looney Tunes

Looney Tunes is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation, alongside its sister series Merrie Melodies.

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Lund University

Lund University (Lunds universitet) is a public university, consistently ranking among the world's top 100 universities.

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Magnetoencephalography

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers.

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Malayalam

Malayalam is a Dravidian language spoken across the Indian state of Kerala by the Malayali people and it is one of 22 scheduled languages of India.

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Malcolm Fraser (philanthropist)

Malcolm Hough Fraser (1903–1994), was an American philanthropist and businessman.

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McGuire programme

The McGuire Programme is a stammering treatment programme/course run by people who stammer which teaches the use of costal breathing (also known as diaphragmatic breathing), assertive self acceptance as a person who stammers, non avoidance methods and sports psychology.

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Mel Blanc

Melvin Jerome Blanc (May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor, comedian, singer, radio personality, and recording artist.

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Michael Palin Centre for Stammering Children

The Michael Palin Centre for Stammering is a specialist centre for speech and language therapy for the treatment of stammering, located in Pine Street, central London.

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Minnesota State University, Mankato

Minnesota State University, Mankato (MSU or MNSU), also known as Minnesota State, is a public comprehensive university located in Mankato, Minnesota.

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Monster Study

The Monster Study was a stuttering experiment performed on 22 orphan children in Davenport, Iowa in 1939.

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Moses

Mosesמֹשֶׁה, Modern Tiberian ISO 259-3; ܡܘܫܐ Mūše; موسى; Mωϋσῆς was a prophet in the Abrahamic religions.

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N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase

N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase is a transferase enzyme.

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NAGPA

N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NAGPA gene.

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National Stuttering Association

The National Stuttering Association (NSA) is a United States support group organization for people who stutter.

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NeuroImage

NeuroImage is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on neuroimaging, including functional neuroimaging and functional human brain mapping.

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Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia, "knowledge") is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Notker the Stammerer

Notker the Stammerer (Notcerus Balbulus; 840 – 6 April 912 AD), also called Notker I, Notker the Poet or Notker of Saint Gall, was a musician, author, poet, and Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Saint Gall, now in Switzerland.

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Open All Hours

Open All Hours is a British sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke for the BBC.

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Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning (also called "instrumental conditioning") is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

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Operculum (brain)

In human brain anatomy, an operculum (Latin, meaning "little lid") (pl. opercula), may refer to the frontal, temporal, or parietal operculum, which together cover the insula as the opercula of insula.

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Pagoclone

Pagoclone is an anxiolytic agent from the cyclopyrrolone family, related to better-known drugs such as the sleeping medication zopiclone.

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Palatine uvula

The palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula, is a conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers (musculus uvulae).

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Palilalia

Palilalia (from the Greek πάλιν (pálin) meaning "again" and λαλιά (laliá) meaning "speech" or "to talk"), a complex tic, is a language disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of syllables, words, or phrases.

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Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.

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Pathology

Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.

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Pediatrics

Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents.

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Peer pressure

Peer pressure (or social pressure) is the direct influence on people by peers, or the effect on an individual who gets encouraged to follow their peers by changing their attitudes, values or behaviors to conform to those of the influencing group or individual.

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Planum temporale

The planum temporale is the cortical area just posterior to the auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus) within the Sylvian fissure.

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Porky Pig

Porky Pig is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons.

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Positive feedback

Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a feedback loop in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.

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Positron emission tomography

Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease.

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Prevalence

Prevalence in epidemiology is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use).

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Primal Fear (film)

Primal Fear is a 1996 American neo-noir crime-thriller film, based on William Diehl's 1993 novel of the same name and directed by Gregory Hoblit.

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Prognosis

Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).

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Promotion (rank)

A promotion is the advancement of an employee's rank or position in an organizational hierarchy system.

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Prosody (linguistics)

In linguistics, prosody is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech.

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Reginald Barclay

Lieutenant Reginald Endicott "Reg" Barclay III, portrayed by Dwight Schultz, is a fictional character from both Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Voyager, in the latter of which he plays a vital role in re-establishing regular contact between the starship and Starfleet.

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Robert Graves

Robert Graves (24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985), also known as Robert von Ranke Graves, was an English poet, historical novelist, critic, and classicist.

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Roman emperor

The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC).

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Romance (love)

Romance is the expressive and generally pleasurable feeling from an emotional attraction towards another person.

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San Diego

San Diego (Spanish for 'Saint Didacus') is a major city in California, United States.

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Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)

"Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)" is a song by American Eurodance artist Scatman John.

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Scatman John

John Paul Larkin (March 13, 1942 – December 3, 1999), known professionally as Scatman John, was an American music artist who created a fusion of scat singing and dance music, best known for his 1995 hits "Scatman (Ski Ba Bop Ba Dop Bop)" and "Scatman's World" and 1997 hit "Everybody Jam!" Scatman John sold millions of recordings worldwide and was named Best New Artist in the Echo Awards in both Japan and Germany.

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Selective mutism

Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech cannot speak in specific situations or to specific people.

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Self-esteem

Self-esteem reflects an individual's overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth.

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Semivowel

In phonetics and phonology, a semivowel or glide, also known as a non-syllabic vocoid, is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable.

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Shame

Shame is a painful, social emotion that can be seen as resulting "...from comparison of the self's action with the self's standards...". but which may equally stem from comparison of the self's state of being with the ideal social context's standard.

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Side effect

In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.

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Sitcom

A sitcom, short for "situation comedy", is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode.

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Social anxiety

Social anxiety can be defined as nervousness in social situations.

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Spasmodic dysphonia

Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm.

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Speech

Speech is the vocalized form of communication used by humans and some animals, which is based upon the syntactic combination of items drawn from the lexicon.

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Speech disfluency

A speech disfluency, also spelled speech dysfluency, is any of various breaks, irregularities (within the English language, similar speech dysfluency occurs in different forms in other languages), or non-lexical vocables that occurs within the flow of otherwise fluent speech.

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Speech disorder

Speech disorders or speech impediments are a type of communication disorder where 'normal' speech is disrupted.

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Speech processing

Speech processing is the study of speech signals and the processing methods of these signals.

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Speech-language pathology

Speech-language pathology is a field of expertise practiced by a clinician known as a speech-language pathologist (SLP), also sometimes referred to as a speech and language therapist or a speech therapist. SLP is considered a "related health profession" along with audiology, optometry, occupational therapy, clinical psychology, physical therapy, and others.

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Star Trek

Star Trek is an American media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry.

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Starfish Project

The Starfish Project is a UK-based not-for-profit therapy programme which helps people who stammer or stutter to overcome their speech through the use of diaphragmatic breathing (also known as costal breathing).

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Stuttering Foundation of America

The Stuttering Foundation of America is a non-profit charitable organization working toward the prevention and improved treatment of stuttering.

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Su.. Su... Sudhi Vathmeekam

Su..

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Symptom

A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease.

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Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.

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T.U.F.F. Puppy

T.U.F.F. Puppy is an American action animated comedy television series created by Butch Hartman for Nickelodeon.

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Talmud

The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד talmūd "instruction, learning", from a root LMD "teach, study") is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology.

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The Indian Stammering Association

The Indian Stammering Association (TISA) is a public charitable trust and self-help movement for people in India who stammer.

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The King's Speech

The King's Speech is a 2010 British historical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler.

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Tickling

Tickling is the act of touching a part of a body in a way that causes involuntary twitching movements or laughter.

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Tonsil

Tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue facing into the aerodigestive tract.

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Twin study

Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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Vomiting

Vomiting, also known as emesis, puking, barfing, throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

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Vowel

A vowel is one of the two principal classes of speech sound, the other being a consonant.

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Warner Bros.

Warner Bros.

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Waterline

The waterline is the line where the hull of a ship meets the surface of the water.

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Weight gain

Weight gain is an increase in body weight.

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Wendell Johnson

Wendell Johnson (April 16, 1906 – August 29, 1965) was an American psychologist, actor and author and was a proponent of general semantics (or GS).

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.

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Anti-stuttering medications, Causes of stuttering, Disphemia, Dysphemia, Psellismus, Some treatments for stuttering, Spasmophemia, Stammer, Stammer and Stutter, Stammerer, Stammering, Stammering // Stuttering, Stammering// stuttering, Stammers, Studder, Stutter, Stutterer, Stuttering / stammering.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering

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