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96 relations: Accretionary wedge, Aleutian Trench, Analogue modelling (geology), Andean Volcanic Belt, Andes, Aqueous solution, Asthenosphere, Back-arc basin, Basalt, Basement (geology), Buoyancy, Calc-alkaline magma series, Calcium carbonate, Cascade Volcanoes, Chile Rise, Climate, Continental arc, Continental crust, Convergent boundary, Core–mantle boundary, Crust (geology), Deformation (engineering), Density, Diapir, Divergent double subduction, Don L. Anderson, Downwelling, Earthquake, Eclogite, Flat slab subduction, Fluid, Flux melting, Fractional crystallization (geology), Fractionation, Geochemical cycle, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geothermal gradient, Granite, Hydrate, Island arc, Juan Fernández Ridge, Jurassic, Krakatoa, Laramide orogeny, List of seas, List of tectonic plate interactions, Lithosphere, Magma, Mantle (geology), ..., Mantle convection, Mantle wedge, Mariana Islands, Mariana Trench, Megathrust earthquake, Mid-ocean ridge, Mount Etna, Mount Fuji, Mount St. Helens, Mount Vesuvius, Mountain formation, Nazca Ridge, Nevado del Ruiz, Norte Chico, Chile, Obduction, Oceanic crust, Oceanic trench, Ophiolite, Orogeny, Outer trench swell, Paired metamorphic belts, Particulates, Pegmatite, Plate tectonics, Rocky Mountains, Sedimentary rock, Seismic tomography, Slab (geology), Slab window, Store norske leksikon, Supercritical fluid, Taitao Peninsula, Terrane, Tonga, Transition zone (Earth), Tsunami, United States, Volcanic arc, Volcanism, Volcano, Wadati–Benioff zone, Zircon, 1960 Valdivia earthquake, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Expand index (46 more) »
Accretionary wedge
An accretionary wedge or accretionary prism forms from sediments accreted onto the non-subducting tectonic plate at a convergent plate boundary.
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Aleutian Trench
The Aleutian Trench (or Aleutian Trough) is an oceanic trench along a convergent plate boundary which runs along the southern coastline of Alaska and the Aleutian islands.
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Analogue modelling (geology)
Analogue modelling is used in geology to understand geological processes such as faulting and the emplacement of igneous intrusions, using various materials such as sand, clay, silicone and paraffin wax.
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Andean Volcanic Belt
The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
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Andes
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.
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Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water.
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Asthenosphere
The asthenosphere (from Greek ἀσθενής asthenḗs 'weak' + "sphere") is the highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth.
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Back-arc basin
Back-arc basins are geologic basins, submarine features associated with island arcs and subduction zones.
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Basalt
Basalt is a common extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon.
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Basement (geology)
In geology, basement and crystalline basement are the rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover, or more generally any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin.
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Buoyancy
In physics, buoyancy or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.
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Calc-alkaline magma series
The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic.
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Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.
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Cascade Volcanoes
The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of volcanoes in a volcanic arc in western North America, extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California, a distance of well over.
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Chile Rise
The Chile Rise or Chile Ridge is an oceanic ridge, a tectonic divergent plate boundary between the Nazca and Antarctic Plates.
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Climate
Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time.
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Continental arc
A continental arc is a type of volcanic arc occurring as an "arc-shape" topographic high region along a continental margin.
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Continental crust
Continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
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Convergent boundary
In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary, is a region of active deformation where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere are near the end of their life cycle.
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Core–mantle boundary
The core–mantle boundary (CMB in the parlance of solid earth geophysicists) of the Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron-nickel outer core.
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Crust (geology)
In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
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Deformation (engineering)
In materials science, deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an object due to-.
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Density
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
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Diapir
A diapir (French, from Greek diapeirein, to pierce through) is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks.
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Divergent double subduction
Divergent double subduction is a special type of subduction system where two parallel subduction zones with different directions are developed.
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Don L. Anderson
Don Lynn Anderson (March 5, 1933 – December 2, 2014) was an American geophysicist who made significant contributions to the understanding of the origin, evolution, structure, and composition of Earth and other planets.
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Downwelling
Downwelling is the process of accumulation and sinking of higher density material beneath lower density material, such as cold or saline water beneath warmer or fresher water or cold air beneath warm air.
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Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
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Eclogite
Eclogite is a mafic metamorphic rock.
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Flat slab subduction
Flat slab subduction is characterized by a low subduction angle (A slab refers to the subducting lower plate. Although, some would characterize flat slab subduction as any shallowly dipping lower plate as in western Mexico. Flat slab subduction is associated with the pinching out of the asthenosphere, an inland migration of arc magmatism (magmatic sweep), and an eventual cessation of arc magmatism. The coupling of the flat slab to the upper plate is thought to change the style of deformation occurring on the upper plate's surface and form basement-cored uplifts like the Rocky Mountains. The flat slab also may hydrate the lower continental lithosphere and be involved in the formation of economically important ore deposits. During the subduction, a flat slab itself may be deformed, or buckling, causing sedimentary hiatus in marine sediments on the slab. The failure of a flat slab is associated with ignimbritic volcanism and the reverse migration of arc volcanism. Multiple working hypotheses about the cause of flat slabs are subduction of thick, buoyant oceanic crust (15–20 km) and trench rollback accompanying a rapidly overriding upper plate and enhanced trench suction. The west coast of South America has two of the largest flat slab subduction zones. Flat slab subduction is occurring at 10% of subduction zones.
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Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress.
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Flux melting
In igneous petrology, flux melting occurs when water and other volatile components are added to hot solid rock.
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Fractional crystallization (geology)
Fractional crystallization, or crystal fractionation, is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth's crust and mantle.
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Fractionation
Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (gas, solid, liquid, enzymes, suspension, or isotope) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient.
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Geochemical cycle
In Earth science, a geochemical cycle is the pathway that chemical elements take in the surface and crust of the Earth.
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Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.
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Geophysics
Geophysics is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis.
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Geothermal gradient
Geothermal gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth's interior.
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Granite
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.
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Hydrate
In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its constituent elements.
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Island arc
An island arc is a type of archipelago, often composed of a chain of volcanoes, with arc-shaped alignment, situated parallel and close to a boundary between two converging tectonic plates.
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Juan Fernández Ridge
The Juan Fernández Ridge is a volcanic island and seamount chain on the Nazca Plate.
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Jurassic
The Jurassic (from Jura Mountains) was a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya.
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Krakatoa
Krakatoa, or Krakatau (Krakatau), is a volcanic island situated in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung.
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Laramide orogeny
The Laramide orogeny was a period of mountain building in western North America, which started in the Late Cretaceous, 70 to 80 million years ago, and ended 35 to 55 million years ago.
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List of seas
This is a list of seas - large divisions of the World Ocean, including areas of water variously, gulfs, bights, bays, and straits.
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List of tectonic plate interactions
Tectonic plate interactions are of three different basic types.
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Lithosphere
A lithosphere (λίθος for "rocky", and σφαίρα for "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
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Magma
Magma (from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma) meaning "thick unguent") is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and is expected to exist on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites.
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Mantle (geology)
The mantle is a layer inside a terrestrial planet and some other rocky planetary bodies.
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Mantle convection
Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface.
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Mantle wedge
A mantle wedge is a triangular shaped piece of mantle that lies above a subducting tectonic plate and below the overriding plate.
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Mariana Islands
The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas) are a crescent-shaped archipelago comprising the summits of fifteen mostly dormant volcanic mountains in the western North Pacific Ocean, between the 12th and 21st parallels north and along the 145th meridian east.
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Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is the deepest part of the world's oceans.
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Megathrust earthquake
Megathrust earthquakes occur at subduction zones at destructive convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another.
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Mid-ocean ridge
A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is an underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonics.
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Mount Etna
Mount Etna, or Etna (Etna or Mongibello; Mungibeddu or â Muntagna; Aetna), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina and Catania.
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Mount Fuji
, located on Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft), 2nd-highest peak of an island (volcanic) in Asia, and 7th-highest peak of an island in the world.
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Mount St. Helens
Mount St.
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Mount Vesuvius
Mount Vesuvius (Monte Vesuvio; Vesuvio; Mons Vesuvius; also Vesevus or Vesaevus in some Roman sources) is a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.
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Mountain formation
Mountain formation refers to the geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains.
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Nazca Ridge
The Nazca Ridge is a submarine ridge, located on the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America.
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Nevado del Ruiz
The Nevado del Ruiz, also known as La Mesa de Herveo (Mesa of Herveo, the name of the nearby town), or Kumanday in the language of the local pre-Columbian indigenous people, is a stratovolcano located on the border of the departments of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, about west of the capital city Bogotá.
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Norte Chico, Chile
The Norte Chico (Small North, Near North, Little North) is one of the five natural regions on which CORFO divided continental Chile in 1950.
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Obduction
Obduction was originally defined by Coleman Coleman, R.G., 1971.
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Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate.
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Oceanic trench
Oceanic trenches are topographic depressions of the sea floor, relatively narrow in width, but very long.
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Ophiolite
An ophiolite is a section of the Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted and exposed above sea level and often emplaced onto continental crustal rocks.
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Orogeny
An orogeny is an event that leads to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the interaction between plate tectonics.
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Outer trench swell
The outer trench swell, outer trench high, or outer rise is a subtle ridge on the seafloor near an oceanic trench, where a descending plate begins to flex and fault in preparation for its descent into the mantle at a subduction zone.
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Paired metamorphic belts
Paired metamorphic belts are sets of parallel linear rock units that display contrasting metamorphic mineral assemblages.
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Particulates
Atmospheric aerosol particles, also known as atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM), particulates, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earth's atmosphere.
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Pegmatite
A pegmatite is a holocrystalline, intrusive igneous rock composed of interlocking phaneritic crystals usually larger than 2.5 cm in size (1 in); such rocks are referred to as pegmatitic.
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Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the τεκτονικός "pertaining to building") is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago.
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Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America.
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Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
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Seismic tomography
Seismic tomography is a technique for imaging the subsurface of the Earth with seismic waves produced by earthquakes or explosions.
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Slab (geology)
In geology, a slab is the portion of a tectonic plate that is being subducted.
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Slab window
In geology, a slab window is a gap that forms in a subducted oceanic plate when a mid-ocean ridge meets with a subduction zone and plate divergence at the ridge and convergence at the subduction zone continue, causing the ridge to be subducted.
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Store norske leksikon
Store norske leksikon, abbreviated SNL, is a Norwegian language (bokmål) encyclopedia.
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Supercritical fluid
A supercritical fluid (SCF) is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.
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Taitao Peninsula
The Taitao Peninsula (Spanish: Península de Taitao) is a westward projection of the mainland of Chile, with which it is connected by the narrow Isthmus of Ofqui, over which the natives and early missionaries were accustomed to carry their boats between the Moraleda Channel and Gulf of Penas.
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Terrane
A terrane in geology, in full a tectonostratigraphic terrane, is a fragment of crustal material formed on, or broken off from, one tectonic plate and accreted or "sutured" to crust lying on another plate.
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Tonga
Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), officially the Kingdom of Tonga, is a Polynesian sovereign state and archipelago comprising 169 islands, of which 36 are inhabited.
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Transition zone (Earth)
The transition zone is part of the Earth’s mantle, and is located between the lower mantle and the upper mantle, between a depth of 410 and 660 km (250 to 400 mi).
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Tsunami
A tsunami (from 津波, "harbour wave"; English pronunciation) or tidal wave, also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Volcanic arc
A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate, positioned in an arc shape as seen from above.
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Volcanism
Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent.
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Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
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Wadati–Benioff zone
A Wadati–Benioff zone (also Benioff–Wadati zone or Benioff zone or Benioff seismic zone) is a planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-going slab in a subduction zone.
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Zircon
Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates.
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1960 Valdivia earthquake
The 1960 Valdivia earthquake (Terremoto de Valdivia) or Great Chilean earthquake (Gran terremoto de Chile) of 22 May is the most powerful earthquake ever recorded.
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2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
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2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami
The 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami took place on 29 September 2009 in the southern Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone.
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2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
The was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011, with the epicentre approximately east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction
