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Surface tension

Index Surface tension

Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible. [1]

148 relations: Acetic acid, Acetic acid (data page), Acetone (data page), Adhesion, Alcohol, Anti-fog, Area, Atmosphere (unit), Barometer, Biodiversity Heritage Library, Buoyancy, Capillary action, Capillary number, Capillary wave, Carbon tetrachloride, Cassie's law, Catalysis, Centimetre–gram–second system of units, Cheerios effect, Clausius–Clapeyron relation, Cohesion (chemistry), Contact angle, Critical point (thermodynamics), Density, Desalination, Dewetting, Diethyl ether, Diethyl ether (data page), Dimensional analysis, Dortmund Data Bank, Drop (liquid), Du Noüy ring method, Du Noüy–Padday method, Dyne, Eötvös number, Eötvös rule, Electrocapillarity, Electrodipping force, Electrowetting, Emulsion, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Erg, Ethanol, Ethanol (data page), Euler–Lagrange equation, Evangelista Torricelli, Evaporation, Fluid, ..., Fluid pipe, Force, Fused quartz, Gamma, Gas constant, Gerridae, Gibbs free energy, Gibbs isotherm, Glycerol, Glycerol (data page), Gravity, Helium, Hexane (data page), Hydrochloric acid, Hydrophobic effect, Hydrostatic equilibrium, Inorganic compound, Interface (matter), Internal pressure, International System of Units, Isopropyl alcohol (data page), Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Jurin's law, Kelvin, Kelvin equation, Laplace pressure, Lava lamp, Length, Marangoni effect, Marangoni number, Materials science, Maximum bubble pressure method, Mean curvature, Mechanical equilibrium, Meniscus (liquid), Mercury (element), Mercury beating heart, Mesoporous material, Methanol (data page), Methyl iodide, Microfluidics, Micrometre, Minimal surface, Minimum total potential energy principle, Molar concentration, Nanometre, Newton (unit), Nitrogen, Nucleation, Octane, Phase field models, Phase transition, Philosophical Magazine, Plateau–Rayleigh instability, Pneumatics, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Pressure, Quantum mechanics, Radius of curvature, Seawater, Sessile drop technique, Sigma, Sine wave, Sodium chloride, Solid, Sow-Hsin Chen, Specific surface energy, Spinning drop method, Spontaneous process, Stalagmometric method, Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, Sucrose, Sugar, Supersaturation, Surface area, Surface energy, Surface science, Surface stress, Surface tension biomimetics, Surface-area-to-volume ratio, Surface-tension values, Surfactant, Szyszkowski equation, T, T. Proctor Hall, Tears of wine, Temperature, Tolman length, Toluene, Vapor pressure, Water, Water (data page), Weber number, Wetting, Wilhelmy plate, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Young–Laplace equation. Expand index (98 more) »

Acetic acid

Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).

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Acetic acid (data page)

and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetic acid.

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Acetone (data page)

and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetone.

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Adhesion

Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another (cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another).

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Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.

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Anti-fog

Anti-fog agents, also known as anti-fogging agents and treatments, are chemicals that prevent the condensation of water in the form of small droplets on a surface which resemble fog.

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Area

Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane.

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Atmosphere (unit)

The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as.

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Barometer

A barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.

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Biodiversity Heritage Library

The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is a consortium of natural history and botanical libraries that cooperate to digitize and make accessible the legacy literature of biodiversity held in their collections and to make that literature available for open access and responsible use as a part of a global “biodiversity commons.” The BHL consortium works with the international taxonomic community, rights holders, and other interested parties to ensure that this biodiversity heritage is made available to a global audience through open access principles.

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Buoyancy

In physics, buoyancy or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.

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Capillary action

Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, capillary effect, or wicking) is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity.

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Capillary number

In fluid dynamics, the capillary number (Ca) represents the relative effect of viscous forces versus surface tension acting across an interface between a liquid and a gas, or between two immiscible liquids.

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Capillary wave

A capillary wave is a wave traveling along the phase boundary of a fluid, whose dynamics and phase velocity are dominated by the effects of surface tension.

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Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being tetrachloromethane, also recognized by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4.

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Cassie's law

Cassie's law describes the effective contact angle θc for a liquid on a composite surface.

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Catalysis

Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.

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Centimetre–gram–second system of units

The centimetre–gram–second system of units (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time.

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Cheerios effect

In fluid mechanics, the Cheerios effect is the phenomenon that occurs when floating objects that don't normally float attract one another.

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Clausius–Clapeyron relation

The Clausius–Clapeyron relation, named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron, is a way of characterizing a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of matter of a single constituent.

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Cohesion (chemistry)

Cohesion (from Latin cohaesiō "cling" or "unity") or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive.

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Contact angle

The contact angle is the angle, conventionally measured through the liquid, where a liquid–vapor interface meets a solid surface.

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Critical point (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve.

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Density

The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

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Desalination

Desalination is a process that extracts mineral components from saline water.

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Dewetting

In fluid mechanics, dewetting is one of the processes that can occur at a solid–liquid or liquid–liquid interface.

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Diethyl ether

Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula, sometimes abbreviated as (see Pseudoelement symbols).

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Diethyl ether (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on diethyl ether.

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Dimensional analysis

In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.

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Dortmund Data Bank

The Dortmund Data Bank (short DDB) is a factual data bank for thermodynamic and thermophysical data.

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Drop (liquid)

A drop or droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces.

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Du Noüy ring method

The du Noüy ring method is a technique for measuring the surface tension of a liquid.

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Du Noüy–Padday method

The Du Noüy–Padday method is a minimized version of the Du Noüy ring method replacing the large platinum ring with a thin rod that is used to measure equilibrium surface tension or dynamic surface tension at an air–liquid interface.

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Dyne

The dyne (symbol dyn, from Greek δύναμις, dynamis, meaning power, force) is a derived unit of force specified in the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI.

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Eötvös number

In fluid dynamics the Eötvös number (Eo), also called the Bond number (Bo), is a dimensionless number measuring the importance of gravitational forces compared to surface tension forces and is used (together with Morton number) to characterize the shape of bubbles or drops moving in a surrounding fluid.

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Eötvös rule

The Eötvös rule, named after the Hungarian physicist Loránd (Roland) Eötvös (1848–1919) enables the prediction of the surface tension of an arbitrary liquid pure substance at all temperatures.

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Electrocapillarity

Electrocapillarity or electrocapillary phenomena are the phenomena related to changes in the surface energy (or interfacial tension) of the dropping mercury electrode (DME) as the electrode potential changes or the electrolytic solution composition and concentration change.

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Electrodipping force

The electrodipping force is a force proposed to explain the observed attraction that arises among small colloidal particles attached to an interface between immiscible liquids.

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Electrowetting

Electrowetting is the modification of the wetting properties of a surface (which is typically hydrophobic) with an applied electric field.

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Emulsion

An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable).

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Energy

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

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Enthalpy

Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic system.

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Entropy

In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.

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Erg

The erg is a unit of energy and work equal to 10−7 joules.

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Ethanol

Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.

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Ethanol (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethanol.

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Euler–Lagrange equation

In the calculus of variations, the Euler–Lagrange equation, Euler's equation, or Lagrange's equation (although the latter name is ambiguous—see disambiguation page), is a second-order partial differential equation whose solutions are the functions for which a given functional is stationary.

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Evangelista Torricelli

Evangelista Torricelli; 15 October 1608 – 25 October 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician, best known for his invention of the barometer, but is also known for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles.

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Evaporation

Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gaseous phase before reaching its boiling point.

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Fluid

In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress.

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Fluid pipe

Fluid pipes are a phenomenon driven by surface tension.

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Force

In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

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Fused quartz

Fused quartz or fused silica is glass consisting of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form.

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Gamma

Gamma (uppercase, lowercase; gámma) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Gas constant

The gas constant is also known as the molar, universal, or ideal gas constant, denoted by the symbol or and is equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole, i.e. the pressure-volume product, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle.

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Gerridae

The Gerridae are a family of insects in the order Hemiptera, commonly known as water striders, water bugs, pond skaters, water skippers, or jesus bugs.

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Gibbs free energy

In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (IUPAC recommended name: Gibbs energy or Gibbs function; also known as free enthalpy to distinguish it from Helmholtz free energy) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum of reversible work that may be performed by a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure (isothermal, isobaric).

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Gibbs isotherm

The Gibbs adsorption isotherm for multicomponent systems is an equation used to relate the changes in concentration of a component in contact with a surface with changes in the surface tension, which results in a corresponding change in surface energy.

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Glycerol

Glycerol (also called glycerine or glycerin; see spelling differences) is a simple polyol compound.

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Glycerol (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on glycerol.

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Gravity

Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.

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Helium

Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.

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Hexane (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on ''n''-hexane.

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Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula.

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Hydrophobic effect

The hydrophobic effect is the observed tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in an aqueous solution and exclude water molecules.

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Hydrostatic equilibrium

In fluid mechanics, a fluid is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium or hydrostatic balance when it is at rest, or when the flow velocity at each point is constant over time.

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Inorganic compound

An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks C-H bonds, that is, a compound that is not an organic compound, but the distinction is not defined or even of particular interest.

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Interface (matter)

In the physical sciences, an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter, or by matter in different physical states.

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Internal pressure

Internal pressure is a measure of how the internal energy of a system changes when it expands or contracts at constant temperature.

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International System of Units

The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement.

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Isopropyl alcohol (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on isopropanol.

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Johannes Diderik van der Waals

Johannes Diderik van der Waals (23 November 1837 – 8 March 1923) was a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on an equation of state for gases and liquids.

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Josiah Willard Gibbs

Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American scientist who made important theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics.

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Jurin's law

Jurin's law describes the rise and fall of a liquid within a thin capillary tube.

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Kelvin

The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.

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Kelvin equation

The Kelvin equation describes the change in vapour pressure due to a curved liquid–vapor interface, such as the surface of a droplet.

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Laplace pressure

The Laplace pressure is the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of a curved surface that forms the boundary between a gas region and a liquid region.

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Lava lamp

A lava lamp (or Astro lamp) is a decorative novelty item, invented in 1963 by British accountant Edward Craven Walker, the founder of the British lighting company Mathmos.

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Length

In geometric measurements, length is the most extended dimension of an object.

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Marangoni effect

The Marangoni effect (also called the Gibbs–Marangoni effect) is the mass transfer along an interface between two fluids due to a gradient of the surface tension.

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Marangoni number

The Marangoni number (Ma) is a dimensionless number named after Italian scientist Carlo Marangoni.

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Materials science

The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids.

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Maximum bubble pressure method

In physics, the maximum bubble pressure method, or in short bubble pressure method, is a technique to measure the surface tension of a liquid, with surfactants.

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Mean curvature

In mathematics, the mean curvature H of a surface S is an extrinsic measure of curvature that comes from differential geometry and that locally describes the curvature of an embedded surface in some ambient space such as Euclidean space.

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Mechanical equilibrium

In classical mechanics, a particle is in mechanical equilibrium if the net force on that particle is zero.

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Meniscus (liquid)

The meniscus (plural: menisci, from the Greek for "crescent") is the curve in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface of the container or another object, caused by surface tension.

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Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

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Mercury beating heart

The mercury beating heart is an electrochemical redox reaction between the elements mercury, iron and chromium.

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Mesoporous material

A mesoporous material is a material containing pores with diameters between 2 and 50 nm, according to IUPAC nomenclature.

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Methanol (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on methanol.

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Methyl iodide

Methyl iodide, also called iodomethane, and commonly abbreviated "MeI", is the chemical compound with the formula CH3I.

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Microfluidics

Microfluidics deals with the behaviour, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter, scale at which capillary penetration governs mass transport.

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Micrometre

The micrometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is an SI derived unit of length equaling (SI standard prefix "micro-".

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Minimal surface

In mathematics, a minimal surface is a surface that locally minimizes its area.

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Minimum total potential energy principle

The minimum total potential energy principle is a fundamental concept used in physics and engineering.

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Molar concentration

Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.

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Nanometre

The nanometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (m).

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Newton (unit)

The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Nucleation

Nucleation is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or a new structure via self-assembly or self-organization.

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Octane

Octane is a hydrocarbon and an alkane with the chemical formula C8H18, and the condensed structural formula CH3(CH2)6CH3.

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Phase field models

A phase field model is a mathematical model for solving interfacial problems.

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Phase transition

The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.

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Philosophical Magazine

The Philosophical Magazine is one of the oldest scientific journals published in English.

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Plateau–Rayleigh instability

The Plateau–Rayleigh instability, often just called the Rayleigh instability, explains why and how a falling stream of fluid breaks up into smaller packets with the same volume but less surface area.

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Pneumatics

Pneumatics (From Greek: πνεύμα) is a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air.

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Polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene that has numerous applications.

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Pressure

Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.

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Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.

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Radius of curvature

In differential geometry, the radius of curvature,, is the reciprocal of the curvature.

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Seawater

Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean.

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Sessile drop technique

Fig 1: An illustration of the sessile drop technique with a liquid droplet partially wetting a solid substrate. \theta_C is the contact angle, and \gamma_SG\, \gamma_LG\, \gamma_SL\ represent the solid–gas, gas–liquid, and liquid–solid interfaces, respectively. The sessile drop technique is a method used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies.

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Sigma

Sigma (upper-case Σ, lower-case σ, lower-case in word-final position ς; σίγμα) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Sine wave

A sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth periodic oscillation.

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Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions.

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Solid

Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma).

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Sow-Hsin Chen

Sow-Hsin Chen, is an American physicist and Professor Emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

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Specific surface energy

Specific surface energy, also known as surface free energy, is the increase in free energy when the area of a surface increases by every unit area.

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Spinning drop method

The spinning drop method (rotating drop method) is one of the methods used to measure interfacial tension.

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Spontaneous process

A spontaneous process is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy and it moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state.

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Stalagmometric method

The stalagmometric method is one of the most common methods for measuring surface tension.

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Standard conditions for temperature and pressure

Standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data.

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Sucrose

Sucrose is common table sugar.

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Sugar

Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.

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Supersaturation

Supersaturation is a state of a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances.

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Surface area

The surface area of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies.

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Surface energy

Surface Free energy, or interfacial free energy, quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occur when a surface is created.

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Surface science

Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces.

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Surface stress

Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface.

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Surface tension biomimetics

Surface tension is one of the areas of interest in biomimetics research.

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Surface-area-to-volume ratio

The surface-area-to-volume ratio, also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects.

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Surface-tension values

Surface tension valuesA.

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Surfactant

Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid.

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Szyszkowski equation

The Szyskowski Equation has been used by Meissner and Michaels to describe the decrease in surface tension of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids, alcohols and esters at varying mole fractions.

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T

T (named tee) is the 20th letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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T. Proctor Hall

Thomas Proctor Hall (1858–1931) was a Canadian physician who wrote mathematics, chemistry, physics, theology, and science fiction.

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Tears of wine

The phenomenon called tears of wine is manifested as a ring of clear liquid, near the top of a glass of wine, from which droplets continuously form and drop back into the wine.

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Temperature

Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.

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Tolman length

The Tolman length \delta (also known as Tolman's delta) measures the extent by which the surface tension of a small liquid drop deviates from its planar value.

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Toluene

Toluene, also known as toluol, is an aromatic hydrocarbon.

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Vapor pressure

Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.

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Water

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

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Water (data page)

This page provides supplementary data to the article properties of water.

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Weber number

The Weber number (We) is a dimensionless number in fluid mechanics that is often useful in analysing fluid flows where there is an interface between two different fluids, especially for multiphase flows with strongly curved surfaces.

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Wetting

Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together.

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Wilhelmy plate

A Wilhelmy plate is a thin plate that is used to measure equilibrium surface or interfacial tension at an air–liquid or liquid–liquid interface.

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William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907) was a Scots-Irish mathematical physicist and engineer who was born in Belfast in 1824.

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Young–Laplace equation

In physics, the Young–Laplace equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the capillary pressure difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids, such as water and air, due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension, although usage on the latter is only applicable if assuming that the wall is very thin.

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Redirects here:

Interface tension, Interfacial free energy, Interfacial surface tension, Interfacial tension, SUrface Tension, Surface Tension.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension

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