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314 relations: Adam Hodgson, African Americans, Alabama, Alabama River, Albert Pike, Alexis de Tocqueville, Alfred Boisseau, Allen Wright, American bison, American Civil War, American English, American Expeditionary Forces, American Revolution, American Revolutionary War, Americans for Tax Reform, Andrew Jackson, Andrew Pickens (congressman), Anthony Wayne, Anthropologist, Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz, Apuckshunubbee, Archaeology, Arkansas River, Artificial cranial deformation, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Bald eagle, Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814), Battle of New Orleans, Benjamin Harrison, Benjamin Hawkins, Bernard Romans, Bob Ferguson (musician), Bogue Chitto, Mississippi, Bottle Creek Indian Mounds, Brigadier general (United States), British colonization of the Americas, British Empire, Bureau of Indian Affairs, California, Carl Hayden, Casino, Catholic Church, Cato Sells, Charles D. Carter, Charles Dickens, Chato people, Chicago, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Choctaw Casino Bingo, ..., Choctaw Casinos & Resorts, Choctaw code talkers, Choctaw freedmen, Choctaw Indian Fair, Choctaw language, Choctaw mythology, Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Choctaw Trail of Tears, Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb, Chunkey, Chunky Creek Train Wreck, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Civil rights movement, Clan, Code talker, Common Era, Conehatta, Mississippi, Confederate States of America, Congressional Cemetery, County Cork, Croup, Cultural assimilation of Native Americans, Culture of the Choctaw, Curtis Act of 1898, Cyrus Byington, Dallas, Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, Dawes Act, Dawes Commission, Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era, Donna Ladd, Durant, Oklahoma, Earthworks (archaeology), Earthworks (engineering), Emancipation, England, Ernest Istook, European Americans, Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, Farewell Letter to the American People, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ferdinand Claiborne, Five Civilized Tribes, Florida, Fort Mims massacre, France, Franklin D. 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John (1978), University of Nebraska Press, Van T. Barfoot, Vicksburg, Mississippi, War of 1812, Washington, D.C., White supremacy, Will Campbell (Baptist minister), William Bartram, William C. C. Claiborne, William Henry Harrison, William McKendree Springer, William Reynolds Archer Jr., William W. Venable, William Wirt Hastings, Winston County, Mississippi, Woodland period, World War I, World War II, Yazoo River, Yeoman, 157th Field Artillery Regiment, 36th Infantry Division (United States), 45th Infantry Division (United States). Expand index (264 more) »
Adam Hodgson
Adam Hodgson (1788–1862) was an English merchant in Liverpool, known also as a writer and abolitionist.
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African Americans
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.
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Alabama
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.
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Alabama River
The Alabama River, in the U.S. state of Alabama, is formed by the Tallapoosa and Coosa rivers, which unite about north of Montgomery, near the suburb of Wetumpka.
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Albert Pike
Albert Pike (December 29, 1809 – April 2, 1891) was an American attorney, soldier, writer, and Freemason.
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Alexis de Tocqueville
Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, Viscount de Tocqueville (29 July 180516 April 1859) was a French diplomat, political scientist and historian.
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Alfred Boisseau
Alfred Boisseau (1823–1901) was an American/Canadian artist who was born in Paris, France.
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Allen Wright
For the Bicktertonite figure see Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) Allen Wright (1826–1885) was Principal chief of the Choctaw from late 1866 to 1870.
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American bison
The American bison or simply bison (Bison bison), also commonly known as the American buffalo or simply buffalo, is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds.
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American Civil War
The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.
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American English
American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.
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American Expeditionary Forces
The American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F., A.E.F. or AEF) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of Gen.
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American Revolution
The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783.
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American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,Brooks, Richard (editor). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war." but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.
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Americans for Tax Reform
Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. taxpayer advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax.
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Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837.
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Andrew Pickens (congressman)
Andrew Pickens (September 13, 1739 – August 11, 1817) was a militia leader in the American Revolution and a member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina.
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Anthony Wayne
Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 – December 15, 1796) was a United States Army officer and statesman.
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Anthropologist
An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.
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Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz
Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz (1695?–1775), Discovering Lewis & Clark was an ethnographer, historian, and naturalist who is best known for his Histoire de la Louisiane.
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Apuckshunubbee
Apuckshunubbee (c. 1740 – October 18, 1824) was one of three principal chiefs of the Choctaw Native American tribe in the early nineteenth century, from before 1800.
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Archaeology
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of humanactivity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
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Arkansas River
The Arkansas River is a major tributary of the Mississippi River.
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Artificial cranial deformation
Artificial cranial deformation or modification, head flattening, or head binding is a form of body alteration in which the skull of a human being is deformed intentionally.
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Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (Jerez de la Frontera, 1488/1490/1492"Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez (1492?-1559?)." American Eras. Vol. 1: Early American Civilizations and Exploration to 1600. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 50-51. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.Seville, 1557/1558/1559/1560"Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.) was a Spanish explorer of the New World, and one of four survivors of the 1527 Narváez expedition.
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Bald eagle
The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, from Greek ἅλς, hals "sea", αἰετός aietos "eagle", λευκός, leukos "white", κεφαλή, kephalē "head") is a bird of prey found in North America.
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (also known as Tohopeka, Cholocco Litabixbee, or The Horseshoe), was fought during the War of 1812 in the Mississippi Territory, now central Alabama.
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Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans was a series of engagements fought between December 14, 1814 and January 18, 1815, constituting the last major battle of the War of 1812.
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Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893.
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Benjamin Hawkins
Benjamin Hawkins (August 15, 1754June 6, 1816, Encyclopedia of Alabama, accessed July 15, 2011) was an American planter, statesman, and U.S. Indian agent.
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Bernard Romans
Bernard Romans (bapt. 6 July 1741, Delft – 1784, at sea) was a Dutch-born American navigator, surveyor, cartographer, naturalist, engineer, soldier, promoter, and writer.
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Bob Ferguson (musician)
Robert Bruce Ferguson (December 30, 1927 – July 22, 2001) was an American country music songwriter and record producer who was instrumental in establishing Nashville, Tennessee as a center of country music.
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Bogue Chitto, Mississippi
Bogue Chitto is a census-designated place (CDP) situated in Kemper and Neshoba counties, Mississippi.
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Bottle Creek Indian Mounds
Bottle Creek Indian Mounds (1BA2) is an archaeological site owned and monitored by the Alabama Historical Commission located on a low swampy island within the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta north of Mobile, Alabama, United States.
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Brigadier general (United States)
In the United States Armed Forces, brigadier general (BG, BGen, or Brig Gen) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Air Force.
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British colonization of the Americas
The British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the U.S. Department of the Interior.
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California
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.
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Carl Hayden
Carl Trumbull Hayden (October 2, 1877 – January 25, 1972) was an American politician and the first United States Senator to serve seven terms.
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Casino
A casino is a facility which houses and accommodates certain types of gambling activities.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Cato Sells
Cato Sells (October 6, 1859 – 1948) was a commissioner at the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1913 to 1921.
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Charles D. Carter
Charles David Carter (August 16, 1868 in Chickasaw – April 9, 1929) was a Native American politician elected as U.S. Representative from Oklahoma, serving from 1907 to 1927.
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Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic.
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Chato people
The Chato were an indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, that formerly lived on the coast in Mississippi and Alabama and around Mobile Bay.
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Chicago
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.
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Chickasaw
The Chickasaw are an indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands.
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Choctaw
The Choctaw (in the Choctaw language, Chahta)Common misspellings and variations in other languages include Chacta, Tchakta and Chocktaw.
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Choctaw Casino Bingo
Choctaw Casino Bingo in Durant, Oklahoma was the first Choctaw casino to be constructed, in 1987, and was also the original casino before the construction of new Choctaw Casino Resort in 2005.
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Choctaw Casinos & Resorts
Choctaw Casinos & Resorts is a chain of eight Indian casinos and hotels located in Oklahoma, owned and operated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
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Choctaw code talkers
The Choctaw code talkers were a group of Choctaw Indians from Oklahoma who pioneered the use of Native American languages as military code.
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Choctaw freedmen
The Choctaw freedmen were enslaved African Americans who were emancipated after the American Civil War and were granted citizenship in the Choctaw Nation.
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Choctaw Indian Fair
For centuries the Mississippi Choctaws have gathered at the ripening of the first corn.
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Choctaw language
The Choctaw language, traditionally spoken by the Native American Choctaw people of the southeastern United States, is a member of the Muskogean family.
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Choctaw mythology
Choctaw mythology is related to Choctaws, a Native American tribe originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana).
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Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
The Choctaw Nation (Chahta Yakni) (officially referred to as the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma) is a Native American territory and federally recognized Indian Tribe with a tribal jurisdictional area comprising 10.5 counties in Southeastern Oklahoma.
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Choctaw Trail of Tears
The Choctaw Trail of Tears was the relocation of the Choctaw Nation from their country referred to now as the Deep South (Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana) to lands west of the Mississippi River in Indian Territory in the 1830s.
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Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb
The Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb is a state-recognized Native American tribe in Sabine Parish, Louisiana.
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Chunkey
Chunkey (also known as chunky, chenco, tchung-kee or the hoop and stick game) is a game of Native American origin.
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Chunky Creek Train Wreck
The Chunky Creek Train Wreck (a.k.a The Chunky River Train Wreck) occurred on February 19, 1863.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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Civil rights movement
The civil rights movement (also known as the African-American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms) was a decades-long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held.
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Clan
A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.
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Code talker
Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime.
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Common Era
Common Era or Current Era (CE) is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era – an alternative to the Dionysian AD and BC system.
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Conehatta, Mississippi
Conehatta is a census-designated place (CDP) in Newton County, Mississippi.
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Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.
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Congressional Cemetery
The Congressional Cemetery or Washington Parish Burial Ground is a historic and active cemetery located at 1801 E Street, SE, in Washington, D.C., on the west bank of the Anacostia River.
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County Cork
County Cork (Contae Chorcaí) is a county in Ireland.
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Croup
Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus.
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Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
The cultural assimilation of Native Americans was an assimilation effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European–American culture between the years of 1790 and 1920.
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Culture of the Choctaw
The culture of the Choctaw has greatly evolved over the centuries combining mostly European-American influences; however, interaction with Spain, France, and England greatly shaped it as well.
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Curtis Act of 1898
The Curtis Act of 1898 was an amendment to the United States Dawes Act; it resulted in the break-up of tribal governments and communal lands in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indian Territory: the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muscogee (Creek), Cherokee, and Seminole.
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Cyrus Byington
Cyrus Byington (March 11, 1793 – December 31, 1868) was a White Christian missionary from Massachusetts who began working with the Choctaw in Mississippi in 1821.
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Dallas
Dallas is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
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Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
The Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, the official title designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget, encompasses 13 counties within the U.S. state of Texas.
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Dawes Act
The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887), authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
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Dawes Commission
The American Dawes Commission, named for its first chairman Henry L. Dawes, was authorized under a rider to an Indian Office appropriation bill, March 3, 1893.
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Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era in the United States of America was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting.
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Donna Ladd
Donna K. Ladd (born October 9Burton, Tommy (2013-10-09). Happy birthdays and new releases... Jackson Free Press, 9 October 2013. Retrieved on 2014-02-19 from http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/weblogs/music/2013/oct/09/happy-birthdays-and-new-releases/. in Philadelphia, Mississippi) is an American investigative journalist who helped create The Jackson Free Press, an award-winning freely distributed community magazine.
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Durant, Oklahoma
Durant is a city in Bryan County, Oklahoma, United States and serves as the headquarters of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
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Earthworks (archaeology)
In archaeology, earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil.
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Earthworks (engineering)
Earthworks are engineering works created through the processing of parts of the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock.
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Emancipation
Emancipation is any effort to procure economic and social rights, political rights or equality, often for a specifically disenfranchised group, or more generally, in discussion of such matters.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Ernest Istook
Ernest James Istook Jr. (born February 11, 1950) is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 5th congressional district.
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European Americans
European Americans (also referred to as Euro-Americans) are Americans of European ancestry.
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Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations
Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations was a World's Fair held in 1853 in what is now Bryant Park in New York City, in the wake of the highly successful 1851 Great Exhibition in London.
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Farewell Letter to the American People
The "Farewell Letter to the American People" was a widely published letter by Choctaw Chief George W. Harkins in February 1832.
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Federal Bureau of Investigation
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency.
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Ferdinand Claiborne
Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne (1773-1815) was an American military officer most notable for his command of the militia of the Mississippi Territory during the Creek War and the War of 1812.
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Five Civilized Tribes
The term "Five Civilized Tribes" derives from the colonial and early federal period in the history of the United States.
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Florida
Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States.
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Fort Mims massacre
The Battle at Fort Mims occurred on August 30, 1813 during the Creek War, when a force of Creek Indians belonging to the "Red Sticks" faction, under the command of head warriors Peter McQueen and William Weatherford (also known as Lamochattee or Red Eagle), stormed the fort and defeated the militia garrison.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
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Franklin, Tennessee
Franklin is a city in, and the county seat of, Williamson County, Tennessee, United States.
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Free people of color
In the context of the history of slavery in the Americas, free people of color (French: gens de couleur libres, Spanish: gente libre de color) were people of mixed African and European descent who were not enslaved.
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Freedman
A freedman or freedwoman is a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.
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Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer, or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi.
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French colonization of the Americas
The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere.
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French Louisiana
The term French Louisiana refers to two distinct regions.
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Fur trade
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur.
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George Catlin
George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West.
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George W. Harkins
George Washington Harkins (1810–1890) was an attorney and prominent chief of the Choctaw tribe during Indian removal.
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George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 –, 1799), known as the "Father of His Country," was an American soldier and statesman who served from 1789 to 1797 as the first President of the United States.
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Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States.
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Gideon Johnson Pillow
Gideon Johnson Pillow (June 8, 1806 – October 8, 1878) was an American lawyer, politician, speculator, slaveowner, United States Army major general of volunteers during the Mexican-American War and Confederate brigadier general in the American Civil War.
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Gideon Lincecum
Gideon Lincecum (22 April 1793 – 28 November 1874) was an American pioneer, historian, physician, philosopher, and naturalist.
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Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.
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Great Famine (Ireland)
The Great Famine (an Gorta Mór) or the Great Hunger was a period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1849.
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Great Spirit
The Great Spirit, known as Wakan Tanka among the Sioux,Ostler, Jeffry.
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Greenwood LeFlore
Greenwood LeFlore or Greenwood Le Fleur (June 3, 1800 – August 31, 1865) was elected Principal Chief of the Choctaw in 1830 before removal.
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Grover Norquist
Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases.
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Gulf Coast of the United States
The Gulf Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Southern United States meets the Gulf of Mexico.
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Henry Knox
Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794.
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Hernando de Soto
Hernando de Soto (1495 – May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first Spanish and European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States (through Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and most likely Arkansas).
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Hickory, Mississippi
Hickory is a town in Newton County, Mississippi.
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History of lacrosse
Lacrosse has its origins in a tribal game played by eastern Woodlands Native Americans and by some Plains Indians tribes in what is now the United States of America and Canada.
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Hopewell tradition
The Hopewell tradition (also called the Hopewell culture) describes the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period.
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Hopewell, York County, South Carolina
Hopewell is an unincorporated community in York County, South Carolina, United States.
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Horatio B. Cushman
Horatio Bardwell Cushman (August 13, 1820 – October 18, 1904) was an American historian.
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Houma people
The Houma are a historic Native American tribe located in Louisiana on the east side of the Red River of the South.
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Houston
Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, with a census-estimated 2017 population of 2.312 million within a land area of.
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Human migration
Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily in a new location.
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Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.
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Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (et seq.) is a 1988 United States federal law that establishes the jurisdictional framework that governs Indian gaming.
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Indian removal
Indian removal was a forced migration in the 19th century whereby Native Americans were forced by the United States government to leave their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River, specifically to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, modern Oklahoma).
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Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act was signed by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.
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Indian Reorganization Act
The Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler-Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of Native Americans (known in law as American Indians or Indians).
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Indian reservation
An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a federally recognized Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located.
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Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638) authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes.
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Indian termination policy
Indian termination was the policy of the United States from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s.
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Indian Territory
As general terms, Indian Territory, the Indian Territories, or Indian country describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land.
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Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples, also known as first peoples, aboriginal peoples or native peoples, are ethnic groups who are the pre-colonial original inhabitants of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently.
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Jack Abramoff
Jack Allan Abramoff (born February 28, 1959) is an American lobbyist, businessman, movie producer and writer.
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Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal
The Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal was a United States political scandal exposed in 2005; it related to fraud perpetrated by political lobbyists Jack Abramoff, Ralph E. Reed, Jr., Grover Norquist and Michael Scanlon on Native American tribes who were seeking to develop casino gambling on their reservations.
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Jack Amos (Mississippi Choctaw)
Jack Amos (c. 1828 - March 1906) was an American Indian and Confederate soldier.
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Jackson, Mississippi
Jackson, officially the City of Jackson, is the capital city and largest urban center of the U.S. state of Mississippi.
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James Monroe
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fifth President of the United States from 1817 to 1825.
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Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the only President of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865.
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Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
The Jena Band of Choctaw Indians are one of three federally recognized Choctaw groups in the United States.
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Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.
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Joara
Joara was a large Native American settlement, a regional chiefdom of the Mississippian culture, located in what is now Burke County, North Carolina, about 300 miles in the interior in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
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John C. Calhoun
John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782March 31, 1850) was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, and the seventh Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832.
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John Collier (sociologist)
John Collier (May 4, 1884 – May 8, 1968), a sociologist and writer, was an American social reformer and Native American advocate.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.
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John N. Tillman
John Newton Tillman (December 13, 1859 – March 9, 1929) was a U.S. Representative from Arkansas.
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John Pitchlynn
John Pitchlynn was a Scottish-American who served as the official U.S. Interpreter for relations between the government of the United States and the Choctaw Nation, an office known at the time as the Choctaw Agency.
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John R. Swanton
John Reed Swanton (February 19, 1873 – May 2, 1958) was an American anthropologist, folklorist, and linguist who worked with Native American peoples throughout the United States.
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Joseph Oklahombi
Joseph Oklahombi (May 1, 1895, Bokchito, Bryan County, Oklahoma - April 13, 1960) was an American soldier of the Choctaw nation.
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Juan Ponce de León
Juan Ponce de León (1474 – July 1521) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador born in Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain in 1474.
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Kingdom of Great Britain
The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called simply Great Britain,Parliament of the Kingdom of England.
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Kirk Fordice
Daniel Kirkwood "Kirk" Fordice Jr. (February 10, 1934 – September 7, 2004), was an American politician and businessman who served as the 61st Governor of Mississippi from January 14, 1992 until January 11, 2000.
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Land Rush of 1889
The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 was the first land rush into the Unassigned Lands.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Leo Varadkar
Leo Eric Varadkar (born 18 January 1979) is an Irish politician who has served as Taoiseach, Minister for Defence and Leader of Fine Gael since June 2017.
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Lieutenant colonel (United States)
In the United States Army, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Air Force, a lieutenant colonel is a field grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel.
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List of Choctaw treaties
List of Choctaw Treaties is a comprehensive chronological list of historic agreements that directly or indirectly affected the Choctaw people, an American Indian tribe, with other nations.
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List of federally recognized tribes
There is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States of America.
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List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
This is a list of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition in the years 1539–1543.
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Louisiana
Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.
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Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (c. 1475, probably Castile, Spain – 18 October 1526) was a Spanish explorer who in 1526 established the short-lived San Miguel de Guadalupe colony, the first European attempt at a settlement in what is now the continental United States.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after having served as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963.
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Mahican
The Mahicans (or Mohicans) are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe related to the abutting Delaware people, originally settled in the upper Hudson River Valley (around Albany, New York) and western New England centered on Pittsfield, Massachusetts and lower present-day Vermont.
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Mammoth
A mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, proboscideans commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair.
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Mary Robinson
Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (née Bourke; Máire Bean Mhic Róibín; born 21 May 1944) is an Irish Independent politician who served as the 7th President of Ireland, she was the first female to hold this office.
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Mastodon
Mastodons (Greek: μαστός "breast" and ὀδούς, "tooth") are any species of extinct proboscideans in the genus Mammut (family Mammutidae), distantly related to elephants, that inhabited North and Central America during the late Miocene or late Pliocene up to their extinction at the end of the Pleistocene 10,000 to 11,000 years ago.
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Matrilineality
Matrilineality is the tracing of descent through the female line.
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Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor is the United States of America's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who distinguished themselves by acts of valor.
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Medicine man
A medicine man or medicine woman is a traditional healer and spiritual leader who serves a community of indigenous people of the Americas.
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Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (from Greek μέγας megas "large" and New Latin fauna "animal life") are large or giant animals.
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Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis is a city located along the Mississippi River in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee.
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Meridian, Mississippi
Meridian is the sixth largest city in the state of Mississippi, United States.
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Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive (also known as Battles of the Meuse-Argonne and the Meuse-Argonne Campaign) was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front.
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Michael Scanlon
Michael Scanlon, "Sean Scanlon", is a former communications director for Rep.
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Midleton
Midleton (meaning "Monastery at the Weir"), is a town in south-eastern County Cork, Ireland.
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Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.
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Mississippi
Mississippi is a state in the Southern United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico.
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Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians is one of three federally recognized tribes of Choctaw Native Americans.
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Mississippi Choctaw Indian Federation
The Mississippi Choctaw Indian Federation is a now-defunct organization of Choctaws and a former rival governing body of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians.
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Mississippi embayment
The Mississippi Embayment is a physiographic feature in the south-central United States, part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain.
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Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system.
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Mississippi State Senate
The Mississippi Senate is the upper house of the Mississippi Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Mississippi.
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Mississippian culture
The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American civilization archeologists date from approximately 800 CE to 1600 CE, varying regionally.
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Mobile, Alabama
Mobile is the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States.
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Moiety (kinship)
In the anthropological study of kinship, a moiety is a descent group that coexists with only one other descent group within a society.
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Mound
A mound is a heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris.
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Moundville Archaeological Site
Moundville Archaeological Site, also known as the Moundville Archaeological Park, is a Mississippian culture site on the Black Warrior River in Hale County, near the city of Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
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MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians
This area of frontier Alabama had been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous cultures. The Mississippian culture is believed to have been ancestral to the historical tribes of the Muskogean-speaking Choctaw and later the Creek, when the entire State of Alabama was dominated by the Choctaw Indians in historic times. The Mobile and Washington County Choctaw Indians are direct descendants of the tribes shown on the Plan Figure Des Villages Chikachas (Chickasaw) Attaque Par Les Francois Le Vingt Six May in 1736 (Map of the Villages of the Chickasaw attacked by the French on May 26, 1736). The first European settlers in Mobile and southern Alabama in the 18th century were Roman Catholic French and later Spanish. The area was governed by nationals of these two countries before the British took it over. English and Scots traders arrived before the American Revolutionary War and were followed by settlers arriving in the early 19th century. During the American Revolution, the Galvez conquered Mobile in 1780 and Pensacola in 1781 took control of Mobile/Pensacola from the capital of Louisiana at Orleans only a few miles down river from the present day site of the Alabama Power Plant and the DuPont Power Plant are located on State of Alabama Highway 43 today. Galvez was surrendered the city of Mobile and welcomed by various prominent citizens and Zenon Orso was amongst them. Zenon Orso is a progenitor of many of today's Choctaw Indians of the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians. Although Zeno(n) Orso is recorded to be from New Orleans it is often forgotten that the capital of the Louisiana Territory under the French was at present-day Axis or Bucks Alabama where the Alabama Power Plant is located today. This is even more notable that this same property was deeded from the Juzan(called Juhan) in the deed to the DuPont family who own a nearby Chemical Plant within a mile of the Alabama Power Plant. The Natchez Indians referred to the area as the Juzlin's (Juzan) Nigra or Walnut Hills. In fact, many of the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians are prominent families like that of John Andry(Andre/Andrews) who still has a road in the area, the Lofton's (called Lofton/Loftin/Loftus's Heights in Mississippi along that river), however, ancient land deeds of Mobile will reveal that Lofton's Road is almost directly across from the Alabama Power Plant and about 4 miles up the road and across the Mobile River one will find an Island which also once belonged to the Lofton/Loftis families, the Krepes, and the Mims (as in the Fort Mims Massacre of August 30, 1813), etc. The frauds committed against the Choctaw Indians of Mobile and Washington Counties of Alabama, the Mississippi Choctaw, and the Choctaw of Louisiana are both incredible and famous, but there is a reference for any who need to know more about this atrocity of how one larger tribe or at least two tribes would spare little expense to deprive the Choctaw Nation of the East from their own Native American Birthright. The Choctaw Commission of the Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana would eventually be recognized Federally in 1945 largely by the efforts of an Alabama Choctaw named Wesley Johnson who was the first Chief of the Choctaw Nation East of the Mississippi River since the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in 1830, however, the Mississippi Choctaw would quietly remove the Alabama and the Louisiana Choctaw from their own rolls in order to obtain a larger settlement of land and cash from the Indian Claims Commission. The same Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians who were denied by the Choctaw Nation of the West (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma as of 1975) and fought by the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations of Oklahoma rather that be required to pay any claims due the Choctaw Nation of the East in accordance with the 1881 United States Court of Claims Decision and the United States Supreme Court decisions in Choctaw Nation vs. United States now sought to actively deny the other remnants of the Choctaw Nation of the East of the Mississippi River. The Choctaw Indians of Alabama (formerly Mississippi/Indian Territory) (Mobile and Washington Band of Choctaw Indians) is composed of Choctaw who refused removal to the "WEST" in 1830. By their treaty, they were guaranteed the right to retain both Choctaw and United States Citizenship and retain their Sovereignty as Choctaw Citizens but if they should ever remove to take a 640-acre reservation in Oklahoma, then they would never be allowed to take part of the financial incentive Annuity. These same Choctaws were provided for under Article XVIII of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit, in which, the land of the Choctaws were not to be "SOLD" until the Choctaw shall "REMOVE" and that the money to be provided for the Choctaw to Remove shall be obtained from the lands of the Choctaw "SOLD", thereby creating a nullity, whereby the Choctaw did not have to remove until their lands were sold and at the same forcing the removal language of the Preamble of the Treaty to be itself not ratified by Congress. It was a clever stroke of the pen by the Choctaw Nation of Indians in 1830, which protected the Sovereignty of the Choctaw provided for under Article VI of the Treaty and the Citizenship of the Choctaw provided for under Article XIV, and then the Treaty Proviso, that in cases of well-founded doubt arising from the Treaty, that the Treaty should prejudice the Choctaw. The Choctaw Nation of Red People or Indians did not have to Remove and nor did they. However the other groups of Choctaw did remove, the first group of about 960 Choctaw self-removed between the years of 1831 and 1833, under the pretense of the requirement to remove. The next large groups removed in the 1850's. Those Choctaw called the Bay Indians under John Johnston chose to remain. The Choctaw group under William Fisher, who applied for removal in 1851 or 1852 removed and later "FISHER" was accused of fraud in 1854 when he returned the Choctaws to their home in Alabama. The Chiefs of the Choctaw Nation up to at least 1871 are noted to be buried in the "OLD INDIAN TERRITORY" and their wills are recorded in Mobile, Alabama; near where the various Treaties were previously entered upon by the United States and the Choctaw Nation, typically near the Tombigbee River and Mobile Rivers located in Mobile and Washington Counties as known today. The State of Alabama has under the Color of Law maintained a Legal Fiction whereby the Alabama Legislative Act of 1832 is superior to the United States Constitution, Treaties, Federal Acts, and Federal Court Decree all in favor of the Choctaw. It is under this Legal Fiction that the greatest secret of Alabama lies. The Treaty of (D)Oaks Stand in 1820 traded the lands East of the Tombigbee River in the OLD Choctaw lands called the "OLD FIELDS" for the State of Oklahoma and was later attempted to be corrected in the Treaty of 1825 when 5 million acres were taken from the Choctaw Nation from the lands ceded by the United States to the Choctaw Nation. The Choctaw Nation of Indians under the leadership of Chief Robert Cole Father of Chief Coleman Cole, Peter Cole (Ashi or Hoshi Homma), Charles, Cole, Charles Frazier, etc. did not cede their lands as suggested by the United States but instead required compensation for the 6000+ settlers who settled along the Arkansas boundary with Oklahoma aka the Red River. The Treaty of 1820 was a treaty which is commonly understood to have conveyed or ceded the lands West of the Mississippi from the United States then in possession of the Nation of Spain to the Choctaw Nation of Indians and in exchange for the Choctaw Lands East of the Tombigbee River (present day Clarke and Monroe Counties) this act was done in 1820, not 1830 as is commonly misunderstood to be the case. According to Peter Pitchlynn, only one Choctaw took advantage of the Treaty of 1820, Captain Fulsom (the son in law of the "One Weaver"). However, the Treaty of 1820 did render any and all previous Treaties null and void, in Article I of the said Treaty, reverting all Choctaw Land ownership back to the Choctaw Nation of Indians. The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek of 1830 guaranteed the Sovereignty of those who would remove to those lands in the West such as Oklahoma to the Choctaw Nation of Indians forever but did not convey title, covenant or any other term that was intended to diminish from the Right of Possession, Usage, and Occupancy of the Choctaw Nation of Indians under the leadership of Peter Cole (Hoshi or Ashi Homma aka Red Bird), John Johnston, and Tom Gibson (Elah Tubbee) who remained along the Tombigbee and Mobile Rivers Mobile, Washington, and Choctaw, Baldwin, Clarke, Sumter, and Monroe Counties of Alabama Alabama near their own sacred mound at Indian Graves Creek and Indian Springs at what is today known as Cedar Creek behind the old Jackson's Barracks which is called the Mount Vernon Arsenal or Barracks and was last known as the Searcy Hospital for the Insane. It was also once known for the Battle of the Horseshoe - which an aerial view will reveal the true nature of the heavily stockaded fort which was said to be encountered by Jackson during the Creek War of 1814–1815. The Horseshoe was surrounded by cannons which were used to attack the fortification which is situated on a higher elevation and was virtually impregnable. In 1835 the federal government built the Weaver Indian school at Mount Vernon, Alabama, with labor supplied by the Choctaw. The Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee sometimes but rarely intermarried with European Americans. John Johnston Jr. testified in 1842 to being threatened for his property rights before the Congress of the United States, he is a progenitor of some of the Choctaw Indians of Alabama (known as the MOWA - Choctaws Indians of Mobile and Washington County) today and a road named after him is one of the main roads in McIntosh as a legacy to his leadership of the Choctaw Indians of the East John Johnston Jr. was notable for being the Tribal Leader of the Choctaw group known as the "Bay Indians". The main group of Choctaw Indians in Washington County live on or immediately parallel to the John Johnston Road near the Reed Settlement which leads by way of Citronelle (Neshoba Church and Mt.
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Multiracial
Multiracial is defined as made up of or relating to people of many races.
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Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner
The murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, also known as the Freedom Summer murders, the Mississippi civil rights workers' murders or the Mississippi Burning murders, involved three activists that were abducted and murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi in June 1964 during the Civil Rights Movement.
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Muscogee
The Muscogee, also known as the Mvskoke, Creek and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy, are a related group of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.
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Mushulatubbee
Mushulatubbee (Choctaw AmoshuliTabi, "Determined to Kill") (born c. 1750–1770, died c. 1838) was the chief of the Choctaw Okla Tannap ("Lower Towns"), one of the three major Choctaw divisions during the early 19th century.
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Muskogean languages
Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is an indigenous language family of the Southeastern United States.
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Nanih Waiya
Nanih Waiya (alternately spelled Nunih Waya) is an ancient earthwork mound in southern Winston County, Mississippi, constructed by indigenous people during the Middle Woodland period, about 1-300 CE.
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Narragansett people
The Narragansett tribe are an Algonquian American Indian tribe from Rhode Island.
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Narváez expedition
The Narváez expedition was a Spanish journey of exploration and colonization started in 1527 that intended to establish colonial settlements and garrisons in Florida.
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Natchez Trace
The Natchez Trace, also known as the "Old Natchez Trace", is a historic forest trail within the United States which extends roughly from Natchez, Mississippi, to Nashville, Tennessee, linking the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Mississippi Rivers.
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Natchez, Mississippi
Natchez is the county seat and only city of Adams County, Mississippi, United States.
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Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States.
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Neshoba County, Mississippi
Neshoba County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
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New France
New France (Nouvelle-France) was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763.
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New Orleans
New Orleans (. Merriam-Webster.; La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana.
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Northwest Indian War
The Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), also known as the Ohio War, Little Turtle's War, and by other names, was a war between the United States and a confederation of numerous Native American tribes, with support from the British, for control of the Northwest Territory.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (Uukuhuúwa, Gahnawiyoˀgeh) is a state in the South Central region of the United States.
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Paleo-Indians
Paleo-Indians, Paleoindians or Paleoamericans is a classification term given to the first peoples who entered, and subsequently inhabited, the Americas during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period.
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Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)
The Pearl River is a river in the U.S. states of Mississippi and Louisiana.
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Pearl River Resort
Pearl River Resort is a gaming resort located in Choctaw, Neshoba County, Mississippi.
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Pearl River, Mississippi
Pearl River is a census-designated place (CDP) in Neshoba County, Mississippi.
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Pensacola, Florida
Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida.
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Pequot
The Pequot are Native American people of the U.S. state of Connecticut.
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Peter Pitchlynn
Peter Perkins Pitchlynn (January 30, 1806 – January 17, 1881), of the Hat-choo-tuck-nee ("Snapping Turtle") clan, was a Choctaw chief of Choctaw and Anglo-American ancestry.
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Philadelphia, Mississippi
Philadelphia is a city in and the county seat of Neshoba County, Mississippi, United States.
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Phillip Martin
Phillip Martin (March 13, 1926 – February 4, 2010) was a Native American political leader, the democratically elected Tribal Chief of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians.
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Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville (16 July 1661 – 9 July 1706) was a soldier, ship captain, explorer, colonial administrator, knight of the order of Saint-Louis, adventurer, privateer, trader, member of Compagnies Franches de la Marine and founder of the French colony of La Louisiane of New France.
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Pinckney's Treaty
Pinckney's Treaty, also commonly known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain.
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Pinson Mounds
The Pinson Mounds comprise a prehistoric Native American complex located in Madison County, Tennessee in the region that is known as the Eastern Woodlands.
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Plaquemine culture
The Plaquemine culture was an archaeological culture (circa 1200 to 1700 CE) centered on the Lower Mississippi River valley.
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Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
Plaquemines Parish (French: Paroisse de Plaquemine, Louisiana French: Paroisse des Plaquemines) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana.
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Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
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Ponca
The Ponca (Páⁿka iyé: Páⁿka or Ppáⁿkka pronounced) are a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Dhegihan branch of the Siouan language group.
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Preston Gates & Ellis
Preston Gates & Ellis, LLP, also known as Preston Gates, was a law firm with offices in the United States, China and Taiwan.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Pushmataha
Pushmataha (c. 1764 – December 24, 1824; also spelled Pooshawattaha, Pooshamallaha, or Poosha Matthaw), the "Indian General", was one of the three regional chiefs of the major divisions of the Choctaw in the 19th century.
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Racial segregation
Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.
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Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of transferring of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks.
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Ray Mabus
Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr. (born October 11, 1948) is an American politician and diplomat and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017.
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Reconstruction era
The Reconstruction era was the period from 1863 (the Presidential Proclamation of December 8, 1863) to 1877.
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Red Sticks
Red Sticks (also Redsticks or Red Clubs), the name deriving from the red-painted war clubs of some Native American Creeks—refers to an early 19th-century traditionalist faction of these people in the American Southeast.
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Redwater, Mississippi
Redwater is a census-designated place (CDP) in Leake County, Mississippi.
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Reindeer
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia and North America.
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René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de La Salle (November 22, 1643 – March 19, 1687) was a French explorer.
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Republican Revolution
The Republican Revolution, Revolution of '94 or Gingrich Revolution refers to the Republican Party (GOP) success in the 1994 U.S. midterm elections, which resulted in a net gain of 54 seats in the House of Representatives, and a pickup of eight seats in the Senate.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.
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Sacred
Sacred means revered due to sanctity and is generally the state of being perceived by religious individuals as associated with divinity and considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspiring awe or reverence among believers.
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Savannah, Georgia
Savannah is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County.
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Scotch-Irish Americans
Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Presbyterian and other Ulster Protestant Dissenters from various parts of Ireland, but usually from the province of Ulster, who migrated during the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Scott County, Kentucky
Scott is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky.
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Seattle
Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States.
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Seminole
The Seminole are a Native American people originally from Florida.
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Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.
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Sharecropping
Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.
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Shawnee
The Shawnee (Shaawanwaki, Ša˙wano˙ki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki) are an Algonquian-speaking ethnic group indigenous to North America. In colonial times they were a semi-migratory Native American nation, primarily inhabiting areas of the Ohio Valley, extending from what became Ohio and Kentucky eastward to West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Western Maryland; south to Alabama and South Carolina; and westward to Indiana, and Illinois. Pushed west by European-American pressure, the Shawnee migrated to Missouri and Kansas, with some removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s. Other Shawnee did not remove to Oklahoma until after the Civil War. Made up of different historical and kinship groups, today there are three federally recognized Shawnee tribes, all headquartered in Oklahoma: the Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, and Shawnee Tribe.
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Simon Favre
Simon Favre (May 31, 1760 – July 3, 1813) was an interpreter of the Muskogean languages, particularly Choctaw and Chickasaw, for the French, British, Spanish and Americans in the part of West Florida that became part of the states of Mississippi and Alabama.
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Slavery
Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.
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Slavery among Native Americans in the United States
Slavery among Native Americans in the United States includes slavery by Native Americans as well as slavery of Native Americans roughly within the present-day United States.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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South Carolina
South Carolina is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States.
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Southeastern United States
The Southeastern United States (Sureste de Estados Unidos, Sud-Est des États-Unis) is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, and the southern portion of the Eastern United States.
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Southern United States
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Spain and the American Revolutionary War
Spain's role in the independence of the United States was part of its dispute over colonial supremacy with the Kingdom of Great Britain.
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Spanish colonization of the Americas
The overseas expansion under the Crown of Castile was initiated under the royal authority and first accomplished by the Spanish conquistadors.
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St. Stephens, Alabama
St.
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Standing Pine, Mississippi
Standing Pine is a census-designated place (CDP) in Leake County, Mississippi.
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State of Sequoyah
The State of Sequoyah was a proposed state to be established from the Indian Territory in the eastern part of present-day Oklahoma.
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Steven Charleston
Steven Charleston (born February 15, 1949) is a retired Episcopal bishop and academic.
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Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.
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Taoiseach
The Taoiseach (pl. Taoisigh) is the prime minister, chief executive and head of government of Ireland.
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Tecumseh
Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813) was a Native American Shawnee warrior and chief, who became the primary leader of a large, multi-tribal confederacy in the early 19th century.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (translit) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States.
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Texas
Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.
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Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909.
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Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America.
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Thomas Hinds
Thomas Hinds (1780–1840) was an American soldier and politician from the state of Mississippi, who served in the United States Congress from 1828 to 1831.
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Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.
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Tom DeLay
Thomas Dale DeLay (born April 8, 1947) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1985 until 2006.
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Tombigbee River
The Tombigbee River is a tributary of the Mobile River, approximately 200 mi (325 km) long, in the U.S. states of Mississippi and Alabama.
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Totem
A totem (Ojibwe doodem) is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe.
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Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory.
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Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was a treaty signed on September 27, 1830, and proclaimed on February 24, 1831, between the Choctaw American Indian tribe and the United States Government.
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Treaty of Doak's Stand
The Treaty of Doak's Stand (7 Stat. 210, also known as Treaty with the Choctaw) was signed on October 18, 1820 (proclaimed on January 8, 1821) between the United States and the Choctaw Indian tribe.
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Treaty of Hopewell
The Treaty of Hopewell is any of three different treaties signed at Hopewell Plantation.
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Treaty of Washington City
The Treaty of Washington City was a treaty signed on January 20, 1825 (proclaimed on February 19, 1825) between the Choctaw (an American Indian tribe) and the United States Government.
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Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws
The Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws was a treaty signed on July 12, 1861 between the Choctaw and Chickasaw (American Indian) and the Confederate States of America.
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Tribal chief
A tribal chief is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.
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Tribal colleges and universities
Tribal colleges and universities are a category of higher education, minority-serving institutions in the United States.
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Tucker, Mississippi
Tucker is a census-designated place (CDP) in Neshoba County, Mississippi.
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Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Tuscaloosa is a city in and the seat of Tuscaloosa County in west central Alabama (in the southeastern United States).
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Tuskaloosa
Tuskaloosa (Tuskalusa, Tastaluca, Tuskaluza) (died 1540) was a paramount chief of a Mississippian chiefdom in what is now the U.S. state of Alabama.
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Tyrant
A tyrant (Greek τύραννος, tyrannos), in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or person, or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty.
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Army Center of Military History
The United States Army Center of Military History (CMH) is a directorate within the Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army.
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United States Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau (USCB; officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.
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United States House of Representatives elections, 1994
The 1994 United States House of Representatives election (also known as the Republican Revolution) was held on November 8, 1994, in the middle of President Bill Clinton's first term.
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United States v. John (1978)
United States v. John, 437 U.S. 634 (1978), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that lands designated as a reservation in Mississippi are "Indian country" as defined by statute, and under the Major Crimes Act, the State has no jurisdiction to try an Indian for crimes covered by that act.
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University of Nebraska Press
The University of Nebraska Press, also known as UNP, was founded in 1941 and is an academic publisher of scholarly and general-interest books.
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Van T. Barfoot
Van Thomas Barfoot (born Van Thurman Barfoot; June 15, 1919 – March 2, 2012) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.
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Vicksburg, Mississippi
Vicksburg is the only city in, and county seat of Warren County, Mississippi, United States.
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War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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White supremacy
White supremacy or white supremacism is a racist ideology based upon the belief that white people are superior in many ways to people of other races and that therefore white people should be dominant over other races.
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Will Campbell (Baptist minister)
Will Davis Campbell (July 18, 1924 – June 3, 2013) was a Baptist minister, activist, author, and lecturer.
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William Bartram
William Bartram (April 20, 1739 – July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist.
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William C. C. Claiborne
William Charles Cole Claiborne (c.1773-75 – 23 November 1817) was an American politician, best known as the first non-colonial Governor of Louisiana.
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William Henry Harrison
William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, a principal contributor in the War of 1812, and the ninth President of the United States (1841).
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William McKendree Springer
William McKendree Springer (May 30, 1836 – December 4, 1903) was a United States Representative from Illinois.
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William Reynolds Archer Jr.
William Reynolds Archer Jr. (born March 22, 1928) is a retired American lawyer and politician.
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William W. Venable
William Webb Venable (September 25, 1880 – August 2, 1948) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi.
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William Wirt Hastings
William Wirt Hastings (December 31, 1866 – April 8, 1938) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Oklahoma.
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Winston County, Mississippi
Winston County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
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Woodland period
In the classification of Archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Yazoo River
The Yazoo River is a river in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
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Yeoman
A yeoman was a member of a social class in late medieval to early modern England.
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157th Field Artillery Regiment
The 157th Field Artillery Regiment (First Colorado) is a United States Army Regimental System field artillery parent regiment of the United States Army National Guard, represented in the Colorado Army National Guard by the 3rd Battalion, 157th Field Artillery Regiment, part of the 169th Field Artillery Brigade at Colorado Springs. The regiment was first constituted in 1917 during World War I from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment. The regiment was an infantry regiment as part of the 40th Infantry Division. It was again an infantry regiment of the 45th Infantry Division during and after World War II. In 1950 it was relieved from assignment from the 45th Division and after the Korean War assigned to the artillery. During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the regiment operated the M110 howitzer. The retirement of the M110 system left many National Guard units without a mission. In 2002, the battalions transitioned to the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System, and later in 2009 to the M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) system. 1st and 2nd Battalions (MLRS), 157th Field Artillery Regiment were disbanded in 2006 during the U.S. Army's restructuring from divisional organizations to the modular Brigade Combat Team model. Members from the two battalions were reorganized to form the 3rd Battalion (HIMARS), 157th Field Artillery (3-157 FA), part of the 169th Field Artillery Brigade of the Colorado Army National Guard. Meanwhile, the 1st Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment was reconstituted, also in the Colorado Army National Guard. The 157th Infantry was constituted on 1 October 2007, and activated on 1 September 2008; it is technically a completely new regiment with no lineage connection to the 157th Field Artillery, though it inherits campaign participation credit and a decoration from Colorado field artillery units. As of 30 October 2016 1st Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment was reassigned to the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain), Vermont National Guard, itself aligned with the 10th Mountain Division. It was also redesignated as a Mountain Battalion, becoming one of only three Mountain Infantry battalions in the Army National Guard.
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36th Infantry Division (United States)
The 36th Infantry Division ("Arrowhead"), also known as the "Panther Division" or "Lone Star Division,", history.army.mil, last updated 20 May 2011, last accessed 23 January 2017 is an infantry division of the United States Army and part of the Texas Army National Guard.
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45th Infantry Division (United States)
The 45th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army, part of the Oklahoma Army National Guard, from 1920 to 1968.
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Chacktaw Indians, Chactas, Chactaw, Chahta, Chahtas, Chocktaw, Chocktaws, Choctaw Indian, Choctaw Indians, Choctaw people, Choctaw tribe, Choctaws, Franchimastabe, Mississippi indians, Taboca, Tchakta, Yowani's, Čahta.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw
