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Transforming growth factor beta

Index Transforming growth factor beta

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 4, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFB4) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages. [1]

73 relations: Alzheimer's disease, American Journal of Ophthalmology, Amino acid, Anita Roberts, Aortic dissection, Apoptosis, Arachnodactyly, ASK1, Atherosclerosis, C-Jun N-terminal kinases, C-terminus, Cardiovascular disease, CD36, Cell cycle, Cell nucleus, Cell signaling, Cholesterol, Cysteine, Cystine knot, Cytokine, Death-associated protein 6, Diabetic nephropathy, Disulfide, Ectopia lentis, Elastic fiber, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Extracellular matrix, Fas receptor, Fibrillin, FOXP3, G1 phase, Glycoprotein, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, Immunoglobulin A, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 2, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Keratoconus, Latent TGF-beta binding protein, Loeys–Dietz syndrome, Macrophage, Marfan syndrome, Matrix metalloproteinase, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Mitral valve prolapse, MMP2, MMP9, Molecular Vision, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, ..., Multiple sclerosis, Myc, Myelin, Oligodendrocyte, Plasmin, Protease, Protein precursor, Proteolysis, R-SMAD, Retinoblastoma protein, Signal peptide, Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool, SMAD (protein), STAT3, Statin, T helper 17 cell, TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, TGF beta receptor, Thrombospondin 1, Transforming growth factor, Transforming growth factor, beta 3, White blood cell. Expand index (23 more) »

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.

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American Journal of Ophthalmology

American Journal of Ophthalmology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering ophthalmology.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Anita Roberts

Anita B. Roberts (April 3, 1942 – May 26, 2006) was a molecular biologist who made pioneering observations of a protein, TGF-β, that is critical in healing wounds and bone fractures and that has a dual role in blocking or stimulating cancers.

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Aortic dissection

Aortic dissection (AD) occurs when an injury to the innermost layer of the aorta allows blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall, forcing the layers apart.

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Apoptosis

Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

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Arachnodactyly

Arachnodactyly ("spider fingers") or achromachia is a condition in which the fingers and toes are abnormally long and slender, in comparison to the palm of the hand and arch of the foot.

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ASK1

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAP3K5) is a member of MAP kinase kinase kinase family and as such a part of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

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Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build up of plaque.

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C-Jun N-terminal kinases

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), were originally identified as kinases that bind and phosphorylate c-Jun on Ser-63 and Ser-73 within its transcriptional activation domain.

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C-terminus

The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).

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Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.

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CD36

CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), also known as platelet glycoprotein 4, fatty acid translocase (FAT), scavenger receptor class B member 3 (SCARB3), and glycoproteins 88 (GP88), IIIb (GPIIIB), or IV (GPIV) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD36 gene.

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Cell cycle

The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

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Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Cell signaling

Cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions.

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Cholesterol

Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.

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Cysteine

Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.

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Cystine knot

A cystine knot is a protein structural motif containing three disulfide bridges (formed from pairs of cysteine residues).

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Cytokine

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.

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Death-associated protein 6

Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAXX gene.

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Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also known as diabetic kidney disease, is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus.

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Disulfide

In chemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′.

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Ectopia lentis

Ectopia lentis is a displacement or malposition of the eye's crystalline lens from its normal location.

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Elastic fiber

Elastic fibers (or yellow fibers) are bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries.

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European Molecular Biology Laboratory

The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) is a molecular biology research institution supported by 25 member states, four prospect and two associate member states.

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Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, sometimes experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of brain inflammation.

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Extracellular matrix

In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

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Fas receptor

The first apoptosis signal receptor (Fas or FasR), also known as apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAS gene.

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Fibrillin

Fibrillin is a glycoprotein, which is essential for the formation of elastic fibers found in connective tissue.

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FOXP3

FOXP3 (forkhead box P3), also known as scurfin, is a protein involved in immune system responses.

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G1 phase

The g1 phase, or Gap 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division.

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Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.

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HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee

The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is a committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) that sets the standards for human gene nomenclature.

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Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA in its secretory form) is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes.

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Interleukin 10

Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

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Interleukin 2

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system.

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JAK-STAT signaling pathway

The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death and tumour formation.

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Keratoconus

Keratoconus (KC) is a disorder of the eye which results in progressive thinning of the cornea.

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Latent TGF-beta binding protein

The latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBP) are a family of carrier proteins.

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Loeys–Dietz syndrome

Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal dominant genetic connective tissue disorder.

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Macrophage

Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).

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Marfan syndrome

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue.

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Matrix metalloproteinase

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrixins, are calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases; other family members are adamalysins, serralysins, and astacins.

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase

A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase).

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Mitral valve prolapse

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP; a.k.a. floppy mitral valve syndrome, systolic click murmur syndrome or billowing mitral leaflet) is a valvular heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole.

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MMP2

72 kDa type IV collagenase also known as matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and gelatinase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP2 gene.

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MMP9

Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), also known as 92 kDa type IV collagenase, 92 kDa gelatinase or gelatinase B (GELB), is a matrixin, a class of enzymes that belong to the zinc-metalloproteinases family involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix.

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Molecular Vision

Molecular Vision is a peer-reviewed open access medical journal that covers the molecular and cellular biology and genetics of the cortical and ocular visual systems.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4

SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4) is a highly-conserved protein present in all metazoans.

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Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.

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Myc

Myc is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors.

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Myelin

Myelin is a lipid-rich substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer.

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Oligodendrocyte

Oligodendrocytes, or oligodendroglia,.

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Plasmin

Plasmin is an important enzyme present in blood that degrades many blood plasma proteins, including fibrin clots.

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Protease

A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

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Protein precursor

A protein precursor, also called a pro-protein or pro-peptide, is an inactive protein (or peptide) that can be turned into an active form by post-translational modification, such as breaking off a piece of the molecule or adding on another molecule.

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Proteolysis

Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.

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R-SMAD

R-SMADs are receptor-regulated SMADs.

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Retinoblastoma protein

The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated pRb; gene name abbreviated RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers.

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Signal peptide

A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N-terminus of the majority of newly synthesized proteins that are destined towards the secretory pathway.

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Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool

Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) is a biological database that is used in the identification and analysis of protein domains within protein sequences.

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SMAD (protein)

Smads (or SMADs) comprise a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth.

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STAT3

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene.

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Statin

Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are a class of lipid-lowering medications.

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T helper 17 cell

T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a subset of pro-inflammatory T helper cells defined by their production of interleukin 17 (IL-17).

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TGF beta 1

Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines.

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TGF beta 2

Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development (alternative names: Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, G-TSF, BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, Polyergin, Cetermin).

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TGF beta receptor

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors.

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Thrombospondin 1

Thrombospondin 1, abbreviated as THBS1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THBS1 gene.

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Transforming growth factor

Transforming growth factor (sometimes referred to as Tumor growth factor, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ.

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Transforming growth factor, beta 3

Transforming growth factor beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB3 gene.

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White blood cell

White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

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Redirects here:

TGF b, TGF beta, TGF β, TGF-B, TGF-Beta, TGF-b, TGF-beta, TGF-β, TGFB, TGFb, TGFbeta, TGFβ, Tgf beta, Tgf-beta, Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, Transforming growth factor β, Transforming growth factor-b, Transforming growth factor-beta, Transforming growth factor-beta signaling, Transforming growth factor-β, Tumor growth factor (TGF) beta, Tumor necrosis factor (TGF) beta.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta

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