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92 relations: Acid, Adenosine triphosphate, André Jagendorf, Arabidopsis thaliana, Arginine, Arthur Meyer (botanist), ATP synthase, Bacteria, Bacterial outer membrane, Carotenoid, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cellular respiration, Centrifugation, Chemical potential, Chemiosmosis, Chlamydomonas, Chlorophyll, Chloroplast, Cyanobacteria, Cytochrome b6f complex, Detergent, Electric potential, Electrochemical gradient, Electron, Electron tomography, Electron transport chain, Encyclopædia Britannica, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endosymbiont, Etiolation, Etioplast, Ferredoxin, Galactolipid, Genome, Greek language, Helix, Integral membrane protein, Kinase, Light, Light-dependent reactions, Light-harvesting complexes of green plants, Light-independent reactions, Lumen (anatomy), Membrane potential, Messenger RNA, Mitochondrion, Nanometre, Negative feedback, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, ..., Oxidative stress, Oxygen, Oxygen evolution, Oxygen-evolving complex, P680, P700, Peripheral membrane protein, Phospholipid, Phosphorylation, Photodissociation, Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic pigment, Photosystem, Photosystem I, Photosystem II, Phycobiliprotein, Phycobilisome, Plastid, Plastocyanin, Plastoquinone, Protein folding, Protein targeting, Proteome, Proteomics, Proton, Redox, Secretion, Seedling, Signal peptide, Signal recognition particle, Sodium carbonate, Solvent, Stoichiometry, Stroma (fluid), Stromal cell, Thylakoid, TIC/TOC complex, Transcription (biology), Translation (biology), Twin-arginine translocation pathway, Visible spectrum. Expand index (42 more) »
Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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André Jagendorf
André Tridon Jagendorf (October 21, 1926 – March 13, 2017) was an American Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor Emeritus in the Section of Plant Biology at Cornell University who is notable for providing direct evidence that chloroplasts synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using the chemiosmotic mechanism proposed by Peter Mitchell.
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Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia and Africa.
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Arginine
Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Arthur Meyer (botanist)
Arthur Meyer (1850–1922) was a German botanist, cell biologist, and pharmacognosist.
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ATP synthase
ATP synthase is an enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacterial outer membrane
The bacterial outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria.
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Carotenoid
Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria and fungi.
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
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Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
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Chemical potential
In thermodynamics, chemical potential of a species is a form of energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or phase transition due to a change of the particle number of the given species.
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Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
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Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae consisting of about 325 speciesSmith, G.M. 1955 Cryptogamic Botany Volume 1.
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cytochrome b6f complex
The cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase) is an enzyme found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae, that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin.
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Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
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Electric potential
An electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop or the electrostatic potential) is the amount of work needed to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing any acceleration.
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Electrochemical gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electron tomography
Electron tomography (ET) is a tomography technique for obtaining detailed 3D structures of sub-cellular macro-molecular objects.
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Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.
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Endosymbiont
An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism in a symbiotic relationship with the host body or cell, often but not always to mutual benefit.
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Etiolation
Etiolation is a process in flowering plants grown in partial or complete absence of light.
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Etioplast
Etioplasts are chloroplasts that have not been exposed to light.
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Ferredoxin
Ferredoxins (from Latin ferrum: iron + redox, often abbreviated "fd") are iron-sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions.
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Galactolipid
Galactolipids are a type of glycolipid whose sugar group is galactose.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Helix
A helix, plural helixes or helices, is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space.
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Integral membrane protein
An integral membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane.
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Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
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Light
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Light-dependent reactions
In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes.
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Light-harvesting complexes of green plants
The light-harvesting complex (or antenna complex) is an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of plants, which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll a molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem.
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Light-independent reactions
The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions, of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.
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Lumen (anatomy)
In biology, a lumen (plural lumina) is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine.
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Membrane potential
The term "membrane potential" may refer to one of three kinds of membrane potential.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Nanometre
The nanometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (m).
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Negative feedback
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
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Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Oxygen evolution
Oxygen evolution is the process of generating molecular oxygen through chemical reaction.
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Oxygen-evolving complex
The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), also known as the water-splitting complex, is a water-oxidizing enzyme involved in the photo-oxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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P680
P680, or Photosystem II primary donor, (where P stands for pigment) refers to either of the two special chlorophyll dimers (also named special pairs), PD1 or PD2.
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P700
P700, or photosystem I primary donor, (where P stands for pigment) is the reaction-center chlorophyll ''a'' molecule in association with photosystem I. Its absorption spectrum peaks at 700 nm.
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Peripheral membrane protein
Peripheral membrane proteins are membrane proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated.
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Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes.
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Phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.
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Photodissociation
Photodissociation, photolysis, or photodecomposition is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons.
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Photophosphorylation
In the process of photosynthesis, the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the energy of sunlight is called photophosphorylation.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Photosynthetic pigment
A photosynthetic pigment (accessory pigment; chloroplast pigment; antenna pigment) is a pigment that is present in chloroplasts or photosynthetic bacteria and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis.
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Photosystem
Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons.
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Photosystem I
Photosystem I (PS I, or plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase) is the second photosystem in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and some bacteria.
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Photosystem II
Photosystem II (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis.
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Phycobiliprotein
Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble proteins present in cyanobacteria and certain algae (rhodophytes, cryptomonads, glaucocystophytes) which capture light energy, which is then passed on to chlorophylls during photosynthesis.
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Phycobilisome
Phycobilisomes are light harvesting antennae of photosystem II in cyanobacteria, red algae and glaucophytes.
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Plastid
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
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Plastocyanin
Plastocyanin is a copper-containing protein involved in electron-transfer.
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Plastoquinone
Plastoquinone (PQ) is an isoprenoid quinone molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
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Protein folding
Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.
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Protein targeting
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to the appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it.
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Proteome
The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is, or can be, expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.
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Proteomics
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins.
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Proton
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
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Seedling
A seedling is a young plant sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed.
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Signal peptide
A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N-terminus of the majority of newly synthesized proteins that are destined towards the secretory pathway.
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Signal recognition particle
The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.
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Sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid.
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Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.
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Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
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Stroma (fluid)
Stroma, in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast.
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Stromal cell
Stromal cells are connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucosa (endometrium), prostate, bone marrow, lymph node and the ovary.
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Thylakoid
A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
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TIC/TOC complex
The TIC and TOC complexes are translocons located in the chloroplast of a eukaryotic cell, that is, protein complexes that facilitate the transfer of proteins in and out through the chloroplast's membrane.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Twin-arginine translocation pathway
The twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat pathway) is a protein export, or secretion pathway found in plants, bacteria, and archaea.
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Visible spectrum
The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylakoid
