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Van der Waals equation

Index Van der Waals equation

The van der Waals equation (or van der Waals equation of state; named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals) is based on plausible reasons that real gases do not follow the ideal gas law. [1]

68 relations: Atomic radius, Avogadro constant, Boltzmann constant, Chemical potential, Compressibility, Compressibility factor, Compressible flow, Critical point (thermodynamics), Critical variable, Density, Enthalpy, Entropy, Equation of state, Fluid, Force, Formal proof, Gas, Gas constant, Gas laws, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy, Ideal gas, Ideal gas law, Intensive and extensive properties, Internal energy, Inversion temperature, Iteration, James Clerk Maxwell, Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Leiden University, Lever rule, Ludwig Boltzmann, Martin J. Klein, Maxwell construction, Molar volume, Nature (journal), Netherlands, Nobel Prize, Particle number, Partition function (statistical mechanics), Phase (matter), Phase transition, Physical chemistry, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Pieter Rijke, Planck constant, Polymer, Pressure, Queen's University Belfast, ..., Real gas, Reduced properties, Rudolf Clausius, Sackur–Tetrode equation, Specific volume, State variable, Statistical mechanics, Temperature, Theorem of corresponding states, Theory, Thermal de Broglie wavelength, Thermodynamic potential, Thermodynamics, Thomas Andrews (scientist), Van der Waals constants (data page), Van der Waals force, Van der Waals radius, Velocity. Expand index (18 more) »

Atomic radius

The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons.

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Avogadro constant

In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant (named after scientist Amedeo Avogadro) is the number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole.

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Boltzmann constant

The Boltzmann constant, which is named after Ludwig Boltzmann, is a physical constant relating the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the temperature of the gas.

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Chemical potential

In thermodynamics, chemical potential of a species is a form of energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or phase transition due to a change of the particle number of the given species.

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Compressibility

In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change.

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Compressibility factor

The compressibility factor (Z), also known as the compression factor or the gas deviation factor, is a correction factor which describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior.

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Compressible flow

Compressible flow (gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density.

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Critical point (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve.

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Critical variable

Critical variables are defined, for example in thermodynamics, in terms of the values of variables at the critical point.

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Density

The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

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Enthalpy

Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic system.

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Entropy

In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.

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Equation of state

In physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature (PVT), or internal energy.

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Fluid

In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress.

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Force

In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

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Formal proof

A formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well-formed formulas in the case of a formal language), each of which is an axiom, an assumption, or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence by a rule of inference.

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Gas

Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma).

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Gas constant

The gas constant is also known as the molar, universal, or ideal gas constant, denoted by the symbol or and is equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole, i.e. the pressure-volume product, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle.

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Gas laws

The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases.

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Gibbs free energy

In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (IUPAC recommended name: Gibbs energy or Gibbs function; also known as free enthalpy to distinguish it from Helmholtz free energy) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum of reversible work that may be performed by a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure (isothermal, isobaric).

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Helmholtz free energy

In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume.

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Ideal gas

An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions.

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Ideal gas law

The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas.

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Intensive and extensive properties

Physical properties of materials and systems can often be categorized as being either intensive or extensive quantities, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes.

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Internal energy

In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is the energy contained within the system, excluding the kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields.

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Inversion temperature

The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase.

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Iteration

Iteration is the act of repeating a process, to generate a (possibly unbounded) sequence of outcomes, with the aim of approaching a desired goal, target or result.

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James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.

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Johannes Diderik van der Waals

Johannes Diderik van der Waals (23 November 1837 – 8 March 1923) was a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on an equation of state for gases and liquids.

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Josiah Willard Gibbs

Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American scientist who made important theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics.

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Leiden University

Leiden University (abbreviated as LEI; Universiteit Leiden), founded in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands.

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Lever rule

The lever rule is a tool used to determine mole fraction of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram.

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Ludwig Boltzmann

Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion).

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Martin J. Klein

Martin Jesse Klein (June 25, 1924 – March 28, 2009), usually cited as M. J. Klein, was a science historian of 19th and 20th century physics.

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Maxwell construction

In thermodynamic equilibrium, a necessary condition for stability is that pressure P does not increase with volume V. This basic consistency requirement—and similar ones for other conjugate pairs of variables—are sometimes violated in analytic models for first order phase transitions.

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Molar volume

The molar volume, symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound) at a given temperature and pressure.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.

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Particle number

The particle number (or number of particles) of a thermodynamic system, conventionally indicated with the letter N, is the number of constituent particles in that system.

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Partition function (statistical mechanics)

In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Phase (matter)

In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.

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Phase transition

The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.

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Physical chemistry

Physical Chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.

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Pierre-Simon Laplace

Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar whose work was important to the development of mathematics, statistics, physics and astronomy.

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Pieter Rijke

Petrus Leonardus Rijke (July 11, 1812 – April 7, 1899) was a Dutch physicist, and a professor in experimental physics at the University of Leiden.

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Planck constant

The Planck constant (denoted, also called Planck's constant) is a physical constant that is the quantum of action, central in quantum mechanics.

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Polymer

A polymer (Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

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Pressure

Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.

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Queen's University Belfast

Queen's University Belfast (informally Queen's or QUB) is a public research university in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

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Real gas

Real gases are non-hypothetical gases whose molecules occupy space and have interactions; consequently, they adhere to gas laws.

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Reduced properties

In thermodynamics, the reduced properties of a fluid are a set of state variables normalized by the fluid's state properties at its critical point.

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Rudolf Clausius

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics.

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Sackur–Tetrode equation

The Sackur–Tetrode equation is an expression for the entropy of a monatomic classical ideal gas which incorporates quantum considerations which give a more detailed description of its regime of validity.

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Specific volume

In thermodynamics, the specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the substance's volume to its mass.

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State variable

A state variable is one of the set of variables that are used to describe the mathematical "state" of a dynamical system.

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Statistical mechanics

Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics.

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Temperature

Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.

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Theorem of corresponding states

According to van der Waals, the theorem of corresponding states (or principle of corresponding states) indicates that all fluids, when compared at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideal gas behavior to about the same degree.

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Theory

A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.

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Thermal de Broglie wavelength

In physics, the thermal de Broglie wavelength (\lambda_) is roughly the average de Broglie wavelength of the gas particles in an ideal gas at the specified temperature.

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Thermodynamic potential

A thermodynamic potential (in fact, rather energyISO/IEC 80000-5, Quantities an units, Part 5 - Thermodynamics, item 5-20.4 Helmholtz energy, Helmholtz function, ISO/IEC 80000-5, Quantities an units, Part 5 - Thermodynamics, item 5-20.5, Gibbs energy, Gibbs function than potential) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

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Thomas Andrews (scientist)

Thomas Andrews FRS FRSE (19 December 1813 – 26 November 1885) was an Irish chemist and physicist who did important work on phase transitions between gases and liquids.

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Van der Waals constants (data page)

The following table lists the van der Waals constants (from the van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids.

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Van der Waals force

In molecular physics, the van der Waals forces, named after Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, are distance-dependent interactions between atoms or molecules.

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Van der Waals radius

The van der Waals radius, r, of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom.

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Velocity

The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_equation

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