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206 relations: Adenoviridae, Alzheimer's disease, Amoebozoa, Animal virus, Antibiotic, Antibody, Antiviral drug, Bacteria, Bacteriophage, Baruch Samuel Blumberg, Blood transfusion, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Cancer, Capsid, Cell (biology), Cell culture, Cell nucleus, Cell potency, Cell-mediated immunity, Cervical cancer, Chamberland filter, Chester M. Southam, Chromosome, Circular RNA, Clinical virology, Common cold, Contagium vivum fluidum, Cowpox, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Crystal, David Baltimore, Dengue fever, Diarrhea, Dmitri Ivanovsky, DNA, DNA sequencing, DNA virus, Double-stranded RNA viruses, DsDNA-RT virus, Ebola virus disease, Edward Jenner, Electron microscope, ELISA, Embryo, Endogenous retrovirus, Enterobacteria phage T2, Eukaryote, Félix d'Herelle, Fluorescence microscope, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, ..., Francis Peyton Rous, Frederick Chapman Robbins, Frederick Sanger, Frederick Twort, Fungus, Gene therapy, Genetic code, Genome, Giant virus, Harald zur Hausen, Harold E. Varmus, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, HeLa, Helix, Hepatitis, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D, Herpes simplex virus, Hershey–Chase experiment, HIV, HIV/AIDS, Horizontal gene transfer, Host (biology), Howard Martin Temin, Human, Human papillomavirus infection, Icosahedron, Immune system, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Influenza, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1, Integrase, Interferon, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Introduction to viruses, Intron, Istanbul, J. Michael Bishop, Jesse Gelsinger, John Franklin Enders, Jonas Salk, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, Koch's postulates, Kuru (disease), Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Leukemia, Library (biology), Lipid, List of virus species, Liver cancer, Louis Pasteur, Luc Montagnier, Mamavirus, Management of HIV/AIDS, Martinus Beijerinck, Max Delbrück, Max Theiler, Measles, Medicine, Metabolism, Microbiological culture, Microbiology, Mimivirus, Molecular biology, Molecular cloning, Monoclonal antibody, Monophyly, Mycoplasma, Nanoarchaeum equitans, Nanotechnology, Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, Neuron, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Nucleic acid, Ohio Penitentiary, Oncogene, Oncolytic virus, Oncovirus, Opsonin, Optical microscope, Orders of magnitude (length), Orthomyxoviridae, Phage therapy, Phi X 174, Phillip Allen Sharp, Plant virus, Plasmid, Poliomyelitis, Poliovirus, Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, Prion, Promoter (genetics), Protein, Rabies, Recombinant DNA, Reproduction, Retrotransposon, Retrovirus, Reverse transcriptase, Ribozyme, Richard J. Roberts, RNA, RNA interference, RNA virus, Robert Gallo, Robley C. Williams, Rosalind Franklin, Rous sarcoma virus, Sarcoma, Satellite (biology), Scarlet fever, Scrapie, Serum (blood), Severe combined immunodeficiency, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Smallpox, Spanish flu, Sputnik virophage, Stanley B. Prusiner, Stem cell, T cell, Taxon, Thomas Huckle Weller, Tobacco mosaic virus, Toxin, Transcription factor, Transduction (genetics), Transfection, Transformation (genetics), Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Transposable element, Vaccination, Variolation, Vertebrate, Veterinary virology, Vincent Racaniello, Viral envelope, Viral evolution, Viral pathogenesis, Viral plaque, Viral replication, Viroid, Virulence, Virus, Virus classification, Washington University in St. Louis, Wendell Meredith Stanley, White blood cell, World Health Organization, X-ray crystallography, Yellow fever, Zoonosis, 2009 flu pandemic. Expand index (156 more) »
Adenoviridae
Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double stranded DNA genome.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae.
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Animal virus
Animal viruses are viruses that infect animals.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections rather than bacterial ones.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea.
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Baruch Samuel Blumberg
Baruch Samuel Blumberg (July 28, 1925April 5, 2011) — known as Barry Blumberg — was an American physician, geneticist, and co-recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek), for his work on the hepatitis B virus while an investigator at the NIH.
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Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is generally the process of receiving blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously.
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and fatal neurodegenerative disease in cattle that may be passed to humans who have eaten infected flesh.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell culture
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Cell potency
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.
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Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
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Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix.
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Chamberland filter
A Chamberland filter, also known as a Pasteur–Chamberland filter, is a porcelain water filter invented by Charles Chamberland in 1884.
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Chester M. Southam
Chester M. Southam (October 4, 1919 – April 5, 2002) was an immunologist and oncologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell University Medical College; he went to Thomas Jefferson University in 1971 and worked there until the end of his career.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Circular RNA
Circular RNA (or circRNA) is a type of RNA which, unlike the better known linear RNA, forms a covalently closed continuous loop, i.e., in circular RNA the 3' and 5' ends normally present in an RNA molecule have been joined together.
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Clinical virology
Clinical or medical virology is a branch of medicine (more particularly of clinical pathology) which consists in isolating and/or in characterising one or several viruses responsible for some human pathologies by various direct or indirect techniques (cellular Cultures, serologies, biochemistry, molecular biology).
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Common cold
The common cold, also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose.
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Contagium vivum fluidum
Contagium vivum fluidum (Latin: "contagious living fluid") was a phrase first used to describe a virus, and underlined its ability to slip through the finest-mesh filters then available, giving it almost liquid properties.
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Cowpox
Cowpox is an infectious disease caused by the cowpox virus.
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Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a universally fatal brain disorder.
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Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
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David Baltimore
David Baltimore (born March 7, 1938) is an American biologist, university administrator, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine.
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Dengue fever
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Dmitri Ivanovsky
Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky (alternative spelling Dmitrii or Dmitry Iwanowski; Дми́трий Ио́сифович Ивано́вский; 28 October 1864 – 20 June 1920) was a Russian botanist, the discoverer of viruses (1892) and one of the founders of virology.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
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DNA virus
A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
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Double-stranded RNA viruses
Double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses are a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve) and virion organization (T-number, capsid layers or turrets).
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DsDNA-RT virus
dsDNA-RT viruses are the seventh group in the Baltimore virus classification.
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Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses.
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Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner, FRS FRCPE (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.
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Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.
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ELISA
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a test that uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance.
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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Endogenous retrovirus
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses.
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Enterobacteria phage T2
Enterobacteria phage T2 is a virus that infects and kills E. coli.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Félix d'Herelle
Félix d'Hérelle (April 25, 1873 – February 22, 1949) was a French-Canadian microbiologist.
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Fluorescence microscope
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.
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Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (born 30 July 1947) is a French virologist and Director of the Regulation of Retroviral Infections Division (Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales) and Professor at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France.
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Francis Peyton Rous
Francis Peyton Rous (October 5, 1879 – February 16, 1970) was an American Nobel Prize-winning virologist.
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Frederick Chapman Robbins
Frederick Chapman Robbins (August 25, 1916 – August 4, 2003) was an American pediatrician and virologist.
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Frederick Sanger
Frederick Sanger (13 August 1918 – 19 November 2013) was a British biochemist who twice won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, one of only two people to have done so in the same category (the other is John Bardeen in physics), the fourth person overall with two Nobel Prizes, and the third person overall with two Nobel Prizes in the sciences.
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Frederick Twort
Frederick William Twort FRS (22 October 1877 – 20 March 1950) was an English bacteriologist and was the original discoverer in 1915 of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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Gene therapy
In the medicine field, gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.
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Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Giant virus
A giant virus is a very large virus, some of which are larger than typical bacteria.
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Harald zur Hausen
Harald zur Hausen (born 11 March 1936) is a German virologist and professor emeritus.
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Harold E. Varmus
Harold Eliot Varmus (born December 18, 1939) is an American Nobel Prize-winning scientist and was the 14th Director of the National Cancer Institute, a post to which he was appointed by President Barack Obama, and before that was director of the National Institutes of Health from 1993 to 1999.
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Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
Heinz Ludwig Fraenkel-Conrat (July 29, 1910 – April 10, 1999) was a biochemist, famous for his viral research.
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HeLa
HeLa (also Hela or hela) is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research.
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Helix
A helix, plural helixes or helices, is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space.
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Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.
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Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.
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Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.
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Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae.
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Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D (hepatitis delta) is a disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), a small spherical enveloped virusoid.
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Herpes simplex virus
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans.
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Hershey–Chase experiment
The Hershey–Chase experiments were a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that helped to confirm that DNA is genetic material.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.
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Host (biology)
In biology and medicine, a host is an organism that harbours a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont), the guest typically being provided with nourishment and shelter.
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Howard Martin Temin
Howard Martin Temin (December 10, 1934 – February 9, 1994) was a U.S. geneticist and virologist.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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Human papillomavirus infection
Human papillomavirus infection is an infection by human papillomavirus (HPV).
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Icosahedron
In geometry, an icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 faces.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Induced pluripotent stem cell
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
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Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.
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Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu.
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Integrase
Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell.
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Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.
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International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of and the nomenclatures for viruses.
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Introduction to viruses
A virus is a biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts.
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Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (or or; İstanbul), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center.
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J. Michael Bishop
John Michael Bishop (born February 22, 1936) is an American immunologist and microbiologist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harold E. Varmus and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize.
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Jesse Gelsinger
Jesse Gelsinger (18 June 1981 – 17 September 1999) was the first person publicly identified as having died in a clinical trial for gene therapy.
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John Franklin Enders
John Franklin Enders (February 10, 1897 – September 8, 1985) was an American biomedical scientist and Nobel Laureate.
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Jonas Salk
Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist.
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Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs.
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the ninth known human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is HHV-8.
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Koch's postulates
Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.
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Kuru (disease)
Kuru is a very rare, incurable neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly common among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea.
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Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (baptised 26 May 1689 – 21 August 1762) (née Pierrepont) was an English aristocrat, letter writer and poet.
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Leukemia
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.
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Library (biology)
In molecular biology, a library is a collection of DNA fragments that is stored and propagated in a population of micro-organisms through the process of molecular cloning.
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Lipid
In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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List of virus species
Excluded are other ranks of virus, viroids and prions.
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Liver cancer
Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver.
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Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.
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Luc Montagnier
Luc Antoine Montagnier (born 18 August 1932) is a French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Mamavirus
Mamavirus is a large and complex virus in the Group I family mimiviridae.
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Management of HIV/AIDS
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs in an attempt to control HIV infection.
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Martinus Beijerinck
No description.
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Max Delbrück
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück (September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981), a German–American biophysicist, helped launch the molecular biology research program in the late 1930s.
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Max Theiler
Max Theiler (30 January 1899 – 11 August 1972) was a South African-American virologist and physician.
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Measles
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.
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Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Microbiological culture
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.
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Microbiology
Microbiology (from Greek μῑκρος, mīkros, "small"; βίος, bios, "life"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells).
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Mimivirus
Mimivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Mimiviridae.
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.
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Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membrane.
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Nanoarchaeum equitans
Nanoarchaeum equitans is a species of marine Archaea that was discovered in 2002 in a hydrothermal vent off the coast of Iceland on the Kolbeinsey Ridge by Karl Stetter.
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
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Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus
A negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus (or (-)ssRNA virus) is a virus that uses negative sense, single-stranded RNA as its genetic material.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
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Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.
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Ohio Penitentiary
The Ohio Penitentiary, also known as the Ohio State Penitentiary, was a prison operated from 1834 to 1984 in downtown Columbus, Ohio, in what is now known as the Arena District.
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Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Oncolytic virus
An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells.
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Oncovirus
An oncovirus is a virus that can cause cancer.
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Opsonin
An opsonin (from the Greek opsōneîn, to prepare for eating) is any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response or marking dead cells for recycling (i.e., causes the phagocyte to "relish" the marked cell).
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Optical microscope
The optical microscope, often referred to as the light microscope, is a type of microscope that uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small subjects.
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Orders of magnitude (length)
The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.
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Orthomyxoviridae
The Orthomyxoviruses (ὀρθός, orthós, Greek for "straight"; μύξα, mýxa, Greek for "mucus") are a family of RNA viruses that includes seven genera: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus C, Influenza virus D, Isavirus, Thogotovirus and Quaranjavirus.
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Phage therapy
Phage therapy or viral phage therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Phi X 174
The phi X 174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus and the first DNA-based genome to be sequenced.
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Phillip Allen Sharp
Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an American geneticist and molecular biologist who co-discovered RNA splicing.
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Plant virus
Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants.
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Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
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Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
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Poliovirus
Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis (commonly known as polio), is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae.
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Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus
A positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus (or (+)ssRNA virus) is a virus that uses positive sense, single-stranded RNA as its genetic material.
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Prion
Prions are misfolded proteins that are associated with several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans.
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Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals.
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
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Reproduction
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents".
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Retrotransposon
Retrotransposons (also called transposons via RNA intermediates) are genetic elements that can amplify themselves in a genome and are ubiquitous components of the DNA of many eukaryotic organisms.
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Retrovirus
A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an obligate parasite, targets a host cell.
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Reverse transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription.
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Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that are capable of catalyzing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes.
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Richard J. Roberts
Sir Richard John Roberts (born 6 September 1943) is an English biochemist and molecular biologist.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.
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RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material.
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Robert Gallo
Robert Charles Gallo (born March 23, 1937) is an American biomedical researcher.
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Robley C. Williams
Robley Cook Williams (October 13, 1908 – January 3, 1995) was an early biophysicist and virologist.
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Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite.
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Rous sarcoma virus
Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described: it causes sarcoma in chickens.
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Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin.
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Satellite (biology)
A satellite is a subviral agent composed of nucleic acid that depends on the co-infection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication.
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Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is a disease which can occur as a result of a group A ''streptococcus'' (group A strep) infection.
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Scrapie
Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease that affects the nervous systems of sheep and goats.
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Serum (blood)
In blood, the serum is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white or red blood cells) nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma not including the fibrinogens.
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Severe combined immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID, also known as alymphocytosis, Glanzmann–Riniker syndrome, severe mixed immunodeficiency syndrome, and thymic alymphoplasia, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations that result in heterogeneous clinical presentations.
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Simian immunodeficiency virus
Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are retroviruses that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of African non-human primates.
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Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.
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Spanish flu
The Spanish flu (January 1918 – December 1920), also known as the 1918 flu pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus.
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Sputnik virophage
Sputnik virophage (from Russian cпутник "satellite", Latin "virus" and Greek φάγειν phagein "to eat") is a subviral agent that reproduces in amoeba cells that are already infected by a certain helper virus; Sputnik uses the helper virus's machinery for reproduction and inhibits replication of the helper virus.
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Stanley B. Prusiner
Stanley Benjamin Prusiner M.D (born May 28, 1942) is an American neurologist and biochemist.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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T cell
A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
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Taxon
In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from taxonomy) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
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Thomas Huckle Weller
Thomas Huckle Weller (June 15, 1915 – August 23, 2008) was an American virologist.
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Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, genus tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.
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Toxin
A toxin (from toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Transduction (genetics)
Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector.
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Transfection
Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.
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Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of progressive, invariably fatal, conditions that affect the brain (encephalopathies) and nervous system of many animals, including humans.
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Transposable element
A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.
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Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
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Variolation
Variolation or inoculation was the method first used to immunize an individual against smallpox (Variola) with material taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual in the hope that a mild, but protective infection would result.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Veterinary virology
Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals.
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Vincent Racaniello
Vincent R. Racaniello (born January 2, 1953 in Paterson, New Jersey) is a Higgins Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons.
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Viral envelope
Some viruses (e.g. HIV and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids.
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Viral evolution
Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses.
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Viral pathogenesis
Viral pathogenesis is the study of how biological viruses cause diseases in their target hosts, usually carried out at the cellular or molecular level.
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Viral plaque
A viral plaque is a visible structure formed within a cell culture, such as bacterial cultures within some nutrient medium (e.g. agar).
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Viral replication
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells.
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Viroid
Viroids are the smallest infectious pathogens known.
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Virulence
Virulence is a pathogen's or microbe's ability to infect or damage a host.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Virus classification
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system.
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Washington University in St. Louis
Washington University in St.
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Wendell Meredith Stanley
Wendell Meredith Stanley (16 August 1904 – 15 June 1971) was an American biochemist, virologist and Nobel laureate.
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White blood cell
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
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Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.
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Zoonosis
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
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2009 flu pandemic
The 2009 flu pandemic or swine flu was an influenza pandemic, and the second of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus (the first of them being the 1918 flu pandemic), albeit in a new version.
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Viriology, Virologist, Virologists, Virulogy.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology
