Communication

484 relations: A Man for All Seasons, Academia Cațavencu, Adam Michnik, Adevărul, Adrian Cioroianu, Adrian Năstase, Adrian Păunescu, Agitprop, Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician), Alexander Zinoviev, Alexandru Bârlădeanu, Alexandru Zub, American Council of Learned Societies, American University, Ana Pauker, Andrei Oișteanu, Andrei Pippidi, Andrei Pleșu, Andrei Sakharov, Andrei Zhdanov, Anglosphere, Annales school, Antena 1 (Romania), Antena 3 (Romania), Anti-capitalism, Anti-communism, Anti-fascism, Anti-Romanyism, Antisemitism, Antonio Gramsci, April Theses, Arthur Koestler, Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Austria, Authoritarianism, Autocracy, Babeș-Bolyai University, Balkans, Barbara Jelavich, Baroque, Bessarabia, Bestseller, Blackmail, Bolsheviks, Boris Yeltsin, Brașov, British Film Institute, Bucharest, Bulgaria, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, ..., Byzantinism, Campus police, Capitalism, Caracas, Cas Mudde, Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, Censorship in Communist Romania, Central Europe, Central European University Press, Centrism, Chamber of Deputies (Romania), Charles King (professor of international affairs), Chauvinism, Chile, Civil society, Classical liberalism, Cold War, Collective responsibility, Collectivism, College Park, Maryland, Common good, Communist Party of Venezuela, Communization, Comparative politics, Conservative Party (Romania), Conspiracy theory, Cornel Nistorescu, Corneliu Vadim Tudor, Corporatism, Cotidianul, Coup d'état, Craig S. Smith, Criminology, Cultural determinism, Culture of Romania, Curentul, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Czesław Miłosz, Dan Perjovschi, Dan Voiculescu, Daniel Barbu, De-Stalinization, Decolonization, Decommunization, Defamation, Demagogue, Demiurge, Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania, Democratic Liberal Party (Romania), Democratic socialism, Democratization, DePaul University, Deutsche Welle, Dilema veche, Dinu Patriciu, Dissident, Doctor of Philosophy, Dorin Tudoran, Dumitru Țepeneag, East Germany, Eastern Bloc, Eastern Europe, Edgar Papu, Editorial, Editura Curtea Veche, Eduard Kuznetsov, Education in Romania, Elections in Romania, Emil Boc, Environmental movement, Epistemology, Epithet, Epoch Times, Eschatology, Ethnocracy, Ethos, Eugen Jebeleanu, Euro, European Union, Evenimentul Zilei, Existentialism, Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus, Far-right politics, Fascism, Feminism, Florin Constantiniu, Flying saucer, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania), Foreign Policy Research Institute, Fouad Ajami, François Furet, Frankfurt School, Franz Kafka, Free Press (publisher), Fulbright Program, Gabriel Andreescu, Gabriel Liiceanu, Gardianul, Gândul, Genocide, George Călinescu, George Mason University, Georgetown University, Germany, Gheorghe Gaston Marin, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Gigi Becali, Glasnost, Golaniad, Greater Romania Party, Group cohesiveness, Group for Social Dialogue, Guatemala, Guillotine, Gulag, György Lukács, Hate mail, Heckler, Hegemony, Henri H. 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Morar, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Ion Iliescu, Iron Guard, Is the Holocaust Unique?, Isaiah Berlin, Israel, Ivan Kostov, Jacek Kuroń, Jürgen Habermas, Jean-François Revel, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Jesuitism, Jewish Bolshevism, Jim Compton, Jiu Valley, John Locke, John Rawls, John Stuart Mill, Joseph Stalin, Journal of Democracy, Judith Shapiro, Juliana Geran Pilon, Jurnalul Național, Justice and Truth Alliance, Karl Jaspers, Katherine Verdery, Ken Jowitt, King of the Romanians, Kingdom of Romania, Kosovo War, Kremlinology, Laconic phrase, Lech Wałęsa, Left-wing politics, Leibniz Association, Leninism, Leon Trotsky, Leonard Hobhouse, Leonte Răutu, Leonte Tismăneanu, Leszek Kołakowski, Liberal conservatism, Liberal democracy, Liberalization, Libertarian socialism, List of political conspiracies, Literary festival, Lithuanian language, Little green men, Lobbying, Luceafărul (magazine), Lucian Boia, Lustration, Lyricism, Magda Cârneci, Majoritarianism, Marc Morjé Howard, Marin Preda, Marius Oprea, Marta Petreu, Martyrology, Marxism, Marxism–Leninism, Media manipulation, Memoir, Metaphor, Methodology, Michael Radu, Mihai Șora, Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu, Mikhail Gorbachev, Miklós Haraszti, Mineriad, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania), Mircea Cărtărescu, Mircea Geoană, Miron Radu Paraschivescu, Moldova, Mona Muscă, Monica Lovinescu, Monism, Monopoly, Mythology, National Anticorruption Directorate, National communism, National Endowment for Democracy, National Liberal Party (Romania), National Peasants' Party, National Review, National Salvation Front (Romania), National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Nationalism, NATO, Neo-fascism, Neo-Marxism, Neo-Stalinism, Neurosis, New Generation Party (Romania), New Left, New York University, New York University School of Law, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Nicolae Manolescu, Nicu Ceaușescu, Nomenklatura, Nonviolent resistance, Observator Cultural, Oligarchy, One-party state, Open letter, Open society, Oral history, Orizont, Orwellian, OTV (Romanian TV station), Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu, Palace of the Parliament, Palgrave Macmillan, Panait Istrati, Parliament of Romania, Patrick Clawson, Patriotism, Patronage in ancient Rome, Paul Georgescu, Paul Goma, Pavlik Morozov, Peace movement, Perestroika, Petre Roman, Petru Dumitriu, Philadelphia, Philosophy of history, Pipera, Pluralism (political philosophy), Polirom, Polish language, Polish People's Republic, Political corruption, Political culture, Political machine, Political philosophy, Political system, Politics of Romania, Pope, Pope John Paul II, Popular sovereignty, Populism, Post-communism, President of Romania, President of the United States, Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania, Primăverii, Prime Minister of Romania, Princeton University Press, Propaganda, Prosopography, Protochronism, Psychoanalysis, Radim Palouš, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Raymond Aron, Realitatea TV, Red Army, Republican Party (United States), Revista 22, Revolutions of 1989, Right-wing politics, Robert Bolt, Robert C. Tucker, Robert Conquest, Robert Nozick, Romania, Romanian Americans, Romanian Communist Party, Romanian Cultural Foundation, Romanian Democratic Convention, Romanian diaspora, Romanian Intelligence Service, Romanian Land Forces, Romanian language, Romanian literacy campaign, Romanian Orthodox Church, Romanian presidential impeachment referendum, 2007, Romanian Revolution, Romanian Television, Romanian Wikipedia, Romanians in France, România Liberă, România Literară, Ronald Reagan, Routledge, Russia, Ruxandra Cesereanu, Sarcasm, Săptămîna, Secret police, Securitate, Senate of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Sever Voinescu, Sfera Politicii, Silviu Brucan, Slavic Review, Slavoj Žižek, Slobodan Milošević, Slovenia, Social class, Social democracy, Social Democratic Party (Romania), Social mobility, Socialism, Socialist Party of Romania, Socialist Republic of Romania, Solomon Marcus, Sorin Antohi, South Africa, Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Soviet Union, Spain, Spanish Civil War, Stalinism, Stéphane Courtois, Stelian Tănase, Subtext, Susan Sontag, The Black Book of Communism, The Holocaust, The New School, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Think tank, Thomas Gerard Gallagher, Timișoara, Timothy Garton Ash, Totalitarianism, Traian Băsescu, Tudor Arghezi, Ukrainian language, Union of Communist Youth, United Kingdom, United States, University of Bradford, University of Bucharest, University of California Press, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Pennsylvania, University of Washington Press, University Press of America, Utopia, Valedictorian, Valter Roman, Vasile Ernu, Vasile Paraschiv, Vasile Pușcaș, Václav Havel, Venezuela, Victor Neumann, Victor Ponta, Victor Rebengiuc, Vienna, Virgil Ierunca, Virgil Nemoianu, Vlad Georgescu, Vladimir Bukovsky, Voice of America, Voluntarism (action), Vrykolakas, Warsaw Pact, Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Washington, D.C., West University of Timișoara, Western culture, Western Marxism, Western world, Wiesel Commission, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, World War II, Writers' Union of Romania, Xenophobia, Yad Vashem, Ziarul Tricolorul, Zigu Ornea, Ziua, 2007 enlargement of the European Union. 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A Man for All Seasons

A Man for All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt based on the life of Sir Thomas More.

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Academia Cațavencu

Academia Caţavencu ("The Caţavencu Academy") is a Romanian satirical magazine founded in 1991 and made famous by its investigative journalism.

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Adam Michnik

Adam Michnik (born 17 October 1946) is a Polish historian, essayist, former dissident, public intellectual, and editor-in-chief of the Polish newspaper, Gazeta Wyborcza.

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Adevărul

Adevărul (meaning "The Truth", formerly spelled Adevĕrul) is a Romanian daily newspaper, based in Bucharest.

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Adrian Cioroianu

Adrian Mihai Cioroianu (born January 5, 1967, Craiova) is a Romanian historian, politician, journalist, and essayist.

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Adrian Năstase

Adrian Năstase (born 22 June 1950) is a Romanian former politician who was the Prime Minister of Romania from December 2000 to December 2004.

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Adrian Păunescu

Adrian Păunescu (20 July 1943 – 5 November 2010) was a Romanian poet, journalist, and politician.

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Agitprop

Agitprop (from r, portmanteau of "agitation" and "propaganda") is political propaganda, especially the communist propaganda used in Soviet Russia, that is spread to the general public through popular media such as literature, plays, pamphlets, films, and other art forms with an explicitly political message.

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Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)

Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Я́ковлев; 2 December 1923 – 18 October 2005) was a Soviet politician and historian.

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Alexander Zinoviev

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Zinovyev (October 29, 1922 – May 10, 2006) was a Russian logician and writer of social critique.

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Alexandru Bârlădeanu

Alexandru Bârlădeanu (or Bîrlădeanu; 25 January 1911 – 13 November 1997) was a Romanian Marxian economist who was prominent during the Communist regime until being sidelined in 1968.

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Alexandru Zub

Alexandru Zub (born October 12, 1934) is a Romanian historian, biographer, essayist, political activist and academic.

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American Council of Learned Societies

The American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), founded in 1919, is a private, nonprofit federation of 75 scholarly organizations in the humanities and related social sciences.

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American University

The American University (AU or American) is a private United Methodist-affiliated research university in Washington, D.C., United States.

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Ana Pauker

Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; 13 December 1893 – 3 June 1960) was a Romanian communist leader and served as the country's foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

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Andrei Oișteanu

Andrei Oişteanu (born September 18, 1948) is a Romanian historian of religions and mentalities, ethnologist, cultural anthropologist, literary critic and novelist.

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Andrei Pippidi

Andrei-Nicolae Pippidi (born 12 March 1948 in Bucharest) is a Romanian historian and Professor Emeritus at the University of Bucharest, specialised in South-Eastern European history of the 15th–19th century, in Romanian history of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, and in the relationship between South-Eastern Europe and the Occident.

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Andrei Pleșu

Andrei Gabriel Pleșu (born 23 August 1948) is a Romanian philosopher, essayist, journalist, literary and art critic.

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Andrei Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (p; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights.

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Andrei Zhdanov

Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov (p; – 31 August 1948) was a Soviet Communist Party leader and cultural ideologist.

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Anglosphere

The Anglosphere is a set of English-speaking nations which share common roots in British culture and history, which today maintain close cultural, political, diplomatic and military cooperation.

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Annales school

The Annales school is a group of historians associated with a style of historiography developed by French historians in the 20th century to stress long-term social history.

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Antena 1 (Romania)

Antena 1 is a Romanian television network, and one of the top three networks in the country with a market share of about 10%.

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Antena 3 (Romania)

Antena 3 is a Romanian TV channel, which focuses on news and current events.

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Anti-capitalism

Anti-capitalism encompasses a wide variety of movements, ideas and attitudes that oppose capitalism.

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Anti-communism

Anti-communism is opposition to communism.

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Anti-fascism

Anti-fascism is opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals.

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Anti-Romanyism

Anti-Romanyism (also Antigypsyism, Antiziganism, Romaphobia or anti-Romani sentiment) is the hostility, prejudice, discrimination or racism specifically directed at Romani people (Roma, Sinti, Iberian Kale, Welsh Kale, Finnish Kale and Romanichal).

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

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Antonio Gramsci

Antonio Francesco Gramsci (22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher and politician.

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April Theses

The April Theses (Russian: апрельские тезисы, transliteration) were a series of ten directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland via Germany and Finland.

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Arthur Koestler

Arthur Koestler, (Kösztler Artúr; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was a Hungarian-British author and journalist.

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Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies

The Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES) is a scholarly society dedicated to the advancement of knowledge about the former Soviet Union (including Eurasia) and Eastern and Central Europe.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.

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Autocracy

An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).

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Babeș-Bolyai University

The Babeș-Bolyai University (Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Babeș-Bolyai Tudományegyetem, Babeș-Bolyai Universität), commonly known after its abbreviation, UBB, is a public university in Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

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Balkans

The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.

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Barbara Jelavich

Barbara Jelavich (April 12, 1923 – January 14, 1995) was an American professor of history at Indiana University and an expert on the diplomatic histories of the Russian and Habsburg monarchies, the diplomacy of the Ottoman Empire, and the history of the Balkans.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century.

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Bessarabia

Bessarabia (Basarabia; Бессарабия, Bessarabiya; Besarabya; Бессара́бія, Bessarabiya; Бесарабия, Besarabiya) is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.

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Bestseller

A bestseller is, usually, a book that is included on a list of top-selling or frequently-borrowed titles, normally based on publishing industry and book trade figures and library circulation statistics; such lists may be published by newspapers, magazines, or book store chains.

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Blackmail

Blackmail is an act, often criminal, involving unjustified threats to make a gain—most commonly money or property—or cause loss to another unless a demand is met.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (p; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.

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Brașov

Brașov (Corona, Kronstadt, Transylvanian Saxon: Kruhnen, Brassó) is a city in Romania and the administrative centre of Brașov County.

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British Film Institute

The British Film Institute (BFI) is a film and charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom.

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Bucharest

Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.

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Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a nontechnical academic journal, published by Taylor and Francis that covers global security and public policy issues related to the dangers posed by nuclear threats, weapons of mass destruction, climate change, and emerging technologies and biological hazards.

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Byzantinism

Byzantinism, or Byzantism, is the political system and culture of the Byzantine Empire, and its spiritual successors, in particular, the Christian Balkan states (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia) and Orthodox countries in Eastern Europe (Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus and most importantly, Russia).

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Campus police

Campus police or university police in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada are often sworn police officers employed by a college or university to protect the campus and surrounding areas and the people who live, work, and visit it.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Caracas

Caracas, officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and centre of the Greater Caracas Area, and the largest city of Venezuela.

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Cas Mudde

Cas Mudde (born 3 June 1967) is a Dutch political scientist who focuses on political extremism and populism in Europe and the United States.

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Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu

Călin Constantin Anton Popescu-Tăriceanu (born 14 January 1952) is a Romanian politician who was the Prime Minister of Romania from 29 December 2004 to 22 December 2008.

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Censorship in Communist Romania

Censorship in Romania is the censorship in the state of Romania, in five stages: before World War II, the Groza government period (1945- 1947), the first Communist president Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej period (1947-1965), the second and the last Communist president Nicolae period (1965- 1989), and 1990-Present.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe.

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Central European University Press

Following the founding of the Central European University by George Soros, the Central European University Press was established in 1993.

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Centrism

In politics, centrism—the centre (British English/Canadian English/Australian English) or the center (American English/Philippine English)—is a political outlook or specific position that involves acceptance or support of a balance of a degree of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy, while opposing political changes which would result in a significant shift of society either strongly to the left or the right.

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Chamber of Deputies (Romania)

The Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaților) is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament.

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Charles King (professor of international affairs)

Charles King (born 1967) is Professor of International Affairs and Government at Georgetown University, where he previously served as Chairman of the Faculty of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service.

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Chauvinism

Chauvinism is a form of extreme patriotism and a belief in national superiority and glory.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

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Civil society

Civil society is the "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens".

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Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Collective responsibility

Collective responsibility refers to responsibilities of organizations, groups and societies.

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Collectivism

Collectivism is a cultural value that is characterized by emphasis on cohesiveness among individuals and prioritization of the group over self.

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College Park, Maryland

The City of College Park is in Prince George's County, Maryland.

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Common good

In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good (also commonwealth, common weal or general welfare) refers to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service.

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Communist Party of Venezuela

The Communist Party of Venezuela (Partido Comunista de Venezuela, PCV) is a communist party and the oldest continuously existing party in Venezuela.

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Communization

Communization (or communisation in British English) mainly refers to a contemporary communist theory in which there is a "mixing-up of insurrectionist anarchism, the communist ultra-left, post-autonomists, anti-political currents, groups like the Invisible Committee, as well as more explicitly ‘communizing’ currents, such as Théorie Communiste.

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Comparative politics

Comparative politics is a field in political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method.

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Conservative Party (Romania)

The Conservative Party (Partidul Conservator, PC) was a conservative political party in Romania.

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Conspiracy theory

A conspiracy theory is an explanation of an event or situation that invokes an unwarranted conspiracy, generally one involving an illegal or harmful act carried out by government or other powerful actors.

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Cornel Nistorescu

Cornel Nistorescu (born December 15, 1948) is a Romanian journalist, known for his editorial "Ode to America" regarding the American response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

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Corneliu Vadim Tudor

Corneliu Vadim Tudor (28 November 1949 – 14 September 2015) was the leader of the Greater Romania Party (Partidul România Mare), poet, writer, journalist and a Member of the European Parliament.

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Corporatism

Corporatism is the organization of a society by corporate groups and agricultural, labour, military or scientific syndicates and guilds on the basis of their common interests.

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Cotidianul

The logo used between 2003 and 2007 Cotidianul (meaning The Daily in English) was a Romanian language newspaper published in Bucharest, Romania, between 1991 and 2009.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

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Craig S. Smith

Craig S. Smith is an American journalist.

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Criminology

Criminology (from Latin crīmen, "accusation" originally derived from the Ancient Greek verb "krino" "κρίνω", and Ancient Greek -λογία, -logy|-logia, from "logos" meaning: “word,” “reason,” or “plan”) is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels.

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Cultural determinism

Cultural determinism is the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels.

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Culture of Romania

The culture of Romania is the product of its geography and its distinct historical evolution.

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Curentul

Curentul is a Romanian newspaper, based in Bucharest.

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Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czech/Slovak: Československá socialistická republika, ČSSR) ruled Czechoslovakia from 1948 until 23 April 1990, when the country was under Communist rule.

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Czesław Miłosz

Czesław Miłosz (30 June 1911 – 14 August 2004) was a Polish poet, prose writer, translator and diplomat.

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Dan Perjovschi

Dan Perjovschi is an artist, writer and cartoonist born in 1961 in Sibiu, Romania.

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Dan Voiculescu

Dan Voiculescu (born September 25, 1946) is a Romanian politician and businessman.

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Daniel Barbu

Daniel-Constantin Barbu (born 21 May 1957) is a Romanian political scientist, publisher, essayist, journalist, and professor at the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Political Science.

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De-Stalinization

De-Stalinization (Russian: десталинизация, destalinizatsiya) consisted of a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power.

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Decolonization

Decolonization (American English) or decolonisation (British English) is the undoing of colonialism: where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over one or more other territories.

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Decommunization

Decommunization is a process of dismantling the legacies of the communist state establishments, culture, and psychology in the post-communist states.

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Defamation

Defamation, calumny, vilification, or traducement is the communication of a false statement that, depending on the law of the country, harms the reputation of an individual, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation.

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Demagogue

A demagogue (from Greek δημαγωγός, a popular leader, a leader of a mob, from δῆμος, people, populace, the commons + ἀγωγός leading, leader) or rabble-rouser is a leader in a democracy who gains popularity by exploiting prejudice and ignorance among the common people, whipping up the passions of the crowd and shutting down reasoned deliberation.

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Demiurge

In the Platonic, Neopythagorean, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy, the demiurge is an artisan-like figure responsible for fashioning and maintaining the physical universe.

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Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania

The Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (DAHR, Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ; Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR) is a political party in Romania representing the Hungarian minority of Romania.

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Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)

The Democratic Liberal Party (Partidul Democrat-Liberal, PDL) was a liberal-conservative political party in Romania.

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Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that advocates political democracy alongside social ownership of the means of production with an emphasis on self-management and/or democratic management of economic institutions within a market socialist, participatory or decentralized planned economy.

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Democratization

Democratization (or democratisation) is the transition to a more democratic political regime.

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DePaul University

DePaul University is a private university in Chicago, Illinois.

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Deutsche Welle

Deutsche Welle ("German wave" in German) or DW is Germany's public international broadcaster.

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Dilema veche

Dilema veche (English: "Old Dilemma") is a Romanian weekly magazine that covers culture, social topics, and politics.

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Dinu Patriciu

Dan Costache ("Dinu") Patriciu (3 August 1950 – 19 August 2014) was a Romanian billionaire businessman and politician.

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Dissident

A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution.

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Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or Ph.D.; Latin Philosophiae doctor) is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most countries.

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Dorin Tudoran

Dorin Tudoran (born June 30, 1945) is a Romanian poet, essayist, journalist, and dissident.

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Dumitru Țepeneag

Dumitru Țepeneag (also known under the pen names Ed Pastenague and Dumitru Tsepeneag; b. February 14, 1937) is a contemporary Romanian novelist, essayist, short story writer and translator, who currently resides in France.

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East Germany

East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.

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Edgar Papu

Edgar Papu or Edgard I. Pappu (Bucharest, 13/26 September 1908 – 30 March 1993) was a Romanian scholar of literature and professor.

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Editorial

An editorial, leading article (US) or leader (UK), is an article written by the senior editorial staff or publisher of a newspaper, magazine, or any other written document, often unsigned.

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Editura Curtea Veche

Editura Curtea Veche (Curtea Veche Publishing House) is a Romanian publishing house with a tradition in editing works of Romanian literature.

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Eduard Kuznetsov

Edward Samoilovich Kuznetsov (Эдуа́рд Само́йлович Кузнецо́в, אדוארד קוזנצוב; born in Moscow, 1939) is a Soviet-born dissident, human rights activist, Prisoner of Zion and writer who settled in Israel in 1979.

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Education in Romania

Education in Romania is based on a free-tuition, egalitarian system.

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Elections in Romania

Romania elects on a national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature.

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Emil Boc

Emil Boc (born 6 September 1966) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 22 December 2008 until 6 February 2012 and is the current Mayor of Cluj-Napoca, the largest city of Transylvania, where he was first elected in June 2004.

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Environmental movement

The environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement), also including conservation and green politics, is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues.

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Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.

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Epithet

An epithet (from ἐπίθετον epitheton, neuter of ἐπίθετος epithetos, "attributed, added") is a byname, or a descriptive term (word or phrase), accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage.

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Epoch Times

Epoch Times is a multi-language newspaper headquartered in New York City.

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Eschatology

Eschatology is a part of theology concerned with the final events of history, or the ultimate destiny of humanity.

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Ethnocracy

An ethnocracy is a type of political structure in which the state apparatus is appropriated by a dominant ethnic group (or groups) to further its interests, power and resources.

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Ethos

Ethos is a Greek word meaning "character" that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology.

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Eugen Jebeleanu

Eugen Jebeleanu (24 April 1911 – 21 August 1991), Romanian poet, was born in Câmpina, where he attended elementary school.

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Euro

The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the European Union.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Evenimentul Zilei

Evenimentul zilei is one of the leading newspapers in Romania.

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Existentialism

Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry associated mainly with certain 19th and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed.

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Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus

The Latin phrase extra Ecclesiam nulla salus means: "outside the Church there is no salvation".

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Far-right politics

Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of more extreme nationalist, and nativist ideologies, as well as authoritarian tendencies.

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Fascism

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Feminism

Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social equality of sexes.

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Florin Constantiniu

Florin Constantiniu (8 April 1933 – 13 April 2012) was a Romanian historian.

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Flying saucer

A flying saucer (also referred to as "a flying disc") is a descriptive term for a supposed type of flying craft having a disc or saucer-shaped body, commonly used generically to refer to an anomalous flying object.

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Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

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Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)

The Foreign Intelligence Service, or Serviciul de Informații Externe (SIE) in Romanian, is, under Law no.

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Foreign Policy Research Institute

The Foreign Policy Research Institute (FPRI) is an American think tank based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Fouad Ajami

Fouad A. Ajami (فؤاد عجمي; September 18, 1945 – June 22, 2014), was a MacArthur Fellowship winning, Lebanese-born of Shiite Muslim ancestry, American university professor and writer on Middle Eastern issues.

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François Furet

François Furet (27 March 1927, Paris – 12 July 1997, Figeac) was a French historian, and president of the Saint-Simon Foundation, well known for his books on the French Revolution.

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Frankfurt School

The Frankfurt School (Frankfurter Schule) is a school of social theory and philosophy associated in part with the Institute for Social Research at the Goethe University Frankfurt.

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Franz Kafka

Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-speaking Bohemian Jewish novelist and short story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature.

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Free Press (publisher)

Free Press was a book publishing imprint of Simon & Schuster.

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Fulbright Program

The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States Cultural Exchange Programs whose goal is to improve intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills.

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Gabriel Andreescu

Gabriel Andreescu is a Romanian human rights activist and political scientist born on 8 April 1952 in Buzău.

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Gabriel Liiceanu

Gabriel Liiceanu (b. May 23, 1942, Râmnicu-Vâlcea) is a Romanian philosopher.

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Gardianul

Gardianul ("The Guardian") was a Romanian daily newspaper published in Bucharest.

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Gândul

Gândul ("The Thought") is a Romanian daily newspaper published in Bucharest.

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Genocide

Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.

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George Călinescu

George Călinescu (19 June 1899, Iași – 12 March 1965, Otopeni) was a Romanian literary critic, historian, novelist, academician and journalist, and a writer of classicist and humanist tendencies.

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George Mason University

George Mason University (GMU, Mason, or George Mason) is a public research university in Fairfax County, Virginia.

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Georgetown University

Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Gheorghe Gaston Marin

Gheorghe Gaston Marin (April 14, 1918 – February 25, 2010) was a Romanian communist politician who had many roles under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and Nicolae Ceauşescu.

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Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej

Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (8 November 1901 – 19 March 1965) was a Romanian communist politician who served as the first Communist leader of Romania from 1947 to 1965 as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party.

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Gigi Becali

George "Gigi" Becali (born 25 June 1958) is a controversial Romanian politician and businessman, mostly known for his ownership of the Steaua Bucureşti football club.

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Glasnost

In the Russian language the word glasnost (гла́сность) has several general and specific meanings.

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Golaniad

The Golaniad (Golaniada, from the word golan meaning "hoodlum") was a protest in Romania in the University Square, Bucharest.

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Greater Romania Party

The Greater Romania Party (Partidul România Mare, PRM) is a Romanian nationalist political party.

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Group cohesiveness

Group cohesiveness (also called group cohesion and social cohesion) arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole.

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Group for Social Dialogue

The Group for Social Dialogue (Grupul pentru Dialog Social, GDS) is a Romanian non-governmental organization whose stated mission is to protect and promote democracy, human rights and civil liberties.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala (República de Guatemala), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast.

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Guillotine

A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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Gulag

The Gulag (ГУЛАГ, acronym of Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения, "Main Camps' Administration" or "Chief Administration of Camps") was the government agency in charge of the Soviet forced labor camp system that was created under Vladimir Lenin and reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the 1950s.

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György Lukács

György Lukács (also Georg Lukács; born György Bernát Löwinger; 13 April 1885 – 4 June 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, aesthetician, literary historian, and critic.

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Hate mail

Hate mail (as electronic, posted, or otherwise) is a form of harassment, usually consisting of invective and potentially intimidating or threatening comments towards the recipient.

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Heckler

A heckler is a person who harasses and tries to disconcert others with questions, challenges, or gibes.

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Hegemony

Hegemony (or) is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others.

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Henri H. Stahl

Henri H. Stahl (also known as Henry H. Stahl or H. H. Stahl; 1901 – 9 September 1991) was a Romanian Marxist cultural anthropologist, ethnographer, sociologist, and social historian.

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Herbert Marcuse

Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German-American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory.

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Historical revisionism

In historiography, the term historical revisionism identifies the re-interpretation of the historical record.

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Historikerstreit

The Historikerstreit ("historians' quarrel") was an intellectual and political controversy in the late 1980s in West Germany about how best to remember Nazi Germany and the Holocaust.

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Historiography

Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject.

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History of ideas

The history of ideas is a field of research in history that deals with the expression, preservation, and change of human ideas over time.

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History of Romania

This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the history of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below).

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History of Romania since 1989

After the Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu was overthrown in the Romanian Revolution of December 1989, the National Salvation Front (FSN) took power, led by Ion Iliescu.

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History of the Jews in Romania

The history of the Jews in Romania concerns the Jews both of Romania and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory.

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Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of Jews in the Holocaust during World War II.

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Honorary degree

An honorary degree, in Latin a degree honoris causa ("for the sake of the honor") or ad honorem ("to the honor"), is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived the usual requirements, such as matriculation, residence, a dissertation and the passing of comprehensive examinations.

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Horia-Roman Patapievici

Horia-Roman Patapievici (born March 18, 1957) is a Romanian physicist and essayist who served as the head of the Romanian Cultural Institute from 2005 until August 2012.

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Hotnews.ro

Hotnews.ro is a Romanian news site.

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Hugo Chávez

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician who was President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013.

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Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

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Humanitas (publishing house)

Humanitas (Editura Humanitas) is an independent Romanian publishing house, founded on February 1, 1990 (after the Romanian Revolution) in Bucharest by the philosopher Gabriel Liiceanu, based on a state-owned publishing house, Editura Politică.

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Hungarian People's Republic

The Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság) was a one-party socialist republic (communist state) from 20 August 1949 to 23 October 1989.

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Idealism

In philosophy, idealism is the group of metaphysical philosophies that assert that reality, or reality as humans can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.

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Ilie Ceaușescu

Ilie Ceaușescu (8 June 1926 – 1 October 2002) was a Romanian army general and communist politician who served as Deputy Defence Minister of Communist Romania during the rule of his older brother, Nicolae Ceaușescu.

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Impeachment

Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of government.

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Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred

Incitement to racial or ethnic hatred is a crime under the laws of several countries.

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Indiana University Bloomington

Indiana University Bloomington (abbreviated "IU Bloomington" and colloquially referred to as "IU" or simply "Indiana") is a public research university in Bloomington, Indiana, United States.

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Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen

The Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen (IWM, Institute for Human Sciences) is an independent institute for advanced study in the humanities and social sciences based in Vienna, Austria.

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Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania

The Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania (Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului în România) is a government-sponsored organization whose mission is to investigate the crimes and abuses conducted while Romania was under communist rule, prior to December 1989.

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Institute of Historical Research

The Institute of Historical Research (IHR) is a British educational organisation providing resources and training for historical researchers.

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Intelligentsia

The intelligentsia (/ɪnˌtelɪˈdʒentsiə/) (intelligentia, inteligencja, p) is a status class of educated people engaged in the complex mental labours that critique, guide, and lead in shaping the culture and politics of their society.

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Interwar period

In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939.

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Invertebrate

Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.

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Ioan T. Morar

Ioan T. Morar (born April 13, 1956) is a Romanian journalist, poet, dramatist, novelist, literary and art critic, diplomat and civil society activist.

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Ion Gheorghe Maurer

Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer (23 September 1902 – 8 February 2000) was a Romanian communist politician and lawyer, as well as a 49th Prime Minister of Romania.

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Ion Iliescu

Ion Iliescu (born 3 March 1930) is a Romanian politician who served as President of Romania from 1989 until 1996, and from 2000 until 2004.

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Iron Guard

The Iron Guard (Garda de fier) is the name most commonly given to a far-right movement and political party in Romania in the period from 1927 into the early part of World War II.

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Is the Holocaust Unique?

Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide is a 1995 book edited by Alan Rosenbaum.

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Isaiah Berlin

Sir Isaiah Berlin (6 June 1909 – 5 November 1997) was a Russian-British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.

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Ivan Kostov

Ivan Yordanov Kostov (Иван Йорданов Костов) (born 23 December 1949, in Sofia) was the 47th Prime Minister of Bulgaria in office from May 1997 to July 2001 and leader of the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) between December 1994 and July 2001.

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Jacek Kuroń

Jacek Jan Kuroń (3 March 1934 – 17 June 2004) was one of the democratic leaders of opposition in the People's Republic of Poland.

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Jürgen Habermas

Jürgen Habermas (born 18 June 1929) is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism.

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Jean-François Revel

Jean-François Revel (born Jean-François Ricard; 19 January 192430 April 2006) was a French journalist, philosopher, and a member of the Académie française from June 1998 onwards.

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Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic.

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Jeane Kirkpatrick

Jeane Duane Kirkpatrick (née Jordan; November 19, 1926 – December 7, 2006) was an American diplomat and political scientist.

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Jesuitism

Jesuitism is a casuistic approach to moral questions and problems, so called because it was promoted by some Jesuits of the 17th century rather than being the beliefs of the Society of Jesus as a religious order.

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Jewish Bolshevism

Jewish Bolshevism, also Judeo–Bolshevism, is an anti-communist and antisemitic canard, which alleges that the Jews were the originators of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and that they held the primary power among the Bolsheviks.

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Jim Compton

Jim Compton (April 2, 1941 – March 17, 2014) was a member of the Seattle City Council, first elected in 1999.

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Jiu Valley

The Jiu Valley (Valea Jiului) is a region in southwestern Romania, in Hunedoara county, situated in a valley of the Jiu River between the Retezat Mountains and the Parâng Mountains.

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John Locke

John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".

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John Rawls

John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American moral and political philosopher in the liberal tradition.

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John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill, also known as J.S. Mill, (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.

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Journal of Democracy

The Journal of Democracy is a quarterly academic journal established in 1990 and an official publication of the National Endowment for Democracy's International Forum for Democratic Studies.

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Judith Shapiro

Judith R. Shapiro (born January 24, 1942) is a former President of Barnard College, a liberal arts college for women affiliated with Columbia University; as President of Barnard, she was also an academic dean within the university.

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Juliana Geran Pilon

Juliana Geran Pilon is a Romanian-born naturalized American writer.

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Jurnalul Național

Jurnalul Național is a Romanian newspaper, part of the INTACT Media Group led by Dan Voiculescu, which also includes the popular television station Antena 1.

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Justice and Truth Alliance

The Justice and Truth Alliance (in Alianţa Dreptate şi Adevăr, or D.A. for short) was a political alliance comprising two political parties in Romania: the centre-right liberal National Liberal Party (PNL) and the initially social-democrat Democratic Party (PD), which later switched to center-right ideology.

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Karl Jaspers

Karl Theodor Jaspers (23 February 1883 – 26 February 1969) was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry, and philosophy.

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Katherine Verdery

Katherine Verdery is an American anthropologist and author, currently the Julien J. Studley and Distinguished Professor at City University of New York, and also a published author.

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Ken Jowitt

Kenneth "Ken" Jowitt (born 1940) is an American political scientist.

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King of the Romanians

The King of the Romanians (Romanian: Regele Românilor) or King of Romania (Romanian: Regele României), was the title of the monarch of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when Romania was proclaimed the Romanian People's Republic following Michael I's forced abdication.

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Kingdom of Romania

The Kingdom of Romania (Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe which existed from 1881, when prince Carol I of Romania was proclaimed King, until 1947, when King Michael I of Romania abdicated and the Parliament proclaimed Romania a republic.

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Kosovo War

No description.

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Kremlinology

Kremlinology is the study and analysis of the politics and policies of Russia while the term Sovietology means the study of politics and policies of the Soviet Union and former communist states more generally.

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Laconic phrase

A laconic phrase or laconism is a concise or terse statement, especially a blunt and elliptical rejoinder.

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Lech Wałęsa

Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.

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Leibniz Association

The Leibniz Association (German: Leibniz-Gemeinschaft or Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) is a union of German non-university research institutes from various branches of study.

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Leninism

Leninism is the political theory for the organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party and the achievement of a dictatorship of the proletariat as political prelude to the establishment of socialism.

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Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky (born Lev Davidovich Bronstein; – 21 August 1940) was a Russian revolutionary, theorist, and Soviet politician.

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Leonard Hobhouse

Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (8 September 1864 – 21 June 1929) was a British liberal political theorist and sociologist, who has been considered one of the leading and earliest proponents of social liberalism.

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Leonte Răutu

Leonte Răutu (until 1945 Lev Nikolayevich (Nicolaievici) Oigenstein; February 28, 1910 – 1993) was a Bessarabian-born Romanian communist activist and propagandist.

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Leonte Tismăneanu

Leonte Tismăneanu (born Leonid Tisminetski; 1913–1981) was a Romanian communist activist and propagandist.

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Leszek Kołakowski

Leszek Kołakowski (23 October 1927 – 17 July 2009) was a Polish philosopher and historian of ideas.

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Liberal conservatism

Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on ethical and social issues, or a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism.

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Liberalization

Liberalization (or liberalisation) is a general term for any process whereby a state lifts restrictions on some private individual activities.

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Libertarian socialism

Libertarian socialism (or socialist libertarianism) is a group of anti-authoritarian political philosophies inside the socialist movement that rejects socialism as centralized state ownership and control of the economy.

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List of political conspiracies

In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of people united in the goal of usurping, altering or overthrowing an established political power.

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Literary festival

A literary festival, also known as a book festival or writers' festival, is a regular gathering of writers and readers, typically on an annual basis in a particular city.

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Lithuanian language

Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.

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Little green men

Little green men is the stereotypical portrayal of extraterrestrials as little humanoid-like creatures with green skin and sometimes with antennae on their heads.

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Lobbying

Lobbying, persuasion, or interest representation is the act of attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of officials in their daily life, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies.

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Luceafărul (magazine)

Luceafărul ("The Evening Star") was a Romanian-language literary and cultural magazine that appeared in three series: 1902-1914 and 1919-1920; 1934-1939; and 1941-1945.

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Lucian Boia

Lucian Boia (born 1 February 1944 in Bucharest) is a Romanian historian.

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Lustration

In politics, lustration refers to the purge of government officials once characteristic of the Communist system in Central and Eastern Europe.

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Lyricism

Lyricism is a quality that expresses deep feelings or emotions in an inspired work of art.

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Magda Cârneci

Magda Cârneci is a poet, essayist, and art historian born in Romania.

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Majoritarianism

Majoritarianism is a traditional political philosophy or agenda that asserts that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, social class, or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society.

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Marc Morjé Howard

Marc Morjé Howard is Professor of Government and Law at Georgetown University.

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Marin Preda

Marin Preda (5 August 1922 – 16 May 1980) was a Romanian novelist, one of the best-known post-World War II Romanian writers.

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Marius Oprea

Marius Oprea (born 1964) is a Romanian historian (specializing in recent history), poet and essayist.

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Marta Petreu

Marta Petreu is the pen name of Rodica Marta Vartic, née Rodica Crisan (born 14 March 1955), a Romanian philosopher, literary critic, essayist and poet.

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Martyrology

A martyrology is a catalogue or list of martyrs and other saints and beati arranged in the calendar order of their anniversaries or feasts.

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Marxism

Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.

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Marxism–Leninism

In political science, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of the Communist International and of Stalinist political parties.

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Media manipulation

Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which partisans create an image or argument that favours their particular interests.

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Memoir

A memoir (US: /ˈmemwɑːr/; from French: mémoire: memoria, meaning memory or reminiscence) is a collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or events, both public or private, that took place in the subject's life.

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Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another for rhetorical effect.

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Methodology

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.

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Michael Radu

Michael S. Radu (April 29, 1947 – March 25, 2009) was a Romanian-American political scientist and journalist who grew up in Romania.

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Mihai Șora

Mihai Șora (born November 7, 1916 in Ianova) is a Romanian philosopher and essayist.

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Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu

Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (born 22 September 1968) is a Romanian historian, politician and former Prime Minister of Romania.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.

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Miklós Haraszti

Miklós Haraszti (born 2 January 1945, Jerusalem) is a Hungarian politician, writer, journalist, human rights advocate and university professor.

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Mineriad

The Mineriads (Mineriadă) were a series of violent demonstrations by Jiu Valley miners in Bucharest during the 1990s, particularly 1990–91.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)

The Romanian Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Ministerul Afacerilor Externe) is the ministry responsible for external affairs of the Romanian Government.

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Mircea Cărtărescu

Mircea Cărtărescu (born 1 June 1956) is a Romanian poet, novelist and essayist.

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Mircea Geoană

Dan Mircea Geoană (born 14 July 1958 in Bucharest) is a Romanian politician, who served as president of the upper chamber of the Romanian Parliament, the Senate from 20 December 2008 until he was revoked on 23 November 2011.

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Miron Radu Paraschivescu

Miron Radu Paraschivescu (October 2, 1911– February 17, 1971) was a Romanian poet, essayist, journalist, and translator.

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Moldova

Moldova (or sometimes), officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south (by way of the disputed territory of Transnistria).

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Mona Muscă

Mona Octavia Muscă (born Mona Octavia Nicoară; May 4, 1949) is a Romanian philologist and politician.

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Monica Lovinescu

Monica Lovinescu (19 November 1923 – 20 April 2008) was a Romanian essayist, short story writer, literary critic, translator, and journalist, noted for her activities as an opponent of the Romanian Communist regime.

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Monism

Monism attributes oneness or singleness (Greek: μόνος) to a concept e.g., existence.

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Monopoly

A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos and πωλεῖν pōleîn) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity.

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Mythology

Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths.

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National Anticorruption Directorate

The National Anticorruption Directorate (Direcţia Naţională Anticorupţie (DNA)), formerly National Anticorruption Prosecution Office (Parchetul Naţional Anticorupţie), is the Romanian agency tasked with preventing, investigating and prosecuting corruption-related offenses (such as bribery, graft, patronage and embezzlement) that caused a material damage to the Romanian state.

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National communism

National communism refers to the various forms in which communism has been adopted and/or implemented by leaders in different countries.

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National Endowment for Democracy

The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) is a U.S. non-profit soft power organization that was founded in 1983 with the stated goal of promoting democracy abroad.

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National Liberal Party (Romania)

The National Liberal Party (Partidul Național Liberal, PNL) is a national liberal and conservative-liberal political party in Romania.

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National Peasants' Party

The National Peasants' Party (Partidul Național Țărănesc or PNȚ) was a Romanian political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion of the Romanian National Party (Partidul Național Român) from Transylvania and the Peasants' Party (Partidul Țărănesc) from the prewar kingdom.

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National Review

National Review (NR) is an American semi-monthly conservative editorial magazine focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs.

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National Salvation Front (Romania)

The National Salvation Front (Frontul Salvării Naționale, FSN) is the name of a political organization that was the governing body of Romania in the first weeks after the Romanian Revolution in 1989.

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National University of Political Studies and Public Administration

The National School of Political Science and Public Administration (Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative din București, SNSPA) is a public University in Bucharest, Romania, founded in 1991.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.

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Neo-fascism

Neo-fascism is a post–World War II ideology that includes significant elements of fascism.

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Neo-Marxism

Neo-Marxism is a broad term encompasing twentieth-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory, psychoanalysis, or existentialism (in the case of Jean-Paul Sartre).

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Neo-Stalinism

Neo-Stalinism (Неосталинизм) is the promotion of positive views of Joseph Stalin's role in history, the partial re-establishing of Stalin's policies on certain issues and nostalgia for the Stalin period.

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Neurosis

Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving chronic distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations.

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New Generation Party (Romania)

The New Generation Party – Christian Democratic (Partidul Noua Generație - Creștin Democrat, PNGCD; formerly Partidul Noua Generație, PNG) is a nationalist political party in Romania.

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New Left

The New Left was a broad political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of activists in the Western world who campaigned for a broad range of social issues such as civil and political rights, feminism, gay rights, abortion rights, gender roles and drug policy reforms.

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New York University

New York University (NYU) is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City.

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New York University School of Law

The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University.

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Nicolae Ceaușescu

Nicolae Ceaușescu (26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician.

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Nicolae Manolescu

Nicolae Manolescu (b. 27 November 1939, Râmnicu Vâlcea) is a Romanian literary critic.

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Nicu Ceaușescu

Nicu Ceaușescu (1 September 1951 – 26 September 1996) was a Romanian physicist and communist politician who was the youngest child of Romanian leader Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu.

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Nomenklatura

The nomenklatura (p; nomenclatura) were a category of people within the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries who held various key administrative positions in the bureaucracy, running all spheres of those countries' activity: government, industry, agriculture, education, etc., whose positions were granted only with approval by the communist party of each country or region.

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Nonviolent resistance

Nonviolent resistance (NVR or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent.

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Observator Cultural

Observator Cultural (meaning "The Cultural Observer" in English) is a weekly literary magazine based in Bucharest, Romania.

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Oligarchy

Oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.

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One-party state

A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of state in which one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.

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Open letter

An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.

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Open society

The open society was conceived in 1932 by French philosopher Henri Bergson.

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Oral history

Oral history is the collection and study of historical information about individuals, families, important events, or everyday life using audiotapes, videotapes, or transcriptions of planned interviews.

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Orizont

Orizont is a 2015 Romanian drama film written and directed by Marian Crișan from a story by Ioan Slavici.

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Orwellian

"Orwellian" is an adjective describing a situation, idea, or societal condition that George Orwell identified as being destructive to the welfare of a free and open society.

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OTV (Romanian TV station)

OTV (formally known as Oglinda TV) was a Romanian TV channel owned by Dan Diaconescu, best known for its talk show, Dan Diaconescu Direct.

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Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu

Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu (born Moise Cahn or Cohn; 16 August 1921, in Galați, Romania – 27 April or 28 April 2000, in Berlin, Germany) was a Romanian literary critic and science fiction writer.

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Palace of the Parliament

The Palace of the Parliament (Palatul Parlamentului) is the seat of the Parliament of Romania.

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Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is an international academic and trade publishing company.

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Panait Istrati

Panait Istrati (sometimes rendered as Panaït Istrati; August 10, 1884 – April 16, 1935) was a Romanian working class writer, who wrote in French and Romanian, nicknamed The Maxim Gorky of the Balkans.

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Parliament of Romania

The Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României) is the national legislature of Romania, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaților), and the Senate (Senat).

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Patrick Clawson

Patrick Lyell Clawson (born March 30, 1951) is an American economist and Middle East scholar.

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Patriotism

Patriotism or national pride is the ideology of love and devotion to a homeland, and a sense of alliance with other citizens who share the same values.

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Patronage in ancient Rome

Patronage (clientela) was the distinctive relationship in ancient Roman society between the patronus (plural patroni, "patron") and their cliens (plural clientes, "client").

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Paul Georgescu

Paul Georgescu (November 7, 1923 – October 15, 1989) was a Romanian literary critic, journalist, fiction writer and communist political figure.

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Paul Goma

Paul Goma (born October 2, 1935) is a Romanian writer, also known for his activities as a dissident and leading opponent of the communist regime before 1989.

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Pavlik Morozov

Pavel Trofimovich Morozov (Па́вел Трофи́мович Моро́зов; 14 November 1918 – 3 September 1932), better known by the diminutive Pavlik, was a Soviet youth praised by the Soviet press as a martyr.

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Peace movement

A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, and is often linked to the goal of achieving world peace.

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Perestroika

Perestroika (a) was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991 and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.

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Petre Roman

Petre Roman (born 22 July 1946) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma.

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Petru Dumitriu

Petru Dumitriu (8 May 1924 – 6 April 2002) was a Romanian-born novelist who wrote both in Romanian and in French.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.

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Philosophy of history

Philosophy of history is the philosophical study of history and the past.

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Pipera

Pipera is a district of Voluntari city, situated in the north part of Bucharest, Romania.

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Pluralism (political philosophy)

Pluralism as a political philosophy is the recognition and affirmation of diversity within a political body, which permits the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions and lifestyles.

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Polirom

Polirom or Editura Polirom ("Polirom" Publishing House) is a Romanian publishing house with a tradition of publishing classics of international literature and also various titles in the fields of social sciences, such as psychology, sociology and anthropology.

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Polish language

Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.

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Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1990 under the Soviet-backed socialist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II.

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Political corruption

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain.

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Political culture

Political culture is defined by the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences as the "set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments that give order and meaning to a political process and which provide the underlying assumptions and rules that govern behavior in the political system".

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Political machine

A political machine is a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

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Political philosophy

Political philosophy, or political theory, is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

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Political system

A political system is a system of politics and government.

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Politics of Romania

Romania's political framework is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic where the Prime Minister is the head of government and the President is the head of state.

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Pope

The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła;; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.

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Popular sovereignty

Popular sovereignty, or sovereignty of the peoples' rule, is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.

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Populism

In politics, populism refers to a range of approaches which emphasise the role of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite".

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Post-communism

Post-communism is the period of political and economic transformation or "transition" in former communist states located in parts of Europe and Asia, in which new governments aimed to create free market-oriented capitalist economies.

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President of Romania

The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania.

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President of the United States

The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.

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Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania

The Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania (Comisia Prezidenţială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România), also known as the Tismăneanu Commission (Comisia Tismăneanu), is a commission instituted in Romania by President Traian Băsescu to investigate the Communist regime and provide a comprehensive report allowing for the condemnation of Communism as experienced by Romania.

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Primăverii

Primăverii is a district situated in the north of Bucharest, Romania, in Sector 1.

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Prime Minister of Romania

The Prime Minister of the Government of Romania (Prim-ministrul Guvernului României) is the head of the Government of Romania.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Propaganda

Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.

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Prosopography

In historical studies, prosopography is an investigation of the common characteristics of a historical group, whose individual biographies may be largely untraceable, by means of a collective study of their lives, in multiple career-line analysis.

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Protochronism

Protochronism (anglicized from the Protocronism, from the Ancient Greek terms for "first in time") is a Romanian term describing the tendency to ascribe, largely relying on questionable data and subjective interpretations, an idealized past to the country as a whole.

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Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders.

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Radim Palouš

Radim Palouš (6 November 1924 – 10 September 2015) was a Czech dissident, philosopher, educator, and former spokesman for Charter 77, and from 1990 to 1994, was the rector of Charles University in Prague.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".

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Raymond Aron

Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, and journalist. He is best known for his 1955 book The Opium of the Intellectuals, the title of which inverts Karl Marx's claim that religion was the opium of the people – Aron argues that in post-war France, Marxism was the opium of the intellectuals.

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Realitatea TV

Realitatea TV (meaning "The Reality TV") is a Romanian news television network.

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Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

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Revista 22

Revista 22 (22 Magazine) is a Romanian weekly magazine, issued by the Group for Social Dialogue and focused mainly on politics and culture.

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Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond.

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Right-wing politics

Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.

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Robert Bolt

Robert Oxton Bolt, CBE (15 August 1924 – 21 February 1995) was an English playwright and a two-time Oscar-winning screenwriter, known for writing the screenplays for Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago and A Man for All Seasons, the latter two of which won him the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

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Robert C. Tucker

Robert Charles Tucker (May 29, 1918 – July 29, 2010) was an American political scientist and historian.

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Robert Conquest

George Robert Acworth Conquest, CMG, OBE, FBA, FAAAS, FRSL, FBIS (15 July 1917 – 3 August 2015) was an English-American historian, propagandist and poet.

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Robert Nozick

Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher.

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Romania

Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.

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Romanian Americans

Romanian Americans (Romanian: Români americani) are Americans who have Romanian ancestry.

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Romanian Communist Party

The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a communist party in Romania.

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Romanian Cultural Foundation

The Romanian Cultural Foundation (Fundaţia Culturală Română) is a Romanian non-governmental organization created by writer Augustin Buzura, with the objective of stimulating cultural, artistic and scientific creations, promoting Romanian spiritual values in Romania and abroad, and fostering inter-cultural dialogue.

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Romanian Democratic Convention

The Romanian Democratic Convention (Convenţia Democrată Română; abbreviated CDR) was an electoral alliance of several centre-right political parties in Romania, active from 1991 until 2000.

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Romanian diaspora

The Romanian diaspora is the ethnically Romanian population outside Romania and Moldova.

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Romanian Intelligence Service

The Romanian Intelligence Service (Serviciul Român de Informații, abbreviated SRI) is Romania's main domestic intelligence service.

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Romanian Land Forces

The Romanian Land Forces (Forțele Terestre Române) is the army of Romania, and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces.

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Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; autonym: limba română, "the Romanian language", or românește, lit. "in Romanian") is an East Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.

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Romanian literacy campaign

The Romanian literacy campaign was started by the Romanian Communist Party government through the Education Law of 1948 and nearly eliminated illiteracy in Romania within six years.

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Romanian Orthodox Church

The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches and ranked seventh in order of precedence.

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Romanian presidential impeachment referendum, 2007

The Romanian presidential impeachment referendum of 2007 was conducted in order to determine whether the president of Romania Traian Băsescu should be forced to step down.

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Romanian Revolution

The Romanian Revolution (Revoluția Română) was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania in December 1989 and part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries.

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Romanian Television

Televiziunea Română, more commonly referred to as TVR, is the short name for Societatea Românǎ de Televiziune (Romanian Television Corporation), or SRTV—Romanian public television.

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Romanian Wikipedia

The Romanian Wikipedia (abr. ro.wiki or ro.wp; in Romanian) is the Romanian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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Romanians in France

Romanian French is the term for a French citizen of Romanian heritage and origins, born in Romania and living as an emigrant in France or being born in France from a Romanian immigrant family, that came to France at the beginning of the 20th century.

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România Liberă

România liberă ("") is one of the leading newspapers in Romania, based in Bucharest.

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România Literară

România Literară is a cultural and literary magazine from Romania.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Ruxandra Cesereanu

Ruxandra-Mihaela Cesereanu or Ruxandra-Mihaela Braga (born August 17, 1963) is a Romanian poet, essayist, short story writer, novelist and literary critic.

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Sarcasm

Sarcasm is "a sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter gibe or taunt".

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Săptămîna

Săptămîna (The Week in Romanian) was a newspaper published in the Socialist Republic of Romania focusing on Bucharest's cultural scene.

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Secret police

The term secret police (or political police)Ilan Berman & J. Michael Waller, "Introduction: The Centrality of the Secret Police" in Dismantling Tyranny: Transitioning Beyond Totalitarian Regimes (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. xv.

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Securitate

The Securitate (Romanian for Security) was the popular term for the Departamentul Securității Statului (Department of State Security), the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania.

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Senate of Romania

The Senate (Senat) is the upper house in the bicameral Parliament of Romania.

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Serbia and Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro (Srbija i Crna Gora, Србија и Црна Гора; SCG, СЦГ), officially the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Državna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, Државна Заједница Србија и Црна Гора), was a country in Southeast Europe, created from the two remaining federal republics of Yugoslavia after its breakup in 1992.

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Sever Voinescu

Sever Voinescu (full last name Voinescu-Cotoi; at the Chamber of Deputies of Romania; retrieved January 9, 2011, in România Liberă online edition, July 18, 2011; retrieved September 24, 2011 born June 19, 1969) is a Romanian journalist, political analyst, diplomat and right-wing politician.

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Sfera Politicii

Sfera Politicii (for "The Political Sphere") is a monthly political science magazine, published in Romania since 1991.

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Silviu Brucan

Silviu Brucan (born Saul Bruckner; 18 January 1916 – 14 September 2006) was a Jewish Zionist politician.

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Slavic Review

The Slavic Review is a major peer-reviewed academic journal publishing scholarly studies, book and film reviews, and review essays in all disciplines concerned with Russia, Central Eurasia, and Eastern and Central Europe.

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Slavoj Žižek

Slavoj Žižek (born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian continental philosopher.

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Slobodan Milošević

Slobodan Milošević (Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician and the President of Serbia (originally the Socialist Republic of Serbia, a constituent republic within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) from 1989 to 1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000.

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Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene:, abbr.: RS), is a country in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes.

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Social class

A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.

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Social democracy

Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.

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Social Democratic Party (Romania)

The Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) is the major social-democratic political party in Romania.

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Social mobility

Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society.

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Socialism

Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.

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Socialist Party of Romania

The Socialist Party of Romania (Partidul Socialist din România, commonly known as Partidul Socialist, PS) was a Romanian socialist political party, created on December 11, 1918 by members of the Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR), after the latter emerged from clandestinity.

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Socialist Republic of Romania

The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) refers to Romania under Marxist-Leninist one-party Communist rule that existed officially from 1947 to 1989.

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Solomon Marcus

Solomon Marcus (1 March 1925 – 17 March 2016) was a Romanian mathematician, member of the Mathematical Section of the Romanian Academy (full member since 2001) and emeritus professor of the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Mathematics.

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Sorin Antohi

Sorin Antohi (born 20 August 1957) is a Romanian historian, essayist, and journalist.

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

The Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the military occupation, by the Soviet Red Army, during June 28 – July 4, 1940, of the Romanian regions of Northern Bukovina and Hertza, and of Bessarabia, a region under Romanian administration since Russian Civil War times.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.

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Stalinism

Stalinism is the means of governing and related policies implemented from the 1920s to 1953 by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953).

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Stéphane Courtois

Stéphane Courtois (born 25 November 1947) is a French historian and university professor, a Director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Professor at the Catholic Institute of Higher Studies (ICES) in La Roche-sur-Yon, and Director of a collection specialized in the history of communist movements and regimes.

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Stelian Tănase

Stelian Tănase (born February 17, 1952) is a Romanian writer, journalist, political analyst, and talk show host.

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Subtext

Subtext or undertone is any content of a creative work which is not announced explicitly by the characters or author, but is implicit or becomes something understood by the observer of the work as the production unfolds.

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Susan Sontag

Susan Sontag (January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, filmmaker, philosopher, teacher, and political activist.

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The Black Book of Communism

The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression is a 1997 book by Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Andrzej Paczkowski and several other European academics documenting a history of political repressions by Communist states, including genocides, extrajudicial executions, deportations, killing population in labor camps and artificially created famines.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.

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The New School

The New School is a private non-profit research university centered in Manhattan, New York City, USA, located mostly in Greenwich Village.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Think tank

A think tank, think factory or policy institute is a research institute/center and organisation that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture.

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Thomas Gerard Gallagher

Thomas Gerard Gallagher (born 1954) taught politics at the University of Bradford until 2011 and is now Emeritus Professor of Politics at the university.

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Timișoara

Timișoara (Temeswar, also formerly Temeschburg or Temeschwar; Temesvár,; טעמשוואר; Темишвар / Temišvar; Banat Bulgarian: Timišvár; Temeşvar; Temešvár) is the capital city of Timiș County, and the main social, economic and cultural centre in western Romania.

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Timothy Garton Ash

Timothy Garton Ash CMG FRSA (born 12 July 1955) is a British historian, author and commentator.

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Totalitarianism

Benito Mussolini Totalitarianism is a political concept where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.

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Traian Băsescu

Traian Băsescu (born 4 November 1951) is a Romanian politician who served as President of Romania from 2004 to 2014.

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Tudor Arghezi

Tudor Arghezi (21 May 1880 – 14 July 1967) was a Romanian writer, best known for his quite unique contribution to poetry and children's literature.

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Ukrainian language

No description.

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Union of Communist Youth

The Union of Communist Youth (Romanian: Uniunea Tineretului Comunist; UTC) was the Romanian Communist Party's youth organisation.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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University of Bradford

The University of Bradford is a public, plate glass university located in the city of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England.

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University of Bucharest

The University of Bucharest (Universitatea din București), commonly known after its abbreviation UB in Romania, is a public university founded in 1864 by decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Saint Sava Academy into the current University of Bucharest, making it the second oldest modern university in Romania.

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University of California Press

University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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University of Maryland, College Park

The University of Maryland, College Park (commonly referred to as the University of Maryland, UMD, or simply Maryland) is a public research university located in the city of College Park in Prince George's County, Maryland, approximately from the northeast border of Washington, D.C. Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland.

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University of Pennsylvania

The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a private Ivy League research university located in University City section of West Philadelphia.

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University of Washington Press

The University of Washington Press is an American academic publishing house.

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University Press of America

University Press of America is an academic publisher based in the United States.

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Utopia

A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens.

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Valedictorian

Valedictorian is an academic title of success used in the United States, Canada, Central America, and the Philippines for the student who delivers the closing or farewell statement at a graduation ceremony (called a valediction).

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Valter Roman

Valter or Walter Roman (October 9, 1913 – November 11, 1983), born Ernst or Ernő Neuländer, was a Romanian communist activist and soldier.

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Vasile Ernu

Vasile Ernu (born 1971) is a Soviet-born Romanian writer.

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Vasile Paraschiv

Vasile Paraschiv (April 3, 1928 – February 4, 2011) was a Romanian social and political activist.

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Vasile Pușcaș

Vasile Puşcaş (b. Surduc, July 8, 1952) is a Romanian politician, diplomat and International Relations professor.

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Václav Havel

Václav Havel (5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, writer and former dissident, who served as the last President of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first President of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003.

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Venezuela

Venezuela, officially denominated Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela),Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again República de Venezuela (1953–1999).

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Victor Neumann

Victor Neumann (born October 28, 1953) is a Romanian historian, political analyst, and professor at the West University in Timişoara.

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Victor Ponta

Victor Viorel Ponta (born 20 September 1972) is a Romanian jurist and politician, who served as Prime Minister of Romania between his appointment by President Traian Băsescu in May 2012 and his resignation in November 2015.

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Victor Rebengiuc

Victor Rebengiuc (known in full as Victor-George Rebengiuc; born February 10, 1933) is an award-winning Romanian film and stage actor, also known as a civil society activist.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.

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Virgil Ierunca

Virgil Ierunca (born Virgil Untaru; August 16, 1920, Lădești, Vâlcea County – September 28, 2006, Paris) was a Romanian literary critic, journalist and poet.

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Virgil Nemoianu

Virgil Nemoianu (born March 12, 1940) is a Romanian-American essayist, literary critic, and philosopher of culture.

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Vlad Georgescu

Vlad Georgescu (1937–1988), Romanian historian, was the director of the Romanian-language department of Radio Free Europe between 1983 and 1988.

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Vladimir Bukovsky

From the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky (Влади́мир Константи́нович Буко́вский; b. 30 December 1942) was a prominent figure in the Soviet dissident movement, well-known at home and abroad.

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Voice of America

Voice of America (VOA) is a U.S. government-funded international radio broadcast source that serves as the United States federal government's official institution for non-military, external broadcasting.

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Voluntarism (action)

Voluntarism, sometimes referred to as voluntary action, is the principle that individuals are free to choose goals and how to achieve them within the bounds of certain societal and cultural constraints, as opposed to actions that are coerced or predetermined.

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Vrykolakas

The vrykolakas (Greek βρυκόλακας, pronounced), also called vorvolakas or vourdoulakas, is a harmful undead creature in Greek folklore.

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Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War.

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Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, officially known as Operation Danube, was a joint invasion of Czechoslovakia by five Warsaw Pact nations – the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland – on the night of 20–21 August 1968.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.

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West University of Timișoara

The West University of Timișoara (Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara; abbreviated UVT) is a university located in Timișoara, Romania.

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Western culture

Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.

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Western Marxism

Western Marxism is Marxist theory arising from Western and Central Europe in the aftermath of the 1917 October Revolution in Russia and the ascent of Leninism.

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Western world

The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.

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Wiesel Commission

The Wiesel Commission is the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, which was established by former President Ion Iliescu in October 2003 to research and create a report on the actual history of the Holocaust in Romania and make specific recommendations for educating the public on the issue.

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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (or Wilson Center), located in Washington, D.C., is a United States Presidential Memorial that was established as part of the Smithsonian Institution by an act of Congress in 1968.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Writers' Union of Romania

The Writers' Union of Romania, founded in March 1949, is a professional association of writers in Romania.

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Xenophobia

Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.

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Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a monument and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.

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Ziarul Tricolorul

Ziarul Tricolorul (or just Tricolorul) is a newspaper owned and edited by the Greater Romania Party.

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Zigu Ornea

Zigu Ornea (born Zigu Orenstein Andrei Vasilescu,, in, Vol. II, Nr. 1, January–June 2008, p.85 or OrnsteinGeorge Ardeleanu,, in Observator Cultural, Nr. 363, March 2007 and commonly known as Z. Ornea; August 28, 1930 – November 14, 2001) was a Romanian cultural historian, literary critic, biographer and book publisher.

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Ziua

Ziua (The Day in Romanian) was a major Romanian daily newspaper published in Bucharest.

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2007 enlargement of the European Union

The 2007 enlargement of the European Union saw Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007.

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Redirects here:

Vladimir Tismaneanu.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Tismăneanu

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