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Vladimir Putin

Index Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008. [1]

599 relations: Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, Abkhazia, Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate, Acting President of Russia, Agriculture in Russia, Ahrar al-Sham, Airbus, Akita (dog), Akita Prefecture, Al-Nusra Front, Alawites, Albert II, Prince of Monaco, Alexander Litvinenko, Alexander Prokhanov, Alexei Kudrin, All-Russia People's Front, American exceptionalism, Amnesty International, Analytic confidence, Anatoliy Serdyukov, Anatoly Sobchak, Andrey Lugovoy, Angela Merkel, Anna Politkovskaya, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Anti-Russian sentiment, Antisemitism, Arctic policy of Russia, Arkady Rotenberg, Arkhangelsk, Arktika 2007, Army of Conquest, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Assassination of John F. Kennedy, Assistant professor, Association football, Association football culture, Atheism, Bandy, Baptists, Barack Obama, Barter, Bashar al-Assad, BBC News, BBC World Service, Beluga whale, Benjamin Wittes, Berlin Wall, Beslan school siege, ..., Bethlehem, Black belt (martial arts), Black Sea, Bloomberg News, Blowing Up Russia, Bocharov Ruchey, Boguchany Dam, Bolsheviks, Boris Berezovsky (businessman), Boris Gryzlov, Boris Johnson, Boris Nemtsov, Boris Yeltsin, Boyko Borisov, BRIC, Brookings Institution, Buddhism, Bureya Dam, Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, Business oligarch, C-SPAN, Canada men's national ice hockey team, Candidate of Sciences, Captain (ice hockey), Caribbean, Caspian Sea, Castling, Caviar, CBS News, Center for Public Integrity, Central Intelligence Agency, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Chechnya, Chief Rabbi of Russia, China, China National Petroleum Corporation, China Post, Christian Today, Cinema of the Soviet Union, CNSNews.com, Cold War, Colonel, Colour revolution, Communism, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Confessor, Confucius Peace Prize, Conscription, Constitution of Russia, Corey Perry, Corporate law, Council of Ministers (Syria), Council on Foreign Relations, Counterintelligence, Crimea, Crimean status referendum, 2014, Crossbow, Cuba, Dacha, Dalai Lama, Damascus, Dan (rank), Death of Muammar Gaddafi, Decree of the President of Russia, Dedovshchina, Defense industry of Russia, Democratic backsliding, Demographics of Russia, Destruction battalions, Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons, Die Wende, Diphtheria, Diplomat, Director of FSB, Dissenters' March, Dmitry Medvedev, Dmitry Peskov, Donald Trump, Donbass, Donetsk People's Republic, Dresden, Drilling rig, Duma, East Germany, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline, Eastern Ukraine, Economist Intelligence Unit, Economy of Russia, Eduard Limonov, Education in Russia, Edward Snowden, Embassy of Russia in Ottawa, Equestrianism, Eurasian Economic Union, Euromaidan, Expert (magazine), ExxonMobil, FactCheck.org, FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, Federal Assembly (Russia), Federal districts of Russia, Federal law, Federal Security Service, Federal subjects of Russia, Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia, Felipe Calderón, Fenya, Fidel Castro, FIFA World Cup Trophy, First Chief Directorate, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, Forbes, Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People, Foreign Affairs, Fox News, François Hollande, Freedom House, Freedom in the World, FT Magazine, G20, Garry Kasparov, Gated community, Gazeta (newspaper), Gazprom, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Gennady Timchenko, Gennady Zyuganov, Geographical distribution of Russian speakers, George W. Bush, Georgia–NATO relations, Globalism, Governor of Saint Petersburg, Group of Eight, Grozny, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, Hang gliding, Hasidic Judaism, Head of the Chechen Republic, Healthcare in Russia, Henry Kissinger, Hillary Clinton, History of Russia, History of the Jews in Russia, House of Romanov, Housing cooperative, HuffPost, Hugo Chávez, Human Rights Watch, Humanitarian aid, Ice hockey, Icon, Igor Sechin, Igor Shuvalov, Independent politician, Indonesia, Interfax-Ukraine, International Affairs (journal), International law, International Monetary Fund, International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis, Iran, Iran–Russia relations, Iraq War, Islam, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Israel, Izborsk, Izvestia, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, Jacques Chirac, James Clapper, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories, John Howard, Joseph Stalin, Judaism, Judo, Karakachan dog, Karate, Karelian Isthmus, Katerina Tikhonova, Kazakhstan, Kazan, KGB, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Killed in action, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Korea, Kosovo, Kursk submarine disaster, Kyiv Post, Kyoto Protocol, Kyrgyzstan, Law and order (politics), Lawfare (blog), Legion of Honour, Leningrad Oblast, Leonid Brezhnev, Lev Avnerovich Leviev, Levada Center, LGBT, Liberalism in Russia, Libya, Libyan Civil War (2011), Lieutenant colonel, Life (news agency, Russia), List of BRICS summit attendees, List of countries by GDP (PPP), List of countries by real GDP growth rate, List of heads of federal subjects of Russia, List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, List of people named in the Panama Papers, List of people sanctioned during the Ukrainian crisis, Little green men (Ukrainian crisis), Little Russia, Los Angeles Times, Luhansk People's Republic, Luzhniki Stadium, Lyudmila Putina, Mabetex Group, Machismo, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Manmohan Singh, Marina Salye, Masha Gessen, Mayor, Michael Stürmer, Mike Pence, Mikhail Fradkov, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Kasyanov, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Mikheil Saakashvili, Military district, Ministry of Finance (Russia), Missile defense systems by country, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Monaco, Moscow, Moscow Kremlin, Moscow Oblast, Moscow theater hostage crisis, Mossack Fonseca, Most favoured nation, MSNBC, Muammar Gaddafi, Munich speech of Vladimir Putin, Nabucco pipeline, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, National champions, National Post, National Priority Projects, NATO, Neo-Nazism, Neoliberalism, New START, New York Daily News, News.com.au, Newsnight, Nikolai Patrushev, Nikolas Gvosdev, Nikolay Bordyuzha, Nikolay Kovalyov (politician), NKVD, Non-commissioned officer, Norman Stone, North Atlantic Books, North Caucasus, North Pole, Novgorod Oblast, Novichok agent, Novo-Ogaryovo, Novosibirsk, NPR, Nuclear power in Russia, Nuclear program of Iran, Oil platform, Op-ed, OPEC, Orange Revolution, Order of Friendship (China), Order of Ho Chi Minh, Order of Honour (Russia), Order of Ismoili Somoni, Order of José Martí, Order of King Abdulaziz, Order of Saint-Charles, Order of the Golden Eagle, Order of the Liberator, Order of Zayed, Orders, decorations, and medals of Serbia, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, Orthodoxy, Our Home – Russia, Ozero, Panama Papers, Party of power, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, Pavel Borodin, Pechora Sea, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Peter Baker (author), Plagiarism, Podpolkovnik, Polar bear, Polarity (international relations), Political career of Silvio Berlusconi, Politico, Politics of Russia, Politics of Saint Petersburg, PolitiFact, Polonium, Pope Francis, Post-Soviet states, Poyushchie vmeste, President of Georgia, President of Kazakhstan, President of Russia, President of the Council of Ministers, President of Ukraine, Presidential Administration of Russia, Prime Minister of Australia, Prime Minister of Russia, Priozersky District, Public image of Vladimir Putin, PublicAffairs, Puin (brand), Purchasing power parity, Pussy Riot, Putin khuylo!, Putin's Palace, Putinka, Raúl Castro, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Rafting, Rainbow flag (LGBT movement), Ramzan Kadyrov, RBK Group, Reporters Without Borders, Republics of Russia, Reuters, RIA Novosti, Richard Sakwa, Roman Abramovich, Ronald Asmus, Ronald Lauder, Rosatom, Rose Revolution, Rosneft, Rossiya Bank, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Russia in the European energy sector, Russia–European Union relations, Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, Russia–United Kingdom relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, Russian Airborne Troops, Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, Russian apartment bombings, Russian Far East, Russian financial crisis (2014–2017), Russian floating nuclear power station, Russian gay propaganda law, Russian Geographical Society, Russian Ground Forces, Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, Russian jokes, Russian legislative election, 1995, Russian legislative election, 2007, Russian legislative election, 2011, Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present), Russian oligarch, Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, Russian police reform, Russian presidential election, 2000, Russian presidential election, 2004, Russian presidential election, 2008, Russian presidential election, 2012, Russian presidential election, 2018, Russian presidential inauguration, Russian ruble, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian Space Forces, Russo-Georgian War, S-300 missile system, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg City Administration, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg State University, Sakhalin–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline, Salisbury, Sambo (martial art), Saudi Arabia, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Second Chechen War, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Security Council of Russia, September 11 attacks, Serbia, Sergei Ivanov, Sergei Kolesnikov (whistleblower), Sergei Roldugin, Sergei Skripal, Sergei Stepashin, Sergey Chemezov, Sergey Shakhray, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Shaykh al-Islām, Shia Islam, Siberian tiger, Siege of Leningrad, Silvio Berlusconi, Snow leopard, Sochi, Social safety net, South Ossetia, Sovereign democracy, Soviet Navy, Soviet Union, Sport in Russia, Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation, State capitalism, State Duma, State ownership, Stephen F. Cohen, Stephen K. White, Steve Rosenberg (journalist), Strategic bomber, Submarine, Superhero, Surface-to-air missile, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Syria, Syrian Civil War, Syrian opposition, Tahrir al-Sham, Tajikistan, Tajiks, Tandemocracy, Tax evasion, Tehran, Tehran Conference, Term limit, The Australian, The Daily Telegraph, The Economist, The Guardian, The Hague, The Hindu, The Independent, The Jerusalem Post, The Moscow Times, The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Other Russia (coalition), The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, The Washington Times, Tian Shan, Tikhon (Shevkunov), Time (magazine), Time 100, Time of Troubles, Time Person of the Year, Tomislav Nikolić, Tony Abbott, Tony Blair, Tophit, Transparency International, Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, Tulip Revolution, Tupolev Tu-160, Turkmenistan, Tver, Ukraine, Ukraine–NATO relations, Ukrainian culture, Ukrainian literature, Ukrainians, Union State, United Aircraft Corporation, United Arab Emirates, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, United Russia, United States presidential election, 2016, Unity (Russian political party), University of Belgrade, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Viktor Chernomyrdin, Viktor Khristenko, Viktor Yanukovych, Viktor Zubkov, Viktoriya Mitina, Vladimir Gusinsky, Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization, Vladimir Litvinenko, Vladimir Putin Peak, Vladimir Yakunin, Vladislav Surkov, Volga region, Vzglyad (newspaper), War in Donbass, War on Terror, Washington, D.C., Webcam, White House, White House (Moscow), WikiLeaks, Winter Olympic Games, Wired (magazine), World Jewish Congress, World oil market chronology from 2003, World Trade Organization, World War II, World War II casualties of the Soviet Union, Xi Jinping, Yahoo! News, Yerevan State University, Yukos, Yuriy Molchanov, Yury Kovalchuk, 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, 1998 Russian financial crisis, 2000s commodities boom, 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship, 2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines, 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, 2008 Russian military reform, 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute, 2011 military intervention in Libya, 2011–2013 Russian protests, 2012–13 Stratfor email leak, 2013 Summer Universiade, 2014 Ukrainian revolution, 2014 Winter Olympics, 2014 Winter Paralympics, 2016 IIHF World Championship, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup. Expand index (549 more) »

Abdullah of Saudi Arabia

Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (عبدالله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود,, Najdi Arabic pronunciation:; 1 August 1924 – 23 January 2015) was King of Saudi Arabia and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques from 2005 to his death in 2015.

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Abkhazia

Abkhazia (Аҧсны́; აფხაზეთი; p) is a territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia.

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Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate

The Act of Canonical Communion of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia with the Russian orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate (Акт о каноническом общении Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей с Русской Православной Церковью Московского Патриархата) reunited the two branches of the Russian Orthodox Church: the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) and the Moscow Patriarchate.

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Acting President of Russia

The Acting President of the Russian Federation (Исполняющий обязанности Президента Российской Федерации) is a temporary post provided by the Constitution of Russia.

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Agriculture in Russia

Agriculture in Russia survived a severe transition decline in the early 1990s as it struggled to transform from a command economy to a market-oriented system.

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Ahrar al-Sham

Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya (lit), commonly referred to as Ahrar al-Sham, is a coalition of multiple Islamist and Salafist units that coalesced into a single brigade and later a division in order to fight against the Syrian Government led by Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian Civil War.

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Airbus

Airbus SE is a European corporation, registered in the Netherlands and trading shares in France, Germany and Spain.

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Akita (dog)

The is a large breed of dog originating from the mountainous northern regions of Japan.

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Akita Prefecture

is a prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of Japan.

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Al-Nusra Front

Al-Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra (جبهة النصرة.), known as Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (جبهة فتح الشام, transliteration: Jabhat Fataḥ al-Šām) after July 2016, and also described as al-Qaeda in Syria or al-Qaeda in the Levant, was a Salafist jihadist organization fighting against Syrian government forces in the Syrian Civil War.

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Alawites

The Alawis, also rendered as Alawites (علوية Alawiyyah/Alawīyah), are a syncretic sect of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, primarily centered in Syria.

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Albert II, Prince of Monaco

Albert II – Website of the Palace of Monaco (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is the reigning monarch of the Principality of Monaco and head of the princely house of Grimaldi.

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Alexander Litvinenko

Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (p; 30 August 1962 (at WebCite)(at WebCite) (Or 4 December 1962 by father's account – 23 November 2006) was a British naturalised Russian defector and former officer of the Russian FSB secret service who specialised in tackling organised crime. According to US diplomats, Litvinenko coined the phrase Mafia state. In November 1998, Litvinenko and several other FSB officers publicly accused their superiors of ordering the assassination of the Russian tycoon and oligarch Boris Berezovsky. Litvinenko was arrested the following March on charges of exceeding the authority of his position. He was acquitted in November 1999 but re-arrested before the charges were again dismissed in 2000. He fled with his family to London and was granted asylum in the United Kingdom, where he worked as a journalist, writer and consultant for the British intelligence services. During his time in London, Litvinenko wrote two books, Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within and Lubyanka Criminal Group, wherein he accused the Russian secret services of staging the Russian apartment bombings and other terrorism acts in an effort to bring Vladimir Putin to power. He also accused Putin of ordering the murder in October 2006 of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya. On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised in what was established as a case of poisoning by radioactive polonium-210; he died from the poisoning on 23 November. He became the first known victim of lethal polonium 210-induced acute radiation syndrome. The events leading up to this are a matter of controversy, spawning numerous theories relating to his poisoning and death. A British murder investigation pointed to Andrey Lugovoy, a former member of Russia's Federal Protective Service, as the prime suspect. Britain demanded that Lugovoy be extradited, which is against the Constitution of Russia, which directly prohibits extradition of Russian citizens. Russia denied the extradition, leading to the cooling of relations between Russia and the United Kingdom. After Litvinenko's death, his widow, Marina, pursued a vigorous campaign on behalf of her husband through the Litvinenko Justice Foundation. In October 2011, she won the right for an inquest into her husband's death to be conducted by a coroner in London; the inquest was repeatedly set back by issues relating to examinable evidence. A public inquiry began on 27 January 2015, and concluded in January 2016 that Litvinenko's murder was an FSB operation, that was probably personally approved by Vladimir Putin.

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Alexander Prokhanov

Alexander Andreyevich Prokhanov (Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Проха́нов; born on 26 February 1938) is a Russian writer, a member of the secretariat of the Writers Union of the Russian Federation and the author of more than 30 novels and short story collections.

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Alexei Kudrin

Alexei Leonidovich Kudrin (p; born 12 October 1960) is a Russian liberal politician serving as the 4th and current Chairman of the Accounts Chamber since 2018.

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All-Russia People's Front

The All-Russia People's Front (Общероссийский народный фронт), known by its Russian initialism ONF, is a movement in Russia started in 2011 by then-Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin to provide United Russia with "new ideas, new suggestions and new faces".

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American exceptionalism

American exceptionalism is an ideology holding the United States as unique among nations in positive or negative connotations, with respect to its ideas of democracy and personal freedom.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a London-based non-governmental organization focused on human rights.

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Analytic confidence

Analytic confidence is a rating employed by intelligence analysts to convey doubt to decision makers about a statement of estimative probability.

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Anatoliy Serdyukov

Anatoliy Eduardovich Serdyukov (Анатолий Эдуардович Сердюкóв; born 8 January 1962) is a Russian politician and businessman who was the Minister of Defense of Russia from 15 February 2007 to 6 November 2012.

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Anatoly Sobchak

Anatoly Aleksandrovich Sobchak (p, 10 August 1937 – 20 February 2000) was a Russian politician, a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the first democratically elected mayor of Saint Petersburg, and a mentor and teacher of both Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev.

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Andrey Lugovoy

Andrey Konstantinovich Lugovoy (Андре́й Константи́нович Лугово́й; born 19 September 1966), also spelled Lugovoi, is a Russian politician and businessman and deputy of the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament, for the LDPR.

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Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (Kasner, born 17 July 1954) is a German politician serving as Chancellor of Germany since 2005 and leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2000.

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Anna Politkovskaya

Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (p; Га́нна Степа́нівна Політко́вська; née Mazepa; 30 August 1958 – 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist, writer, and human rights activist who reported on political events in Russia, in particular, the Second Chechen War (1999–2005).

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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

The Crimean peninsula was annexed from Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February–March 2014.

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Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty or ABMT) (1972—2002) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons.

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Anti-Russian sentiment

Anti-Russian sentiment or Russophobia is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, derision and/or prejudice of Russia, Russians or Russian culture.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

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Arctic policy of Russia

The Arctic policy of Russia is the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation with respect to the Russian region of the Arctic.

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Arkady Rotenberg

Arkady Romanovitch Rotenberg (Аркадий Романович Ротенберг, born December 15, 1951 in Leningrad) is a Russian businessman and Tycoon.

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Arkhangelsk

Arkhangelsk (p), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of European Russia.

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Arktika 2007

Arktika 2007 (Российская полярная экспедиция "Арктика-2007") was a 2007 expedition in which Russia performed the first ever crewed descent to the ocean bottom at the North Pole, as part of research related to the 2001 Russian territorial claim, one of many territorial claims in the Arctic, made possible, in part, because of Arctic shrinkage.

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Army of Conquest

The Army of Conquest (جيش الفتح) or Jaish al-Fatah, abbreviated JaF, was a joint command center of Sunni Islamist Syrian rebel factions participating in the Syrian Civil War.

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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies.

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Assassination of John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza.

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Assistant professor

Assistant professor is an academic rank used in universities or colleges in the United States, Canada, and some other countries.

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Association football

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball.

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Association football culture

Association football culture refers to the cultural aspects surrounding the game of association football.

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Atheism

Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Bandy

Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal.

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Baptists

Baptists are Christians distinguished by baptizing professing believers only (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and doing so by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling).

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.

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Barter

In trade, barter is a system of exchange where participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.

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Bashar al-Assad

Bashar Hafez al-Assad (بشار حافظ الأسد, Levantine pronunciation:;; born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who has been the 19th and current President of Syria since 17 July 2000.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.

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BBC World Service

The BBC World Service, the world's largest international broadcaster, broadcasts radio and television news, speech and discussions in over 30 languages to many parts of the world on analogue and digital shortwave platforms, Internet streaming, podcasting, satellite, DAB, FM and MW relays.

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Beluga whale

The beluga whale or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean.

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Benjamin Wittes

Benjamin Wittes (born November 5, 1969) is an American journalist who focuses on issues of national security and law.

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Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.

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Beslan school siege

The Beslan school siege (also referred to as the Beslan school hostage crisis or Beslan massacre) started on 1 September 2004, lasted three days, involved the illegal imprisonment of over 1,100 people as hostages (including 777 children), and ended with the deaths of at least 334 people.

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Bethlehem

Bethlehem (بيت لحم, "House of Meat"; בֵּית לֶחֶם,, "House of Bread";; Bethleem; initially named after Canaanite fertility god Lehem) is a Palestinian city located in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem.

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Black belt (martial arts)

In East Asian martial arts, the black belt denotes a high competence in the martial art.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.

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Bloomberg News

Bloomberg News is an international news agency headquartered in New York, United States and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com and Bloomberg's mobile platforms.

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Blowing Up Russia

Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within (ФСБ взрывает Россию, FSB blows Russia up) is a book written by Alexander Litvinenko and Yuri Felshtinsky.

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Bocharov Ruchey

Bocharov Ruchey (Бочаров Ручей) is the summer residence of the President of Russia.

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Boguchany Dam

The Boguchany Dam (Богучанская ГЭС) is a large hydroelectric dam on the Angara River in Kodinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Boris Berezovsky (businessman)

Boris Abramovich Berezovsky (Бори́с Абра́мович Березо́вский, 23 January 1946 – 23 March 2013), aka Platon Elenin, was a Russian business oligarch, government official, engineer and mathematician.

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Boris Gryzlov

Boris Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov (also spelled Grizlov; Борис Вячеславович Грызлов,; born December 15, 1950), is a Russian politician.

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Boris Johnson

Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964), best known as Boris Johnson, is a British politician, popular historian and journalist serving as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs since 2016 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Uxbridge and South Ruislip since 2015.

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Boris Nemtsov

Boris Yefimovich Nemtsov (p; 9 October 195927 February 2015) was a Russian physicist and liberal politician.

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Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (p; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.

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Boyko Borisov

Boyko Metodiev Borisov (Бойко Методиев Борисов,; born 13 June 1959) is a Bulgarian politician who has been serving as the 50th Prime Minister of Bulgaria since 4 May 2017.

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BRIC

In economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of '''B'''razil, '''R'''ussia, '''I'''ndia and '''C'''hina, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development.

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Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution is a century-old American research group on Think Tank Row in Washington, D.C. It conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development.

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Buddhism

Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.

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Bureya Dam

The Bureya Dam (locally referred to as Bureyskaya, Бурейская ГЭС) is a hydroelectric dam on the Bureya River in the Russian Far East.

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Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant

The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (نیروگاه اتمی بوشهر) is a nuclear power plant in Iran southeast of the city of Bushehr, between the fishing villages of Halileh and Bandargeh along the Persian Gulf.

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Business oligarch

The term business oligarch is almost a synonym of the term business magnate, borrowed by the English-speaking and western media from post-Soviet parlance to label those businessmen who quickly acquired huge wealth in post-Soviet states (mostly Russia and Ukraine) during the privatization in Russia and in other post-Soviet states in the 1990s.

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C-SPAN

C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service.

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Canada men's national ice hockey team

The Canadian national men's ice hockey team (popularly known as Team Canada; Équipe Canada) is the ice hockey team representing Canada internationally.

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Candidate of Sciences

Kandidat nauk (Кандидат наук, literally "Candidate of Sciences") is the first of two doctoral level scientific degrees in some former Soviet countries.

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Captain (ice hockey)

In ice hockey, the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice.

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Caribbean

The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean) and the surrounding coasts.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.

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Castling

Castling is a move in the game of chess involving a player's king and either of the player's original rooks.

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Caviar

Caviar (less often, caviare) is a delicacy consisting of salt-cured roe of the Acipenseridae family.

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CBS News

CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS.

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Center for Public Integrity

The Center for Public Integrity (CPI) is an American nonprofit investigative journalism organization whose stated mission is "to reveal abuses of power, corruption and dereliction of duty by powerful public and private institutions in order to cause them to operate with honesty, integrity, accountability and to put the public interest first." With over 50 staff members, the CPI is one of the largest nonpartisan, nonprofit investigative centers in America.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Nóxçiyn Paçẋalq Içkeri noχtʃʰiːn pʰɑtʃʜɑlq nɔχtʃɪtʃʰy̯ø, Cyrillic: Нохчийн Пачхьалкх Ичкери; Чеченская Республика Ичкерия; abbreviated as "ChRI" or "CRI") is the unrecognized secessionist government of the Chechen Republic.

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Chechnya

The Chechen Republic (tɕɪˈtɕɛnskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə; Нохчийн Республика, Noxçiyn Respublika), commonly referred to as Chechnya (p; Нохчийчоь, Noxçiyçö), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia.

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Chief Rabbi of Russia

The Chief Rabbi of Russia (Hebrew: הרב הראשי לרוסיה) is the leader of the Jewish communities in Russia since 1990.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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China National Petroleum Corporation

The China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)A common shortname for the corporation in Chinese, Zhongguo Shiyou (中国石油), formerly shared the same name as the Chinese Petroleum Corporation, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s state-owned fuel corporation.

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China Post

China Post, full name China Post Group Corporation is the state-owned enterprise operating the official postal service of China, which provides the service in mainland China, excluding its special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau, which have their own postal service independent to the mainland's.

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Christian Today

Christian Today is a non-denominational Christian news company, with its international headquarters in London, England.

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Cinema of the Soviet Union

The cinema of the Soviet Union, not to be confused with "cinema of Russia" despite films in the Russian language being predominant in the body of work so described, includes films produced by the constituent republics of the Soviet Union reflecting elements of their pre-Soviet culture, language and history, albeit they were all regulated by the central government in Moscow.

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CNSNews.com

CNSNews.com (formerly known as Cybercast News Service) is a politically conservative American news and commentary website founded by L. Brent Bozell III and owned by Media Research Center, Bozell's Reston, Virginia-based organization.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Colonel

Colonel ("kernel", abbreviated Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank below the brigadier and general officer ranks.

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Colour revolution

Map of colour revolutions from 2000 to 2005. Colour revolution (sometimes called the coloured revolution) is a term that was widely used by worldwide media to describe various related movements that developed in several countries of the former Soviet Union and the Balkans during the early 2000s.

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Communism

In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.

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Communist Party of the Russian Federation

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ; Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii, KPRF) is a communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Russia.

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Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.

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Confessor

Confessor is a title used within Christianity in several ways.

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Confucius Peace Prize

The Confucius Peace Prize is a Chinese alternative to the Nobel Peace Prize established in 2010 by the Association of Chinese Indigenous Arts in the People's Republic of China (PRC), in response to a proposal by business person Liu Zhiqin on November 17, 2010.

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Conscription

Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.

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Constitution of Russia

The current Constitution of the Russian Federation (Конституция Российской Федерации, Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii) was adopted by national referendum on.

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Corey Perry

Corey Perry (born May 16, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger and an alternate captain for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

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Corporate law

Corporate law (also known as business law or enterprise law or sometimes company law) is the body of law governing the rights, relations, and conduct of persons, companies, organizations and businesses.

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Council of Ministers (Syria)

The Cabinet of Syria is the chief executive body of the Syrian Arab Republic.

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Council on Foreign Relations

The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), founded in 1921, is a United States nonprofit think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

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Counterintelligence

Counterintelligence is "an activity aimed at protecting an agency's intelligence program against an opposition's intelligence service." It likewise refers to information gathered and activities conducted to counter espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons, international terrorist activities, sometimes including personnel, physical, document or communications security programs.

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Crimea

Crimea (Крым, Крим, Krym; Krym; translit;; translit) is a peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast.

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Crimean status referendum, 2014

A controversial referendum on the status of Crimea was held on March 16, 2014, by the legislature of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and by the local government of Sevastopol (both subdivisions of Ukraine).

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Crossbow

A crossbow is a type of ranged weapon based on the bow and consisting of a horizontal bow-like assembly mounted on a frame which is handheld in a similar fashion to the stock of a gun.

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos.

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Dacha

A dacha (a) is a seasonal or year-round second home, often located in the exurbs of Russian and other post-Soviet cities.

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Dalai Lama

Dalai Lama (Standard Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Tā la'i bla ma) is a title given to spiritual leaders of the Tibetan people.

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Damascus

Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.

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Dan (rank)

The ranking system is used by many Japanese organizations and Korean martial arts to indicate the level of one's ability within a certain subject matter.

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Death of Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Gaddafi, the deposed leader of Libya, was captured and killed on 20 October 2011 during the Battle of Sirte.

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Decree of the President of Russia

A Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (Указ Президента Российской Федерации; Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or Executive Order (Decree) of the President of Russia is a legal act (ukase) with the status of a by-law made by the Russian president.

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Dedovshchina

Dedovshchina (p; lit. reign of grandfathers) is the informal practice of initiation (hazing) and constant bullying of junior conscripts during their service, formerly to the Soviet Armed Forces and today to the Russian armed forces, Internal Troops, and (to a much lesser extent) FSB Border Guards, as well as the military forces of certain former Soviet Republics.

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Defense industry of Russia

The defense industry of Russia is a strategically important sector and a large employer in Russia.

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Democratic backsliding

In political science, democratic backsliding is "the state-led debilitation or elimination of the political institutions sustaining an existing democracy," Democratic backsliding may occur when essential components of democracy are threatened; this may occur, for example, when.

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Demographics of Russia

The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status and other aspects.

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Destruction battalions

Destruction battalions, colloquially istrebitels (истребители, "destroyers", "exterminators") abbreviated: istrebki (Russian), strybki (Ukrainian) were paramilitary units under the control of NKVD in the western Soviet Union, which performed tasks of internal security on the Eastern Front and after it.

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Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons

The destruction of Syria's chemical weapons began on 14 September 2013 after Syria entered into several international agreements which called for the elimination of Syria's chemical weapon stockpiles and set a destruction deadline of 30 June 2014.

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Die Wende

Die Wende ("The Turn" or "The Turnaround") is a German term that has come to signify the complete process of change from the rule of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and a centrally planned economy to the revival of parliamentary democracy and market economy in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) around 1989 and 1990.

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Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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Diplomat

A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or international organizations.

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Director of FSB

The Director of Russia's Federal Security Service (Директор Федеральной Службы Безопасности) serves as the head of the Federal Security Service, which is part of the Russian Intelligence Community.

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Dissenters' March

The Dissenters' March (Марш несогласных) was a series of Russian opposition protests that took place on December 16, 2006 in Moscow, on March 3, 2007 in Saint Petersburg, on March 24 in Nizhny Novgorod, on April 14 for the second time in Moscow, on April 15 again in Saint Petersburg, on May 18 in Samara, and on May 19 in Chelyabinsk.

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Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (p; born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Russia since 2012.

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Dmitry Peskov

Dmitry Sergeyevich Peskov (p; born October 17, 1967) is a Russian diplomat, translator and turkologist.

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Donald Trump

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017.

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Donbass

The Donbass (Донба́сс) or Donbas (Донба́с) is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine and southwestern Russia.

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Donetsk People's Republic

The Donetsk People's Republic (DPR or DNR, dɐˈnʲɛtskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə, Донецька Народна Республіка) is a proto-state in the Donetsk Oblast of Ukraine recognized only by the partially recognized South Ossetia.

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Dresden

Dresden (Upper and Lower Sorbian: Drježdźany, Drážďany, Drezno) is the capital city and, after Leipzig, the second-largest city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany.

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Drilling rig

A drilling rig is a machine that creates holes in the earth subsurface.

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Duma

A duma (дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions.

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East Germany

East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline

The Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline (ESPO pipeline or ESPOOP, Нефтепровод "Восточная Сибирь - Тихий океан" (ВСТО)) is a pipeline system for exporting Russian crude oil to the Asia-Pacific markets (Japan, China and Korea).

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Eastern Ukraine

Eastern Ukraine or East Ukraine (Східна Україна, Skhidna Ukrayina; Восточная Украина, Vostochnaya Ukraina) generally refers to territories of Ukraine east of the Dnieper river, particularly Kharkiv, Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts.

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Economist Intelligence Unit

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) is a British business within the Economist Group providing forecasting and advisory services through research and analysis, such as monthly country reports, five-year country economic forecasts, country risk service reports, and industry reports.

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Economy of Russia

Russia has an upper-middle income, World Bank mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy.

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Eduard Limonov

Eduard Limonov (Эдуа́рд Лимо́нов, real name Eduard Veniaminovich Savenko, Эдуа́рд Вениами́нович Саве́нко; born 22 February 1943) is a Russian writer, poet, publicist, and political dissident.

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Education in Russia

In Russia the state provides most education services, regulating education through the Ministry of Education and Science.

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Edward Snowden

Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American computer professional, former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013 without authorization.

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Embassy of Russia in Ottawa

The Embassy of Russia in Canada is the Russian embassy in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, It is located at 285 Charlotte Street, at the eastern terminus of Laurier Avenue.

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Equestrianism

Equestrianism (from Latin equester, equestr-, equus, horseman, horse), more often known as riding, horse riding (British English) or horseback riding (American English), refers to the skill of riding, driving, steeplechasing or vaulting with horses.

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Eurasian Economic Union

The Eurasian Economic Union (officially EAEU, but sometimes called EEU or EAU)The acronym is used in the.

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Euromaidan

Euromaidan (Євромайдан, Евромайдан,, literally "Euro Square") was a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, which began on the night of 21 November 2013 with public protests in Maidan Nezalezhnosti ("Independence Square") in Kiev.

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Expert (magazine)

Expert or Ekspert magazine (Russian: Журнал "Эксперт") is a Russian weekly business magazine, established in 1995 in Moscow by a group of editors and journalists who departed from Kommersant publishing house.

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ExxonMobil

Exxon Mobil Corporation, doing business as ExxonMobil, is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas.

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FactCheck.org

FactCheck.org is a nonprofit non-partisan website that describes itself as a "consumer advocate for voters that aims to reduce the level of deception and confusion in U.S. politics".

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FC Zenit Saint Petersburg

Football Club Zenit (Футбо́льный клуб «Зени́т», Zenith), also known as Zenit Saint Petersburg or simply Zenit, is a Russian football club from the city of Saint Petersburg.

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Federal Assembly (Russia)

The Federal Assembly (p) is the national legislature of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation (1993).

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Federal districts of Russia

The federal districts (федера́льные округа́, federalnyye okruga) are groupings of the federal subjects of Russia.

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Federal law

Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country.

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Federal Security Service

The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB; fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjɪ) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the USSR's Committee of State Security (KGB).

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Federal subjects of Russia

The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation (субъекты Российской Федерации subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or simply as the subjects of the federation (субъекты федерации subyekty federatsii), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions according to the Constitution of Russia.

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Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia

The Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia (FCJR) is a Russian religious organization, unifying communities of Orthodox Judaism, mostly of Chabad Hassidic movement.

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Felipe Calderón

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa, GCB, R.E. (born 18 August 1962) is a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from 1 December 2006, to 30 November 2012.

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Fenya

Fenya (p) or fenka (p) is a Russian cant language used among criminals.

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Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008.

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FIFA World Cup Trophy

The World Cup is a gold trophy that is awarded to the winners of the FIFA World Cup association football tournament.

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First Chief Directorate

The First Main Directorate (or First Chief Directorate, Russian: Первое главное управление, Pervoye glavnoye upravleniye) of the Committee for State Security under the USSR council of ministers (PGU KGB) was the organization responsible for foreign operations and intelligence activities by providing for the training and management of covert agents, intelligence collection administration, and the acquisition of foreign and domestic political, scientific and technical intelligence in the Soviet Union.

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First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia

A First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to as the First Deputy Prime Minister, is a member of the Russian Government.

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Forbes

Forbes is an American business magazine.

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Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People

Since 2009, Forbes business magazine had compiled an annual list of the world's most powerful people.

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Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

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Fox News

Fox News (officially known as the Fox News Channel, commonly abbreviated to FNC) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox.

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François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017.

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Freedom House

Freedom House is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) U.S. government-funded non-governmental organization (NGO) that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

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Freedom in the World

Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.

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FT Magazine

FT Magazine is a supplement to the weekend edition of the Financial Times newspaper.

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G20

The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.

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Garry Kasparov

Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров,; Armenian: Գարրի Կիմովիչ Կասպարով; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former world chess champion, writer, and political activist, who many consider to be the greatest chess player of all time.

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Gated community

In its modern form, a gated community (or walled community) is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences.

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Gazeta (newspaper)

Gazeta was a tabloid daily newspaper published in Belgrade, Serbia.

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Gazprom

Public Joint Stock Company Gazprom (Публи́чное акционе́рное о́бщество «Газпром», Publichnoe Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Gazprom, abbreviated PAO Gazprom, ПАО «Газпром») is a large Russian company founded in 1989, which carries on the business of extraction, production, transport, and sale of natural gas.

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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was an office of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) that by the late 1920s had evolved into the most powerful of the Central Committee's various secretaries.

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Gennady Timchenko

Gennady Nikolayevich Timchenko (also spelled Guennadi Timtchenko) (born 1952) is a Russian businessman and billionaire.

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Gennady Zyuganov

Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov (Генна́дий Андре́евич Зюга́нов; born 26 June 1944) is a Russian communist politician who has been the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation since 1993.

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Geographical distribution of Russian speakers

This article details the geographical distribution of Russian speakers.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Georgia–NATO relations

Georgia and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) relations officially began in 1994 when Georgia joined the NATO-run Partnership for Peace.

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Globalism

Globalism is a group of ideologies that advocate the concept of globalization.

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Governor of Saint Petersburg

The Governor of Saint Petersburg (Губернатор Санкт-Петербурга) is the head of the executive branch of Saint Petersburg City Administration.

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Group of Eight

The G8, reformatted as G7 from 2014 due to the suspension of Russia's participation, was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014, with the participation of some major industrialized countries in the world, that viewed themselves as democracies.

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Grozny

Grozny (p; Соьлжа-ГӀала) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia.

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Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow

Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow (born June 29, 1957) IPA:, is a Turkmen politician who has served as the President of Turkmenistan since February 2007.

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Hang gliding

Hang gliding is an air sport or recreational activity in which a pilot flies a light, non-motorised foot-launched heavier-than-air aircraft called a hang glider.

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Hasidic Judaism

Hasidism, sometimes Hasidic Judaism (hasidut,; originally, "piety"), is a Jewish religious group.

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Head of the Chechen Republic

The Head of the Chechen Republic (formerly President of the Chechen Republic or President of Chechnya) is the highest office within the political system of the Chechen Republic.

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Healthcare in Russia

Healthcare in Russia is provided by the state through the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, and regulated through the Ministry of Health.

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Henry Kissinger

Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger, May 27, 1923) is an American statesman, political scientist, diplomat and geopolitical consultant who served as the United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

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Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, and the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election.

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History of Russia

The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs.

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History of the Jews in Russia

Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora; the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world.

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House of Romanov

The House of Romanov (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. also Romanoff; Рома́новы, Románovy) was the second dynasty to rule Russia, after the House of Rurik, reigning from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.

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Housing cooperative

A housing cooperative, co-op, or housing company (especially in Finland), is a legal entity, usually a cooperative or a corporation, which owns real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings; it is one type of housing tenure.

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HuffPost

HuffPost (formerly The Huffington Post and sometimes abbreviated HuffPo) is a liberal American news and opinion website and blog that has both localized and international editions.

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Hugo Chávez

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician who was President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013.

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

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Humanitarian aid

Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people who need help.

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Ice hockey

Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points.

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Icon

An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn "image") is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and certain Eastern Catholic churches.

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Igor Sechin

Igor Ivanovich Sechin (Игорь Иванович Сечин, born 7 September 1960 in Leningrad, Soviet Union) is a Russian official, considered a close ally and "de facto deputy" of Vladimir Putin.

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Igor Shuvalov

Igor Ivanovich Shuvalov (p; born 4 January 1967) is a Russian lawyer and politician.

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Independent politician

An independent or nonpartisan politician is an individual politician not affiliated with any political party.

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Indonesia

Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.

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Interfax-Ukraine

The Interfax-Ukraine News Agency (Інтерфакс-Україна) is a Kiev-based Ukrainian news agency founded in 1992.

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International Affairs (journal)

International Affairs is a leading peer-reviewed academic journal of international relations.

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International law

International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.

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International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.

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International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis

International sanctions were imposed during the Ukrainian crisis by a large number of countries against Russia and Crimea following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, which began in late February 2014.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Iran–Russia relations

Relations between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Persian Empire (Iran), officially commenced in 1521, with the Safavids in power.

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Iraq War

The Iraq WarThe conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, and Gulf War II.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), Islamic State (IS) and by its Arabic language acronym Daesh (داعش dāʿish), is a Salafi jihadist terrorist organisation and former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi/Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.

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Izborsk

Izborsk (Избо́рск; Irboska; Seto) is a rural locality (village) in Pechorsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia.

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Izvestia

Izvestia (p) is a long-running high-circulation daily broadsheet newspaper in Russia.

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Jaap de Hoop Scheffer

Jakob Gijsbert "Jaap" de Hoop Scheffer (born 3 April 1948) is a retired Dutch politician and diplomat of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.

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James Clapper

James Robert Clapper Jr. (born March 14, 1941) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force and is the former Director of National Intelligence.

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Jewish Telegraphic Agency

The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) is an international news agency and wire service serving Jewish community newspapers and media around the world, with about 70 syndication clients listed on its web site.

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John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories

The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963 has spurred numerous conspiracy theories, which include accusations of involvement of the CIA, the Mafia, sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro, the KGB, or even some combination thereof.

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John Howard

John Winston Howard, (born 26 July 1939) is a former Australian politician who served as the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, in office from 1996 to 2007.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.

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Judaism

Judaism (originally from Hebrew, Yehudah, "Judah"; via Latin and Greek) is the religion of the Jewish people.

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Judo

was created as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎).

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Karakachan dog

The Karakachan is a breed of dog that originated in Bulgaria as a mountain livestock guardian dog.

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Karate

(Okinawan pronunciation) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom.

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Karelian Isthmus

The Karelian Isthmus (Karelsky peresheyek; Karjalankannas; Karelska näset) is the approximately 45–110 km wide stretch of land, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia, to the north of the River Neva (between 61°21’N, 59°46’N and 27°42’E, 31°08’E).

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Katerina Tikhonova

Katerina Vladimirovna Tikhonova (kətʲɪˈrʲinə vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvnə ˈtʲixənəvə born 31 August 1986) is the younger daughter of Vladimir Putin, an acrobatic dancer, and director of two initiatives at Moscow State University: the National Intellectual Development Foundation (NIDF) and the National Intellectual Reserve Centre (NIRC).

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.

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Kazan

Kazan (p; Казан) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia.

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KGB

The KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (p), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.

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Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan

Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (خليفة بن زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان; born 7 September 1948; referred to as Sheikh Khalifa) is the President of the United Arab Emirates, the Emir of Abu Dhabi and the Supreme Commander of the Union Defence Force.

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Killed in action

Killed in action (KIA) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces.

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Komsomolskaya Pravda

Komsomolskaya Pravda (Комсомо́льская пра́вда; lit. "Komsomol Truth") is a daily Russian tabloid newspaper, founded on 13 March 1925.

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Korea

Korea is a region in East Asia; since 1945 it has been divided into two distinctive sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.

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Kosovo

Kosovo (Kosova or Kosovë; Косово) is a partially recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Republika e Kosovës; Република Косово / Republika Kosovo).

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Kursk submarine disaster

The Kursk submarine disaster, the sinking of the (Russian: Project 949A Антей) ''Kursk'', took place during the first major Russian naval exercise in more than ten years, in the Barents Sea on 12 August 2000, killing all 118 personnel on board.

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Kyiv Post

The Kyiv Post is Ukraine's oldest English language newspaper.

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Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.

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Kyrgyzstan

The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz Respublikasy; r; Қирғиз Республикаси.), or simply Kyrgyzstan, and also known as Kirghizia (Kyrgyzstan; r), is a sovereign state in Central Asia.

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Law and order (politics)

In politics, law and order (also known as tough on crime and the War on Crime) refers to demands for a strict criminal justice system, especially in relation to violent and property crime, through stricter criminal penalties.

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Lawfare (blog)

Lawfare is a blog dedicated to national security issues, published by the Lawfare Institute in cooperation with the Brookings Institution.

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Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.

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Leningrad Oblast

Leningrad Oblast (lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Leonid Brezhnev

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (a; Леоні́д Іллі́ч Бре́жнєв, 19 December 1906 (O.S. 6 December) – 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country until his death and funeral in 1982.

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Lev Avnerovich Leviev

Lev Leviev (born July 30, 1956) is an Israeli businessman, philanthropist and investor, of Uzbek Bukhari Jewish background, Known as the "King of Diamonds".

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Levada Center

Levada-Center is a Russian independent, non-governmental polling and sociological research organization.

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LGBT

LGBT, or GLBT, is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.

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Liberalism in Russia

Within Russian political parties, liberal parties advocate the expansion of political and civil freedoms and mostly oppose Vladimir Putin.

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Libya

Libya (ليبيا), officially the State of Libya (دولة ليبيا), is a sovereign state in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.

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Libyan Civil War (2011)

The first Libyan Civil War, also referred to as the Libyan Revolution or 17 February Revolution, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to oust his government.

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Lieutenant colonel

Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel.

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Life (news agency, Russia)

Life (stylized as L!FE, formerly LifeNews) is a Russian news website and 24-hour television channel that is owned by the News Media holding company.

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List of BRICS summit attendees

This is a list of representative leaders of BRICS states at each BRICS Summit since the group's inception in 2009.

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List of countries by GDP (PPP)

This article includes a list of countries by their forecasted estimated gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity, abbreviated GDP (PPP).

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List of countries by real GDP growth rate

This article includes a list of countries and dependent territories sorted by their real gross domestic product growth rate; the rate of growth of the value of all final goods and services produced within a state in a given year.

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List of heads of federal subjects of Russia

The following is a list of heads of the federal subjects of the Russian Federation.

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List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow

This article lists the Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, spiritual heads of the Russian Orthodox Church, since 1308.

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List of people named in the Panama Papers

This is a partial list of people named in the Panama Papers as shareholders, directors and beneficiaries of offshore companies.

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List of people sanctioned during the Ukrainian crisis

In response to the growing unrest in Ukraine, mid-March 2014 many governments launched sanctions against individuals and companies that are viewed as having direct involvement in destabilizing the situation.

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Little green men (Ukrainian crisis)

Little green men (translit, translit) refers to masked soldiers in unmarked green army uniforms and carrying modern Russian military weapons and equipment that appeared during the Ukrainian crisis of 2014.

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Little Russia

Little Russia, sometimes Little Rus' (Малая Русь, Malaya Rus', Малая Россия, Malaya Rossiya, Малороссия, Malorossiya; Мала Русь, Mala Rus'; or Rus' Minor from Μικρὰ Ῥωσία, Mikrá Rosía), is a geographical and historical term first used by Galician ruler Bolesław-Jerzy II who in 1335 signed his decrees as Dux totius Russiæ minoris.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Luhansk People's Republic

The Luhansk People's Republic (Луганська Народна Республіка), also known as Lugansk People's Republic (lʊˈɡanskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə), usually abbreviated as LPR or LNR, is a landlocked proto-state in eastern Ukraine.

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Luzhniki Stadium

Luzhniki Stadium (p) is the national stadium of Russia, located in its capital city, Moscow.

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Lyudmila Putina

Lyudmila Aleksandrovna Ocheretnaya, formerly Lyudmila Aleksandrovna Putina (1,, née Shkrebneva, Шкребнева; born 6 January 1958), is the former wife of the President and former Prime Minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin.

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Mabetex Group

The Mabetex Group, founded in 1990, is the mother company of Mabetex and other companies founded and owned by Behgjet Pacolli.

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Machismo

Machismo ((from Spanish and Portuguese "macho", male) is the sense of being 'manly' and self-reliant, the concept associated with "a strong sense of masculine pride: an exaggerated masculinity." It is associated with "a man’s responsibility to provide for, protect, and defend his family." In American political usage, William Safire said that it refers to the... "condescension of the swaggering male; the trappings of manliness used to dominate women and keep them 'in their place....'" The word macho has a long history in both Spain and Portugal as well as in Spanish and Portuguese languages. It was originally associated with the ideal societal role men were expected to play in their communities, most particularly, Iberian language-speaking societies and countries. Macho in Portuguese and Spanish is a strictly masculine term, derived from the Latin mascŭlus meaning male (today hombre or varón, c.f. Portuguese homem and now-obsolete for humans varão; macho and varão, in their most common sense, are used for males of non-human animal species). Machos in Iberian-descended cultures are expected to possess and display bravery, courage and strength as well as wisdom and leadership, and ser macho (literally, "to be a macho") was an aspiration for all boys. During the women's liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s, the term began to be used by Latin American feminists to describe male aggression and violence. The term was used by Latina feminists and scholars to criticize the patriarchal structure of gendered relations in Latino communities. Their goal was to describe a particular Latin American brand of patriarchy.Opazo, R. M (2008). Latino Youth and Machismo: Working Towards a More Complex Understanding of Marginalized Masculinities. Retrieved From Ryerson University Digital Commons Thesis Dissertation Paper 108. http://digitalcommons.ryerson.ca/dissertations/108 The English word "machismo" derives from the identical Spanish and Portuguese word. Portuguese and Spanish machismo refers to the assumption that masculinity is superior to femininity in males, a concept similar to R. W. Connell's hegemonic masculinity.Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press Gender roles make an important part of human identity as we conduct our identities through our historical and current social actions. Machismo's attitudes and behaviours may be frowned upon or encouraged at various degrees in various societies or subcultures – albeit it is frequently associated with more patriarchial undertones, primarily in present views on the past.

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Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Mahmūd Ahmadinezhād, born Mahmoud Sabbaghian (Sabbāghyān) on 28 October 1956) is an Iranian politician who was the sixth President of Iran from 2005 to 2013.

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Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh (born 26 September 1932) is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014.

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Marina Salye

Marina Yevgenyevna Salye (Мари́на Евге́ньевна Салье́; 19 October 1934 – 21 March 2012) was a Russian geologist and politician, being the former deputy of the legislative assembly of Leningrad.

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Masha Gessen

Maria Alexandrovna "Masha" Gessen (p; born 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist who has been an outspoken critic of the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin and the President of the U.S.A., Donald Trump.

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Mayor

In many countries, a mayor (from the Latin maior, meaning "bigger") is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town.

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Michael Stürmer

Michael Stürmer (born September 29, 1938) is a right-wing German historian arguably best known for his role in the Historikerstreit of the 1980s, for his geographical interpretation of German history and for an admiring 2008 biography of the Russian politician Vladimir Putin.

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Mike Pence

Michael Richard Pence (born June 7, 1959) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the 48th and current Vice President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017.

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Mikhail Fradkov

Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (p; born 1 September 1950) is a Russian politician who was the Prime Minister of Russia from March 2004 to September 2007.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.

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Mikhail Kasyanov

Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov (Михаи́л Миха́йлович Касья́нов –, born 8 December 1957) is a Russian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Russia from May 2000 to February 2004.

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Mikhail Khodorkovsky

Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky (Михаи́л Бори́сович Ходорко́вский,; born 26 June 1963) is an exiled Russian businessman, philanthropist and former oligarch, now resident in Switzerland.

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Mikheil Saakashvili

Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ სააკაშვილი, Mixeil Saak'ašvili; Міхеіл Саакашвілі, Michejil Saakašwili; born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician.

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Military district

Military districts (also called military regions) are formations of a state's armed forces (often of the Army) which are responsible for a certain area of territory.

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Ministry of Finance (Russia)

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (Министерство финансов Российской Федерации, Минфин России, MinFin) is a federal ministry, responsible for general financial policy and for general management in the field of finance of the Russian Federation.

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Missile defense systems by country

Missile defense systems are a type of missile defense intended to shield a country against incoming missiles, such as intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBMs) or other ballistic missiles.

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (Mohammad Rezā Šāh), was the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.

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Monaco

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco (Principauté de Monaco), is a sovereign city-state, country and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe.

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Moscow

Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.

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Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin (p), usually referred to as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west.

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Moscow Oblast

Moscow Oblast (p), or Podmoskovye (p, literally "around/near Moscow"), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Moscow theater hostage crisis

The Moscow theater hostage crisis (also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege) was the seizure of a crowded Dubrovka Theater by 40 to 50 armed Chechens on 23 October 2002 that involved 850 hostages and ended with the death of at least 170 people.

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Mossack Fonseca

Mossack Fonseca & Co. (was a Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider,. The Legal 500 It was, at one time, the world's fourth biggest provider of offshore financial services. From its 1977 foundation until the April 2016 publication of the Panama Papers it remained mostly obscure, even though it sits at the heart of the global offshore industry, and acts for about 300,000 companies. More than half are registered in British tax havens – as well as in the UK. The firm received worldwide media attention in April 2016, when the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists published information about its clients' financial dealings in the Panama Papers articles, following the release of an enormous cache of its documents from between 1970 and 2015 leaked to the news media. Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, who lead the disclosure efforts, was subsequently murdered by a car bomb on October 16, 2017. On March 14, 2018, the law firm announced that it was shutting down, because of the economic and reputational damage inflicted by the disclosure of its role in global tax evasion by the Panama Papers.

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Most favoured nation

In international economic relations and international politics, "most favoured nation" (MFN) is a status or level of treatment accorded by one state to another in international trade.

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MSNBC

MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events.

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Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi (20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Munich speech of Vladimir Putin

The Munich speech of Vladimir Putin is the name given to a speech by Russian leader Vladimir Putin given in Germany on 10 February 2007 at Munich Security Conference.

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Nabucco pipeline

The Nabucco-West pipeline (also referred to as the Turkey–Austria gas pipeline) was a proposed natural gas pipeline from the Turkish-Bulgarian border to Austria.

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National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA;Εθνικὸν καὶ Καποδιστριακόν Πανεπιστήμιον Ἀθηνῶν, Ethnikón kai Kapodistriakón Panepistímion Athinón), usually referred to simply as the University of Athens (UoA), is a public university in Zografou, a suburb of Athens, Greece.

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National champions

National champion is a governmental policy in which large organizations are expected not only to seek profit but also to "advance the interests of the nation"; the government sets policies which favor these organizations.

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National Post

The National Post is a conservative Canadian English-language newspaper.

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National Priority Projects

The National Priority Projects of the Russian Federation is a program of the Russian government set out by Russian President Vladimir Putin in his speech on September 5, 2005.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.

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Neo-Nazism

Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II militant social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism.

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Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism or neo-liberalism refers primarily to the 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism.

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New START

New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) (Russian: СНВ-III, SNV-III) is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.

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New York Daily News

The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City.

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News.com.au

news.com.au is an Australian news and entertainment website owned by News Corp Australia.

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Newsnight

Newsnight is a weekday BBC Television current affairs programme which specialises in analysis and often robust cross-examination of senior politicians.

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Nikolai Patrushev

Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (Никола́й Плато́нович Па́трушев) (born 11 July 1951) is a Russian politician and security and intelligence officer.

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Nikolas Gvosdev

Nikolas N. Gvosdev (born 1969) is a Russian-American international relations scholar.

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Nikolay Bordyuzha

No description.

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Nikolay Kovalyov (politician)

Nikolai Dmitrievich Kovalyov (Николай Дмитриевич Ковалёв) (born 6 August 1949) is a Russian politician (United Russia) and member of the State Duma, where he chairs the Duma's Veterans' Committee.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.

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Non-commissioned officer

A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is a military officer who has not earned a commission.

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Norman Stone

Norman Stone (born 8 March 1941) is a Scottish historian and author.

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North Atlantic Books

North Atlantic Books is a non-profit, independent publisher based in Berkeley, CA.

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North Caucasus

The North Caucasus (p) or Ciscaucasia is the northern part of the Caucasus region between the Sea of Azov and Black Sea on the west and the Caspian Sea on the east, within European Russia.

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North Pole

The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is (subject to the caveats explained below) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface.

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Novgorod Oblast

Novgorod Oblast (Новгоро́дская о́бласть, Novgorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Novichok agent

Novichok (Новичо́к, "newcomer"/ "newbie") is a series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union and Russia between 1971 and 1993.

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Novo-Ogaryovo

Novo-Ogaryovo (Ново-Огарёво), also Novo-Ogarevo, is an estate in the Odintsovsky District of Moscow Oblast, located by the Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway, and is the suburban residence of the President of Russia, officially recognized in 2000.

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Novosibirsk

Novosibirsk (p) is the third-most populous city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg.

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NPR

National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.

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Nuclear power in Russia

In 2012 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 177.3 TWh, 17.78% of all power generation.

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Nuclear program of Iran

The nuclear program of Iran has included several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants.

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Oil platform

An oil platform, offshore platform, or offshore drilling rig is a large structure with facilities for well drilling to explore, extract, store, process petroleum and natural gas which lies in rock formations beneath the seabed.

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Op-ed

An op-ed (originally short for "opposite the editorial page" although often taken to stand for "opinion editorial") is a written prose piece typically published by a newspaper or magazine which expresses the opinion of a named author usually not affiliated with the publication's editorial board.

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OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC,, or OPEP in several other languages) is an intergovernmental organization of nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria.

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Orange Revolution

The Orange Revolution (Помаранчева революція, Pomarancheva revolyutsiya) was a series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005, in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, which was claimed to be marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud.

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Order of Friendship (China)

The Order of Friendship (Chinese: 友谊勋章, pinyin: yǒuyì xūnzhāng) is the People's Republic of China's highest order of honour.

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Order of Ho Chi Minh

The Order of Ho Chi Minh (Huân chương Hồ Chí Minh) is a decoration of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam that was first instituted on 6 June 1947.

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Order of Honour (Russia)

The Order of Honour (r) is a state order of the Russian Federation established by Presidential Decree № 442 of March 2, 1994 to recognise high achievements in government, economic, scientific, sociocultural, public, sport and charitable activities.

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Order of Ismoili Somoni

The Order of Ismoili Somoni is Tajikistan's highest distinction.

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Order of José Martí

The Order of José Martí (Orden José Martí) is a state honor in Cuba.

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Order of King Abdulaziz

The Order of King Abdulaziz is a Saudi-Arabian Order of Merit.

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Order of Saint-Charles

The Order of Saint-Charles (Ordre de Saint-Charles) is a dynastic order of knighthood established in Monaco on 15 March 1858.

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Order of the Golden Eagle

The Order of the Golden Eagle or "Altyn Qyran" Order (Алтын Қыран ордені, Орден Золотого орла) is the highest order of Kazakhstan.

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Order of the Liberator

The Order of the Liberator was the highest distinction of Venezuela and was appointed for services to the country, outstanding merit and benefits made to the community.

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Order of Zayed

The Order of Zayed is the United Arab Emirates' highest civil decoration.

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Orders, decorations, and medals of Serbia

State decorations of the Republic of Serbia are regulated by the Law on Decorations of the Republic of Serbia adopted in 2009.

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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization.

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Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Central America.

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Orthodoxy

Orthodoxy (from Greek ὀρθοδοξία orthodoxía "right opinion") is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion.

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Our Home – Russia

Our Home – Russia (translit), abbreviated as NDR, was a Russian political party that existed from 1995 to the mid-2000s.

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Ozero

Ozero (О́зеро, lit. lake) (full name: дачный потребительский кооператив «Озеро», Dacha consumer cooperative "Ozero") is a dacha housing cooperative associated with Vladimir Putin's inner circle.

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Panama Papers

The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities.

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Party of power

The term "party of power" refers to a political party that has a close relationship with the executive branch of government such that the party appears to function as an extension of the executive rather than as an autonomous political organization.

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Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow

Patriarch Alexy II (or Alexius II, Патриарх Алексий II; secular name Alexey Mikhailovich von Ridiger Алексе́й Миха́йлович Ри́дигер; 23 February 1929 – 5 December 2008) was the 15th Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Patriarch Kirill of Moscow

Kirill or Cyril (Кирилл, Ст҃ѣ́йшїй патрїа́рхъ кѷрі́ллъ, secular name Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyayev, Владимир Михайлович Гундяев; born 20 November 1946) is a Russian Orthodox bishop.

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Pavel Borodin

Pavel Pavlovich Borodin (Павел Павлович Бородин) (born 25 October 1946) is a Russian official and politician.

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Pechora Sea

Pechora Sea (Печо́рское мо́ре, or Pechorskoye More), is a sea at the northwest of Russia, the southeastern part of the Barents Sea.

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Permanent Court of Arbitration

The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an intergovernmental organization located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

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Peter Baker (author)

Peter Baker (born July 2, 1967) is an American political writer and newspaper reporter who is the chief White House correspondent for The New York Times and a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine. He was responsible for covering President Barack Obama and the Obama administration.

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Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.

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Podpolkovnik

Podpolkovnik (regimentary) is a military rank in Slavic countries which corresponds to the lieutenant colonel in the English-speaking states and military.

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Polar bear

The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a hypercarnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses.

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Polarity (international relations)

Polarity in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system.

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Political career of Silvio Berlusconi

The political career of Silvio Berlusconi began in 1994, when Berlusconi entered politics for the first time serving intermittent terms as Prime Minister of Italy from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011, his career was racked with controversies and trials; amongst these was his failure to honour his promise to sell his personal assets in Mediaset, the largest television broadcaster network in Italy, in order to dispel any perceived conflicts of interest.

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Politico

Politico, known earlier as The Politico, is an American political journalism company based in Arlington County, Virginia, that covers politics and policy in the United States and internationally.

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Politics of Russia

The politics of Russia (the Russian Federation) takes place in the framework of a federal semi-presidential republic.

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Politics of Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is a federal subject of Russia.

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PolitiFact

PolitiFact.com is a blog operated by the editorial board of theTampa Bay Times, in which reporters and editors from the Times and affiliated media seek to fact-check statements by members of Congress, the White House, lobbyists, and interest groups.

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Polonium

Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84.

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Pope Francis

Pope Francis (Franciscus; Francesco; Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State.

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Post-Soviet states

The post-Soviet states, also collectively known as the former Soviet Union (FSU) or former Soviet Republics, are the states that emerged and re-emerged from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its breakup in 1991, with Russia internationally recognised as the successor state to the Soviet Union after the Cold War.

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Poyushchie vmeste

Poyushchie vmeste (Поющие вместе, lit.: Singing Together) is a Russian electro-dance band, whose song "A man like Putin" (Такого как Путин) was a hit across Russia and created worldwide fame for the band.

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President of Georgia

The President of Georgia (საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი, sakartvelos prezidenti) is the head of state and supreme commander-in-chief.

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President of Kazakhstan

The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respy'bli'kasynyn' Prezi'denti, Қазақстан Республикасының Президенті) is the head of state, commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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President of Russia

The President of the Russian Federation (Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the elected head of state of the Russian Federation, as well as holder of the highest office in Russia and commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces.

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President of the Council of Ministers

The President of the Council of Ministers or sometimes Chairman (in English, sometimes called informally Prime Minister) is the most senior member of the cabinet in the executive branch of government.

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President of Ukraine

The President of Ukraine (Президент України, Prezydent Ukrayiny) is the Ukrainian head of state.

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Presidential Administration of Russia

The Presidential Administration of Russia (also known as Staff of Russia’s president, Presidential Executive Office, in Russian: Администрация Президента Российской Федерации) is the executive office of Russia's president created by a decree of Boris Yeltsin on 19 July 1991 as an institution supporting the activity of the president (then Yeltsin) and vice-president (then Aleksandr Rutskoy, in 1993 the position was abolished) of Russian SFSR (now Russian Federation), as well as deliberative bodies attached to the president, including the Security Council.

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Prime Minister of Australia

The Prime Minister of Australia (sometimes informally abbreviated to PM) is the head of government of Australia.

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Prime Minister of Russia

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation (translit), colloquially referred to as the Prime Minister (translit) is the head of the Russian government and the second most powerful figure of the Russian Federation.

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Priozersky District

Priozersky District (Приозе́рский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #50-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Public image of Vladimir Putin

The public image of Vladimir Putin concerns the image of Vladimir Putin, current President of Russia, among residents of Russia and worldwide.

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PublicAffairs

PublicAffairs (or PublicAffairs Books) is an imprint of the Perseus Books Group, an American book publishing company located in New York City.

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Puin (brand)

Puin (Пуин) also spelled PuTin (ПуТин) is a brand of vegetable and mushrooms canned goods produced by Astrakhan Canned-food Plant (Astarkhanskiy Konservniy Kombinat) and its parent company Russian Canned-food Plant (Russkiy Konservniy Kombinat).

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Purchasing power parity

Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a neoclassical economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal to the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing power.

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Pussy Riot

Pussy Riot is a Russian feminist protest punk rock group based in Moscow.

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Putin khuylo!

"Putin – khuilo!" (Пу́тін - хуйло́;, ˈputʲɪn xʊjˈlo, a commonly used English translation: Putin is a dickhead) is a Ukrainian- and Russian-language slogan deriding Russian President Vladimir Putin.

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Putin's Palace

The Residence at Cape Idokopas (Резиденция на мысе Идокопас) also known as the "Palace on the Idokopas Cape", often called in the media "Putin's Palace", "Dacha Putin", "Putin’s country cottage", etc., is a large Italianate palace complex located on the Black Sea coast near the village of Praskoveevka in Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai, Russia.

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Putinka

Putinka (Путинка) is a brand of Russian vodka made by the state-owned Moscow Distillery Crystal company, and created in 2003 by Vinexem Brand Manager Stanislav Kaufman.

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Raúl Castro

Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born 3 June 1931) is a Cuban politician and leader who is currently serving as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the most senior position in the Communist state, succeeding his brother Fidel Castro in April 2011.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".

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Rafting

Rafting and white water rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water.

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Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)

The rainbow flag, commonly known as the gay pride flag or LGBT pride flag, is a symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) pride and LGBT social movements.

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Ramzan Kadyrov

Ramzan Akhmadovich Kadyrov (p, Къадар Ахьмат-кIант Рамзан Q̇adar Aẋmat-khant Ramzan; born 5 October 1976) is the Head of the Chechen Republic and a former member of the Chechen independence movement.

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RBK Group

The RBK Group or RosBiznesKonsalting (Группа компаний «РБК» РБК, РосБизнесКонсалтинг) is a large Russian media group headquartered in Moscow.

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Reporters Without Borders

Reporters Without Borders (RWB), or Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF), is an international non-profit, non-governmental organization that promotes and defends freedom of information and freedom of the press.

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Republics of Russia

According to the Constitution, the Russian Federation is divided into 85 federal subjects (constituent units), 22 of which are "republics".

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Reuters

Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

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RIA Novosti

RIA Novosti (РИА Новости), sometimes RIA (РИА) for short, was Russia's international news agency until 2013 and continues to be the name of a state-operated domestic Russian-language news agency.

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Richard Sakwa

Richard Sakwa (born 1953) is Professor of Russian and European politics at the University of Kent.

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Roman Abramovich

Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich (Russian: Рома́н Арка́дьевич Абрамо́вич,; Hebrew: רומן אברמוביץ'; born 24 October 1966) is a Russian-Israeli billionaire businessman, investor, and politician.

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Ronald Asmus

Ronald Dietrich Asmus (June 29, 1957 – April 30, 2011) was a United States diplomat and political analyst.

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Ronald Lauder

Ronald Steven Lauder (born February 26, 1944) is an American businessman, art collector, philanthropist, and political activist.

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Rosatom

Rosatom, (r) stylized as ROSATOM and also known as the Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, or the Rosatom State Corporation, is a Russian state corporation headquartered in Moscow that specializes in nuclear energy.

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Rose Revolution

The Revolution of Roses, often translated into English as the Rose Revolution (ვარდების რევოლუცია vardebis revolutsia), describes a pro-Western peaceful change of power in Georgia in November 2003.

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Rosneft

PJSC Rosneft Oil Company (stylized as ROSNEFT) is a Russian integrated energy company headquartered in the Russian capital of Moscow.

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Rossiya Bank

The Rossiya Bank (Bank Rossiya, in Russian: Акционерный коммерческий банк Россия, АКБ Россия) is a Russian joint stock bank founded on June 27, 1990.

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Rossiyskaya Gazeta

(Российская газета, lit. Russian Gazette) is a Russian newspaper published by the Government of Russia.

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Russia in the European energy sector

The Russian Federation supplies a significant volume of fossil fuels and is the largest exporter of oil and natural gas to the European Union.

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Russia–European Union relations

Russian–European relations are the international relations between the European Union (EU) and its largest bordering state, Russia, to the east.

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Russia–Ukraine gas disputes

The Russia–Ukraine gas disputes refer to a number of disputes between Ukrainian oil and gas company Naftohaz Ukrayiny and Russian gas supplier Gazprom over natural gas supplies, prices, and debts.

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Russia–United Kingdom relations

Russia–United Kingdom relations, also Anglo-Russian relations, is the bilateral relationship between Russia and the United Kingdom.

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Russian Academy of Sciences

The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.

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Russian Aerospace Defence Forces

The Aerospace Defence Forces Branch, short: ASDFB (Voyska vozdushno-kosmicheskoy oborony (VVKO) was a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for aerospace defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was established on the 1 December 2011 and replaced the Russian Space Forces. The ASDFB was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Colonel General Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012. On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English, it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as "air and space" instead. On the 1 August 2015, the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces were merged to form the Russian Aerospace Forces. The Russian Aerospace Defence Forces duties for space defense are now with the Russian Space Forces under the umbrella of the new Russian Aerospace Forces. The RADF today only provides air defense responsibilities.

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Russian Airborne Troops

The Russian Airborne Troops or VDV (from "Vozdushno-desantnye voyska Rossii", Russian: Воздушно-десантные войска России, ВДВ; Air-landing Forces) is a military branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov

Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov (Адмира́л фло́та Сове́тского Сою́за Кузнецо́в "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov") is an aircraft carrier (heavy aircraft-carrying missile cruiser, or TAVKR, in Russian classification) serving as the flagship of the Russian Navy.

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Russian apartment bombings

The Russian apartment bombings were a series of explosions that hit four apartment blocks in the Russian cities of Buynaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk in September 1999, killing 293 and injuring more than 1000 people and spreading a wave of fear across the country.

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Russian Far East

The Russian Far East (p) comprises the Russian part of the Far East - the extreme eastern territory of Russia, between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean.

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Russian financial crisis (2014–2017)

The financial crisis in Russia in 2014–2017 was the result of the collapse of the Russian ruble beginning in the second half of 2014.

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Russian floating nuclear power station

Floating nuclear power stations (Russian: плавучая атомная теплоэлектростанция малой мощности, ПАТЭС ММ - lit. floating combined heat and power (CHP) low-power nuclear station) are vessels designed by Rosatom.

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Russian gay propaganda law

The Russian federal law "for the Purpose of Protecting Children from Information Advocating for a Denial of Traditional Family Values", also known in English-language media as the "gay propaganda law" and the "anti-gay law", is a bill that was unanimously approved by the State Duma on 11 June 2013 (with just one MP abstaining—Ilya Ponomarev), and was signed into law by President Vladimir Putin on 30 June 2013.

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Russian Geographical Society

The Russian Geographical Society (Russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО») (RGO) is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Russian Ground Forces

The Ground Forces of the Russian Federation (r) are the land forces of the Russian Armed Forces, formed from parts of the collapsing Soviet Army in 1992.

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Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

The Russian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election in order to increase political instability in the United States and to damage Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign by bolstering the candidacies of Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders and Jill Stein.

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Russian jokes

Russian jokes (anecdotes), the most popular form of Russian humor, are short fictional stories or dialogs with a punch line.

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Russian legislative election, 1995

Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 17 December 1995.

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Russian legislative election, 2007

Legislative elections were held in the Russian Federation on 2 December 2007.

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Russian legislative election, 2011

Legislative elections were held in Russia on 4 December 2011.

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Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

The Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War began in September 2015, after an official request by the Syrian government for military aid against rebel and jihadist groups.

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Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)

In February 2014, Russia made several military incursions into Ukrainian territory.

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Russian oligarch

The Russian oligarchs (see the related term "New Russians") are business oligarchs of the former Soviet republics who rapidly accumulated wealth during the era of Russian privatization in the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s.

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Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskóvskiy patriarkhát), is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox patriarchates.

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Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia

The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (Ру́сская Правосла́вная Це́рковь Заграни́цей, Russkaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov' Zagranitsey), or ROCOR, also until 2007 part of True Orthodoxy's Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, ROCA, historically also referred to as Karlovatsky Synod (Карловацкий синод), or "Karlovatsky group", or the Synod of Karlovci, is since 2007 a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).

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Russian police reform

Russian police reform (Закон о Полиции, Zakon o Politsii; Law on Police) is an ongoing reform initiated by then President Dmitry Medvedev to improve the efficiency of Russia's police forces, decrease corruption and improve the public image of law enforcement among other goals.

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Russian presidential election, 2000

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 26 March 2000.

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Russian presidential election, 2004

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 14 March 2004.

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Russian presidential election, 2008

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 2 March 2008.

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Russian presidential election, 2012

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 4 March 2012.

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Russian presidential election, 2018

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 18 March 2018.

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Russian presidential inauguration

The inauguration of the President of Russia (Инаугурация президента России) is a ceremony to mark the start of the term of the President of Russia.

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Russian ruble

The Russian ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural: рубли́ rubli; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk.

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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.

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Russian Space Forces

The Russian Space Forces (Kosmicheskie Voyska Rossii) are a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Russia.

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Russo-Georgian War

The Russo-Georgian War was a war between Georgia, Russia and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

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S-300 missile system

The S-300 (NATO reporting name SA-10 Grumble) is a series of initially Soviet and later Russian long range surface-to-air missile systems produced by NPO Almaz, based on the initial S-300P version.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).

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Saint Petersburg City Administration

Saint Petersburg City Administration (Администрация Санкт-Петербурга) is the superior executive body of Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Russian Federation.

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Saint Petersburg Mining University

The Saint Petersburg Mining University (Санкт-Петербургский горный университет), is Russia's oldest technical university, and one of the oldest technical colleges in Europe.

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Saint Petersburg State University

Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, СПбГУ) is a Russian federal state-owned higher education institution based in Saint Petersburg.

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Sakhalin–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline

The Sakhalin–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline is a pipeline for natural gas in Russia, transporting Sakhalin's gas to the most populated and industrialized regions of the Russian Far East (Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai).

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Salisbury

Salisbury is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England, with a population of 40,302, at the confluence of the rivers Nadder, Ebble, Wylye and Bourne.

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Sambo (martial art)

Sambo (p; САМозащита Без Оружия) is a Russian-Soviet martial art and combat sport.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Süddeutsche Zeitung

The Süddeutsche Zeitung (German for South German Newspaper), published in Munich, Bavaria, is one of the largest daily newspapers in Germany.

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Second Chechen War

Second Chechen War (Втора́я чече́нская война́), also known as the Second Chechen Сampaign (Втора́я чече́нская кампа́ния), was an armed conflict on the territory of Chechnya and the border regions of the North Caucasus between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, also with militants of various Islamist groups, fought from August 1999 to April 2009.

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Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, normally referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a senior, high-ranking official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

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Security Council of Russia

The Security Council of the Russian Federation (SCRF; Russian: Совет безопасности Российской Федерации (СБРФ); Sovet bezopasnosti Rossiiyskoiy Federatsii (SBRF)) is a consultative body of the Russian President that works out the President's decisions on national security affairs.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

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Serbia

Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.

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Sergei Ivanov

Sergei Borisovich Ivanov (p; born 31 January 1953) is a Russian senior official and politician who is the Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation on the Issues of Environmental Activities, Environment and Transport since 12 August 2016.

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Sergei Kolesnikov (whistleblower)

Sergei Vladimirovich Kolesnikov (Сергей Владимирович Колесников; born 1948, Leningrad) is a Russian businessman and former associate of Vladimir Putin currently believed to be living in exile in Tallinn, Estonia.

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Sergei Roldugin

Sergei Pavlovich Roldugin (Russian: Сергей Павлович Ролдугин, born September 28, 1951 Sakhalin) is a Russian cellist and businessman, based in St Petersburg.

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Sergei Skripal

Sergei Viktorovich Skripal (p, born 23 June 1951) is a former Russian military intelligence officer who acted as a double agent for the UK's intelligence services during the 1990s and early 2000s.

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Sergei Stepashin

Colonel General Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (Серге́й Вади́мович Степа́шин; born 2 March 1952) is a Russian politician who briefly served as Prime Minister of Russia in 1999.

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Sergey Chemezov

Sergey Viktorovich Chemezov (Серге́й Ви́кторович Чéмезов, born August 20, 1952, Cheremkhovo, Soviet Union) is CEO of Rostec Corporation (formerly the Director General of Rosoboronexport), chairman of the Union of Russian Mechanical Engineers, and a lieutenant-general.

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Sergey Shakhray

Sergey Mikhaylovich Shakhray (Серге́й Михайлович Шахрай) (born April 30, 1956, in Simferopol, Crimea, Soviet Union) is a Russian politician.

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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), or Shanghai Pact, is a Eurasian political, economic, and security organisation, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai, China by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Charter, formally establishing the organisation, was signed in June 2002 and entered into force on 19 September 2003.

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Shaykh al-Islām

Shaykh al-Islām (شيخ الإسلام, Šayḫ al-Islām; Şeyḫülislām) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.

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Shia Islam

Shia (شيعة Shīʿah, from Shīʻatu ʻAlī, "followers of Ali") is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam), most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm.

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Siberian tiger

The Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), also called Amur tiger, is a tiger population inhabiting mainly the Sikhote Alin mountain region in southwest Primorye Province in the Russian Far East.

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Siege of Leningrad

The Siege of Leningrad (also known as the Leningrad Blockade (Блокада Ленинграда, transliteration: Blokada Leningrada) and the 900-Day Siege) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany and the Finnish Army in the north, against Leningrad, historically and currently known as Saint Petersburg, in the Eastern Front theatre of World War II.

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Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi (born 29 September 1936) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments.

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Snow leopard

The snow leopard or ounce (Panthera uncia) is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia.

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Sochi

Sochi (a) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia.

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Social safety net

The social safety net is a collection of services provided by the state or other institutions such as friendly societies.

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South Ossetia

South Ossetia or Tskhinvali Region, is a disputed territory in the South Caucasus, in the northern part of the internationally recognised Georgian territory.

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Sovereign democracy

Sovereign democracy (суверенная демократия, transl. suverennaya demokratiya) is a term describing modern Russian politics first used by Vladislav Surkov on 22 February 2006 in a speech before a gathering of the Russian political party United Russia.

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Soviet Navy

The Soviet Navy (Military Maritime Fleet of the USSR) was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Sport in Russia

The most popular sport in Russia is football.

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Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation

The Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation (Стабилизационный фонд Российской Федерации) was established based on a resolution of the Government of Russia on 1 January 2004, as a part of the federal budget to balance the federal budget at the time of when oil price falls below a cut-off price, currently set at US$27 per barrel.

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State capitalism

State capitalism is an economic system in which the state undertakes commercial (i.e. for-profit) economic activity and where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned business enterprises (including the processes of capital accumulation, wage labor and centralized management), or where there is otherwise a dominance of corporatized government agencies (agencies organized along business-management practices) or of publicly listed corporations in which the state has controlling shares.

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State Duma

The State Duma (r), commonly abbreviated in Russian as Госду́ма (Gosduma), is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house is the Council of the Federation.

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State ownership

State ownership (also called public ownership and government ownership) is the ownership of an industry, asset, or enterprise by the state or a public body representing a community as opposed to an individual or private party.

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Stephen F. Cohen

Stephen Frand Cohen (born November 25, 1938) is an American scholar and professor emeritus of Russian studies at Princeton University and New York University.

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Stephen K. White

Stephen K. White (born 1949), is James Hart Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia.

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Steve Rosenberg (journalist)

Steve Rosenberg (born 1968 in Epping, Essex) is a British TV and radio journalist.

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Strategic bomber

A strategic bomber is a medium to long range penetration bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war.

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Submarine

A submarine (or simply sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.

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Superhero

A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero or Super) is a type of heroic stock character, usually possessing supernatural or superhuman powers, who is dedicated to fighting the evil of his/her universe, protecting the public, and usually battling supervillains.

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Surface-to-air missile

A surface-to-air missile (SAM, pronunced), or ground-to-air missile (GTAM, pronounced), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles.

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Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born 9 September 1949) (pronounced) is an Indonesian politician and retired Army general officer who was the President of Indonesia from 2004 to 2014.

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Syria

Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

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Syrian Civil War

The Syrian Civil War (الحرب الأهلية السورية, Al-ḥarb al-ʼahliyyah as-sūriyyah) is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, along with its allies, and various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations.

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Syrian opposition

The Syrian opposition (المعارضة السورية) is an umbrella term for the political structure represented by the Syrian National Coalition and associated anti-government Syrian groups with certain territorial control in the form of a proto-state as an alternative Syrian government, claiming to be the legitimate Syrian Arab Republic and also sometimes known just as the Republic of Syria.

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Tahrir al-Sham

Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (transliteration:, "Organization for the Liberation of the Levant" or "Levant Liberation Committee"), commonly referred to as Tahrir al-Sham and abbreviated HTS, also known as al-Qaeda in Syria, is an active Salafist jihadist militant group involved in the Syrian Civil War.

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Tajikistan

Tajikistan (or; Тоҷикистон), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated population of million people as of, and an area of.

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Tajiks

Tajik (تاجيک: Tājīk, Тоҷик) is a general designation for a wide range of native Persian-speaking people of Iranian origin, with current traditional homelands in present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

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Tandemocracy

The Putin-Medvedev tandemocracy is the joint leadership of Russia between 2008 and 2012 when Vladimir Putin, who was constitutionally barred from serving a third consecutive term as President of Russia, assumed the role of Prime Minister under President Dmitry Medvedev.

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Tax evasion

Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts.

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Tehran

Tehran (تهران) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province.

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Tehran Conference

The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran.

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Term limit

A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms an officeholder may serve in a particular elected office.

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The Australian

The Australian is a broadsheet newspaper published in Australia from Monday to Saturday each week since 14 July 1964.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Hague

The Hague (Den Haag,, short for 's-Gravenhage) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands and the capital of the province of South Holland.

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The Hindu

The Hindu is an Indian daily newspaper, headquartered at Chennai.

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The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

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The Jerusalem Post

The Jerusalem Post is a broadsheet newspaper based in Jerusalem, founded in 1932 during the British Mandate of Palestine by Gershon Agron as The Palestine Post.

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The Moscow Times

The Moscow Times is an English-language weekly newspaper published in Moscow, with a circulation of 55,000 copies.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.

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The Other Russia (coalition)

The Other Russia (Другая Россия – Drugaya Rossiya), sometimes cited as Another Russia, was an umbrella coalition (2006–2008/2009/2010) that gathered opponents of President Vladimir Putin and was known as an organizer of Dissenters' Marches.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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The Washington Times

The Washington Times is an American daily newspaper that covers general interest topics with a particular emphasis on American politics.

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Tian Shan

The Tian Shan,, also known as the Tengri Tagh, meaning the Mountains of Heaven or the Heavenly Mountain, is a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia.

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Tikhon (Shevkunov)

Metropolitan Tikhon (Митрополит Тихон, secular name Georgiy Alexandrovich Shevkunov, Георгий Александрович Шевкунов; born 2 July 1958 in Moscow) is a bishop of Russian Orthodox Church and a popular writer.

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Time (magazine)

Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.

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Time 100

Time 100 (often written in all-caps as TIME 100) is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by the American news magazine Time.

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Time of Troubles

The Time of Troubles (Смутное время, Smutnoe vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Russian Tsar of the Rurik Dynasty, Feodor Ivanovich, in 1598, and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613.

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Time Person of the Year

Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine Time that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that "for better or for worse...

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Tomislav Nikolić

Tomislav Nikolić (Томислав Николић,; born 15 February 1952) is a Serbian politician who served as the President of Serbia from 2012 to 2017.

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Tony Abbott

Anthony John Abbott (born 4 November 1957) is an Australian politician who served as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia, in office from 2013 to 2015.

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Tony Blair

Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.

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Tophit

Tophit is a Russian music project that deals with online distribution of new songs and music videos to radios and TV-channels respectively as well as publication of music charts, based on the quantity of radio air spins.

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Transparency International

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is an international non-governmental organization which is based in Berlin, Germany, and was founded in 1993.

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Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe

The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry.

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Tulip Revolution

The Tulip Revolution or First Kyrgyz Revolution led to President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev's fall from power.

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Tupolev Tu-160

The Tupolev Tu-160 (White Swan; NATO reporting name: Blackjack) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing heavy strategic bomber designed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the Soviet Union.

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Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan (or; Türkmenistan), (formerly known as Turkmenia) is a sovereign state in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.

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Tver

Tver (p; IPA: tvʲerʲi) is a city and the administrative center of Tver Oblast, Russia.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Ukraine–NATO relations

Relations between Ukraine and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) started in 1994.

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Ukrainian culture

Ukrainian culture and customs of Ukraine and ethnic Ukrainians.

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Ukrainian literature

Ukrainian literature is literature written in the Ukrainian language.

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Ukrainians

Ukrainians (українці, ukrayintsi) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is by total population the sixth-largest nation in Europe.

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Union State

The Union State (p; Саюзная дзяржава), also referred to as the Union State of Russia and Belarus (p; Саюзная дзяржава Расіі і Беларусі), is a supranational union consisting of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.

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United Aircraft Corporation

The PJSC United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) is a Russian aerospace and defense corporation.

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United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE; دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة), sometimes simply called the Emirates (الإمارات), is a federal absolute monarchy sovereign state in Western Asia at the southeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, on the situation in Libya, is a measure that was adopted on 17 March 2011.

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United Russia

United Russia ((j)ɪˈdʲinəjə rɐˈsʲijə) is the ruling political party of the Russian Federation.

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United States presidential election, 2016

The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016.

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Unity (Russian political party)

Unity (Yedinstvo) was a Russian political party that was created in September 1999 and registered on October 15, supported by Russia’s President Boris Yeltsin, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and dozens of Russian governors to counter the threat which the Kremlin perceived from the Fatherland-All Russia alliance.

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University of Belgrade

The University of Belgrade (Универзитет у Београду / Univerzitet u Beogradu) is a public university in Serbia.

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University of Wisconsin–Madison

The University of Wisconsin–Madison (also known as University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, UW, or regionally as UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi), is a doubly landlocked Central Asian Sovereign state.

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Venezuela

Venezuela, officially denominated Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela),Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again República de Venezuela (1953–1999).

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.

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Viktor Chernomyrdin

Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (Ви́ктор Степа́нович Черномы́рдин,; 9 April 19383 November 2010) was a Russian politician.

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Viktor Khristenko

Viktor Borisovich Khristenko (Ви́ктор Бори́сович Христе́нко; born 28 August 1957) is a Russian politician who was Chairman of the board of the Eurasian Economic Commission from 1 February 2012 to 1 February 2016.

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Viktor Yanukovych

Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Ві́ктор Фе́дорович Януко́вич,; born 9 July 1950) is a Ukrainian politician who was elected as the fourth President of Ukraine on 7 February 2010.

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Viktor Zubkov

Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov (p; born 15 September 1941) is a Russian politician and businessman who served as the 36th Prime Minister of Russia from September 2007 to May 2008.

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Viktoriya Mitina

Viktoria Alexandrovna Mitina (Виктория Александровна Митина) is a Russian politician.

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Vladimir Gusinsky

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gusinsky (Влади́мир Алекса́ндрович Гуси́нский) is a Russian media tycoon.

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Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization

The Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization, abbreviated as or the Young Pioneers, was a mass youth organization of the Soviet Union for children of age 9–15 that existed between 1922 and 1991.

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Vladimir Litvinenko

Vladimir Stefanovich Litvinenko (Влади́мир Стефа́нович Литвине́нко, born 14 August 1955) is a Russian academic, businessman and Vladimir Putin's campaign manager.

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Vladimir Putin Peak

Vladimir Putin Peak (Владимир Путин атындагы чоку, Пик Владимира Путина) is a mountain of the Tian Shan mountain range in Kyrgyzstan.

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Vladimir Yakunin

Vladimir Ivanovich Yakunin (Владимир Иванович Якунин; born June 30, 1948 in Melenki, Vladimir Oblast) is a Russian public figure, businessman and former president of Russian Railways (June 2005 – August 2015).

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Vladislav Surkov

Vladislav Yuryevich Surkov (Владислав Юрьевич Сурков) (born 21 September 1964), is a Russian businessman and politician of Chechen descent.

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Volga region

The Volga Region (Поволжье, Povolzhye, literally: "along the Volga") is an historical region in Russia that encompasses the drainage basin of the Volga River, the longest river in Europe, in central and southern European Russia.

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Vzglyad (newspaper)

Vzglyad (a) is a Russian online newspaper, established in 2005.

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War in Donbass

The War in Donbass is an armed conflict in the Donbass region of Ukraine.

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War on Terror

The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is an international military campaign that was launched by the United States government after the September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.

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Webcam

A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through a computer to a computer network.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.

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White House (Moscow)

The White House (p; officially: The House of the Government of the Russian Federation, r), also known as the Russian White House, is a government building in Moscow.

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WikiLeaks

WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources.

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Winter Olympic Games

The Winter Olympic Games (Jeux olympiques d'hiver) is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice.

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Wired (magazine)

Wired is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics.

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World Jewish Congress

The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland, in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations.

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World oil market chronology from 2003

From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was generally under $25/barrel.

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

World War II fatalities of the Soviet Union from all related causes numbered more than 20,000,000, both civilian and military, although the exact figures are disputed.

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Xi Jinping

Xi Jinping (born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician currently serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

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Yahoo! News

Yahoo! News is a news website that originated as an internet-based news aggregator by Yahoo!.

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Yerevan State University

Yerevan State University (YSU; Երևանի Պետական Համալսարան, ԵՊՀ, Yerevani Petakan Hamalsaran), also simply University of Yerevan, is the oldest continuously operating public university in Armenia.

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Yukos

OJSC "Yukos Oil Company" (ОАО Нефтяна́я Компа́ния Ю́КОС) was an oil and gas company based in Moscow, Russia.

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Yuriy Molchanov

Yury Vyacheslavovich Molchanov (Юрий Вячеславович Молчанов) (born July 19, 1952, in Kolomna, Moscow Oblast, Soviet Union) is a Russian businessman and politician.

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Yury Kovalchuk

Yury Valentinovich Kovalchuk (Юрий Валентинович Ковальчук, born 25 July 1951) is a Russian billionaire businessman and financier who is "reputed to be Vladimir Putin's personal banker".

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1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt

The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup (r "August Putsch"), was an attempt by members of the Soviet Union's government to take control of the country from Soviet President and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.

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1998 Russian financial crisis

The Russian financial crisis (also called Ruble crisis or the Russian Flu) hit Russia on 17 August 1998.

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2000s commodities boom

The 2000s commodities boom or the commodities super cycle was the rise, and fall, of many physical commodity prices (such as those of food, oil, metals, chemicals, fuels and the like) during the early 21st century (2000–2014), following the Great Commodities Depression of the 1980s and 1990s.

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2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship

The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation (FCT) is a twenty-year strategic treaty that was signed by the leaders of the two international powers, Jiang Zemin and Vladimir Putin, on July 16, 2001.

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2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines

The 2006 Russian import ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines began in late March 2006 and created a diplomatic conflict between the Republic of Moldova and Georgia on the one hand and Russia on the other.

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2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence was adopted on 17 February 2008 by the Assembly of Kosovo.

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2008 Russian military reform

Significant reforms of the Russian Armed Forces were announced in October 2008 under Defence Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov, and major structural reorganisation began in 2009.

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2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute

The 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute was a pricing dispute between Russia and Ukraine that occurred when Russian natural gas company Gazprom refused to conclude a supply contract for 2009 unless Ukrainian gas company Naftogaz paid its accumulating debts for previous gas supplies.

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2011 military intervention in Libya

On 19 March 2011, a multi-state NATO-led coalition began a military intervention in Libya, ostensibly to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973.

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2011–2013 Russian protests

The 2011–2013 Russian protests (which some English language media referred to as the Snow Revolution) began in 2011 (as protests against the 2011 Russian legislative election results) and continued into 2012 and 2013.

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2012–13 Stratfor email leak

The 2012–13 Stratfor email leak is the public disclosure of a number of internal emails between geopolitical intelligence company Stratfor's employees and its clients, referred to by WikiLeaks as the Global Intelligence Files.

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2013 Summer Universiade

The 2013 Summer Universiade, officially known as the XXVII Summer Universiade, was held in the city of Kazan (Russia), the most northerly city ever to host a Summer Universiade.

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2014 Ukrainian revolution

The Ukrainian revolution of 2014 (also known as the Euromaidan Revolution or Revolution of Dignity; Революція гідності, Revoliutsiia hidnosti) took place in Ukraine in February 2014, when a series of violent events involving protesters, riot police, and unknown shooters in the capital, Kiev, culminated in the ousting of the democratically elected Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, and the overthrow of the Ukrainian Government.

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2014 Winter Olympics

The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games (Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) (r) and commonly known as Sochi 2014, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia, with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony, 6 February 2014.

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2014 Winter Paralympics

The 2014 Winter Paralympics (r), the 11th Paralympic Winter Games, and also more generally known as the Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games, were an international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), held in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia on 7–16 March 2014.

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2016 IIHF World Championship

The 2016 IIHF World Championship was the 80th such event hosted by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), being held in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, Russia, from 6 May to 22 May 2016.

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2017 FIFA Confederations Cup

The 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 10th FIFA Confederations Cup, a quadrennial international men's football tournament organised by FIFA.

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2018 FIFA World Cup

The 2018 FIFA World Cup is the 21st FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin

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