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Władysław IV Vasa

Index Władysław IV Vasa

Władysław IV Vasa (Władysław IV Waza; Vladislovas Vaza; r; Vladislaus IV Vasa or Ladislaus IV Vasa; 9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648) was a Polish prince from the Royal House of Vasa. [1]

213 relations: Adam Kazanowski, Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł, Ambrogio Spinola, Amphitheatre, Andrzej Szołdrski, Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland, Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, Anne of Foix-Candale, Antwerp, Archduchess Anna of Austria, Archduke, Artillery, Axel Oxenstierna, Łobzów, Łukasz Opaliński (1581–1654), Baroque, Bartłomiej Pękiel, Bartholomeus Strobel, Battle of Gniew, Battle of Khotyn (1621), Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, Bohemia, Bona Sforza, Book burning, Breda, Cardinal Richelieu, Cartography, Casimir IV Jagiellon, Catherine Jagiellon, Catholic Church, Cecilia Månsdotter, Cecilia Renata of Austria, Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, Charles II, Archduke of Austria, Charles IX of Sweden, Coat of arms, Constance of Austria, Cossacks, Counter-Reformation, Courtier, Deluge (history), Dowry, Duchy, Duchy of Opole, Duchy of Opole and Racibórz, Duchy of Racibórz, Eastern Orthodox Church, Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa, Elisabeth of the Palatinate, ..., Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505), Erik Johansson Vasa, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, Flanders, Florence, Franciscans, Frederick V of the Palatinate, Galileo Galilei, Gallstone, Gdańsk, Genoa, Genre, George William, Elector of Brandenburg, Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Golden Liberty, Goths, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Guido Reni, Gustav I of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Hetman, History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795), Hofmeister (office), House of Habsburg, House of Vasa, Hussites, Infantry, Isabella Clara Eugenia, Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan, Jagiellonian University, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Jerzy Ossoliński, Joanna of Castile, John II Casimir Vasa, John III of Sweden, Kapellmeister, Kasper Doenhoff, Kazanowski Palace, Kazimierz Palace, Khmelnytsky Uprising, Kidney, Kidney stone disease, Kraków, Last rites, Latin, List of bishops of Płock, List of Polish monarchs, List of rulers of Lithuania, List of Russian rulers, List of Swedish monarchs, Lithuania, Livonia, Marco Scacchi, Margaret Leijonhufvud, Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608), Marie Louise Gonzaga, Marie of Baden-Sponheim, Marszałek, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, Mazovia, Mówią Wieki, Merkinė, Michael of Russia, Mikhail Shein, Moldavian Magnate Wars, Monarchy of Sweden, Munich, National Archives of Sweden, Nevers, Obesity, Order of chivalry, Order of succession, Order of the Golden Fleece, Organ (anatomy), Ottoman Empire, Pacta conventa, Peter Danckerts de Rij, Peter Paul Rubens, Philip I of Castile, Pike (weapon), Piotr Skarga, Pisa, Poland, Poles, Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, Polish złoty, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy, Polish–Lithuanian royal election, 1632, Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18), Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21), Polish–Ottoman War (1633–34), Polish–Swedish War (1600–29), Polish–Swedish War (1626–29), Pope Urban VIII, Prussia, Racovian Academy, Rheumatism, Rokosz, Royal Castle, Warsaw, Royal elections in Poland, Ruble, Russian ruble, Ruthenia, Rzeczpospolita (newspaper), Saint Casimir, Samogitia, Sejm, Senate of Poland, Seven Boyars, Sigismund Casimir, Sigismund I the Old, Sigismund III Vasa, Sigismund's Column, Silesia, Smolensk, Smolensk War, Stanisław Łubieński, Stanisław Koniecpolski, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, Sweden, Swedes, Swedish Navy, Szlachta, Tatars, Třeboň, The Rape of Europa (Reni), Thirty Years' War, Time of Troubles, Toleration, Tommaso Dolabella, Toruń, Treaty of Khotyn, Treaty of Polyanovka, Treaty of Stuhmsdorf, Truce of Altmark, Truce of Deulino, Tsar, Tsardom of Russia, Union of Brest, Urszula Meyerin, Vandals, Vasili IV of Russia, Venice, Vilnius, Vilnius Castle Complex, Vilnius Cathedral, Vivente rege, Vladislaus II of Hungary, Wawel Castle, Wawel Cathedral, Władysław Czapliński, Władysław Konstanty Vasa, Władysławowo, Will and testament, Willem Hondius, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, Wrocław, Zebrzydowski rebellion, Zygmunt Kazanowski. Expand index (163 more) »

Adam Kazanowski

Adam Kazanowski (c. 1599 – 25 December, 1649) was a noble of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1633, Greater Crown Stolnik from 1634, Court Chamberlain (podkomorzy koronny) and castellan of Sandomierz from 1637, Court Marshall from 1643, żupnik of Wieliczka from 1642, starosta barcicki, borysowski, kozienicki, rumieński, solecki, nowotarski, warecki, bielski and a close and influential friend of King Władysław IV Vasa.

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Albert V, Duke of Bavaria

Albert V (German: Albrecht V.) (29 February 1528 – 24 October 1579) was Duke of Bavaria from 1550 until his death.

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Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł

Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł (July 1, 1595 – November 12, 1656) was a Polish nobleman, a Reichfürst and a politician from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, who served as the Lesser Lithuanian Chancellor from 1619, the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania and Governor of Vilnius from 1623.

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Ambrogio Spinola

Ambrogio Spinola Doria, 1st Marquess of The Balbases, GE, KOGF, KOS (Genoa, 1569Castelnuovo Scrivia, 25 September 1630) was a Genoese general who served for the Spanish crown and won a number of important battles.

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Amphitheatre

An amphitheatre or amphitheater is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports.

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Andrzej Szołdrski

Andrzej Szołdrski (c. 1583–1650) of Łodzia coat of arms was a Polish nobleman and Roman Catholic priest.

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Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland

Anne of Austria (16 August 1573 – 10 February 1598) was queen consort of Poland and Sweden by marriage to King Sigismund III Vasa.

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Anne of Bohemia and Hungary

Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (Buda, Hungary, 23 July 1503 – Prague, Bohemia, 27 January 1547), sometimes known as Anna Jagellonica, Queen of the Romans (Germany), Bohemia and Hungary as the wife of King Ferdinand I, later Holy Roman Emperor.

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Anne of Foix-Candale

Anna of Foix-Candale (1484 – 26 July 1506) was Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the third wife of King Vladislaus II.

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Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen, Anvers) is a city in Belgium, and is the capital of Antwerp province in Flanders.

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Archduchess Anna of Austria

Anna of Austria (7 July 1528 – 16 October 1590), a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg, was Duchess of Bavaria from 1550 until 1579, by her marriage with Duke Albert V.

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Archduke

Archduke (feminine: Archduchess; German: Erzherzog, feminine form: Erzherzogin) was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty.

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Artillery

Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry's small arms.

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Axel Oxenstierna

Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna af Södermöre (1583–1654), Count of Södermöre, was a Swedish statesman.

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Łobzów

Łobzów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wolbrom, within Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Łukasz Opaliński (1581–1654)

Łukasz de Bnin Opaliński of Łodzia coat of arms (1581–1654) was a Polish nobleman.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century.

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Bartłomiej Pękiel

Bartłomiej Pękiel (fl. from 1633; d. ca. 1670) was a notable Polish composer of classical music.

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Bartholomeus Strobel

Bartholomeus Strobel the Younger or Bartholomäus in German or Bartlomiej in Polish (11 April 1591 (baptised) – after 1650) was a Baroque painter from Silesia, who worked in Prague, Silesia, and finally Poland, where he emigrated to escape the disruption of the Thirty Years War.

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Battle of Gniew

The Battle of Gniew or the Battle of Mewe was fought during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629), between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 22 September with initial skirmishes, to the main battle of 1 October 1626.

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Battle of Khotyn (1621)

The Battle of Khotyn or Battle of Chocim or Hotin War (in Turkish: Hotin Muharebesi) was a combined siege and series of battles which took place between 2 September and 9 October 1621 between a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army and an invading Ottoman Imperial army.

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Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich

Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (English, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire) (abbreviated Wurzbach from the author's surname) is a 60-volume work, edited and published by Constantin von Wurzbach, containing about 24,254 critical biographies of notable personages in every walk of life and from all parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy who were born, lived or worked there during the period 1750–1850.

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Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy;; Czechy; Bohême; Bohemia; Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic.

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Bona Sforza

Bona Sforza (2 February 1494 – 19 November 1557) was a member of the powerful House of Sforza, which ruled the Duchy of Milan since 1447.

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Book burning

Book burning is the ritual destruction by fire of books or other written materials, usually carried out in a public context.

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Breda

Breda is a city and municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Brabant.

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Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (9 September 15854 December 1642), commonly referred to as Cardinal Richelieu (Cardinal de Richelieu), was a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman.

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Cartography

Cartography (from Greek χάρτης chartēs, "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and γράφειν graphein, "write") is the study and practice of making maps.

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Casimir IV Jagiellon

Casimir IV KG (Kazimierz IV Andrzej Jagiellończyk; Kazimieras Jogailaitis; 30 November 1427 – 7 June 1492) of the Jagiellonian dynasty was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447, until his death.

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Catherine Jagiellon

Catherine Jagiellon (Katarzyna Jagiellonka; Katarina Jagellonica, Lithuanian: Kotryna Jogailatė; 1 November 1526 – 16 September 1583) was a Polish princess and the wife of John III of Sweden.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Cecilia Månsdotter

Cecilia Månsdotter Eka (c. 1476–1523) also called Cecilia of Eka, was a Swedish noblewoman.

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Cecilia Renata of Austria

Archduchess Cecilia Renata of Austria (German: Cäcilia Renata; Polish: Cecylia Renata; 16 July 1611 – 24 March 1644) was Queen of Poland as the wife of King Władysław IV Vasa.

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Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat

Charles Gonzaga (Carlo I Gonzaga) (6 May 1580 – 22 September 1637) was Duke of Mantua and Duke of Montferrat from 1627 until his death.

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Charles II, Archduke of Austria

Charles II Francis of Austria (Karl II.) (3 June 1540 – 10 July 1590) was an Archduke of Austria and ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola and Carinthia) from 1564.

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Charles IX of Sweden

Charles IX, also Carl (Karl IX; 4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611), was King of Sweden from 1604 until his death.

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Coat of arms

A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard.

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Constance of Austria

Constance of Austria (Konstanza; Konstancja; 24 December 1588 – 10 July 1631) was queen of Poland as the second wife of King Sigismund III Vasa and the mother of King John II Casimir.

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Cossacks

Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).

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Courtier

A courtier is a person who is often in attendance at the court of a monarch or other royal personage.

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Deluge (history)

The term Deluge (pоtор szwedzki, švedų tvanas) denotes a series of mid-17th-century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Dowry

A dowry is a transfer of parental property, gifts or money at the marriage of a daughter.

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Duchy

A duchy is a country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess.

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Duchy of Opole

Duchy of Opole (Herzogtum Oppeln; Opolské knížectví) was one of the duchies of Silesia ruled by the Piast dynasty.

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Duchy of Opole and Racibórz

The Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Księstwo opolsko-raciborskie, Herzogtum Oppeln und Ratibor) was one of the numerous Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty.

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Duchy of Racibórz

Duchy of Racibórz (Herzogtum Ratibor, Ratibořské knížectví) was one of the duchies of Silesia.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa

Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa (circa 1491 – 21 November 1549) was a Swedish noblewoman.

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Elisabeth of the Palatinate

Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 – 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart.

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Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)

Elizabeth of Austria (Elisabeth, Elżbieta Rakuszanka; Elžbieta Habsburgaitė; c. 1436 – 30 August 1505) was the wife of King Casimir IV of PolandBrzezińska (1999), p. 190 and thus Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania.

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Erik Johansson Vasa

Erik Johansson Vasa (1470 – 8 November 1520) was the Lord of Rydboholm Castle in the Roslagen.

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Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I (Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death.

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Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), and King of Hungary (1618–1637).

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Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand III (13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Holy Roman Emperor from 15 February 1637 until his death, as well as King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria.

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Flanders

Flanders (Vlaanderen, Flandre, Flandern) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium, although there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history.

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Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

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Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi.

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Frederick V of the Palatinate

Frederick V (Friedrich V.; 26 August 1596 – 29 November 1632) was the Elector Palatine of the Rhine in the Holy Roman Empire from 1610 to 1623, and served as King of Bohemia from 1619 to 1620.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.

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Gallstone

A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out of bile components. The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to the diseases caused by gallstones. Most people with gallstones (about 80%) never have symptoms. When a gallstone blocks the bile duct, a crampy pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, known as biliary colic (gallbladder attack) can result. This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones each year. Complications of gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), jaundice, and infection of a bile duct (cholangitis). Symptoms of these complications may include pain of more than five hours duration, fever, yellowish skin, vomiting, dark urine, and pale stools. Risk factors for gallstones include birth control pills, pregnancy, a family history of gallstones, obesity, diabetes, liver disease, or rapid weight loss. The bile components that form gallstones include cholesterol, bile salts, and bilirubin. Gallstones formed mainly from cholesterol are termed cholesterol stones, and those mainly from bilirubin are termed pigment stones. Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms. Diagnosis is then typically confirmed by ultrasound. Complications may be detected on blood tests. The risk of gallstones may be decreased by maintaining a healthy weight through sufficient exercise and eating a healthy diet. If there are no symptoms, treatment is usually not needed. In those who are having gallbladder attacks, surgery to remove the gallbladder is typically recommended. This can be carried out either through several small incisions or through a single larger incision, usually under general anesthesia. In rare cases when surgery is not possible medication may be used to try to dissolve the stones or lithotripsy to break down the stones. In developed countries, 10–15% of adults have gallstones. Rates in many parts of Africa, however, are as low as 3%. Gallbladder and biliary related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6%) in 2013 and they resulted in 106,000 deaths. Women more commonly have stones than men and they occur more commonly after the age of 40. Certain ethnic groups have gallstones more often than others. For example, 48% of Native Americans have gallstones. Once the gallbladder is removed, outcomes are generally good.

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Gdańsk

Gdańsk (Danzig) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast.

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Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna; English, historically, and Genua) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

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Genre

Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time.

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George William, Elector of Brandenburg

George William (Georg Wilhelm; 13 November 1595 – 1 December 1640), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was margrave and elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia from 1619 until his death.

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Gian Galeazzo Sforza

Gian Galeazzo Sforza (20 June 1469 – 21 October 1494), also known as Giovan Galeazzo Sforza, was the sixth Duke of Milan.

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Golden Liberty

Golden Liberty (Aurea Libertas; Złota Wolność, Auksinė laisvė), sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth (Szlachecka or Złota wolność szlachecka, aureă lībertās) was a political system in the Kingdom of Poland and, after the Union of Lublin (1569), in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Goths

The Goths (Gut-þiuda; Gothi) were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire through the long series of Gothic Wars and in the emergence of Medieval Europe.

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century up to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria.

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Grand Duchy of Moscow

The Grand Duchy or Grand Principality of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye), also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Moscovia, was a late medieval Russian principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.

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Guido Reni

Guido Reni (4 November 1575 – 18 August 1642) was an Italian painter of high-Baroque style.

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Gustav I of Sweden

Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family and later known as Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September 1560), was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560, previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm (Riksföreståndare) from 1521, during the ongoing Swedish War of Liberation against King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

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Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.), widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph, was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 who is credited for the founding of Sweden as a great power (Stormaktstiden).

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Hetman

reason (translit; hejtman; hatman) is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders.

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History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)

The early modern era of Polish history follows the late Middle Ages.

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Hofmeister (office)

In medieval Europe, within the Holy Roman Empire, a Hofmeister (literally "court-master" or "house-master" in German; Magister, Praefectus curiae; hofmester, hovmester, hovmästare, hofmistr, ochmistrz; précepteur; precettore / istitutore) was an official who acted as an aide to royalty or to a senior nobleman or cleric.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

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House of Vasa

The House of Vasa (Vasaätten, Wazowie, Vaza) was an early modern royal house founded in 1523 in Sweden, ruling Sweden 1523–1654, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1587–1668, and the Tsardom of Russia 1610–1613 (titular until 1634).

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Hussites

The Hussites (Husité or Kališníci; "Chalice People") were a pre-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus, who became the best known representative of the Bohemian Reformation.

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Infantry

Infantry is the branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot, distinguished from cavalry, artillery, and tank forces.

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Isabella Clara Eugenia

Isabella Clara Eugenia (Isabel Clara Eugenia; 12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633) was sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands in the Low Countries and the north of modern France, together with her husband Albert VII, Archduke of Austria.

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Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan

Isabella of Aragon (2 October 1470 – 11 February 1524), also known as Isabella of Naples, was Duchess of Milan by marriage to Gian Galeazzo Sforza and suo jure Duchess of Bari.

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Jagiellonian University

The Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński; Latin: Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis, also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.

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Jeremi Wiśniowiecki

Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (Ярема Вишневецький - Yarema Vyshnevetsky; August 17, 1612 – August 20, 1651) nicknamed Hammer on the Cossacks or Iron Hand, was a notable member of the aristocracy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Prince of Wiśniowiec, Łubnie and Chorol in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the father of the future King of Poland, Michael I. A notable magnate and military commander with Ruthenian and Moldavian origin, Wiśniowiecki was heir of one of the biggest fortunes of the state and rose to several notable dignities, including the position of voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodship in 1646.

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Jerzy Ossoliński

Prince Jerzy Ossoliński h. Topór (15 December 1595 – 9 August 1650) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), Crown Court Treasurer from 1632, governor (voivode) of Sandomierz from 1636, Reichsfürst (Imperial Prince) since 1634, Crown Deputy Chancellor from 1639, Great Crown Chancellor from 1643, sheriff (starost) of Bydgoszcz (1633), Lubomel (1639), Puck and Bolim (1647), magnate, politician and diplomat.

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Joanna of Castile

Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), known historically as Joanna the Mad (Juana la Loca), was Queen of Castile from 1504, and of Aragon from 1516.

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John II Casimir Vasa

John II Casimir (Jan II Kazimierz Waza; Johann II.; Jonas Kazimieras Vaza; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania during the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke of Opole in Upper Silesia, and titular King of Sweden 1648–1660.

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John III of Sweden

John III (Johan III, Juhana III) (20 December 1537 – 17 November 1592) was King of Sweden from 1568 until his death.

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Kapellmeister

Kapellmeister is a German word designating a person in charge of music-making.

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Kasper Doenhoff

Kasper D(o)enhoff (Kaspar von Dönhoff, Kacper Denhoff, 1587–1645) was a Baltic-German noble (Reichsfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire; a noble (szlachcic) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Governor of Dorpat Province; and a courtier and diplomat of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Kazanowski Palace

The Kazanowski Palace (pałac Kazanowskich), also known as the Radziejowski Palace, was a large palace in Warsaw, occupying the place where the Charitable Center Res Sacra Miser stands today.

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Kazimierz Palace

The Kazimierz Palace (Pałac Kazimierzowski) is a building in Warsaw, Poland, adjacent to the Royal Route, at Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28.

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Khmelnytsky Uprising

The Khmelnytsky Uprising (Powstanie Chmielnickiego; Chmelnickio sukilimas; повстання Богдана Хмельницького; восстание Богдана Хмельницкого; also known as the Cossack-Polish War, Chmielnicki Uprising, or the Khmelnytsky insurrection) was a Cossack rebellion within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648–1657, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukrainian lands.

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Kidney

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.

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Kidney stone disease

Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract.

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Last rites

The last rites, in Catholicism, are the last prayers and ministrations given to many Catholics when possible shortly before death.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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List of bishops of Płock

No description.

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List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).

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List of rulers of Lithuania

The following is a list of rulers over Lithuania—grand dukes, kings, and presidents—the heads of authority over historical Lithuanian territory.

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List of Russian rulers

This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia.

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List of Swedish monarchs

This is a list of Swedish monarchs, that is, the Kings and ruling Queens of Sweden, including regents and viceroys of the Kalmar Union, up to the present time.

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Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.

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Livonia

Livonia (Līvõmō, Liivimaa, German and Scandinavian languages: Livland, Latvian and Livonija, Inflanty, archaic English Livland, Liwlandia; Liflyandiya) is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

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Marco Scacchi

Marco Scacchi (ca. 1600 – 7 September 1662) was an Italian composer and writer on music.

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Margaret Leijonhufvud

Margaret Leijonhufvud (née Margareta Eriksdotter; 1 January 1516 in Ekeberg Castle, Närke – 26 August 1551 in Tynnelsö Castle, Södermanland) was Queen of Sweden from 1536 to 1551 by marriage to King Gustav I.

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Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)

Maria Anna of Bavaria (21 March 1551, Munich – 29 April 1608, Graz) was a politically active Archduchess of Austria by marriage to Archduke Charles II of Austria.

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Marie Louise Gonzaga

Marie Louise Gonzaga (Ludwika Maria; 18 August 1611 – 10 May 1667) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania by marriage to two Polish kings and Grand Dukes of Lithuania, Władysław IV Vasa and John II Casimir.

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Marie of Baden-Sponheim

Marie Jakobaea of Baden-Sponheim (25 June 1507 – 16 November 1580, Munich) was a German noblewoman and duchess consort of Bavaria.

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Marszałek

Marszałek (Marshal, Маршалак) was one of the highest officials in the Polish royal court since the 13th century and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 15th century.

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Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria

Maximilian I (17 April 157327 September 1651), occasionally called "the Great", a member of the House of Wittelsbach, ruled as Duke of Bavaria from 1597.

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Mazovia

Mazovia (Mazowsze) is a historical region (dzielnica) in mid-north-eastern Poland.

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Mówią Wieki

Mówią Wieki (meaning Centuries Speak in English) is a monthly popular science history magazine published in Poland since 1958.

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Merkinė

Merkinė is a town in the Dzūkija National Park in Lithuania, located at the confluence of the Merkys and Nemunas rivers.

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Michael of Russia

Michael I of Russia (Russian: Михаи́л Фёдорович Рома́нов, Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov) became the first Russian Tsar of the House of Romanov after the zemskiy sobor of 1613 elected him to rule the Tsardom of Russia.

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Mikhail Shein

Mikhail Borisovich Shein (Михаил Борисович Шеин) (?–1634) was a leading Russian general during the reign of Tsar Mikhail Romanov.

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Moldavian Magnate Wars

The Moldavian Magnate Wars refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire for domination and influence over the principality.

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Monarchy of Sweden

The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchical head of state of Sweden,See the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5.

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Munich

Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.

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National Archives of Sweden

The National Archives of Sweden (Swedish: Riksarkivet, RA) is one of the oldest public agencies in Sweden, with a history leading back to the Middle Ages.

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Nevers

Nevers (Latin: Noviodunum, later Nevirnum and Nebirnum) is the prefecture of the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in central France.

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Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.

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Order of chivalry

A chivalric order, order of chivalry, order of knighthood or equestrian order is an order, confraternity or society of knights typically founded during or in inspiration of the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (circa 1099-1291), paired with medieval concepts of ideals of chivalry.

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Order of succession

An order of succession is the sequence of those entitled to hold a high office such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility in the order in which they stand in line to it when it becomes vacated.

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Order of the Golden Fleece

The Order of the Golden Fleece (Orden del Toisón de Oro, Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by the Burgundian duke Philip the Good in 1430, to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Isabella.

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Organ (anatomy)

Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Pacta conventa

Pacta conventa (Latin for "articles of agreement") was a contractual agreement, from 1573 to 1764 entered into between the "Polish nation" (i.e., the szlachta (nobility) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and a newly elected king upon his "free election" (''wolna elekcja'') to the throne.

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Peter Danckerts de Rij

Pieter, Peeter, or Peter Danckerts de Rij, Dankers de Ry, or Peteris Dankersas (1605, in Amsterdam – 9 August 1661, in Rūdninkai Forest near Vilnius) was a Dutch Golden Age painter active in Poland.

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Peter Paul Rubens

Sir Peter Paul Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist.

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Philip I of Castile

Philip I (22 July 1478 – 25 September 1506) called the Handsome or the Fair, was the first member of the house of Habsburg to be King of Castile.

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Pike (weapon)

A pike is a pole weapon, a very long thrusting spear formerly used extensively by infantry.

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Piotr Skarga

Piotr Skarga (less often, Piotr Powęski; 2 February 1536 – 27 September 1612) was a Polish Jesuit, preacher, hagiographer, polemicist, and leading figure of the Counter-Reformation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Pisa

Pisa is a city in the Tuscany region of Central Italy straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Polish Scientific Publishers PWN

Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN; until 1991 Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe - National Scientific Publishers PWN, PWN) is a Polish book publisher, founded in 1951.

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Polish złoty

The złoty (pronounced; sign: zł; code: PLN), which is the masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', is the currency of Poland.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy was the navy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Polish–Lithuanian royal election, 1632

The Election Sejm of 1632 (September 27 – November 8, 1632, extended to November 13, 1632) was the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's election sejm that elevated Władysław IV to the Polish throne.

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Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)

The Polish–Muscovite War or the Polish–Russian War (1605–1618), also known as the Dimitriads, was a sequence of military conflicts and eastward invasions carried out by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the private armies and mercenaries led by the magnates (the Commonwealth aristocracy).

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Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)

The Polish-Ottoman War (1620–21) or First Polish-Ottoman War was a conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Moldavia.

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Polish–Ottoman War (1633–34)

The Polish-Ottoman War of 1633–1634 refers to one of the many military conflicts between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), the Ottoman Empire and its vassals.

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Polish–Swedish War (1600–29)

The Polish–Swedish War (1600–29) (sometimes considered a part of the larger trans-European Thirty Years' War) was twice interrupted by periods of truce and thus can be divided into.

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Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)

The Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 was the fourth stage (after 1600–1611, 1617–1618, and 1620–1625) in a series of conflicts between Sweden and Poland fought in the 17th century.

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Pope Urban VIII

Pope Urban VIII (Urbanus VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644) reigned as Pope from 6 August 1623 to his death in 1644.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Racovian Academy

The Racovian Academy (Gymnasium Bonarum Artium) was a Socinian school operated from 1602 to 1638 by the Polish Brethren in Raków, Sandomierz Voivodeship of Lesser Poland.

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Rheumatism

Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is an umbrella term for conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue.

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Rokosz

A rokosz originally was a gathering of all the Polish szlachta (nobility), not merely of deputies, for a sejm.

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Royal Castle, Warsaw

The Royal Castle in Warsaw (Zamek Królewski w Warszawie) is a castle residency that formerly served throughout the centuries as the official residence of the Polish monarchs.

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Royal elections in Poland

Royal elections in Poland (wolna elekcja, lit. free election) was the election of individual kings, rather than of dynasties, to the Polish throne.

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Ruble

The ruble or rouble (p) is or was a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia.

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Russian ruble

The Russian ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural: рубли́ rubli; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk.

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Ruthenia

Ruthenia (Рѹ́сь (Rus) and Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ (Rus'kaya zemlya), Ῥωσία, Rus(s)ia, Ruscia, Ruzzia, Rut(h)enia, Roxolania, Garðaríki) is a proper geographical exonym for Kievan Rus' and other, more local, historical states.

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Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)

Rzeczpospolita is a nationwide daily economic and legal newspaper and the only conservative-liberal newspaper in Poland.

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Saint Casimir

Saint Casimir Jagiellon (Kazimierz, Kazimieras; October 3, 1458 – March 4, 1484) was a prince of the Kingdom of Poland and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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Samogitia

Samogitia or Žemaitija (Samogitian: Žemaitėjė; Žemaitija; see below for alternate and historical names) is one of the five ethnographic regions of Lithuania. Žemaitija is located in northwestern Lithuania. Its largest city is Šiauliai. Žemaitija has a long and distinct cultural history, reflected in the existence of the Samogitian dialect.

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Sejm

The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.

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Senate of Poland

The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the 'Sejm'.

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Seven Boyars

The Seven Boyars (Семибоярщина, the Russian term indicating "Rule of the Seven Boyars" or "the Deeds of the Seven Boyars") were a group of Russian nobles who deposed Tsar Vasily Shuisky on 17 July 1610 and, later that year, invited the Poles into Moscow.

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Sigismund Casimir

Sigismund Casimir, Crown Prince of Poland (Zygmunt Kazimierz Waza), (1 April 1640 – 9 August 1647), was the only legitimate son of King Władysław IV and his first wife Queen Cecilia Renata.

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Sigismund I the Old

Sigismund I of Poland (Zygmunt I Stary, Žygimantas I Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548), of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548.

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Sigismund III Vasa

Sigismund III Vasa (also known as Sigismund III of Poland, Zygmunt III Waza, Sigismund, Žygimantas Vaza, English exonym: Sigmund; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, monarch of the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he is known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 as a composite monarchy until he was deposed in 1599.

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Sigismund's Column

Sigismund's Column (Kolumna Zygmunta), originally erected in 1644, is located in Castle Square, Warsaw, Poland and is one of Warsaw's most famous landmarks.

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Silesia

Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Smolensk

Smolensk (a) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow.

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Smolensk War

The Smolensk War (1632–1634) was a conflict fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia.

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Stanisław Łubieński

Stanisław Łubieński (1573 – 16 April 1640), of Pomian coat of arms, was a Polish noble, politician and bishop.

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Stanisław Koniecpolski

Stanisław Koniecpolski (1591 – 11 March 1646) was a Polish military commander, regarded as one of the most talented and capable in the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Svenskt biografiskt lexikon

Svenskt biografiskt lexicon is a Swedish biographical dictionary, started in 1917.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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Swedes

Swedes (svenskar) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden.

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Swedish Navy

The Swedish Royal Navy (Svenska marinen) is the naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.

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Szlachta

The szlachta (exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia (both after Union of Lublin became a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Zaporozhian Host.

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Tatars

The Tatars (татарлар, татары) are a Turkic-speaking peoples living mainly in Russia and other Post-Soviet countries.

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Třeboň

Třeboň (Wittingau) is a historical town in South Bohemian Region of Czech Republic.

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The Rape of Europa (Reni)

The Rape of Europa is a painting commissioned by Władysław IV Vasa from the Italian artist Guido Reni, completed between 1637 and 1639 and showing the abduction of Europa by Zeus in the form of a bull.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

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Time of Troubles

The Time of Troubles (Смутное время, Smutnoe vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Russian Tsar of the Rurik Dynasty, Feodor Ivanovich, in 1598, and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613.

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Toleration

Toleration is the acceptance of an action, object, or person which one dislikes or disagrees with, where one is in a position to disallow it but chooses not to.

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Tommaso Dolabella

Tommaso Dolabella (Tomasz Dolabella; 1570 – 17 January 1650) was a Baroque Italian painter from Venice, who settled in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the royal court of King Sigismund III Vasa.

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Toruń

Toruń (Thorn) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River.

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Treaty of Khotyn

Treaty of Khotyn (Chocim/Hotin), signed in the aftermath of the Battle of Khotyn (1621), ended the Polish-Ottoman War (1620–1621).

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Treaty of Polyanovka

The Treaty of Polyanovka (Polanów, also known as the Peace of Polyanovka / Polanów) was a peace treaty signed on 14 June 1634 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Tsardom of Russia in the village of Semlevo located near the Polyanovka river between Vyazma and Dorogobuzh.

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Treaty of Stuhmsdorf

The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf (Stilleståndet i Stuhmsdorf) or Sztumska Wieś (Rozejm w Sztumskiej Wsi) was a treaty signed on 12 September 1635 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden in the village of Stuhmsdorf, Royal Prussia (now Sztumska Wieś, Poland), just south of Stuhm (Sztum).

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Truce of Altmark

The six-year Truce of Altmark (or Treaty of Stary Targ, Vertrag von Altmark, Stillståndet i Altmark, Rozejm w Altmarku) was signed on 16 (O.S.)/26 (N.S.) September 1629 at the Altmark (Stary Targ), near Danzig (Gdańsk) by Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during Thirty Years' War, ending the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629).

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Truce of Deulino

Truce of Deulino (also known as Peace or Treaty of Dywilino) was signed on 11 December 1618 and took effect on 4 January 1619.

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Tsar

Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.

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Tsardom of Russia

The Tsardom of Russia (Русское царство, Russkoye tsarstvo or Российское царство, Rossiyskoye tsarstvo), also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the name of the centralized Russian state from assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.

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Union of Brest

The Union of Brest, or Union of Brześć, was the 1595-96 decision of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church eparchies (dioceses) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to break relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church and to enter into communion with, and place itself under the authority of the Pope of Rome.

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Urszula Meyerin

Urszula Meyerin also Meierin (1570–1635) was a politically influential Polish courtier and mistress to King Sigismund III of Poland.

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Vandals

The Vandals were a large East Germanic tribe or group of tribes that first appear in history inhabiting present-day southern Poland.

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Vasili IV of Russia

Vasili IV of Russia (Василий IV Иванович Шуйский, Vasíliy Ivánovich Shúyskiy, other transliterations: Vasily, Vasilii; 22 September 155212 September 1612) was Tsar of Russia between 1606 and 1610 after the murder of False Dmitriy I. His reign fell during the Time of Troubles.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia,; Venesia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Vilnius

Vilnius (see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 574,221.

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Vilnius Castle Complex

The Vilnius Castle Complex (Vilniaus pilių kompleksas or Vilniaus pilys) is a group of cultural, and historic structures on the left bank of the Neris River, near its confluence with the Vilnia River, in Vilnius, Lithuania.

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Vilnius Cathedral

The Cathedral Basilica of St Stanislaus and St Ladislaus of Vilnius (Vilniaus Šv., Bazylika archikatedralna św.) is the main Roman Catholic Cathedral of Lithuania.

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Vivente rege

Vivente rege (Latin: "with the king (still) living") is a form of king's election, where the king's successor, usually of the same dynasty, was elected before the old king died.

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Vladislaus II of Hungary

Vladislaus II, also known as Vladislav II, Władysław II or Wladislas II (1 March 1456 – 13 March 1516; Vladislav Jagellonský; II.; Władysław II Jagiellończyk; Vladislav II.; Vladislav II.), was King of Bohemia from 1471 to 1516, and King of Hungary and Croatia from 1490 to 1516.

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Wawel Castle

The Wawel Castle is a castle residency located in central Kraków, Poland.

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Wawel Cathedral

The Royal Archcathedral Basilica of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus on the Wawel Hill (królewska bazylika archikatedralna śś.), also known as the Wawel Cathedral (katedra wawelska), is a Roman Catholic church located on Wawel Hill in Kraków, Poland.

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Władysław Czapliński

Władysław Czapliński (3 October 1905 in Tuchów – 17 August 1981 in Wrocław) was a Polish historian, a professor of the University of Wrocław, author of many popular books about Polish history.

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Władysław Konstanty Vasa

Władysław Konstanty, Count of Wasenau (1635 - 19 March 1698) was the illegitimate son of King of Poland Władysław IV Vasa and his mistress, Jadwiga Łuszkowska.

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Władysławowo

Władysławowo (Kashubian/Pomeranian: Wiôlgô Wies, Großendorf) is a town on the south coast of the Baltic Sea in Kashubia in the Pomerelia region, northern Poland, with 15,015 (2009) inhabitants.

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Will and testament

A will or testament is a legal document by which a person, the testator, expresses their wishes as to how their property is to be distributed at death, and names one or more persons, the executor, to manage the estate until its final distribution.

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Willem Hondius

Willem Hondius or Willem Hondt (ca. 1598 in The Hague – 1652 or 1658 in Danzig (Gdańsk)) was a Dutch engraver, cartographer and painter who spent most of his life in Poland.

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William IV, Duke of Bavaria

William IV (Wilhelm IV; 13 November 1493 – 7 March 1550) was Duke of Bavaria from 1508 to 1550, until 1545 together with his younger brother Louis X, Duke of Bavaria.

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Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.

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Zebrzydowski rebellion

Zebrzydowski's rebellion (rokosz Zebrzydowskiego), or the Sandomierz rebellion (rokosz sandomierski), was a rokosz (semi-legal rebellion) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against King Sigismund III Vasa.

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Zygmunt Kazanowski

Zygmunt Kazanowski (1563–1634) was a noble (szlachcic), magnate in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Redirects here:

CWladyslaw IV Vasa, CWładysław IV Vasa, Duke Vladislav IV, Ladislaus IV of Poland, Ladislaus of Lithuania, Poland, Muscovy and Sweden, Princess of Vasa, Vladislas IV of Poland, Vladislaus IV Vasa, Vladislaus IV of Poland, Vladislaus IV of Poland, Sweden, Gothenland and Vandalia, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia and Moscow, Vladislaus Vasa, Vladislaus of Russia, Vladislaus of Sweden, Vladislav I of Russia, Vladislav IV, Vladislav IV of Russia, Wladislaus IV, Wladislaus IV of Poland, Wladislav IV Waza, Wladislaw IV, Wladislaw IV Waza, Wladislaw IV of Poland, Wladislaw Vasa, Wladislaw of Sweden, Wladyslaw IV, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Wladyslaw IV Waza, Wladyslaw IV of Poland, Wladyslaw Vasa, Wladyslaw Waza, Władysław IV, Władysław IV Waza, Władysław IV of Poland.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Władysław_IV_Vasa

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