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Wnt signaling pathway

Index Wnt signaling pathway

The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors. [1]

237 relations: Actin, Adenomatous polyposis coli, Adipogenesis, Amino acid, Anatomical terms of location, Autocrine signalling, AXIN1, Axon guidance, BCL9, Benign tumor, Beta-catenin, Bone morphogenetic protein, Breast cancer, C-Jun N-terminal kinases, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, Caenorhabditis elegans, Calcineurin, Calcium, Calcium signaling, Cancer, Cancer stem cell, Carbohydrate, Carcinogenesis, Casein kinase 1, Catenin, CDC42, Cell cycle, Cell growth, Cell membrane, Cell migration, Cell nucleus, Cell polarity, Cell potency, Cell surface receptor, Cellular differentiation, Central nervous system, Cerberus (protein), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Circulatory system, Co-receptor, Coactivator (genetics), Colorectal cancer, Comorbidity, Conserved sequence, CREB, Cyclin D1, Cysteine, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, DAAM1, ..., Dally (gene), DEP domain, Developmental biology, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diglyceride, Dishevelled, DKK1, DNA replication, Drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster, Drug design, Embryo, Embryogenesis, Embryonic differentiation waves, Embryonic stem cell, Endoderm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, Eric F. Wieschaus, Esophageal cancer, Fibroblast growth factor, Frizzled, Frzb, G protein, G protein–coupled receptor, G1 phase, Gastrointestinal tract, Gastrulation, Gene, Germ cell, Glioblastoma, Glucose, Glucose transporter, Glycoprotein, Glycosylation, Glypican 3, GPR177, GSK-3, Guanine, Haematopoiesis, Hair follicle, Harold E. Varmus, Homeostasis, Homo sapiens, Homology (biology), House mouse, Hydra (genus), Hyperglycemia, Immunohistochemistry, Inositol trisphosphate, Insulin, Insulin resistance, Intrinsically disordered proteins, Invertebrate, Keratin 1, Koller's sickle, Laminin, Ligand, Ligand (biochemistry), Lipid, Lipoprotein receptor-related protein, LRP5, LRP6, Lung, Lung cancer, Management of hair loss, Melanoma, Mesoderm, Metastasis, Microtubule, Mitochondrial biogenesis, Mitosis, Model organism, Morphogenesis, Mouse mammary tumor virus, MTOR, Mutation, Myc, MYF5, Myocyte, MyoD, Myogenesis, Naked cuticle, Nephron, Netpath, Neural crest, Neural tube, Neuroblast, NFAT, NLK, Nobel Prize, NODAL, Nomenclature, Norrin, Obesity, Oncogene, Ovarian cancer, Ovary, Palmitoylation, Paracrine signalling, PDZ domain, Peptide hormone, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, Phosphodiesterase, Phospholipase C, Phosphoprotein, Phosphorylation, Polymerization, PORCN, Portmanteau, Primitive streak, Profilin, Progenitor cell, Prostaglandin E2, Prostate cancer, Proteasome, Protein, Protein domain, Protein kinase A, Protein kinase C, Protein phosphatase 2, Proteomics, Protocadherin, PTK7, PYGO2, RAC1, Rap1, Reactive oxygen species, Receptor antagonist, Receptor tyrosine kinase, Regeneration (biology), Regional differentiation, Related to receptor tyrosine kinase, Retinoic acid, Retromer, Retrovirus, Rho family of GTPases, Rho-associated protein kinase, Roel Nusse, ROR2, RSPO2, S phase, Sclerostin, Secreted frizzled-related protein 1, Secretion, Segment polarity gene, Sex-determination system, SFRP4, Signal transduction, Sonic hedgehog, SPATS1, Spinal cord, TCF/LEF family, TCF4, TCF7L2, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, TSC2, Tumor suppressor, Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK, Ubiquitin, Vertebrate, Western blot, WIF1, Wingless localisation element 3 (WLE3), WNT1, WNT10A, WNT10B, WNT11, WNT16, WNT2, WNT2B, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT4, WNT5A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT8A, WNT8B, WNT9A, WNT9B, World Scientific, Xenopus, Zebrafish. Expand index (187 more) »

Actin

Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments.

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Adenomatous polyposis coli

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) also known as deleted in polyposis 2.5 (DP2.5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APC gene.

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Adipogenesis

Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which pre-adipocytes become adipocytes.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Anatomical terms of location

Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.

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Autocrine signalling

Autocrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell.

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AXIN1

Axin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AXIN1 gene.

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Axon guidance

Axon guidance (also called axon pathfinding) is a subfield of neural development concerning the process by which neurons send out axons to reach the correct targets.

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BCL9

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL9 gene.

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Benign tumor

A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.

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Beta-catenin

Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.

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Bone morphogenetic protein

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens.

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Breast cancer

Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.

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C-Jun N-terminal kinases

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), were originally identified as kinases that bind and phosphorylate c-Jun on Ser-63 and Ser-73 within its transcriptional activation domain.

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Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II or CaMKII) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is regulated by the /calmodulin complex.

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Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living (not parasitic), transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, that lives in temperate soil environments.

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Calcineurin

Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium and calmodulin dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase (also known as protein phosphatase 3, and calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase).

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Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

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Calcium signaling

Calcium (Ca2+) ions are important for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytosol of the cytoplasm they exert allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Cancer stem cell

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample.

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Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).

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Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

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Casein kinase 1

The Casein kinase 1 family of protein kinases are serine/threonine-selective enzymes that function as regulators of signal transduction pathways in most eukaryotic cell types.

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Catenin

Catenins are a family of proteins found in complexes with cadherin cell adhesion molecules of animal cells.

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CDC42

Cell division control protein 42 homolog, also known as Cdc42, is a protein involved in regulation of the cell cycle.

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Cell cycle

The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

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Cell growth

The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division (reproduction).

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cell migration

Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

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Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Cell polarity

Cell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell.

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Cell potency

Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.

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Cell surface receptor

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the membranes of cells.

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Cellular differentiation

In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.

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Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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Cerberus (protein)

Cerberus also known as CER1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CER1 gene.

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Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 20 October 1942) is a German developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize-winner.

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Circulatory system

The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.

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Co-receptor

A co-receptor is a cell surface receptor that binds a signalling molecule in addition to a primary receptor in order to facilitate ligand recognition and initiate biological processes, such as entry of a pathogen into a host cell.

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Coactivator (genetics)

A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes.

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Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).

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Comorbidity

In medicine, comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional diseases or disorders co-occurring with (that is, concomitant or concurrent with) a primary disease or disorder; in the countable sense of the term, a comorbidity (plural comorbidities) is each additional disorder or disease.

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Conserved sequence

In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences) or within a genome (paralogous sequences).

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CREB

CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.

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Cyclin D1

Cyclin D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND1 gene.

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Cysteine

Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.

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Cytoplasm

In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.

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Cytoskeleton

A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life (archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes).

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DAAM1

Disheveled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAAM1 gene.

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Dally (gene)

Dally (division abnormally delayed) is the name of a gene that encodes a HS-modified-protein found in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster).

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DEP domain

In molecular biology, the DEP domain (Dishevelled, Egl-10 and Pleckstrin domain) is a globular protein domain of about 80 amino acids that is found in over 50 proteins involved in G-protein signalling pathways.

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Developmental biology

Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.

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Diabetes mellitus type 2

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.

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Diglyceride

A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages.

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Dishevelled

Dishevelled (Dsh) is a family of proteins involved in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways.

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DKK1

Dickkopf-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DKK1 gene.

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DNA replication

In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

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Drosophila

Drosophila is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.

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Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.

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Drug design

Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target.

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Embryo

An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.

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Embryogenesis

Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo forms and develops.

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Embryonic differentiation waves

A mechanochemical based model for primary neural induction was first proposed in 1985 by Brodland & Gordon.

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Embryonic stem cell

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo.

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Endoderm

Endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.

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Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.

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Eric F. Wieschaus

Eric Francis Wieschaus (born June 8, 1947 in South Bend, Indiana) is an American evolutionary developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize-winner.

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Esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach.

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Fibroblast growth factor

The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.

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Frizzled

Frizzled is a family of G protein-coupled receptor proteins that serves as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways.

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Frzb

Frzb (pronounced like the sport 'ultimate frisbee') is a Wnt-binding protein especially important in embryonic development.

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G protein

G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior.

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G protein–coupled receptor

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.

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G1 phase

The g1 phase, or Gap 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division.

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Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.

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Gastrulation

Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Germ cell

A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually.

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Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive cancer that begins within the brain.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Glucose transporter

Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane.

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Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.

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Glycosylation

Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor).

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Glypican 3

Glypican-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPC3 gene.

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GPR177

G protein-coupled receptor 177 (GPR177), commonly known as Wntless, is a human gene that encodes a receptor for Wnt proteins in Wnt-secreting cells.

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GSK-3

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules onto serine and threonine amino acid residues.

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Guanine

Guanine (or G, Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).

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Haematopoiesis

Haematopoiesis (from Greek αἷμα, "blood" and ποιεῖν "to make"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components.

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Hair follicle

The hair follicle is a dynamic organ found in mammalian skin.

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Harold E. Varmus

Harold Eliot Varmus (born December 18, 1939) is an American Nobel Prize-winning scientist and was the 14th Director of the National Cancer Institute, a post to which he was appointed by President Barack Obama, and before that was director of the National Institutes of Health from 1993 to 1999.

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Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.

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Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens is the systematic name used in taxonomy (also known as binomial nomenclature) for the only extant human species.

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Homology (biology)

In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.

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House mouse

The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a small mammal of the order Rodentia, characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, and a long naked or almost hairless tail.

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Hydra (genus)

Hydra is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa.

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Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (also spelled hyperglycaemia or hyperglycæmia) is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.

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Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) involves the process of selectively imaging antigens (proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues.

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Inositol trisphosphate

Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (also commonly known as triphosphoinositol; abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3), together with diacylglycerol (DAG), is a secondary messenger molecule used in signal transduction and lipid signaling in biological cells.

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Insulin

Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.

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Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin.

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Intrinsically disordered proteins

An intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) is a protein that lacks a fixed or ordered three-dimensional structure.

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Invertebrate

Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.

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Keratin 1

Keratin 1 is a member of the keratin family.

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Koller's sickle

In avian gastrulation, Koller's sickle is a local thickening of cells at the posterior edge of the upper layer of the area pellucida called the epiblast.

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Laminin

Laminins are high-molecular weight (~400 to ~900 kDa) proteins of the extracellular matrix.

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Ligand

In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.

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Ligand (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.

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Lipid

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.

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Lipoprotein receptor-related protein

Lipoprotein receptor-related proteins, low density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins (HGNC) or prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (UniProt), abbreviated LRP, are a group of proteins.

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LRP5

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP5 gene.

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LRP6

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP6 gene.

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Lung

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.

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Lung cancer

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.

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Management of hair loss

The management of hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, may include medications and surgery.

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Melanoma

Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes.

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Mesoderm

In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.

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Metastasis

Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor.

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Microtubule

Microtubules are tubular polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton that provides the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and some bacteria with structure and shape.

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Mitochondrial biogenesis

Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase their individual mitochondrial mass and copy number to increase the production of ATP as a response to greater energy expenditure.

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Mitosis

In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

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Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally, "beginning of the shape") is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.

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Mouse mammary tumor virus

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a milk-transmitted retrovirus like the HTL viruses, HI viruses, and BLV.

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MTOR

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as the mechanistic target of rapamycin and FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

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Myc

Myc is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors.

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MYF5

Myogenic factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYF5 gene.

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Myocyte

A myocyte (also known as a muscle cell) is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.

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MyoD

MyoD is a protein that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation.

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Myogenesis

Myogenesis is the formation of muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development.

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Naked cuticle

Naked cuticle (Nkd) is a conserved family of intracellular proteins encoded in most animal genomes.

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Nephron

The nephron (from Greek νεφρός – nephros, meaning "kidney") is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney.

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Netpath

NetPath is a manually curated resource of human signal transduction pathways.

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Neural crest

Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to chordates of the group Cristozoa that arise from the embryonic ectoderm cell layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.

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Neural tube

In the developing chordate (including vertebrates), the neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

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Neuroblast

A neuroblast or primitive nerve cell is a dividing cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.

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NFAT

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a family of transcription factors shown to be important in immune response.

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NLK

Serine/threonine protein kinase NLK is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NLK gene.

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Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.

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NODAL

Nodal is a secretory protein that in humans is encoded by the NODAL gene which is located on chromosome 10q22.1.

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Nomenclature

Nomenclature is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences.

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Norrin

Norrin, also known as Norrie disease protein or X-linked exudative vitreoretinopathy 2 protein (EVR2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDP gene.

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Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.

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Oncogene

An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.

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Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary.

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Ovary

The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.

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Palmitoylation

Palmitoylation is the covalent attachment of fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, to cysteine and less frequently to serine and threonine residues of proteins, which are typically membrane proteins.

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Paracrine signalling

Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior of those cells.

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PDZ domain

The PDZ domain is a common structural domain of 80-90 amino-acids found in the signaling proteins of bacteria, yeast, plants, viruses and animals.

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Peptide hormone

Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively.

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Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)P2, also known simply as PIP2 or PI(4,5)P2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes.

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Phosphodiesterase

A phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond.

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Phospholipase C

Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure).

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Phosphoprotein

A phosphoprotein is a protein that is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of either a single phosphate group, or a complex molecule such as 5'-phospho-DNA, through a phosphate group.

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Phosphorylation

In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.

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Polymerization

In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.

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PORCN

PORCN (porcupine homolog – Drosophila) is a human gene.

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Portmanteau

A portmanteau or portmanteau word is a linguistic blend of words,, p. 644 in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word, as in smog, coined by blending smoke and fog, or motel, from motor and hotel.

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Primitive streak

The primitive streak is a structure that forms in the blastula during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development.

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Profilin

Profilin is an actin-binding protein involved in the dynamic turnover and restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton.

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Progenitor cell

A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell.

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Prostaglandin E2

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), also known as dinoprostone, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin which is used as a medication.

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Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.

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Proteasome

Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein domain

A protein domain is a conserved part of a given protein sequence and (tertiary) structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain.

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Protein kinase A

In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

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Protein kinase C

Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.

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Protein phosphatase 2

Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2), also known as PP2A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CA gene.

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Proteomics

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins.

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Protocadherin

Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are the largest mammalian subgroup of the cadherin superfamily of homophilic cell-adhesion proteins.

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PTK7

Tyrosine-protein kinase-like 7 also known as colon carcinoma kinase 4 (CCK4) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that in humans is encoded by the PTK7 gene.

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PYGO2

Pygopus homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PYGO2 gene.

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RAC1

Rac1, also known as Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, is a protein found in human cells.

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Rap1

Rap1 (Ras-proximate-1 or Ras-related protein 1) is a small GTPase, which are small cytosolic proteins that act like cellular switches and are vital for effective signal transduction.

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Reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.

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Receptor antagonist

A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.

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Receptor tyrosine kinase

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones.

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Regeneration (biology)

In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.

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Regional differentiation

In the field of developmental biology, regional differentiation is the process by which different areas are identified in the development of the early embryo.

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Related to receptor tyrosine kinase

The related to receptor tyrosine kinase (RYK) gene encodes the protein Ryk.

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Retinoic acid

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development.

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Retromer

Retromer is a complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from endosomes to the ''trans''-Golgi network (TGN).

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Retrovirus

A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an obligate parasite, targets a host cell.

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Rho family of GTPases

The Rho family of GTPases is a family of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, and is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily.

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Rho-associated protein kinase

Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is a kinase belonging to the AGC (PKA/ PKG/PKC) family of serine-threonine kinases.

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Roel Nusse

Roeland "Roel" Nusse (born 9 June 1950, Amsterdam) is a Professor at Stanford University and an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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ROR2

Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR2 also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROR2 gene located on position 9 of the long arm of chromosome 9.

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RSPO2

R-spondin 2 also known as roof plate-specific spondin-2 is a protein that in humans that is encoded by the RSPO2 gene.

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S phase

S phase (synthesis phase) is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase.

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Sclerostin

Sclerostin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOST gene.

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Secreted frizzled-related protein 1

Secreted frizzled-related protein 1, also known as SFRP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SFRP1 gene.

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Secretion

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.

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Segment polarity gene

A segmentation gene is a generic term for a gene whose function is to specify tissue pattern in each repeated unit of a segmented organism.

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Sex-determination system

A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism.

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SFRP4

Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFRP4 gene.

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Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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Sonic hedgehog

Sonic hedgehog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHH ("sonic hedgehog") gene.

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SPATS1

Spermatogenesis associated serine rich 1 (SPATS1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SPATS1 gene.

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Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

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TCF/LEF family

The TCF/LEF family is a group of transcription factors which bind to DNA through a high mobility group domain.

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TCF4

Transcription factor 4 (TCF-4) also known as immunoglobulin transcription factor 2 (ITF-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF4 gene located on chromosome 18q21.2.

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TCF7L2

Transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box) also known as TCF7L2 or TCF4 is a protein acting as a transcription factor that in humans, is encoded by the TCF7L2 gene.

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Transcription (biology)

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

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Transcription factor

In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

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TSC2

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (TSC2), also known as Tuberin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSC2 gene.

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Tumor suppressor

A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.

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Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK

Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK also known as C-terminal Src kinase is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the CSK gene.

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Ubiquitin

Ubiquitin is a small (8.5 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e. it occurs ''ubiquitously''.

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Vertebrate

Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).

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Western blot

The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology disciplines to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract.

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WIF1

Wnt inhibitory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WIF1 gene.

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Wingless localisation element 3 (WLE3)

The WL3 Wingless localisation element 3 (WLE3) is an RNA structure that localises the wingless mRNA in flies.

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WNT1

Proto-oncogene protein Wnt-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT1 gene.

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WNT10A

Wnt-10a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT10A gene.

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WNT10B

Protein Wnt-10b (formerly Wnt12) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT10B gene.

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WNT11

Protein Wnt-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT11 gene.

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WNT16

Protein Wnt-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT16 gene.

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WNT2

Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 2, also known as WNT2, is a human gene.

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WNT2B

Protein Wnt-2b (formerly Wnt13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT2B gene.

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WNT3

Proto-oncogene protein Wnt-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT3 gene.

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WNT3A

Protein Wnt-3a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT3A gene.

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WNT4

WNT4 is a secreted protein that in humans is encoded by the Wnt4 gene, found on chromosome 1.

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WNT5A

Protein Wnt-5a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT5A gene.

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WNT5B

Protein Wnt-5b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT5B gene.

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WNT6

Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 6, also known as WNT6, is a human gene.

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WNT7A

Protein Wnt-7a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT7A gene.

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WNT7B

Protein Wnt-7b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT7B gene.

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WNT8A

Protein Wnt-8a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT8A gene.

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WNT8B

Protein Wnt-8b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT8B gene.

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WNT9A

Protein Wnt-9a (formerly Wnt14) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT9A gene.

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WNT9B

Protein Wnt-9b (formerly Wnt15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT9B gene.

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World Scientific

World Scientific Publishing is an academic publisher of scientific, technical, and medical books and journals headquartered in Singapore.

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Xenopus

Xenopus (Gk., ξενος, xenos.

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Zebrafish

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes.

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Redirects here:

Planar cell polarity, Polarity genes, WNT pathway, WNT signals, Wingless, Wingless signaling, Wnt Signaling Pathway, Wnt pathway, Wnt protein, Wnt proteins, Wnt signaling, Wnt signalling, Wnt signalling pathway, Wnt/Wingless, Wnt2b, Wnt7a, Wnt8c.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway

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