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101 relations: Adhesion, Aglaophyton, Amborella, Arthur Cronquist, Capillary action, Carl Nägeli, Cavitation, Celastrus orbiculatus, Cell (biology), Cell wall, Chemical polarity, Cohesion (chemistry), Convergent evolution, Cooksonia, Cycad, Desiccation, Diffusion, Embolism, Endodermis, Evaporation, Fern, Flowering plant, Force, Ginkgoales, Gnetophyta, Gnetum, Gradient, Gravity, Greek language, Ground tissue, Guttation, Gymnosperm, Hardwood, Henry Horatio Dixon, Homoiohydry, Horneophyton, Hydathode, Hydrogen, Hydrogen bond, Hydroid (botany), Hydrophile, Intermolecular force, John Joly, Leaf, Lignin, Meniscus (liquid), Meristem, Monocotyledon, Murray's law, Nature (journal), ..., Ordovician, Osmosis, Osmotic pressure, Oxygen, Parenchyma, Phloem, Pinophyta, Pit (botany), Plant, Plant cuticle, Plant nutrition, Poikilohydry, Pressure Flow Hypothesis, Rhyniophytina, Root pressure, Sap, Scholander pressure bomb, Science (journal), Secondary growth, Selaginella, Silurian, Softwood, Soil, Soil plant atmosphere continuum, Solution, Spermatophyte, Stele (biology), Stoma, Suction, Surface tension, Tension (physics), Theory, Tissue (biology), Tracheid, Transpiration, Tree, Trochodendraceae, Tylosis (botany), Vascular bundle, Vascular cambium, Vascular plant, Vascular tissue, Vessel element, Vine, Vitis riparia, Water, Water potential, Winteraceae, Wood, Xylem, Zosterophyllopsida. Expand index (51 more) »
Adhesion
Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another (cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another).
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Aglaophyton
Aglaophyton major (or more correctly Aglaophyton majus) was the sporophyte generation of a diplohaplontic, pre-vascular, axial, free-sporing land plant of the Lower Devonian (Pragian stage, around). It had anatomical features intermediate between those of the bryophytes and vascular plants or tracheophytes.
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Amborella
Amborella is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia.
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Arthur Cronquist
Arthur John Cronquist (March 19, 1919 – March 22, 1992) was a United States biologist, botanist and a specialist on Compositae.
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Capillary action
Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, capillary effect, or wicking) is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity.
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Carl Nägeli
Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (26 or 27 March 1817 – 10 May 1891) was a Swiss botanist.
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Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid, small liquid-free zones ("bubbles" or "voids"), that are the consequence of forces acting upon the liquid.
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Celastrus orbiculatus
Celastrus orbiculatus is a woody vine of the Celastraceae family.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.
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Chemical polarity
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.
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Cohesion (chemistry)
Cohesion (from Latin cohaesiō "cling" or "unity") or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive.
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Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.
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Cooksonia
Cooksonia is an extinct grouping of primitive land plants.
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Cycad
Cycads are seed plants with a long fossil history that were formerly more abundant and more diverse than they are today.
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Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.
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Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential) as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.
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Embolism
An embolism is the lodging of an embolus, a blockage-causing piece of material, inside a blood vessel.
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Endodermis
The endodermis is the central, innermost layer of cortex in some land plants.
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Evaporation
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gaseous phase before reaching its boiling point.
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Fern
A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.
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Flowering plant
The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.
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Force
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
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Ginkgoales
Ginkgoales or Ginkgophyte is a gymnosperm order containing only one extant species: Ginkgo biloba, the ginkgo tree.
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Gnetophyta
Gnetophyta is a division of plants, grouped within the gymnosperms (which also includes conifers, cycads, and ginkgos), that consists of some 70 species across the three relict genera: Gnetum (family Gnetaceae), Welwitschia (family Welwitschiaceae), and Ephedra (family Ephedraceae).
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Gnetum
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales.
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Gradient
In mathematics, the gradient is a multi-variable generalization of the derivative.
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Gravity
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Ground tissue
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular.
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Guttation
Guttation is the exudation of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular plants, such as grasses.
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Gymnosperm
The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
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Hardwood
Hardwood is wood from dicot trees.
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Henry Horatio Dixon
Henry Horatio Dixon FRS (May 19, 1869, Dublin – December 20, 1953, Dublin) was a plant biologist and professor at Trinity College Dublin.
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Homoiohydry
Homoiohydry is the capacity of plants to regulate, or achieve homeostasis of, cell and tissue water content.
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Horneophyton
Horneophyton, a member of the Horneophytopsida, is an extinct early plant which may form a "missing link" between the hornworts and the Rhyniopsida.
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Hydathode
A hydathode is a type of pore, commonly found in angiosperms, that secretes water through pores in the epidermis or leaf margin, typically at the tip of a marginal tooth or serration.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a partially electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen (H) which is bound to a more electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and another adjacent atom bearing a lone pair of electrons.
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Hydroid (botany)
A hydroid is a type of vascular cell that occurs in certain bryophytes.
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Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
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Intermolecular force
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are the forces which mediate interaction between molecules, including forces of attraction or repulsion which act between molecules and other types of neighboring particles, e.g., atoms or ions.
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John Joly
John Joly FRS (1 November 1857 – 8 December 1933) was an Irish physicist,and professor of geology at the University of Dublin famous for his development of radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer.
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Leaf
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem.
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Lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form important structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linked phenolic polymers.
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Meniscus (liquid)
The meniscus (plural: menisci, from the Greek for "crescent") is the curve in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface of the container or another object, caused by surface tension.
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Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
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Monocotyledon
Monocotyledons, commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants (angiosperms) whose seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon.
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Murray's law
Murray's law predicts the thickness of branches in transport networks, such that the cost for transport and maintenance of the transport medium is minimized.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Ordovician
The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.
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Osmosis
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
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Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Parenchyma
Parenchyma is the bulk of a substance.
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Phloem
In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where needed.
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Pinophyta
The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida.
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Pit (botany)
Pits are thin portions of the cell wall that adjacent cells can communicate or exchange fluid through.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Plant cuticle
A plant cuticle is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs without periderm.
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Plant nutrition
Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth, plant metabolism and their external supply.
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Poikilohydry
Poikilohydry is the lack of ability (structural or functional mechanism) to maintain and/or regulate water content to achieve homeostasis of cells and tissue connected with quick equilibration of cell/tissue water content to that of the environment.
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Pressure Flow Hypothesis
The Pressure Flow Hypothesis, also known as the Mass Flow Hypothesis, is the best-supported theory to explain the movement of sap through the phloem.
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Rhyniophytina
Rhyniophytina is a subdivision of extinct early vascular plants that are considered to be similar to the genus Rhynia, found in the Early Devonian (around). Sources vary in the name and rank used for this group, some treating it as the class Rhyniopsida, others as the division Rhyniophyta.
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Root pressure
Root pressure is the transverse osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system that causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the leaves.
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Sap
Sap is a fluid transported in xylem cells (vessel elements or tracheids) or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant.
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Scholander pressure bomb
A pressure bomb or pressure chamber or Scholander bomb is an instrument that can measure the approximate water potential of plant tissues.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Secondary growth
In botany, secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken, while primary growth is growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots, causing them to elongate, and gives rise to primary tissue.
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Selaginella
Selaginella is the sole genus of primitive vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses.
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Silurian
The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya.
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Softwood
Scots Pine, a typical and well-known softwood Softwood is wood from gymnosperm trees such as conifers.
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Soil
Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.
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Soil plant atmosphere continuum
The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
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Solution
In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
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Spermatophyte
The spermatophytes, also known as phanerogams or phenogamae, comprise those plants that produce seeds, hence the alternative name seed plants.
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Stele (biology)
In a vascular plant, the stele is the central part of the root or stem containing the tissues derived from the procambium.
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Stoma
In botany, a stoma (plural "stomata"), also called a stomata (plural "stomates") (from Greek στόμα, "mouth"), is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange.
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Suction
Suction is the flow of a fluid into a partial vacuum, or region of low pressure.
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Surface tension
Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible.
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Tension (physics)
In physics, tension may be described as the pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, cable, chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of a rod, truss member, or similar three-dimensional object; tension might also be described as the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of said elements.
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Theory
A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Tracheid
Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts.
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Transpiration
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers.
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Tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species.
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Trochodendraceae
Trochodendraceae is the only family of flowering plants in the order Trochodendrales.
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Tylosis (botany)
A tylosis (plural: tyloses) is a bladder-like distension of a parenchyma cell into the lumen of adjacent vessels in wood.
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Vascular bundle
A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants.
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Vascular cambium
The vascular cambium is the main growth layer in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, and gymnosperms such as pine trees.
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Vascular plant
Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum: duct), also known as tracheophytes (from the equivalent Greek term trachea) and also higher plants, form a large group of plants (c. 308,312 accepted known species) that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant.
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Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants.
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Vessel element
A vessel element or vessel member (trachea) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants.
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Vine
A vine (Latin vīnea "grapevine", "vineyard", from vīnum "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners.
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Vitis riparia
Vitis riparia Michx, with common names riverbank grape or frost grape, is a native American climbing or trailing vine, widely distributed across central and eastern Canada and the central and northeastern parts of the United States, from Quebec to Texas, and eastern Montana to Nova Scotia.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Water potential
Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions.
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Winteraceae
Winteraceae is a primitive family of tropical trees and shrubs including 60 to 90 species in five genera.
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Wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.
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Xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, phloem being the other.
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Zosterophyllopsida
The zosterophylls were a group of extinct land plants that first appeared in the Silurian period.
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Centrarch, Cohesion tension, Cohesion-tension theory, Endarch, Mesarch, Metaxylem, Protoxylem, Secondary wood, Secondary xylem, Tracheary element, Transpiration pull, Transpirational pull, Woody tissue, Xylem cell, Xylem development, Xylem vessel element.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem
