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214 relations: ABCB11, Acne, Adrenal gland, Adrenal steroid, Agonist, Aldosterone, Anabolic steroid, Androgen, Androgen-dependent condition, Antiandrogen, Antibiotic, Anticoagulant, Anticonvulsant, Anticorticotropin, Antifungal, Antigonadotropin, Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics), Aura (symptom), Azole, Berlin, Bile, Bile acid, Bioavailability, Biological half-life, Biological target, Biosynthesis, Birth control, Bloating, Breast enlargement, Breast pain, Carbamazepine, Catechol estrogen, Catechol-O-methyltransferase, Cholestasis, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Competitive inhibition, Conjugated estrogens, Contraceptive patch, Contraceptive vaginal ring, Coronary artery disease, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, Cytochrome P450, Deep vein thrombosis, Derivative (chemistry), Desogestrel, Diabetes mellitus, Diethylstilbestrol, Dihydrotestosterone, ..., Dimethisterone, Dizziness, Drug metabolism, Elimination (pharmacology), Endometrial cancer, Endometrium, English language, Enterohepatic circulation, Enzyme, Enzyme inducer, Enzyme inhibitor, Erectile dysfunction, Estradiol, Estradiol (medication), Estradiol glucuronide, Estradiol valerate, Estrane, Estrogen (medication), Estrogen receptor, Estrogen receptor alpha, Estrogen receptor beta, Estrone, Estrone sulfate, Ethinylestradiol sulfonate, Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel, Ethinylestradiol/norelgestromin, Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone acetate, Ethinylestriol, Ethisterone, Ethosuximide, Ethylestradiol, Ethynyl, Etonogestrel, Excretion, Feces, Federal Register, Feminization (biology), First pass effect, Fluconazole, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Folliculogenesis, French language, Gastrointestinal tract, Generic drug, Genetic variation, Gestodene, Glucuronide, Gonad, GPER, Gynaecology, Gynecomastia, Hair follicle, Headache, Hepatitis, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatotoxicity, High-dose estrogen, Hirsutism, Human serum albumin, Hydrocortisone, Hydroxylation, Hypertension, Hypogonadism, Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, Infertility, Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, Intravaginal administration, Intravenous therapy, Italian language, Latin, Libido, Ligand (biochemistry), List of estrogen esters, Liver, Lupus erythematosus, Luteinizing hormone, Medical literature, Membrane estrogen receptor, Menopause, Mestranol, Metabolism, Metabolite, Methylestradiol, Methyltestosterone, Moxestrol, Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, Myocardial infarction, Nandrolone, Natural product, Nausea, Negative feedback, Nilestriol, Norelgestromin, Norethisterone, Norethisterone acetate, Omeprazole, Oral administration, Oral contraceptive pill, Organic compound, Ovulation, Palliative care, Paracetamol, Pharmacokinetics, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Pituitary gland, Plasma protein binding, Postmenopausal hormone therapy, Potency (pharmacology), Pregnancy, Primidone, Prodrug, Progesterone (medication), Progestin, Prostate, Prostate cancer, Protein, Protein isoform, Quinestrol, Redox, Rifampicin, Rifamycin, Route of administration, Schering AG, Schering-Plough, Secretion, Sex hormone-binding globulin, Sexual dysfunction, Side effect, Skin, Smoking, Spanish language, Steric effects, Steroid, Stroke, Structural analog, Substrate (chemistry), Sulfation, Symptom, Tablet (pharmacy), Testosterone, Testosterone (medication), The Science of Nature, Thrombosis, Thrombus, Trans woman, Transdermal, Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female), Troleandomycin, United States, Urine, Uterus, Vaginal bleeding, Vaginal ring, Valvular heart disease, Vascular disease, Vasomotor, Venous thrombosis, Vitamin C, Water retention (medicine), Weight gain, 17α-Alkylated anabolic steroid, 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5α-Reductase. Expand index (164 more) »
ABCB11
ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B member 11 also known as ABCB11 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ABCB11 gene.
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Acne
Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin.
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Adrenal gland
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.
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Adrenal steroid
Adrenal steroids are steroids that are derived from the adrenal glands.
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Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.
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Anabolic steroid
Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone.
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Androgen
An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
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Androgen-dependent condition
An androgen-dependent condition, disease, disorder, or syndrome, is a medical condition that is, in part or full, dependent on, or is sensitive to, the presence of androgenic activity in the body.
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Antiandrogen
Antiandrogens, also known as androgen antagonists or testosterone blockers, are a class of drugs that prevent androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from mediating their biological effects in the body.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Anticoagulant
Anticoagulants, commonly referred to as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.
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Anticonvulsant
Anticonvulsants (also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
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Anticorticotropin
An anticorticotropin, or anticorticotrophin, is a drug which opposes the actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and/or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in relation to their stimulatory effects on the adrenal glands, or which otherwise suppresses steroid hormone production in the adrenal glands.
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Antifungal
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others.
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Antigonadotropin
An antigonadotropin is a drug which suppresses the activity and/or downstream effects of one or both of the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
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Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)
In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the definite integral in a plot of drug concentration in blood plasma vs.
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Aura (symptom)
An aura is a perceptual disturbance experienced by some with migraines or seizures before either the headache or seizure begins.
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Azole
Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring.
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Bile
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
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Bile acid
Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates.
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Bioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability (BA or F) is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.
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Biological half-life
The biological half-life of a biological substance is the time it takes for half to be removed by biological processes when the rate of removal is roughly exponential.
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Biological target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function.
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Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.
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Birth control
Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy.
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Bloating
Abdominal bloating is a symptom that can appear at any age, generally associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders or organic diseases, but can also appear alone.
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Breast enlargement
Breast enlargement is the enlargement of the breasts.
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Breast pain
Breast pain is a medical symptom that is most often associated with a developing disease or condition of the breast.
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Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine (CBZ), sold under the tradename Tegretol, among others, is a medication used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
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Catechol estrogen
A catechol estrogen is a steroidal estrogen that contains catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) within its structure.
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure.
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Cholestasis
Cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum.
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Combined oral contraceptive pill
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally by women.
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Competitive inhibition
Competitive inhibition is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of an inhibitor prevents binding of the target molecule of the enzyme, also known as the substrate.
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Conjugated estrogens
Conjugated estrogens (CEs), or conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), sold under the brand name Premarin (a contraction of "pregnant mares' urine") among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and for various other indications.
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Contraceptive patch
A contraceptive patch, also known as "the patch", is a transdermal patch applied to the skin that releases synthetic estrogen and progestin hormones to prevent pregnancy.
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Contraceptive vaginal ring
Contraceptive vaginal ring is a type of insert that is placed in the vagina for the purpose of birth control.
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Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.
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CYP2C19
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (abbreviated CYP2C19) is an enzyme.
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CYP2C9
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (abbreviated CYP2C9) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2C9 gene.
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CYP3A4
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine.
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Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are proteins of the superfamily containing heme as a cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins.
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Deep vein thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly the legs.
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Derivative (chemistry)
In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound by a chemical reaction.
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Desogestrel
Desogestrel, sold under the brand names Cerazette and Mircette among many others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills for women.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is an estrogen medication which is mostly no longer used.
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Dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), also known as androstanolone or stanolone, is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone.
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Dimethisterone
Dimethisterone, formerly sold under the brand names Lutagan and Secrosteron among others, is a progestin medication which was used in birth control pills and in the treatment of gynecological disorders but is now no longer available.
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Dizziness
Dizziness is an impairment in spatial perception and stability.
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Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.
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Elimination (pharmacology)
In pharmacology the elimination or excretion of a drug is understood to be any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.
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Endometrial cancer
Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb).
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Endometrium
The endometrium is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus.
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English language
English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.
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Enterohepatic circulation
Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Enzyme inducer
An enzyme inducer is a type of drug that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme.
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Enzyme inhibitor
4QI9) An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
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Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is a type of sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity.
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Estradiol
Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone.
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Estradiol (medication)
Estradiol, also spelled oestradiol, is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.
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Estradiol glucuronide
Estradiol glucuronide, or estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide, is a conjugated metabolite of estradiol.
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Estradiol valerate
Estradiol valerate, sold under the brand names Progynova, Progynon Depot, and Delestrogen among others, is a medication which is used in hormone therapy such as for menopausal symptoms and in hormonal birth control.
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Estrane
Estrane is a C18 steroid derivative, with a gonane core.
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Estrogen (medication)
An estrogen is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy.
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Estrogen receptor
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells.
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Estrogen receptor alpha
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.
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Estrogen receptor beta
Estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), also known as NR3A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 2), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.
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Estrone
Estrone (E1), also spelled oestrone, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone.
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Estrone sulfate
Estrone sulfate (E1S), or estrone 3-sulfate, is a natural, endogenous steroid and an estrogen ester and conjugate.
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Ethinylestradiol sulfonate
Ethinylestradiol sulfonate (EES) (brand name Turisteron), also known as ethinylestradiol isopropylsulfonate or ethinylestradiol propanesulfate, as well as 17α-ethynyl-3-isopropylsulfonyloxyestradiol, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen that is marketed in Germany.
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Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel
Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel (brand names NuvaRing) is a contraceptive vaginal ring containing the estrogen ethinylestradiol and the progestin etonogestrel which is marketed in the United States and Europe.
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Ethinylestradiol/norelgestromin
Ethinylestradiol/norelgestromin (brand names Ortho Evra, Evra, Xulane) is a contraceptive patch containing the estrogen ethinylestradiol and the progestin norelgestromin which is marketed in the United States, Canada, Europe, and elsewhere in the world.
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Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone acetate
Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone acetate (brand names Estrostep, Gildess, Junel, Loestrin, Microgestin, Minastrin, many others) is a combination of the estrogen ethinylestradiol and the progestin norethisterone acetate (norethindrone acetate) which is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world for use as a combined oral contraceptive.
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Ethinylestriol
Ethinylestriol (EE3), or 17α-ethynylestriol, also known as 17α-ethynylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol, is a synthetic estrogen which was never marketed.
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Ethisterone
Ethisterone, also known as ethinyltestosterone, pregneninolone, and anhydrohydroxyprogesterone and formerly sold under the brand names Proluton C and Pranone among others, is a progestin medication which was used in the treatment of gynecological disorders but is now no longer available.
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Ethosuximide
Ethosuximide, sold under the brand name Zarontin among others, is a medication used to treat absence seizures.
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Ethylestradiol
Ethylestradiol, or 17α-ethylestradiol, also known as 17α-ethylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol, is a synthetic estrogen which was never marketed.
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Ethynyl
In organic chemistry, the term ethynyl designates.
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Etonogestrel
Etonogestrel is a progestin medication which is used as a means of birth control for women.
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Excretion
Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism.
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Feces
Feces (or faeces) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested in the small intestine.
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Federal Register
The Federal Register (FR or sometimes Fed. Reg.) is the official journal of the federal government of the United States that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.
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Feminization (biology)
In biology and medicine, feminization is the development in an organism of physical characteristics that are usually unique to the female of the species.
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First pass effect
The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.
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Fluconazole
Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used for a number of fungal infections.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone.
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Folliculogenesis
In biology, folliculogenesis is the maturation of the ovarian follicle, a densely packed shell of somatic cells that contains an immature oocyte.
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.
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Generic drug
A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that is equivalent to a brand-name product in dosage, strength, route of administration, quality, performance, and intended use, but does not carry the brand name.
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Genetic variation
Genetic variation means that biological systems – individuals and populations – are different over space.
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Gestodene
Gestodene, sold under the brand names Femodene and Minulet among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills for women.
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Glucuronide
A glucuronide, also known as glucuronoside, is any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond.
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Gonad
A gonad or sex gland or reproductive gland is a mixed gland that produces the gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism.
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GPER
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene.
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Gynaecology
Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems (vagina, uterus, and ovaries) and the breasts.
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Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia is an endocrine system disorder in which a noncancerous increase in the size of male breast tissue occurs.
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Hair follicle
The hair follicle is a dynamic organ found in mammalian skin.
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Headache
Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck.
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Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults, and is the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis.
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Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.
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High-dose estrogen
High-dose estrogen (HDE) is a type of hormone therapy in which high doses of estrogens are given.
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Hirsutism
Hirsutism is excessive body hair in men and women on parts of the body where hair is normally absent or minimal, such as on the chin or chest in particular, or the face or body in general.
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Human serum albumin
Human serum albumin is the serum albumin found in human blood.
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Hydrocortisone
Hydrocortisone, sold under a number of brand names, is the name for the hormone cortisol when supplied as a medication.
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Hydroxylation
Hydroxylation is a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group (-OH) into an organic compound.
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Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Hypogonadism
Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testes or the ovaries —that may result in diminished sex hormone biosynthesis.
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Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonadal glands as if these individual endocrine glands were a single entity.
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Infertility
Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means.
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Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), also known as obstetric cholestasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, jaundice of pregnancy, and prurigo gravidarum, is a medical condition in which cholestasis occurs during pregnancy.
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Intravaginal administration
Intravaginal administration is a route of administration where the substance is applied inside the vagina.
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Intravenous therapy
Intravenous therapy (IV) is a therapy that delivers liquid substances directly into a vein (intra- + ven- + -ous).
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Italian language
Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Libido
Libido, colloquially known as sex drive, is a person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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List of estrogen esters
This is a list of estrogen esters, or ester prodrugs of estrogens.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Lupus erythematosus
Lupus erythematosus is a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissues.
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Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
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Medical literature
Medical literature is the scientific literature of medicine: articles in journals and texts in books devoted to the field of medicine.
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Membrane estrogen receptor
Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen.
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Menopause
Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.
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Mestranol
Mestranol, sold under the brand names Enovid, Norinyl, and Ortho-Novum among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and the treatment of menstrual disorders.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Metabolite
A metabolite is the intermediate end product of metabolism.
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Methylestradiol
Methylestradiol, sold under the brand names Ginecosid, Ginecoside, Mediol, and Renodiol, is an estrogen medication which is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
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Methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone, sold under the brand names Android, Metandren, and Testred among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men, delayed puberty in boys, at low doses as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, osteoporosis, and low sexual desire in women, and to treat breast cancer in women.
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Moxestrol
Moxestrol, sold under the brand name Surestryl, is an estrogen medication which is or was used in Europe for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and menstrual disorders.
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Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) also called canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 (cMOAT) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 2 (ABCC2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC2 gene.
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Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
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Nandrolone
Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate (brand name Deca-Durabolin) and nandrolone phenylpropionate (brand name Durabolin).
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Natural product
A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Negative feedback
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.
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Nilestriol
Nilestriol (brand name Wei Ni An; developmental code name LY-49825), also known as nylestriol, is a synthetic estrogen which was patented in 1971 and is marketed in China.
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Norelgestromin
Norelgestromin, or norelgestromine, sold under the brand names Evra and Ortho Evra among others, is a progestin medication which is used as a method of birth control for women.
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Norethisterone
Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone and sold under the brand names Aygestin and Primolut N among many others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders.
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Norethisterone acetate
Norethisterone acetate (NETA), also known as norethindrone acetate and sold under the brand name Primolut-Nor among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders.
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Omeprazole
Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.
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Oral administration
| name.
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Oral contraceptive pill
Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, also known as birth control pills, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of birth control.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Ovulation
Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries.
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Palliative care
Palliative care is a multidisciplinary approach to specialized medical and nursing care for people with life-limiting illnesses.
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Paracetamol
--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered to a living organism.
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Phenobarbital
Phenobarbital, also known as phenobarbitone or phenobarb, is a medication recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of certain types of epilepsy in developing countries.
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Phenytoin
Phenytoin (PHT), sold under the brand name Dilantin among others, is an anti-seizure medication.
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Pituitary gland
An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri) & the congenital anomalies. In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.
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Plasma protein binding
Plasma protein binding refers to the degree to which medications attach to proteins within the blood.
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Postmenopausal hormone therapy
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), or postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT, PMHT), also known as hormone replacement therapy in menopause, is a form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) which is used in postmenopausal, perimenopausal, and surgically menopausal women.
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Potency (pharmacology)
In the field of pharmacology, potency is a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity.
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.
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Primidone
Primidone (INN, BAN, USP) is an anticonvulsant of the barbiturate class.
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Prodrug
A prodrug is a medication or compound that, after administration, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug.
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Progesterone (medication)
Progesterone is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.
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Progestin
A progestin is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy.
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Prostate
The prostate (from Ancient Greek προστάτης, prostates, literally "one who stands before", "protector", "guardian") is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals.
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Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein isoform
A protein isoform, or "protein variant" is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences.
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Quinestrol
Quinestrol (brand names Agalacto-Quilea, Basaquines, Eston, Estrovis, Estrovister, Plestrovis, Qui-Lea), also known as ethinylestradiol 3-cyclopentyl ether (EE2CPE), is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and occasionally to treat breast cancer and prostate cancer.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Rifampicin
Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, leprosy, and Legionnaire's disease.
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Rifamycin
The rifamycins are a group of antibiotics that are synthesized either naturally by the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica or artificially.
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Route of administration
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.
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Schering AG
Schering AG was a research-centered German multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Wedding, Berlin, which operated as an independent company from 1851 to 2006.
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Schering-Plough
Schering-Plough Corporation was a United States-based pharmaceutical company.
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Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
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Sex hormone-binding globulin
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to the two sex hormones: androgen and estrogen.
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Sexual dysfunction
Sexual dysfunction (or sexual malfunction or sexual disorder) is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.
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Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.
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Skin
Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.
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Smoking
Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream.
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Spanish language
Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.
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Steric effects
Steric effects are nonbonding interactions that influence the shape (conformation) and reactivity of ions and molecules.
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Steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Structural analog
A structural analog, also known as a chemical analog or simply an analog, is a compound having a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to a certain component.
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Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product.
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Sulfation
Sulfation or sulfurylation (not to be confused with sulfonation) in biochemistry is the enzyme-catalyzed conjugation of a sulfo group (not a sulfate or sulfuryl group) to another molecule.
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Symptom
A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease.
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Tablet (pharmacy)
A tablet is a pharmaceutical dosage form.
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Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.
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Testosterone (medication)
Testosterone is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.
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The Science of Nature
The Science of Nature, formerly Naturwissenschaften, is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering all aspects of the natural sciences relating to questions of biological significance.
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Thrombosis
Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις thrómbōsis "clotting”) is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
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Thrombus
A thrombus, colloquially called a blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis.
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Trans woman
A trans woman (sometimes trans-woman or transwoman) is a woman who was assigned male at birth.
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Transdermal
Transdermal is a route of administration wherein active ingredients are delivered across the skin for systemic distribution.
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Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)
Transgender hormone therapy of the male-to-female (MTF) type, also known as feminizing hormone therapy, is a form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and sex reassignment therapy which is used to change the secondary sexual characteristics of transgender people from masculine (or androgynous) to feminine.
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Troleandomycin
Troleandomycin (TAO for short) is a macrolide antibiotic.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many animals.
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Uterus
The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.
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Vaginal bleeding
Vaginal bleeding is any bleeding through the vagina, including bleeding from the vaginal wall itself, as well as (and more commonly) bleeding from another location of the female reproductive system, often the uterus.
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Vaginal ring
Vaginal rings (also known as intravaginal rings, or V-Rings) are polymeric drug delivery devices designed to provide controlled release of drugs for intravaginal administration over extended periods of time.
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Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and bicuspid valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonary and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart. These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging,Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano. Lancet. 2006 Sep;368(9540):1005-11. but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy. Anatomically, the valves are part of the dense connective tissue of the heart known as the cardiac skeleton and are responsible for the regulation of blood flow through the heart and great vessels. Valve failure or dysfunction can result in diminished heart functionality, though the particular consequences are dependent on the type and severity of valvular disease. Treatment of damaged valves may involve medication alone, but often involves surgical valve repair (valvuloplasty) or replacement (insertion of an artificial heart valve).
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Vascular disease
Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the blood vessels – the arteries and veins of the circulatory system of the body.
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Vasomotor
Vasomotor refers to actions upon a blood vessel which alter its diameter.
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Venous thrombosis
A venous thrombus is a blood clot (thrombus) that forms within a vein.
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
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Water retention (medicine)
The term water retention (also known as fluid retention) or hydrops, hydropsy, edema, signifies an abnormal accumulation of clear, watery fluid in the tissues or cavities of the body.
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Weight gain
Weight gain is an increase in body weight.
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17α-Alkylated anabolic steroid
A 17α-alkylated anabolic steroid is a synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) that features an alkyl group, specifically a methyl or ethyl group, at the C17α position.
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17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD, HSD17B), also 17-ketosteroid reductases (17-KSR), are a group of alcohol oxidoreductases which catalyze the reduction of 17-ketosteroids and the dehydrogenation of 17β-hydroxysteroids in steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism.
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5α-Reductase
5α-reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.
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Redirects here:
17α-Ethinyl estradiol, 17α-Ethinyl oestradiol, 17α-Ethinylestradiol, 17α-Ethinyloestradiol, 17α-Ethynyl estradiol, 17α-Ethynyl oestradiol, 17α-Ethynylestradiol, 17α-Ethynyloestradiol, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, 17α-ethinyl oestradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, 17α-ethinyloestradiol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol, 17α-ethynyl oestradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, 17α-ethynyloestradiol, ATC code G03CA01, ATC code L02AA03, ATCvet code QG03CA01, ATCvet code QL02AA03, Amenoron, Amenorone, Dicromil, Diognat-E, Diogyn E, Diogyn-E, Diprol, Dyloform, Ertonyl, Esteed, Estigyn, Estinyl, Eston-E, Estopherol, Estoral, Estorals, Ethidol, Ethinoral, Ethinyl Estradiol, Ethinyl estradiol, Ethinyl estradiol tablets, Ethinyl estradiolum, Ethinyl oestradiol, Ethinyl œstradiol, Ethinylestradiolum, Ethinylestradol, Ethinyloestradiol, Ethinyloestradol, Ethinylœstradiol, Ethy 11, Ethynil estradiol, Ethynil oestradiol, Ethynilestradiol, Ethyniloestradiol, Ethynyl estradiol, Ethynyl estradiolum, Ethynyl oestradiol, Ethynyl œstradiol, Ethynylestradiol, Ethynylestradiolum, Ethynyloestradiol, Ethynylœstradiol, Eticyclin, Eticyclol, Eticylol, Etinestrol, Etinestryl, Etinil estradiol, Etinil estradiolo, Etinilestradiol, Etinilestradiolo, Etinoestryl, Etistradiol, Etivex, Feminone, Follicoral, Ginestrene, Gynolett, Halodrin, Inestra, Kolpolyn, Linoral, Lynoral, Menolyn, Microfollin, Nogest-S, Novestrol, Oradiol, Orestralyn, Orestrayln, Ortho-Cyclen, Oviol, Palonyl, Primogyn, Primogyn C, Primogyn M, Progynon C, Progynon M, Progynon-C, Prosexol, Spanestrin, Varnoline, Ylestrol, Éthinyl estradiol, Éthinylestradiol, Éthynyl estradiol, Éthynylestradiol.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol
