Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. ^[1]

385 relations: Abdessalam Jalloud, Abdul Hafeez Pirzada, Abdul Jabbar Khan, Abdul Qadeer Khan, Abdul Qayyum Khan, Abdur Rashid Khan (politician), Abdus Salam, Abul A'la Maududi, Administrative units of Pakistan, Advocacy group, Aftermath of World War II, Ahmad Raza Khan Kasuri, Ahmad Shah Massoud, Ahmadiyya, Air Intelligence (Pakistan), Air transports of heads of state and government, Akbar Bugti, Albania, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Allama Iqbal Open University, Arab League, Arab–Pakistan relations, Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Asghar Khan, Asif Ali Zardari, Assassination of Benazir Bhutto, Awami National Party, Ayub Khan, Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan), Azad Kashmir, Aziz Ahmed, Ba'athist Iraq, Babar Awan, Baghdad Pact, Baloch nationalism, Balochistan, Balochistan Liberation Army, Balochistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bangladesh Awami League, Bangladesh Liberation War, Barrister, Basit Jehangir Sheikh, BBC, Bell AH-1 Cobra, Benazir Bhutto, Bhutto, Bhutto family, Bombay Times, Brigadier general, ..., British Nuclear Fuels Ltd, British Raj, Burhanuddin Rabbani, Capitalism, Cathedral and John Connon School, Central Intelligence Agency, Central Jail Rawalpindi, Chagai Hills, Chief Justice of Pakistan, Chief Martial Law Administrator, Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan), China, China–Pakistan relations, Christ Church, Oxford, Cirrhosis, Cold War, Constitution of Pakistan, Coup d'état, Defensive fighting position, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Dewan, Diplomatic recognition, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Divide and rule, Durand Line, East Germany, East Pakistan, Eastern Bloc, Economic stagnation, Economy of the Soviet Union, Egyptian Air Force, Electoral fraud, Embassy of the United States, Islamabad, European Union, F-22P Zulfiquar-class frigate, Fakhruddin G. 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Abdessalam Jalloud

Abdessalam Jalloud (عبد السلام جلود) (born 15 December 1944) was Prime Minister of Libya from 16 July 1972 to 2 March 1977, during the government of Muammar Gaddafi.

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Abdul Hafeez Pirzada

Abdul Hafeez Pirzada (عبدالحفیظ پیرزادہ.; 24 February 1935 – 1 September 2015) was a Pakistani lawyer, legal theorist, and politician, who served variously as Minister for Information, Minister for Law, Minister for Finance, and Minister for Education under President and later Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1971 to 1977.

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Abdul Jabbar Khan

Justice Abdul Jabbar Khan (June 1902 – 23 April 1984) was the 6th Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan.

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Abdul Qadeer Khan

Abdul Qadeer Khan, NI, HI, FPAS (ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان; born 1935 or 1936), known as A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani former nuclear physicist and a metallurgical engineer, who founded the uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's atomic bomb project.

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Abdul Qayyum Khan

Abdul Qayyum Khan (عبدالقیوم خان) (16 July 1901 – 23 October 1981) was a major figure in Pakistan politics, in particular in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, where he was deputy speaker of the provincial assembly, Chief Minister and served as Interior Minister of Pakistan in the central government from 1972 to 1977.

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Abdur Rashid Khan (politician)

Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan (سردار عبد الرشید خان) (1906 - ?1995) was a senior police officer from the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province and cabinet minister in Pakistan.

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Abdus Salam

Mohammad Abdus Salam Salam adopted the forename "Mohammad" in 1974 in response to the anti-Ahmadiyya decrees in Pakistan, similarly he grew his beard.

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Abul A'la Maududi

Syed Abul A'la Maududi Chishti (ابو الاعلی مودودی – alternative spellings of last name Maudoodi, Mawdudi, also known as Abul Ala Maududi; –) was a Muslim philosopher, jurist, journalist and imam.

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Administrative units of Pakistan

The administrative units of Pakistan (انتظامی اکائیاں) consist of five provinces (Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh), one autonomous territory (Azad Jammu and Kashmir) and one federal territory (Islamabad Capital Territory).

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Advocacy group

Advocacy groups (also known as pressure groups, lobby groups, campaign groups, interest groups, or special interest groups) use various forms of advocacy in order to influence public opinion and/or policy.

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Aftermath of World War II

The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of an era defined by the decline of all great powers except for the Soviet Union and the United States, and the simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (USA).

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Ahmad Raza Khan Kasuri

Ahmed Raza Khan Kasuri (born 1940) is a Pakistani politician and lawyer; the son of Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan and grandson of Khan Bahadar Sardar Sher Baz Khan.

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Ahmad Shah Massoud

Ahmad Shah Massoud (Dari Persian: احمد شاه مسعود; September 2, 1953September 9, 2001) was an Afghan political and military leader.

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Ahmadiyya

Ahmadiyya (officially, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community or the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at; الجماعة الإسلامية الأحمدية, transliterated: al-Jamā'ah al-Islāmiyyah al-Aḥmadiyyah; احمدیہ مسلم جماعت) is an Islamic religious movement founded in Punjab, British India, in the late 19th century.

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Air Intelligence (Pakistan)

The Directorate for Air Intelligence, known as "Air Intelligence" and its acronym "AI", is the intelligence arm of the Pakistan Air Force.

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Air transports of heads of state and government

Air transports for heads of state and government are, in many countries, provided by the air force in specially equipped airliners or business jets.

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Akbar Bugti

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Albania

Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia or Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe.

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Allama Iqbal Medical College

Allama Iqbal Medical College (علامہ اقبال طبی کالج لاہور), established in 1975, is a public school of medicine, nursing and allied health sciences located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

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Allama Iqbal Open University

Allama Iqbal Open University (جامعہ علامہ اقبال) or AIOU is a public research university in Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Arab League

The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization of Arab states in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia.

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Arab–Pakistan relations

Pakistan–Arab relations refer to foreign relations between Pakistan and the various states of the Arab world which constitute the Arab League.

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Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran

The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (نيروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ايران) include the Army (''Artesh''), the Revolutionary Guard Corps (''Sepāh'') and the Law Enforcement Force (Police).

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Asghar Khan

Mohammad Asghar Khan (اصغر خان 17 January 1921 – 5 January 2018), was a Pakistani politician and an autobiographer, later a dissident serving for the cause of pacifism, peace, and the human rights.

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Asif Ali Zardari

Asif Ali Zardari (آصف علی زرداری; آصف علي زرداري; born 26 July 1955) is a Pakistani politician and the former co-chairperson of Pakistan People's Party.

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Assassination of Benazir Bhutto

The assassination of Benazir Bhutto took place on 27 December 2007 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

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Awami National Party

The Awami National Party (ملي عوامي ګوند, عوامی نيشنل پارٹی; Acronym: ANP), is a secular and leftist Pashtun nationalist political party in Pakistan.

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Ayub Khan

Ayub Khan is a compound masculine name; Ayub is the Arabic version of the name of the Biblical figure Job, while Khan is taken from the title used first by the Mongol rulers and then, in particular, their Islamic and Persian-influenced successors in South Asia, where the name is usually found, although Khan was being used before outside South Asia.

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Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

Mohammad Ayub Khan (محمد ایوب خان; 14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974),, was a Pakistani military dictator and the 2nd President of Pakistan who forcibly assumed the presidency from 1st President through coup in 1958, the first successful coup d'état of the country. The popular demonstrations and labour strikes which were supported by the protests in East Pakistan ultimately led to his forced resignation in 1969., Retrieved 25 August 2015 Trained at the British Royal Military College, Ayub Khan fought in the World War II as a Colonel in the British Indian Army before deciding to transfer to join the Pakistan Army as an aftermath of partition of British India in 1947. His command assignment included his role as chief of staff of Eastern Command in East-Bengal and elevated as the first native commander-in-chief of Pakistan Army in 1951 by then-Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in a controversial promotion over several senior officers., Retrieved 25 August 2015 From 1953–58, he served in the civilian government as Defence and Home Minister and supported Iskander Mirza's decision to impose martial law against Prime Minister Feroze Khan's administration in 1958., Retrieved 27 August 2015 Two weeks later, he took over the presidency from Mirza after the meltdown of civil-military relations between the military and the civilian President., Retrieved 25 August 2015 After appointing General Musa Khan as an army chief in 1958, the policy inclination towards the alliance with the United States was pursued that saw the allowance of American access to facilities inside Pakistan, most notably the airbase outside of Peshawar, from which spy missions over the Soviet Union were launched. Relations with neighboring China were strengthened but deteriorated with Soviet Union in 1962, and with India in 1965. His presidency saw the war with India in 1965 which ended with Soviet Union facilitating the Tashkent Declaration between two nations. At home front, the policy of privatisation and industrialization was introduced that made the country's economy as Asia's fastest-growing economies. During his tenure, several infrastructure programs were built that consisted the completion of hydroelectric stations, dams and reservoirs, as well as prioritizing the space program but reducing the nuclear deterrence. In 1965, Ayub Khan entered in a presidential race as PML candidate to counter the popular and famed non-partisan Fatima Jinnah and controversially reelected for the second term. He was faced with allegations of widespread intentional vote riggings, authorized political murders in Karachi, and the politics over the unpopular peace treaty with India which many Pakistanis considered an embarrassing compromise. In 1967, he was widely disapproved when the demonstrations across the country were led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto over the price hikes of food consumer products and, dramatically fell amid the popular uprising in East led by Mujibur Rahman in 1969. Forced to resign to avoid further protests while inviting army chief Yahya Khan to impose martial law for the second time, he fought a brief illness and died in 1974. His legacy remains mixed; he is credited with an ostensible economic prosperity and what supporters dub the "decade of development", but is criticized for beginning the first of the intelligence agencies' incursions into the national politics, for concentrating corrupt wealth in a few hands, and segregated policies that later led to the breaking-up of nation's unity that resulted in the creation of Bangladesh., Retrieved 25 August 2015.

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Azad Kashmir

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (آزاد جموں و کشمیر Āzād Jammū̃ o Kaśmīr, translation: Free Jammu and Kashmir), abbreviated as AJK and commonly known as Azad Kashmir, is a nominally self-governing polity administered by Pakistan.

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Aziz Ahmed

Aziz Ahmed, (عزیز احمد; born 24 June 1906 – 23 October 1982) ''HPk'', was a career Pakistani statesman and a diplomat during the Cold war, serving in the capacity as 12th Foreign Minister of Pakistan from 1973 until 1977.

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Ba'athist Iraq

Ba'athist Iraq, formally the Iraqi Republic, covers the history of Iraq between 1968 and 2003, during the period of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's rule.

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Babar Awan

Zaheer-ud-din Babar Awan (ظہيرالدين بابر اعوان; born 27 January 1958; SI), is a Pakistani politician, lawyer, author, analyst, columnist, and leftist writer.

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Baghdad Pact

The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), originally known as the Baghdad Pact or the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), was formed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

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Baloch nationalism

Baloch nationalism is a movement that claims the Baloch people, an ethno-linguistic group mainly found in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan are a distinct nation.

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Balochistan

Balōchistān (بلوچستان; also Balūchistān or Balūchestān, often interpreted as the Land of the Baloch) is an arid desert and mountainous region in south-western Asia.

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Balochistan Liberation Army

The Balochistan Liberation Army (بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی; abbreviated BLA), also known as the Baloch Liberation Army is a Baloch militant organization based in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

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Balochistan, Pakistan

Balochistan (bəloːt͡ʃɪs't̪ɑːn) (بلوچِستان), is one of the five provinces of Pakistan.

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ, lit. "The country of Bengal"), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ), is a country in South Asia.

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Bangladesh Awami League

The Bangladesh Awami League (BAL) (বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ; translated from Urdu: Bangladesh People's League), often simply called the Awami League or AL, is one of the two major political parties of Bangladesh.

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Bangladesh Liberation War

The Bangladesh Liberation War (মুক্তিযুদ্ধ), also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, or simply the Liberation War in Bangladesh, was a revolution and armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in what was then East Pakistan during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.

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Barrister

A barrister (also known as barrister-at-law or bar-at-law) is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions.

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Basit Jehangir Sheikh

Basit Jehangir Sheikh(با سط جہا نگیر شيخ) 13 April 1949 – 20 October 2010) was a Pakistani politician who served as the First District President PPP, District Kasur. He was an active leader in politics. He was one of the youngest founding member Pakistan Peoples Party of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.

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Bell AH-1 Cobra

The Bell AH-1 Cobra is a two-blade, single-engine attack helicopter manufactured by Bell Helicopter. It was developed using the engine, transmission and rotor system of the Bell UH-1 Iroquois. A member of the prolific Huey family, the AH-1 is also referred to as the HueyCobra or Snake. The AH-1 was the backbone of the United States Army's attack helicopter fleet, but has been replaced by the AH-64 Apache in Army service. Upgraded versions continue to fly with the militaries of several other nations. The AH-1 twin-engine versions remain in service with United States Marine Corps (USMC) as the service's primary attack helicopter. Surplus AH-1 helicopters have been converted for fighting forest fires.

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Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto (بينظير ڀُٽو; 21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996.

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Bhutto

Bhutto (ڀُٽو) is a Rajput clan found in Sindh, Pakistan.

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Bhutto family

The Bhutto family (ڀُٽو) is a prominent political family of Pakistan, based in the province of Sindh.

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Bombay Times

The Bombay Times is a free supplement of The Times of India, in the Mumbai (formerly Bombay) region.

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Brigadier general

Brigadier general (Brig. Gen.) is a senior rank in the armed forces.

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British Nuclear Fuels Ltd

British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) was a nuclear energy and fuels company owned by the UK Government.

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British Raj

The British Raj (from rāj, literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.

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Burhanuddin Rabbani

Burhānuddīn Rabbānī (Persian/Pashto: برهان‌ الدین رباني; b. 20 September 1940, d. 20 September 2011) was an Afghan politician who served as President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996 (de jure until 2001).

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Cathedral and John Connon School

The Cathedral & John Connon School is a co-educational, private school founded in 1860 and located in Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Central Jail Rawalpindi

Central Jail Rawalpindi (also known as Adyala jail) is a prominent prison in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

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Chagai Hills

The Chagai Hills is a range of granite hills in the Chagai District in Pakistan's Balochistan province.

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Chief Justice of Pakistan

The Chief Justice of Pakistan (initials as CJP) is the head of the court system of Pakistan (the judicature branch of government) and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan.

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Chief Martial Law Administrator

The office of the Chief Martial Law Administrator was a senior government authoritative post created in countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia that gave considerable executive authority and powers to the holder of the post to enforce martial law in the country in an events to ensure the continuity of government.

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Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)

The Chief of Army Staff (سربراہ پاک فوج) (reporting name: COAS), is a military appointment and statutory office held by the four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan and final confirmation by the President of Pakistan.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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China–Pakistan relations

China–Pakistan relations began in 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to end official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (on Taiwan) and recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) regime on mainland China.

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Christ Church, Oxford

Christ Church (Ædes Christi, the temple or house, ædēs, of Christ, and thus sometimes known as "The House") is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England.

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Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Constitution of Pakistan

The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu), also known as the 1973 Constitution is the supreme law of Pakistan.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

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Defensive fighting position

A defensive fighting position (DFP) is a type of earthwork constructed in a military context, generally large enough to accommodate anything from one man to a small number of soldiers.

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Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA; جمهوری دمکراتی افغانستان,; دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت), renamed in 1987 to the Republic of Afghanistan (جمهوری افغانستان;; د افغانستان جمهوریت), commonly known as Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Afġānistān), existed from 1978 to 1992 and covers the period when the socialist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) ruled Afghanistan.

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Dewan

The originally Persian title dewan (also known as diwan, also spelled or devan/ divan) has, at various points in Islamic history, designated a powerful government official, minister or ruler.

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Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state).

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.

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Divide and rule

Divide and rule (or divide and conquer, from Latin dīvide et imperā) in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into pieces that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy.

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Durand Line

The Durand Line (د ډیورنډ کرښه) is the international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

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East Germany

East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.

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East Pakistan

East Pakistan was the eastern provincial wing of Pakistan between 1955 and 1971, covering the territory of the modern country Bangladesh.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.

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Economic stagnation

Economic stagnation is a prolonged period of slow economic growth (traditionally measured in terms of the GDP growth), usually accompanied by high unemployment.

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Economy of the Soviet Union

The economy of the Soviet Union (экономика Советского Союза) was based on a system of state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning.

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Egyptian Air Force

The Egyptian Air Force (EAF) (القوات الجوية المصرية), is the aviation branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces, is responsible for all airborne defence missions and operates all military aircraft, including those used in support of the Egyptian Army, Egyptian Navy and the Egyptian Air Defense Forces, created as a separate command in the 1970s, coordinates with the Air Force to integrate air and ground-based air defense operations.

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Electoral fraud

Electoral fraud, election manipulation, or vote rigging is illegal interference with the process of an election, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both.

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Embassy of the United States, Islamabad

The Embassy of the United States in Islamabad is the diplomatic mission of the United States in Pakistan.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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F-22P Zulfiquar-class frigate

The F-22P or Zulfiquar-class frigate (ذوالفقار Sword class), is a class of frigates currently in service with the Pakistan Navy (PN).

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Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim

Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim, TI (Urdu: فخر الدين جى ابراهيم; born 12 February 1928) is a retired Pakistani judge and a legal expert.

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Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

Fazal Elahi Chaudhry English IPA: fəzɛl ɪllɑɦi t͡ʃɒɪdɾɪ (Punjabi, فضل الہی چودہری; 1 January 1904 – 2 June 1982), was the 5th President of Pakistan, serving from 1973 until 1978, prior to the martial law led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq.

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Fazle Haq

Lieutenant General Fazle Haq, (Urdu: فضل حق; HI(M), HPk(10 September 1928 - 3 October 1991)), was a high-ranking general in the Pakistan Army, and the former martial law administrator (MLA) of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories.

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Federal Investigation Agency

The Federal Investigation Agency (وفاقی ادارۂ تحقیقات; reporting name: FIA) is a border control, counter-intelligence and security agency under the control of the Interior Secretary of Pakistan, tasked with investigative jurisdiction on undertaking operations against terrorism, espionage, federal crimes, fascism, smuggling as well as infringement and other specific crimes.

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Federal Security Force (Pakistan)

The Federal Security Force (FSF) was a paramilitary force created by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, while he was the President of Pakistan.

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Feudalism

Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.

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Find a Grave

Find A Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records.

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Foreign aid to Pakistan

Pakistan receives foreign aid from several countries and international organizations.

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Foreign policy of the United States

The foreign policy of the United States is its interactions with foreign nations and how it sets standards of interaction for its organizations, corporations and system citizens of the United States.

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Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

The diplomatic foreign relations of the United Kingdom are conducted by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, headed by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

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French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission

The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission or CEA (French: Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives), is a French public government-funded research organisation in the areas of energy, defense and security, information technologies and health technologies.

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Garhi Khuda Bakhsh

Garhi Khuda Bakhsh (ڳڙهي خدابخش, گڑھی خدا بخش) is a village in Ratodero Taluka near Naudero, Sindh, Pakistan.

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Geo News

Geo News is a private Pakistani TV news channel, owned and operated by Independent Media Corporation, the parent company which also owns the Jang Group of Newspapers.

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Ghinwa Bhutto

Ghinwa Bhutto (غنویٰ بھٹو, غنوا ڀٽو, غنوة بوتو; born Ghinwa Itoui) is a Pakistani politician and the widow of Murtaza Bhutto.

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Ghulam Ishaq Khan

Ghulam Ishaq Khan (غلام اسحاق خان.; January 20, 1915 – 27 October 2006), was a Pakistani bureaucrat who served as the 7th President of Pakistan, elected in 1988 until his resignation in 1993.

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Gilgit-Baltistan

Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas, is the northernmost administrative territory in Pakistan.

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Gillani ministry

The Gilani ministry began its operation into office on 31 March 2008 after Yousaf Raza Gillani was elected as Prime minister of Pakistan by the National Assembly on 25 March 2008.

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Golan Heights

The Golan Heights (هضبة الجولان or مرتفعات الجولان, רמת הגולן), or simply the Golan, is a region in the Levant, spanning about.

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Gul Hassan Khan

Gul Hassan Khan (گل حسن خان) (1921; b. 1921—10 October 1999), was a former lieutenant-general and the last Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army, serving under President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 20 December 1971 until 3 March 1972.

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Gulbuddin Hekmatyar

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (ګلبدين حکمتيار; گلبدین حکمتیار; born 1 August, 1949) is an Afghan politician and former warlord.

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Hamoodur Rahman

Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman (حمود الرحمن; 1 November 1910 – 20 December 1981),.

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Hassanally A. Rahman

Hassanally A Rahman (حسن علي رحمان حسن علی رحمان) was born in Karachi, Sindh (1909 to 1986), to a prominent and respectable family of legal professionals, government officers, and people actively involved in the education sector.

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Hayat Sherpao

Hayat Mohammad Khan Sherpao (Urdu: حيات محمد خان شيرپاؤ; 1 February 1937 – 8 February 1975), simply known as Hayat Sherpao, was a notable left-wing intellectual and socialist, serving as the fifteenth Governor of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, as well as vice-chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party.

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Henry A. Byroade

Brigadier General Henry Alfred Byroade, (July 24, 1913 – December 31, 1993) of Indiana was an American career diplomat.

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Henry Kissinger

Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger, May 27, 1923) is an American statesman, political scientist, diplomat and geopolitical consultant who served as the United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

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Herald (Pakistan)

The Herald is a monthly magazine of politics and current affairs published in Karachi, Pakistan.

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History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan military officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état.

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History of nuclear weapons

Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions.

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History of Pakistan

The history of Pakistan encompasses the history of the region constituting modern-day Pakistan.

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Humanitarian crisis

A humanitarian crisis (or "humanitarian disaster") is defined as a singular event or a series of events that are threatening in terms of health, safety or well being of a community or large group of people.

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Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (English IPA: ɦusæŋ ʃɑid sɦuɾɑwɑɾdɪə; حسین شہید سہروردی; হোসেন শহীদ সোহ্‌রাওয়ার্দী; 8 September 18925 December 1963) is a Bengali politician and a lawyer who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Pakistan, appointed in this capacity on 12 September 1956 until resigning on 17 October 1957.

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Hyderabad tribunal

The Hyderabad tribunal (1975–1979), also known as Hyderabad conspiracy case, is the name of a former judicial tribunal used in Pakistan to prosecute opposition politicians of the National Awami Party on the charges of treason and acting against the ideology of Pakistan.

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Iftikhar Ahmad (journalist)

Agha Iftikhar Ahmad (افتخار احمد; born 4 November 1950) is a Pakistani research journalist and a political activist.

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Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry

Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry (اِفتِخار مُحَمّد چودهرى; born 12 December 1948) was the 20th Chief Justice of Pakistan, who served over three non-consecutive terms from 29 June 2005 to 11 December 2013.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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India and weapons of mass destruction

The Republic of India has developed and possesses weapons of mass destruction in the form of nuclear weapons.

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Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force (IAF; IAST: Bhāratīya Vāyu Senā) is the air arm of the Indian armed forces.

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Indian Armed Forces

The Indian Armed Forces (Hindi (in IAST): Bhāratīya Saśastra Senāeṃ) are the military forces of the Republic of India.

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Indira Gandhi

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician, stateswoman and a central figure of the Indian National Congress.

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Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. Hostilities between the two countries ended after a United Nations-mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. Many details of this war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain unclear. India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared. "Satisfied that it had secured a strategic and psychological victory over Pakistan by frustrating its attempt to seize Kashmir by force, when the UN resolution was passed, India accepted its terms... with Pakistan's stocks of ammunition and other essential supplies all but exhausted, and with the military balance tipping steadily in India's favour." "Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan." Quote: The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time the United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat. Although the two countries fought to a standoff, the conflict is seen as a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan, "... the war itself was a disaster for Pakistan, from the first failed attempts by Pakistani troops to precipitate an insurgency in Kashmir to the appearance of Indian artillery within range of Lahore International Airport." – U.S. Department of State, – Interview with Steve Coll in United States House of Representatives 12 September 1994South Asia in World Politics By Devin T. Hagerty, 2005 Rowman & Littlefield,, p. 26 as it had neither succeeded in fomenting insurrection in Kashmir "... after some initial success, the momentum behind Pakistan's thrust into Kashmir slowed, and the state's inhabitants rejected exhortations from the Pakistani insurgents to join them in taking up arms against their Indian "oppressors." Pakistan's inability to muster support from the local Kashmiri population proved a disaster, both militarily and politically." nor had it been able to gain meaningful support at an international level. "Mao had decided that China would intervene under two conditions—that India attacked East Pakistan, and that Pakistan requested Chinese intervention. In the end, neither of them obtained." Internationally, the war was viewed in the context of the greater Cold War, and resulted in a significant geopolitical shift in the subcontinent. Before the war, the United States and the United Kingdom had been major material allies of both India and Pakistan, as their primary suppliers of military hardware and foreign developmental aid. During and after the conflict, both India and Pakistan felt betrayed by the perceived lack of support by the western powers for their respective positions; those feelings of betrayal were increased with the imposition of an American and British embargo on military aid to the opposing sides. As a consequence, India and Pakistan openly developed closer relationships with the Soviet Union and China, respectively. The perceived negative stance of the western powers during the conflict, and during the 1971 war, has continued to affect relations between the West and the subcontinent. In spite of improved relations with the U.S. and Britain since the end of the Cold War, the conflict generated a deep distrust of both countries within the subcontinent which to an extent lingers to this day."In retrospect, it is clear that the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 represented a watershed in the West's association with the subcontinent.""By extending the Cold War into South Asia, however, the United States did succeed in disturbing the subcontinent's established politico-military equilibrium, undermining British influence in the region, embittering relations between India and Pakistan and, ironically, facilitating the expansion of communist influence in the developing world." "The legacy of the Johnson arms cut-off remains alive today. Indians simply do not believe that America will be there when India needs military help... the legacy of the U.S. "betrayal" still haunts U.S.-Pakistan relations today.".

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Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca (Dhaka) on 16 December 1971.

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Indus Waters Treaty

The Indus Waters Treaty (English) or सिंधु जल संधि (Hindi) or "سندھ طاس معاہدہ" (Urdu) is a water-shareing treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) The Guardian, Monday 3 June 2002 01.06 BST The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.

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Insurgency

An insurgency is a rebellion against authority (for example, an authority recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (lawful combatants).

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Inter-Services Intelligence

The Inter-Services Intelligence (بین الخدماتی مخابرات, abbreviated as ISI) is the premier intelligence agency of Pakistan, operationally responsible for gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world.

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International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.

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International Institute for Strategic Studies

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is a British research institute (or think tank) in the area of international affairs.

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International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics

The International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs (INSC), was founded by Nobel laureate in Physics Dr.

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Internationalism (politics)

Internationalism is a political principle which transcends nationalism and advocates a greater political or economic cooperation among nations and people.

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Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq, beginning on 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, and ending on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire.

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Iraq and weapons of mass destruction

Iraq actively researched and later employed weapons of mass destruction from 1962 to 1991, when it destroyed its chemical weapons stockpile and halted its biological and nuclear weapon programs.

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Ishfaq Ahmad

Ishfaq Ahmad, D.Sc., Minister of State, SI, HI, NI, FPAS (3 November 1930 – 18 January 2018), was a Pakistani nuclear physicist, emeritus professor of high-energy physics at the National Center for Physics, and former science advisor to the Government of Pakistan.

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Iskander Mirza

Sahibzada Iskander Ali Mirza (اسکندر مرزا, ইস্কান্দার মির্জা); 13 November 1899 – 13 November 1969),, was the first President of Pakistan, elected in this capacity in 1956 until being dismissed by his appointed army commander General Ayub Khan in 1958. Mirza was educated at the University of Mumbai before attending the military academy in Sandhurst in the United Kingdom. After a brief military service in the British Indian Army, he joined the Indian Political Service and spent the majority of his career as a political agent in the Western region of the British India until elevated as joint secretary at the Ministry of Defence in 1946. After the independence of Pakistan as result of the Partition of India, Mirza was appointed as first Defence Secretary by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, only to oversee the military efforts in first war with India in 1947, followed by failed secessionism in Balochistan in 1948. In 1954, he was appointed as Governor of his home province of East Bengal by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra to control the law and order sparked as a result of the popular language movement in 1952, but later elevated as Interior Minister in Bogra administration in 1955. Playing a crucial role in ousting of Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam, Mirza assumed his position in 1955 and was elected as the first President of Pakistan when the first set of Constitution was promulgated in 1956. His presidency, however, marked with political instability which saw his unconstitutional interferences in the civilian administration that led to the dismissal of four prime ministers in a mere two years. Facing challenges in getting the political endorsements and reelection for the presidency, Mirza surprisingly suspended the writ of the Constitution by having imposed martial law against his own party's administration governed by Prime Minister Feroze Khan on 8 October 1958, enforcing it through his army commander General Ayub Khan who dismissed him when the situation between them escalated, also in 1958. Mirza lived in the United Kingdom for the remainder of his life and was buried in Iran in 1969. His legacy and image is viewed negatively by some Pakistani historians who believe that Mirza was responsible for political instability in the country.

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Islamabad International Airport

Islamabad International Airport (اسلام آباد بین الاقوامی ہوائی اڈہ) is the main international airport serving the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area.

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Islamic republic

An Islamic republic is the name given to several states that are officially ruled by Islamic laws, including the Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Mauritania.

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Islamic studies

Islamic studies refers to the study of Islam.

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Isotope separation

Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes.

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Jalaludin Abdur Rahim

Jalaludin Abdur Rahim (Urdu: جلال الدين عبدالرحيم; Bengali: জালালুদ্দিন আবদুর রহিম; also known as J. A. Rahim) (1905–1977) was a Bengali communist and political philosopher who was renowned as one of the founding members of the Pakistan People's Party—a democratic socialist political party.

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Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir (ænd) is a state in northern India, often denoted by its acronym, J&K.

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Jan Mohammad Khan

Jan Mohammad Khan (died July 17, 2011) was a politician in Afghanistan, who served as Governor of Oruzgan Province from January 2002 to March 2006, member of the National Assembly, and a special adviser to President Hamid Karzai.

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Jimmy Carter

James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981.

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Junagadh

Junagadh is the headquarters of Junagadh district in the Indian state of Gujarat.

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K-Electric

K-Electric (KE) is a vertically integrated power utility, and a Pakistani electric supply company, based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

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Kabul

Kabul (کابل) is the capital of Afghanistan and its largest city, located in the eastern section of the country.

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Kangaroo court

A kangaroo court is a court that ignores recognized standards of law or justice, and often carries little or no official standing in the territory within which it resides.

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Karachi

Karachi (کراچی; ALA-LC:,; ڪراچي) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh.

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Karachi Nuclear Power Complex

The Karachi Nuclear Power Complex or KNPC is located in Paradise Point, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

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Kashmir

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Kashmir conflict

The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947.

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Kausar Niazi

Kausar Niazi (کوثر نیازی), born as Muhammad Hayyat Khan and commonly known as Maulana Kausar Niazi (1934–1994), was a Pakistani politician and a religious leader in Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).

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Khalid Mahmud Arif

General Khalid Mahmud Arif(خالد محمود عارف b. in 1930), popularly known as K.M. Arif, was a four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, serving as the vice-chief of army staff under President Zia-ul-Haq, who retained the command of the army since 1976.

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Khan Abdul Wali Khan

Khan Abdul Wali Khan (خان عبدالولي خان, خان عبدالولی خان, born: 11 January 1917 – 26 January 2006) was a British Indian and later Pakistani secular democratic socialist and Pashtun leader, and served as president of National Awami Party.

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Khan Research Laboratories

The Khan Research Laboratories, previously known at various times as Project-706, Engineering Research Laboratories, and Kahuta Research Laboratories, is a Pakistan Government's multi-program national research institute, managed and operated under the scrutiny of Pakistan Armed Forces, located in Kahuta, Punjab Province.

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (abbreviated as KP; خیبر پختونخوا; خیبر پښتونخوا) is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan, located in the northwestern region of the country along the international border with Afghanistan.

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Kuldip Nayar

Kuldip Nayar (born 14 August 1923) is a veteran Indian journalist, syndicated columnist, human right activist, author and ex-High commissioner of India to United kingdom noted for his long career as a left-wing political commentator.

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Lahore

Lahore (لاہور, لہور) is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Punjab, and is the country’s second-most populous city after Karachi.

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Lahore High Court

The Lahore High Court is based in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

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Lal Bahadur Shastri

Lal Bahadur Shastri (2 October 1904 – 11 January 1966) was the 2nd Prime Minister of India and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress political party.

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Laos

Laos (ລາວ,, Lāo; Laos), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao; République démocratique populaire lao), commonly referred to by its colloquial name of Muang Lao (Lao: ເມືອງລາວ, Muang Lao), is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest and Thailand to the west and southwest.

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Larkana

Larkana (لاڑکانہ; لاڙڪاڻو) is a city in the north-west of the Sindh province of Pakistan, where the historic Indus River flows in south of the city.

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Le Monde diplomatique

Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed Le Diplo by its French readers) is a monthly newspaper offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs.

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Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)

The Leader of the Opposition (Urdu: قائد حزب اختلاف), is the people's elected politician who, by law, is the leader of the Official Opposition in Pakistan.

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Library of Congress Country Studies

The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the United States Library of Congress, freely available for use by researchers.

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Libya

Libya (ليبيا), officially the State of Libya (دولة ليبيا), is a sovereign state in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.

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Lieutenant general

Lieutenant general, lieutenant-general and similar (abbrev Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries.

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Lincoln's Inn

The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn is one of the four Inns of Court in London to which barristers of England and Wales belong and where they are called to the Bar.

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Line of Control

The term Line of Control (LoC) refers to the military control line between the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but is the de facto border.

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List of ambassadors of the United States to Pakistan

The U.S. embassy in Karachi was established August 15, 1947 with Edward W. Holmes as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim, pending the appointment of an ambassador.

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List of Presidents of Pakistan

The President of Pakistan is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

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List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan

The Prime Minister of Pakistan (وزِیرِ اعظم —,; Turkish lit. "Grand Vizier"), is the popularly elected politician who is the chief executive of the Government of Pakistan.

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Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (also referred to as LMU or the University of Munich, in German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) is a public research university located in Munich, Germany.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after having served as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963.

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Major general

Major general (abbreviated MG, Maj. Gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries.

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Malik Meraj Khalid

Malik Meraj Khalid (ملک معراج خالد; 20 September 1915 – 13 June 2003), was a Pakistani left wing statesman and Marxist philosopher who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan in an acting capacity from November 1996 until February 1997.

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Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

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Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893September 9, 1976), commonly known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.

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Maulvi Mushtaq Hussain

Maulvi Mushtaq Hussain was a Pakistani jurist who served as chief justice of the high court of Lahore.

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Member of parliament

A member of parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament.

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Military Intelligence (Pakistan)

The Directorate for Military Intelligence, known as "Military Intelligence" (MI), is the intelligence arm of the Pakistan Army.

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Minister for Law and Justice (Pakistan)

The Law Minister of Pakistan heads the Ministry of Law, Justice & Human Rights.

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Minister of Defence (Pakistan)

The Minister of Defence heads the Ministry of Defence and who Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, and Pakistan Navy.

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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)

The following is the list of all the previous foreign ministers of Pakistan to date.

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Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry

The Ministry of Commerce (وزارت تجارت; abbreviated as MoCom), is a Cabinet-level ministry of the Government of Pakistan concerned with economic growth and commerce development and promotion in Pakistan.

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Ministry of Communications (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Communications (وزارت مواصلات; reporting name: MoCom), is a Cabinet-level ministry of the Pakistani Government responsible for analysing, formulating and implementing central policy on communications and transportation.

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Ministry of Environment (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Environment (or MoE), was a Cabinet-level ministry of Government of Pakistan, tasked and primarily responsible for planning, coordinating, promoting, protecting and overseeing the policy implementation of government sanctioned environmental and forestry programmes in the country.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (وزارت خارجہ, Wazarat-e-Kharja, abbreviated as MoFA) is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan tasked in managing Pakistan's diplomatic and consular relations as well as its foreign policy.

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Ministry of Industries and Production (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Industries and Production is headed by the Minister for Industries and Production, who must be a member of Parliament of Pakistan.

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Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Interior and Narcotics Control (وزارت داخلہ, abbreviated as MoI) is a Cabinet-level ministry of the Government of Pakistan, tasked and primarily responsible for implementing the internal policies, state security, administration of internal affairs involving the state, and assisting the government on territorial affairs of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata), and insular areas of Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA).

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Ministry of Law and Justice (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Justice (وزارت انصاف; abbreviated as MoJ) is a Cabinet-level ministry of Pakistan, responsible and for the enforcement of law and administration of justice.

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Ministry of Water and Power

The Ministry of Water and Power (وزارت پانی و بجلی, abbreviated as MoPW) was a federal ministry in Pakistan.

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Mock trial

A mock trial is an act or imitation trial.

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Mohammad Ali Bogra

Sahibzada Mohammad Ali Bogra (মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া); (19 October 1909 – 23 January 1963), also sometimes known as Mohammad Ali of Bogra, was a Bengali politician, statesman, and a career diplomat who served as third Prime Minister of Pakistan, appointed in this capacity in 1953 until he stepped down in 1955 in favor of Finance Minister Muhammad Ali.

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Mohammed Daoud Khan

Mohammed Daoud Khan or Daud Khan (July 18, 1909 – April 28, 1978) was the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 and later the President of Afghanistan.

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Mossad

Mossad (הַמוֹסָד,; الموساد,,; literally meaning "the Institute"), short for (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים, meaning "Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations"), is the national intelligence agency of Israel.

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Movement for the Restoration of Democracy

The Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (اتحاد برائے بحالی جمہوریت; known as MRD), was a historically populist and massive left–wing political alliance formed to oppose and end the military government of President General Zia-ul-Haq.

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Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi (20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Mubashir Hassan

Mubashir Hassan (Urdu: مبشر حسن; 22 January 1922) is a Pakistani civil engineer and science administrator known for his work in Hydraulics and his political role in the development of the atomic bomb project.

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Muhajir people

The Muhajir people (also spelled Mahajir and Mohajir) (مهاجر) are Muslim immigrants, of multi-ethnic origin, and their descendants, who migrated from various regions of India after the independence of Pakistan.

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (محمد علی جناح ALA-LC:, born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan.

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Muhammad Khan Junejo

Mohammad Khan Junejo (Urdu:; Sindhi: محمد خان جوڻيجو; August 18, 1932 – March 18, 1993) was a Pakistani politician and an agriculturist who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan, having elected in this capacity in 1985 until being dismissed in 1988.

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Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988) was a Pakistani four-star general who served as the 6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988, after declaring martial law in 1977.

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Mujib

Mujib (Mujīb مجيب) is one of the names of God in Islam, meaning "Answerer" or "Responsive".

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Multan

Multan (Punjabi, Saraiki, مُلتان), is a Pakistani city and the headquarters of Multan District in the province of Punjab.

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Mumbai

Mumbai (also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Munir Ahmad Khan

Munir Ahmad Khan (منير احمد خان; b. 20 May 1926 – 22 April 1999; ''NI'' ''HI''), was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a nuclear physicist, who served as the chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) from 1972 to 1991.

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Murtaza Bhutto

Mir Ghulam Murtaza Bhutto (18 September 1954 – 20 September 1996), was a Pakistani politician.

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Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the unified Islamic community (Ummah), consisting of all those who adhere to the religion of Islam, or to societies where Islam is practiced.

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Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal

The Muttahida Majlis–e–Amal (MMA) (Urdu:; lit. United Council of Action), is a political alliance consisting of ultra–conservative, Islamist, religious, and far-right parties of Pakistan.

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Naseerullah Babar

Major-General Naseerullah Khan Babar (Urdu: نصيرالله خان بابر; born 1928—10 January 2011) was Minister of Internal Security of Pakistan.

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National Assembly of Pakistan

Qaumi Assembly Pakistan (قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان or National Assembly of Pakistan (ایوانِ زیریں پاکستان) is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis-e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Aiwan-e Bala (upper house). The Qaumi Assembly and the Aiwan-e Bala both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority. Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system under universal adult suffrage, representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies. According to the constitution, the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation. Each National Assembly is formed for a five-year term, commencing from the date of the first sitting, after which it is automatically dissolved. Currently the National Assembly can not be dissolved by the President of Pakistan, it is dissolved by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Election for 13th National Assembly was held on 18 February 2008. On March 17, 2013 13th National Assembly was dissolved on completion of its five-year term under Article 52 of the Constitution. Pakistani general election, 2013 (for the 14th National Assembly) was held on May 11, 2013. Members of 14th National Assembly took oath on June 1, 2013. The 14th National Assembly dissolved on 31 May 2018 after completing its 5 year term.

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National Awami Party

The National Awami Party (NAP) was the major progressive political party in East and West Pakistan.

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National Development Finance Corporation

The National Development Finance Corporation (NDFC) was a corporation owned by the Government of Pakistan, with the original main purpose of providing financing to public enterprises.

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Nationalization

Nationalization (or nationalisation) is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.

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Non-Aligned Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.

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North Korea

North Korea (Chosŏn'gŭl:조선; Hanja:朝鮮; Chosŏn), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (abbreviated as DPRK, PRK, DPR Korea, or Korea DPR), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.

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Nuclear blackmail

Nuclear blackmail is a form of nuclear strategy in which an aggressor uses the threat of use of nuclear weapons to force an adversary to perform some action or make some concessions.

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Nuclear engineering

Nuclear engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the application of breaking down atomic nuclei (fission) or of combining atomic nuclei (fusion), or with the application of other sub-atomic processes based on the principles of nuclear physics.

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Nuclear power in Pakistan

As of 2017, nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by 5 commercial nuclear power plants.

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Nuclear power plant

A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor.

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Nuclear proliferation

Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT.

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Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Nuclear Suppliers Group

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multilateral export control regime and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.

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Nuclear technology

Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

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Nurul Amin

Nurul Amin (English IPA:nʊɾul əmin, নূরুল আমীন, نورالامین; 1893–1974), referred to as the Patriot of Pakistan, was a prominent Pakistani leader, and a jurist.

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Nusrat Bhutto

Nusrat Bhutto (بیگم نصرت بھٹو, بیگم نصرت ڀٽو.; بێگوم نوسره‌ت بوتو; born Nusrat Ispahani; 23 March 1929 – 23 October 2011) was an Iranian-Kurdish public figure who served as Pakistan's first lady between 1971 until the 1977 coup, and as a senior member of the federal cabinet between 1988 and 1990. Born in Isfahan to a family of Kurdish descent, the family had settled in Bombay before moving to Karachi after the Partition of India. Ispahani joined a paramilitary women's force in 1950, but left a year later when she married Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. She moved to Oxfordshire with her husband who then was pursuing his legal education. She returned to Pakistan alongside Bhutto who went on to serve as the Foreign Minister. After her husband founded Pakistan Peoples Party, Ispahani worked to lead party's women’s wing. After Bhutto was elected as the Prime Minister in 1971, Ispahani became the First Lady of Pakistan and remained so until her husband's removal in 1977. She immediately succeeded her husband as the leader of the Peoples Party, and, while under house arrest, fought an unsuccessful legal battle to prevent her husband's execution. After Bhutto's execution, Ispahani, along with her children, went into exile to London, from where in 1981 she co-founded the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy, a nonviolent opposition to Zia's regime. Ispahani returned to Pakistan in 1988, as the party's national leader she campaigned for her daughter, Benazir's, election to the premiership. After the People's Party's victory in 1988, she joined Benazir's cabinet as a minister without portfolio while representing Larkana District in the National Assembly. She remained in the cabinet until Benazir's government was dismissed in 1990. Afterwards, during a family dispute between her son, Murtaza, and her daughter, Benazir, Ispahani favoured Murtaza leading Benazir to sack Ispahani as the party leader. Ispahani stopped talking to the media and refrained from political engagement's after the assassination of her son Murtaza in 1996 during a police encounter, during her daughter's second government. Ispahani moved to Dubai in 1996, suffering from Alzheimer's disease, she was kept out of public eye's by Benazir, until she made headline's in 23 October 2011 when she died. Ispahani's body was flown to Pakistan, and was buried next to the grave of her husband Zulfikar at Garhi Khuda Bakhsh two day's later. In Pakistan, Ispahani is remembered for her contribution to empowerment of women in Pakistan and for advocating for democracy in Pakistan, for which she is dubbed as "Mādar-e-Jamhooriat" (English "Mother of Democracy"), a title she was honored with by the parliament following her death.

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One-China policy

"One China policy" is a policy saying that there is only one country of China, despite the fact that there are two governments, China (officially the People's Republic of China) and Taiwan (officially the Republic of China), with the official name of China.

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Operation Gibraltar

Operation Gibraltar was the codename given to the strategy of Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, and start a rebellion against Indian rule.

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Operation Opera

Operation Opera (מבצע אופרה‎‎.), also known as Operation Babylon, was a surprise Israeli air strike carried out on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an Iraqi nuclear reactor under construction 17 kilometers (10.5 miles) southeast of Baghdad.

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Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; منظمة التعاون الإسلامي; Organisation de la coopération islamique) is an international organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, with a collective population of over 1.3 billion as of 2009 with 47 countries being Muslim Majority countries.

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Outline of television broadcasting

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to television broadcasting: Television broadcasting: form of broadcasting in which a television signal is transmitted by radio waves from a terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter of a television station to TV receivers having an antenna.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.

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Pakistan Academy of Letters

The Pakistan Academy of Letters (PAL) is a national academy with its main focus on Pakistani literature and related fields.

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Pakistan Air Force

The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) (پاک فِضائیہ—, or alternatively پاکیستان هاوایی فوج, reporting name: PAF) is the aerial warfare branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces, tasked primarily with the aerial defence of Pakistan, with a secondary role of providing air support to the Pakistan Army and the Pakistan Navy.

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Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

Pakistan is one of nine states to possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan began development of nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to having the bomb ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, consisting of over twenty laboratories and projects under nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing fissile material, Abdul Qadeer Khan was brought from Europe by Bhutto at the end of 1974. As pointed out by Houston Wood, Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in his article on gas centrifuges, "The most difficult step in building a nuclear weapon is the production of fissile material"; as such, this work in producing fissile material as head of the Kahuta Project was pivotal to Pakistan developing the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb by the end of 1984.Levy, Adrian and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York. Walker Publishing Company. 1977: page 112. Print. The Kahuta Project started under the supervision of a coordination board that oversaw the activities of KRL and PAEC. The Board consisted of A G N Kazi (secretary general, finance), Ghulam Ishaq Khan (secretary general, defence), and Agha Shahi (secretary general, foreign affairs), and reported directly to Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan and General Tikka Khan appointed military engineer Major General Ali Nawab to the program. Eventually, the supervision passed to Lt General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan in President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Administration. Moderate uranium enrichment for the production of fissile material was achieved at KRL by April 1978. Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was in response to the loss of East Pakistan in 1971's Bangladesh Liberation War. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on 20 January 1972, in Multan, which came to known as "Multan meeting". Bhutto was the main architect of this programme, and it was here that Bhutto orchestrated nuclear weapons programme and rallied Pakistan's academic scientists to build the atomic bomb in three years for national survival. At the Multan meeting, Bhutto also appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of PAEC, who, until then, had been working as director at the nuclear power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in Vienna, Austria. In December 1972, Abdus Salam led the establishment of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as he called scientists working at ICTP to report to Munir Ahmad Khan. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear deterrence capability. Following India's surprise nuclear test, codenamed Smiling Buddha in 1974, the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the permanent five members of the United Nations Security Council, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable impetus. Finally, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test (Operation Shakti), Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in the Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai district, Balochistan. This operation was named Chagai-I by Pakistan, the underground iron-steel tunnel having been long-constructed by provincial martial law administrator General Rahimuddin Khan during the 1980s. The last test of Pakistan was conducted at the sandy Kharan Desert under the codename Chagai-II, also in Balochistan, on 30 May 1998. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and Khushab Nuclear Complex, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined. Pakistan thus became the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test nuclear weapons. Although, according to a letter sent by A.Q. Khan to General Zia, the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb using highly enriched uranium as fissile material produced at KRL had been achieved by KRL in 1984.

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Pakistan Army

Pakistan Army (پاک فوج Pak Fauj (IPA: pɑk fɒ~ɔd͡ʒ); Reporting name: PA) is the land-based force of the Pakistan Armed Forces.

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Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers

The Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers, (Urdu: ﺁرمى انجنيرينگ كور; Army Engineering Corps), is an active military administrative staff corps, and a major science and technology command of the Pakistan Army.

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Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police

The Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police (Urdu: ملڑى پولیس كور; Military Police Core, abbreviated as MP, is the active-duty uniformed and principle combatant staff Corps tasked with maintaining law enforcement within Pakistan Army. Professional misconduct and criminal investigations are conducted by the Military Police investigators or the Corps of Military Intelligence (CMI), both are reported to the Judge Advocate General Branch. The MPs are the active members of the Pakistan Army who are professional trained to handle prisoners of war (POW) and to regulate military traffic system in the designated military districts, as well as to handle advanced military telecommunication equipment in their respected station military districts. Formed by Royal Military Police in 1946, it was initially the part of the Corps of Military Police (Indian Army). The Military Police was established shortly after the establishment of Pakistan, when elements of active duty Corps of Military Police reached to Abbottabad Military District (AMC) and reported to Pakistan Military Academy on November 1947 as a separate entity. Four Military Police units were formed immediately and were retained in service. In February 1949, it was decided to expand the Military Police by establishing an Infantry School Quetta to impart training to officers, junior and non-commissioned officers and soldiers of Corps of Military Police. In April 1954, the Corps of Military Police's headquarters was shifted from Quetta to its present location Dera Ismail Khan. However in 1971, the commanding office of the Military Police was located at the General Combatant Headquarters at the Rawalpindi, Punjab Province. As for its war capabilities, the military police took participation in Indo-Pakistani wars of 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999, and currently undertaking operations in West Pakistan. The MP can be identified by their red berets, white lanyards and belts, and they also wear a white helmet (on duty performed on field) white brassard with the letters "MP" imprinted in red. The term "red berets" is synonymous with the personnel of the elite Corps of Military Police (MP), since all ranks of this Corps adorn the exclusive red berets along with white belts to distinguish themselves from other Corps of Army.

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Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC; Urdu) is an independent governmental authority and a scientific research institution, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful usage of nuclear technology.

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Pakistan Engineering Council

Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) (پاكستان انجینئری انجمن; acronym) is a professional body and statutory federal institution for accreditation of engineering education and regulation of engineering profession in Pakistan.

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Pakistan Institute of Physics

Pakistan Institute of Physics (PIP) of the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore is a national research institute in Pakistan.

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Pakistan International Airlines

Pakistan International Airlines (پاکستان انٹرنیشنل ایئر لائنز) commonly referred to by the abbreviation PIA (پی‌آئی‌اے) is the national flag carrier of Pakistan.

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Pakistan Movement

The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (تحریک پاکستان –) was a religious political movement in the 1940s that aimed for and succeeded in the creation of Pakistan from the Muslim-majority areas of the British Indian Empire.

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Pakistan Muslim League

The Pakistan Muslim League (پاکستان مسلم لیگ; known as PML), is the name of several Pakistani political parties that have dominated the Right-wing platform since the 1960s.

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Pakistan National Alliance

The Pakistan National Alliance (Urdu: پاکستان قومی اتحاد, Acronym: PNA), was a populist and consolidated right-wing political alliance, consisting of nine political parties of the country.

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Pakistan Navy

The Pakistan Navy (rtl; Pɑkistan Bahri'a) (reporting name: PN) is the naval warfare branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces, responsible for Pakistan's of coastline along the Arabian Sea, and the defence of important civilian harbours and military bases.

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Pakistan Oilfields Limited

The Pakistan Oilfields Limited (KSE: POL; formerly known as Pakistan-Soviet Oil FIelds), is a Pakistani oil exploration company located in Rawalpindi, Punjab Province, Pakistan.

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Pakistan Peoples Party

The Pakistan Peoples Party (پاکِستان پیپلز پارٹی, commonly referred to as the PPP) is a left-wing, socialist-progressive political party of Pakistan.

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Pakistan Steel Mills

Pakistan Steel Mills (پاکستان سٹیل ملز), also known as Pak Steels, is the producer of the long rolled steel and heavy metal products and entities in the country.

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Pakistan studies

Pakistan studies curriculum (Urdu: مطالعہ پاکستان) is the name of a curriculum of academic research and study that encompasses the culture, demographics, geography, history, and politics of Pakistan.

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Pakistan–Russia relations

Pakistan–Russia relations or Russo-Pakistani relations refers to the bilateral, historical, cultural, and international relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Russian Federation.

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Pakistan–United States relations

Pakistan–United States relations refers to the bilateral relationship between Pakistan and the United States.

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Pakistani community of London

The Pakistani community of London (also called London Pakistanis) consist of Pakistani emigrants and their descendants who have settled in London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Pakistani general election, 1970

General elections were held in Pakistan on 7 December 1970.

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Pakistani general election, 1977

General elections were held in Pakistan on 7 March 1977 to elect the 200 parliamentarians to both houses (Senate and National Assembly) of the Parliament of Pakistan.

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Pakistani general election, 2008

General elections were held in Pakistan on 18 February 2008, after being postponed from 8 January 2008.

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Pakistani nationalism

Pakistani nationalism refers to the political, cultural, linguistic, historical, religious and geographical expression of patriotism by the people of Pakistan, of pride in the history, heritage and identity of Pakistan, and visions for its future.

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Pakistani passport

The Pakistani passport (پاکستانی پاسپورٹ) is issued to citizens of Pakistan for the purpose of international travel.

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Pakistani rupee

The Pakistani rupee (روپیہ / ALA-LC:; sign: ₨; code: PKR) is the currency of Pakistan.

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Pakistanis

No description.

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Parliament of Pakistan

The Parliament of Pakistan (مجلس شوریٰ پاکستان —) is the federal and supreme legislative body of Pakistan.

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Pashtun nationalism

Pashtun nationalism (پښتون ملتپالنه) is a political and social movement which promotes the idea that the Pashtuns are deserving of a sovereign nation in their homeland of Pashtunistan, which consists of the Pashtun-majority parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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Pashtunistan

Pashtūnistān (پښتونستان; also called Pakhtūnistān, or Pathānistān, meaning the "land of Pashtuns") is the geographic historical region inhabited by the indigenous Pashtun people of modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, wherein Pashtun culture, language, and national identity have been based.

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Persona non grata

In diplomacy, a persona non grata (Latin: "person not appreciated", plural: personae non gratae) is a foreign person whose entering or remaining in a particular country is prohibited by that country's government.

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Pervez Musharraf

Pervez Musharraf (پرویز مشرف; born 11 August 1943) is a Pakistani politician and a retired four-star army general who was the tenth President of Pakistan from 2001 until tendering resignation, to avoid impeachment, in 2008.

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Peshawar

Peshawar (پېښور; پشاور; پشور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

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Polish people in Pakistan

The Polish community in Pakistan comprises Pakistani citizens of Polish ancestry as well with Poles who migrated to and reside in Pakistan.

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Political corruption

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain.

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Politics of Pakistan

The politics of Pakistan takes place within the framework established by the constitution.

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Port Qasim

The Port Muhammad Bin Qasim (بندر گاہ محمد بن قاسم Bandar-gāh Muhammad bin Qāsim), also known as Port Qasim, is a deep-water seaport in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, on the coastline of the Arabian Sea.

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Presidencies and provinces of British India

The Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent.

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Presidency of Jimmy Carter

The presidency of Jimmy Carter began at noon EST on January 20, 1977, when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as 39th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1981.

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President of Pakistan

The President of Pakistan (صدر مملکت پاکستان —), is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and a figurehead who represents the "unity of the Republic." in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.

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Prime Minister of Pakistan

The Prime Minister of Pakistan (وزِیرِ اعظم —,; lit. "Grand Vizier") is the head of government of Pakistan and designated as the "chief executive of the Republic".

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Princely state

A princely state, also called native state (legally, under the British) or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent), was a vassal state under a local or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Project-706

Project-706, also known as Project-726 was a codename of a project to develop Pakistan's first atomic bomb using uranium.

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Provincial Assembly of Balochistan

The Provincial Assembly of Balochistan is one of the four provincial assemblies of Pakistan.

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Provincial Assembly of Sindh

Provincial Assembly of Sindh (Sindhiصوباۂي اسيمبلي سنڌ, صوبائی اسمبلی سندھ) is a unicameral house of elected representatives of people of Sindh established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan.

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Punjab, Pakistan

Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi:, panj-āb, "five waters") is Pakistan's second largest province by area, after Balochistan, and its most populous province, with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017.

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Quaid-i-Azam University

The Quaid-i-Azam University (جامعہ قائداعظم; simply QAU) is a public research university in Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Rahimuddin Khan

Rahimuddin Khan (born 21 July 1924) is a retired four-star general of the Pakistan Army who served as Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1984 to 1987, after serving as the 7th Governor of Balochistan from 1978 to 1984.

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Ramsey Clark

William Ramsey Clark (born December 18, 1927) is an American lawyer, activist and former federal government official.

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Rann of Kutch

The Rann of Kutch is a large area of salt marshes located mostly in Gujarat (primarily the Kutch district), India and the southern tip of Sindh, Pakistan.

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Ratodero Taluka

Ratodero Taluka (رتوديرو.) is a Tehsil of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, it is located some 28 km from the district capital Larkana.

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Rawalpindi

Rawalpindi (Punjabi, راولپِنڈى), commonly known as Pindi (پِنڈی), is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

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RDS-1

The RDS-1 (РДС-1), also known as Izdeliye 501 (device 501) and First Lightning, was the nuclear bomb used in the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test.

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Representative democracy

Representative democracy (also indirect democracy, representative republic or psephocracy) is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.

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Rice huller

A rice huller or rice husker is an agricultural machine used to automate the process of removing the chaff (the outer husks) of grains of rice.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.

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Roedad Khan

Roedad Khan (Urdu: رؤداد خان; born 28 September 1923) is a Pakistani politician and former civil servant.

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Ruling party

The ruling party or governing party in a democratic parliamentary system is the incumbent political party or coalition of the majority in parliament, that administers the affairs of state.

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Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.

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Salvador Allende

Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and politician, known as the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Science and technology in Pakistan

Science and technology is a growing field in Pakistan and has played an important role in the country's development since its founding.

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Shah Nawaz Bhutto

Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, (شاہ نواز بهُٹو), CIE, OBE, OBI (8 March 1888 – 19 November 1957) (شھنواز ڀٽو), was a politician and a member of Bhutto family hailing from Larkana in Sindh province of British India, which is now part of Pakistan.

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Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology

Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) (شهيد ذولفقار علي ڀٽو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي) is a private chartered institute with multiple campuses in the residential and commercial areas of Pakistan and UAE.

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Shahnawaz Bhutto

Shahnawaz Bhutto (November 21, 1958 – July 18, 1985; Sindhi: شاھنواز ڀٽو) was the son of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (President/Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977) and Begum Nusrat Bhutto, who was of Iranian Kurdish descent.

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Sharifuddin Pirzada

Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada NI (12 June 1923 – 2 June 2017) was a noted Pakistani lawyer, served as a senior advocate at the Supreme Court of Pakistan.

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Sharmila Farooqi

Sharmila Farooqi (شرمیلا فاروقی) (born January 25, 1978) is a politician from Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan who served as an advisor to the Chief Minister of Sindh from September 2008 till January 31, 2011.

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Sheikh Anwarul Haq

Chief Justice Sheikh Anwarul Haq (شیخ انوار الحق&lrm;; 11 May 1917 – 3 March 1995), was a Pakistani jurist and an academic who served as the Chief Justice of Pakistan from 23 September 1977 until resigning on 25 March 1981.

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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান);; (17 March 1920 – 15 August 1975), shortened as Sheikh Mujib or just Mujib, was a Bengali politician and statesman.

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Simla Agreement

The Simla Agreement (or Shimla Agreement) was signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Simla, the capital city of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.

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Sindh

Sindh (سنڌ; سِندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, in the southeast of the country.

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Sindh Muslim Law College

The Sindh Muslim Government Law College (Urdu: سنده مسلم گورنمنٹس لا کالج) or S. M. Law College (Urdu: ایس ایم لاء کالج) is located on Dr.

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Sindhi nationalism

Sindhi nationalism also known as Sindhi Nationalist Movement (Sindhi: سنڌي قومپرستي يا سنڌي قومي تحريڪ) was launched in the 1950s to struggle against One Unit.

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Sindhis

Sindhis (سنڌي (Perso-Arabic), सिन्धी (Devanagari), (Khudabadi)) are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan, which was previously a part of pre-partition British India.

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Sino-Indian War

The Sino-Indian War (भारत-चीन युद्ध Bhārat-Chīn Yuddh), also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962.

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Sino-Pakistan Agreement

The Sino-Pakistan Agreement (also known as the Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement and Sino-Pak Boundary Agreement) is a 1963 document between the governments of Pakistan and China establishing the border between those countries.

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Sino-Soviet split

The Sino-Soviet split (1956–1966) was the breaking of political relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), caused by doctrinal divergences arising from each of the two powers' different interpretation of Marxism–Leninism as influenced by the national interests of each country during the Cold War.

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Six point movement

The Six Point Movement was a movement in East Pakistan, spearheaded by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, which called for greater autonomy for East Pakistan.

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Six-Day War

The Six-Day War (Hebrew: מלחמת ששת הימים, Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim; Arabic: النكسة, an-Naksah, "The Setback" or حرب ۱۹٦۷, Ḥarb 1967, "War of 1967"), also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria.

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Smiling Buddha

Smiling BuddhaThis test has many code names.

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Socialist economics

Socialist economics refers to the economic theories, practices, and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems.

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Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.

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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Soviet–Afghan War

The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989.

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Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan

The Speaker of the National Assembly (Urdu: اسﭘيكر نيشنل اسمبلى); informally as Speaker National assembly, is the presiding official of the National Assembly of Pakistan– a lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan.

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Special Air Service

The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army.

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Special relationship (international relations)

A special relationship is a diplomatic relationship that is especially strong.

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Special Service Group

The Special Service Group (SSG) (عساکرء خدمات خصوصی) is the primary special operations force of the Pakistan Army.

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Sphere of influence

In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it.

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State of emergency

A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to perform actions that it would normally not be permitted.

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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of arms control.

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Sugarcane mill

A sugar cane mill can refer to a factory that processes sugar cane to produce raw or white sugar.

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Superpower

Superpower is a term used to describe a state with a dominant position, which is characterised by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale.

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Supreme Court of Pakistan

The Supreme Court of Pakistan (عدالت عظمیٰ پاکستان; Adālat-e-Uzma Pākistān) is the apex court in the judicial hierarchy of Pakistan.

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Syed Mohammad Ahsan

Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan (ﺴﻴﺩ ﻣﺤﻣﺪ ﺍﺣﺴﻦ b. 1920 – d. 1989), often known as S. M. Ahsan, was a three-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy, politician, and the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Navy, serving under President Ayub Khan from 1966 until 1969.

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Syrian Air Force

The Syrian Air Force, officially the Syrian Arab Air Force (القوات الجوية العربية السورية, Al Quwwat al-Jawwiyah al Arabiya as-Souriya), is the air force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.

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Tactical ballistic missile

A tactical ballistic missile (TBM) (or battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM)) is a ballistic missile designed for short-range battlefield use.

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Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia.

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Tajammul Hussain Malik

Tajammul Hussain Malik (June 13, 1924 - 2003) was a 2-star general officer in the Pakistan army and the former General Officer Commanding of the 23rd Division of Pakistan Army, retiring with the rank of major general.

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Tashkent Declaration

The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan signed on 10 January 1966 that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

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Tehrik-e-Istiqlal

Tehrik-e-Istiqlal Pakistan was a political party which was once the second most popular political party in Pakistan.

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Territorial dispute

A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more territorial entities or over the possession or control of land, usually between a new state and the occupying power.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts.

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The Nation (Pakistan)

The Nation is an English-language daily newspaper based in Lahore, Pakistan since 1986.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The rich get richer and the poor get poorer

"The rich get richer and the poor get poorer" is a catchphrase and aphorism sometimes evoked, with variations in wording, when discussing economic inequality.

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Theoretical physics

Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.

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Thermonuclear weapon

A thermonuclear weapon is a second-generation nuclear weapon design using a secondary nuclear fusion stage consisting of implosion tamper, fusion fuel, and spark plug which is bombarded by the energy released by the detonation of a primary fission bomb within, compressing the fuel material (tritium, deuterium or lithium deuteride) and causing a fusion reaction.

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Third World

The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc.

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Tikka Khan

General Tikka Khan (ٹِکّا خان), (February 1915 – 28 March 2002),, was a four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army who served as the first chief of army staff from 3 March 1972 till retiring on 1 March 1976.

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Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.

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Trinity (nuclear test)

Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon.

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Two Chinas

The term Two Chinas refers to the current geopolitical situation in which two political entities each call themselves "China".

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Two-nation theory

The two-nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan.

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Ummah

(أمة) is an Arabic word meaning "community".

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.

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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982.

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United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee

The United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee the (Legal Committee) is the last of the six main committees of the United Nations General Assembly.

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United Nations resolution

A United Nations resolution (UN resolution) is a formal text adopted by a United Nations (UN) body.

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United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.

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United States Attorney General

The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government.

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United States presidential election, 1976

The United States presidential election of 1976 was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1976.

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University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.

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University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

The University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (جامعہ انجینئری و ٹیکنالوجی لاہور, abbreviated as U.E.T Lahore) is a public research university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan specialising in STEM subjects.

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University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

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University of Southern California

The University of Southern California (USC or SC) is a private research university in Los Angeles, California.

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Uranium hexafluoride

Uranium hexafluoride, referred to as "hex" in the nuclear industry, is a compound used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.

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Władysław Turowicz

Air Commodore Władysław Józef Marian Turowicz (ولوادیسیوف دورووچ) (23 April 1908 – 8 January 1980), usually referred to as W. J. M. Turowicz, was a Polish-Pakistani aviator, military scientist and aeronautical engineer.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.

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West Pakistan

West Pakistan (مغربی پاکستان,; পশ্চিম পাকিস্তান) was one of the two exclaves created at the formation of the modern State of Pakistan following the 1947 Partition of India.

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Worli

Worli is a locality in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra.

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Yahya Khan

Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (آغا محمد یحییٰ خان; 4 February 1917 – 10 August 1980), widely known as Yahya Khan,, was the third President of Pakistan, serving in this post from 25 March 1969 until turning over his presidency in December 1971.

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Yom Kippur War

The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, or October War (or מלחמת יום כיפור,;,, or حرب تشرين), also known as the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, was a war fought from October 6 to 25, 1973, by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel.

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Yousaf Raza Gillani

Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani also spelled Gilani (Urdu:;; born 9 July 1952) is a Pakistani politician who served as 19th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 25 March 2008 until his retroactive disqualification and ouster by the Supreme Court of Pakistan on 26 April 2012.

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Zahid Ali Akbar Khan

Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar (Urdu:زاہد على اكبر; b. 1933), was an engineering officer in the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers, who oversaw the civil construction of the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi, and later directing the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL), a top secret research facility developing the clandestine atomic bomb program in 1970s.

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Zardari family

Chieftain of the Zardari tribe Sindhi-Baloch political family in Pakistan.

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Zhou Enlai

Zhou Enlai (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976.

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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Agricultural College

The Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Agriculture College, Dokri, (زيڊ اي ڀٽو ايگريڪلچرل ڪاليج ڏوڪري) is an affiliated college of Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.

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Zulfiqarabad

Zulfiqarabad (ذُوالفقارآباد), is a proposed new city in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan around 150 kilometers south-east from Karachi.

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1958 Pakistani coup d'état

The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état refers to the events between October 7, when the President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution of Pakistan and declared martial law, and October 27, when Mirza himself was deposed by Gen.

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1970s operation in Balochistan

The 1970s operation in Balochistan was a five-year military conflict in Balochistan, the largest province of Pakistan, between the Pakistan Army and Baloch separatists and tribesmen that lasted from 1973 to 1978.

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1973 oil crisis

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo.

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1973 raid on the Iraqi embassy in Pakistan

The 1973 discovery of arms in the Iraqi Embassy in Pakistan refers to an armed conflict between the State of Pakistan and the Iraqi Embassy situated in Islamabad.

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2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War (also called Operation Iraqi Freedom).

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Redirects here:

Ali Bhutto, Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, Dalai Camp, Dalai camp, Quaid-e-Awam, Z. A. Bhutto, ZA Bhutto, Zalfikar Ali Bhutto, Zulfi Bhutto, Zulfikar Bhutto, Zulfiqar 'Ali Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Zulfiqar Bhutto, Zulfiqqar Ali Bhuttoo, Zulfqar Bhutto, Zulifikar Bhutto, Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto, ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, ذوالفقار علی بھٹو.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto

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