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99 relations: Activin and inhibin, Activin type 1 receptors, Activin type 2 receptors, ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C, ACVR2A, ACVR2B, Adipocyte, Adipose tissue, African clawed frog, Alpha-fetoprotein, Androgen, Anti-Müllerian hormone, Antibody, Apoptosis, Aromaticity, Azoospermia, Biomarker, Bioscientifica, Biosynthesis, Bone morphogenetic protein, Cell surface receptor, Cellular differentiation, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Cornelia Channing, Corpus luteum, Cytokine, Diabetes (journal), Down syndrome, Endocrine system, Epidermis, Estriol, Fibroblast, Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Genetically modified organism, Gonad, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Granulosa cell, Growth differentiation factor, Homeostasis, Human chorionic gonadotropin, Hydrogen peroxide, Immune system, INHA, INHBA, INHBB, INHBC, Insulin-like growth factor, ..., Journal of Translational Medicine, Keratinocyte, Kidney, Lung, Luteinizing hormone, Macrophage, Male infertility, Menstrual cycle, Metabolism, Model organism, Morphogenesis, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, Mouse, Mutation, Neena Schwartz, Organoid, Osteoblast, Ovarian cancer, Ovarian follicle, Ovary, Ovulation, Pituitary gland, Placenta, Progenitor cell, Prostate, Protein, Protein complex, Protein dimer, R-SMAD, Regeneron, Scar, Secretion, Seminiferous tubule, Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, Sertoli cell, Skin, Spermatogenesis, Stem cell, Stromal cell, Testicle, Testicular sperm extraction, Transcription factor, Transforming growth factor beta, Transforming growth factor beta superfamily, Triple test, Type I collagen, Wound healing. Expand index (49 more) »
Activin and inhibin
Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects.
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Activin type 1 receptors
The Activin type I receptors transduce signals for a variety of members of the Transforming growth factor beta superfamily of ligands.
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Activin type 2 receptors
The activin type 2 receptors modulate signals for ligands belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of ligands.
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ACVR1
Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACVR1 gene; also known as ALK-2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2).
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ACVR1B
Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1B gene.
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ACVR1C
The activin A receptor also known as ACVR1C or ALK-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1C gene.
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ACVR2A
Activin receptor type-2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2A gene.
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ACVR2B
Activin receptor type-2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2B gene.
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Adipocyte
Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.
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Adipose tissue
In biology, adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.
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African clawed frog
The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, also known as the xenopus, African clawed toad, African claw-toed frog or the platanna) is a species of African aquatic frog of the family Pipidae.
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Alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene.
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Androgen
An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
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Anti-Müllerian hormone
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin from the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, whose key roles are in growth differentiation and folliculogenesis.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule with a ring of resonance bonds that exhibits more stability than other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms.
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Azoospermia
Azoospermia is the medical condition of a man whose semen contains no sperm.
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Biomarker
A biomarker, or biological marker, generally refers to a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.
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Bioscientifica
Established in 1996, Bioscientifica Ltd is the commercial subsidiary of the Society for Endocrinology, and provides publishing, events, and association management services to biomedical societies, and to the pharmaceutical industry.
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Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.
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Bone morphogenetic protein
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens.
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Cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the membranes of cells.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also referred to as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), is a medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.
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Cornelia Channing
Cornelia "Nina" Channing (1938–1985) was an American professor of physiology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
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Corpus luteum
The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries and is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone, moderate levels of estradiol, inhibin A and small amounts of estrogen.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Diabetes (journal)
Diabetes is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published since 1952 by the American Diabetes Association.
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Down syndrome
Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.
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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.
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Epidermis
The epidermis is the outer layer of the three layers that make up the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.
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Estriol
Estriol (E3), also spelled oestriol, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone.
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Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.
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Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare connective tissue disease.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone.
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Genetically modified organism
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).
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Gonad
A gonad or sex gland or reproductive gland is a mixed gland that produces the gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) also known as gonadoliberin, and by various other names in its endogenous form and as gonadorelin in its pharmaceutical form, is a releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
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Granulosa cell
A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete (called an oocyte or egg) in the ovary of mammals.
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Growth differentiation factor
Growth differentiation factors (GDFs) are a subfamily of proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that have functions predominantly in development.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.
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Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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INHA
Inhibin, alpha, also known as INHA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INHA gene.
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INHBA
Inhibin, beta A, also known as INHBA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INHBA gene.
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INHBB
Inhibin, beta B, also known as INHBB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INHBB gene.
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INHBC
Inhibin beta C chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INHBC gene.
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Insulin-like growth factor
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin.
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Journal of Translational Medicine
The Journal of Translational Medicine is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal published by BioMed Central since 2003.
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Keratinocyte
A keratinocyte is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, constituting 90% of the cells found there.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Lung
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.
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Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Male infertility
Male infertility refers to a male's inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female.
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Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally, "beginning of the shape") is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4) is a highly-conserved protein present in all metazoans.
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Mouse
A mouse (Mus), plural mice, is a small rodent characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Neena Schwartz
Neena Betty Schwartz (December 10, 1926 – April 15, 2018) was an American endocrinologist and William Deering Professor of Endocrinology Emerita in the Department of Neurobiology at Northwestern University.
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Organoid
An organoid is a miniaturized and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in three dimensions that shows realistic micro-anatomy.
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Osteoblast
Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.
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Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary.
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Ovarian follicle
An ovarian follicle is a roughly spheroid cellular aggregation set found in the ovaries.
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Ovary
The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.
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Ovulation
Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries.
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Pituitary gland
An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri) & the congenital anomalies. In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.
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Placenta
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.
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Progenitor cell
A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell.
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Prostate
The prostate (from Ancient Greek προστάτης, prostates, literally "one who stands before", "protector", "guardian") is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein complex
A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains.
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Protein dimer
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.
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R-SMAD
R-SMADs are receptor-regulated SMADs.
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Regeneron
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biotechnology company headquartered in Eastview, near Tarrytown, New York.
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Scar
A scar is an area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury.
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Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
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Seminiferous tubule
Seminiferous tubules are located within the testes, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of male gametes, namely spermatozoa.
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Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
A serine/threonine protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates the OH group of serine or threonine (which have similar sidechains).
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Sertoli cell
A Sertoli cell (a kind of sustentacular cell) is a "nurse" cell of the testicles that is part of a seminiferous tubule and helps in the process of spermatogenesis, the production of sperm.
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Skin
Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Stromal cell
Stromal cells are connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucosa (endometrium), prostate, bone marrow, lymph node and the ovary.
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Testicle
The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.
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Testicular sperm extraction
Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) is the process of removing a small portion of tissue from the testicle under local anesthesia and extracting the few viable sperm cells present in that tissue for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Transforming growth factor beta
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 4, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFB4) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages.
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Transforming growth factor beta superfamily
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that was named after its first member, TGF-β1, originally described in 1983.
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Triple test
The triple test, also called triple screen, the Kettering test or the Bart's test, is an investigation performed during pregnancy in the second trimester to classify a patient as either high-risk or low-risk for chromosomal abnormalities (and neural tube defects).
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Type I collagen
Type I collagen is the most abundant collagen of the human body which forms large, eosinophilic fibers known as collagen fibers.
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Wound healing
Wound healing is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury.
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Activin, Activin A, Activin AB, Activin B, Activins, INHB, Inhibin, Inhibin A, Inhibin B, Inhibin alpha, Inhibin-B, Inhibin-beta subunits, Inhibins.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin
