Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib (translit) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam. ^[1]

Aaron in Islam

In Islam, Hārūn ibn ʿImrān (هارون بن عمران), the Biblical Aaron, is a prophet and messenger of God, and the older brother of the prophet Mūsā (Moses).

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Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (ٱلْعَبَّاسُبْنُ عَبْدِ ٱلْمُطَّلِبِ|al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib) was a paternal uncle and sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, just three years older than his nephew. Ali and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib are family of Muhammad.

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Abbas ibn Ali

Al-Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (ٱلْعَبَّاس ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب, 15 May 647 10 October 680 CE), also known by the kunya Abu al-Fadl (lit), was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashid caliph in Sunni Islam and the first Imam Shia Islam. Ali and Abbas ibn Ali are deaths by blade weapons.

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Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf (عبد الرحمن بن عوف) was one of the companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Ali and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf are Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr.

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Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam

Abd al-Rahman ibn Amr ibn Muljam al-Muradi (translit), commonly known simply as Ibn Muljam, was a Kharijite dissident primarily known for having assassinated Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate and the first imam according to the Shia. Ali and Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam are 661 deaths.

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Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya (died 98 AH; 716 CE), also known as Abū Hāshim was a member of the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe in Mecca.

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Abdullah ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib

ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب) was one of Ali's sons who was killed in Karbala in 680, and is considered among the martyrs of the Battle of Karbala.

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Abu al-Hasan

Abu Al-Hasan (Hasan), also transliterated Abu'l Hasan, is an Arabic ''kunya'' ('teknonym').

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Abu Bakr

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634. Ali and Abu Bakr are 7th-century caliphs, 7th-century monarchs in Asia, Arab Muslims, people from Mecca, Rashidun caliphs, Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr and Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud.

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Abu Bakr ibn Ali

Abū Bakr ibn ʿAlī (أبو بكر بن علي) was reportedly the son of Ali and Layla bint Mas'ud.

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Abu Dharr al-Ghifari

Abu Dharr Al-Ghifari Al-Kinani (أَبُو ذَرّ ٱلْغِفَارِيّ ٱلْكِنَانِيّ), also spelled Abu Tharr or Abu Zar, born Jundab ibn Junādah (جُنْدَب ٱبْن جُنَادَة), was the fourth or fifth person converting to Islam, and a member of the Muhajirun.

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Abu Mikhnaf

Lut ibn Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Azdi (translit; –773/775), commonly known by his Abu Mikhnaf (translit), was an early Muslim historian.

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Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib (ʾAbū Ṭālib bin ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib) was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula. Ali and Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib are family of Muhammad and people from Mecca.

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Abu Turab

Abū Turāb, is a title attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Muslim Caliph, who is seen by Shia Muslims as the first of their Imams.

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Adhan

The (adhān) is the first Islamic call to prayer, usually recited by a muezzin at five times of the day in a mosque, traditionally from a minaret.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Ahl al-Bayt

(lit) refers to the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ali and Ahl al-Bayt are family of Muhammad.

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Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Ahmad ibn Hanbal (translit; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, ascetic and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam.

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Aisha

Aisha bint Abi Bakr was Islamic prophet Muhammad's third and youngest wife. Ali and Aisha are people of the First Fitna.

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Al-Nawawi

Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (translit;&lrm; (631A.H-676A.H) (October 1230–21 December 1277) was a Sunni Shafi'ite jurist and hadith scholar.Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, pp.238-239. Scarecrow Press.. Al-Nawawi died at the relatively early age of 45. Despite this, he authored numerous and lengthy works ranging from hadith, to theology, biography, and jurisprudence that are still read to this day.

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Al-Sharif al-Radi

Abū al-Ḥasan Muḥammad bin al-Ḥusayn bin Mūsā al-Abrash al-Mūsawī (ابو الحسن محمد بن الحسين بن موسى الأبرش الموسوي; 970 – 1015), also known as al-Sharīf al-Raḍī (الشريف الرضي) was a prominent Iraqi Shia scholar and poet.

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Al-Sunan al-Sughra

Al-Sunan al-Sughra (al-Sunan al-Ṣughrā), also known as Sunan al-Nasa'i (Sunan al-Nasāʾī), is one of the Kutub al-Sittah (six major hadiths), and was collected by al-Nasa'i (214 – 303 AH; c. 829 – 915 CE).

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Al-Tabari

Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد بْن جَرِير بْن يَزِيد ٱلطَّبَرِيّ; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (ٱلطَّبَرِيّ), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, polymath, traditionalist, historian, exegete, jurist, and theologian from Amol, Tabaristan, present-day Iran.

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Alawites

The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shi'ism as a ghulat branch during the ninth century. Ali and Alawites are Arab Muslims.

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Alevism

Alevism (Alevilik;; Ələvilik) is a heterodox and syncretic Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical Islamic teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, who supposedly taught the teachings of the Twelve Imams, whilst incorporating some traditions from Tengrism.

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Ali al-Sajjad

Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Sajjad (translit, 712), also known as Zayn al-Abidin (lit) was the great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the fourth imam in Shia Islam, succeeding his father, Husayn ibn Ali, his uncle, Hasan ibn Ali, and his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ali and ali al-Sajjad are Shia imams and Twelve Imams.

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Alids

The Alids are those who claim descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib (عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600–661 CE), the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first imam in Shia Islam. Ali and Alids are family of Muhammad.

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Amir al-Mu'minin

(أَمِيْر ٱلْمُؤْمِنِيْن) or Commander of the Faithful is a Muslim title designating the supreme leader of an Islamic community.

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Ammar ibn Yasir

Ammar ibn Yasir (translit; died July 657) was a companion of Muhammad and a commander in the early Muslim conquests. Ali and Ammar ibn Yasir are people of the First Fitna, Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr and Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud.

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Amr ibn Abd al-Wud

Amr ibn Abd Wadd was a champion of the Quraish tribe.

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Amr ibn al-As

Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi (translit; 664) was an Arab commander and companion of Muhammad who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy Qurayshite, Amr embraced Islam in and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ali and Amr ibn al-As are people of the First Fitna.

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Ansar (Islam)

The Ansar or Ansari (The Helpers' or 'Those who bring victory) are the local inhabitants of Medina who took the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers (the Muhajirun) into their homes when they emigrated from Mecca during the hijra.

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Arab Christians

Arab Christians (translit) are ethnic Arabs, Arab nationals, or Arabic speakers, who follow Christianity.

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Asadullah

Asadullāh (أَسَدُ ٱلله), also written Asadollah, Assadullah or Asad Ullah, is a male Muslim given name meaning Lion of Allah.

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Asma bint Umais

Asmāʾ bint ʿUmays (أَسْمَاء بِنْت عُمَيْس) was a female companion of Muhammad.

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Assassination of Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia Imam, was assassinated during the morning prayer on 28 January 661 CE, equivalent to 19 Ramadan 40 AH. Ali and Assassination of Ali are 661 deaths and deaths by blade weapons.

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Assassination of Uthman

Uthman, the third caliph from 644 to 656, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house in 656.

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Attack on Fatima's house

The attack on Fatima's house refers to a disputed violent attack on the house of Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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İslâm Ansiklopedisi

The (İA) is a Turkish academic encyclopedia for Islamic studies published by.

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Bab (Shia Islam)

The term bāb (gateway) was used in early Shia Islam for senior disciples, and authorised deputies, of the current Imam.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

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Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people.

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Banu Hashim

The Banū Hāshim (بنو هاشم) is an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe to which Muhammad Ibn Abdullah belonged, named after Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim ibn Abd Manaf. Ali and Banu Hashim are family of Muhammad.

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Banu Jadhimah

Banu Jadhimah was one of the Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad.

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Banu Qurayza

The Banu Qurayza (بنو قريظة; alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayzah, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe which lived in northern Arabia, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina).

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Basra

Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.

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Battle of Badr

The Battle of Badr (غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ), also referred to as The Day of the Criterion in the Qur'an and by Muslims, was fought on 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH), near the present-day city of Badr, Al Madinah Province in Saudi Arabia.

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Battle of Hunayn

The Battle of Hunayn (translit) was a conflict between the Muslims of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tribe of Qays in the aftermath of the conquest of Mecca.

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Battle of Karbala

The Battle of Karbala (maʿraka Karbalāʾ) was fought on 10 October 680 (10 Muharram in the year 61 AH of the Islamic calendar) between the army of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I and a small army led by Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, at Karbala, Sawad (modern-day southern Iraq).

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Battle of Khaybar

The Battle of Khaybar (Arabic) was an armed confrontation between the early Muslims and the Jewish community of Khaybar in 628 CE.

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Battle of Nahrawan

The Battle of Nahrawan (translit) was fought between the army of Caliph Ali and the rebel group Kharijites in July 658 CE (Safar 38 AH).

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Battle of Siffin

The Battle of Siffin (translit) was fought in 657 CE (37 AH) between the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the rebellious governor of Syria Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan.

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Battle of the Camel

The Battle of the Camel took place outside of Basra, Iraq, in 36 AH (656 CE).

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Battle of the Trench

The Battle of the Trench (Ghazwat al-Khandaq), also known as the Battle of Khandaq (Ma’rakah al-Khandaq) and the Battle of the Confederates (Ghazwat al-Ahzab), was part of the conflict between the Muslims and the Quraysh, where this time the Quraysh took the offensive and advanced on the Muslims, who defended themselves in Medina by digging a trench around their settlement at the suggestion of Salman the Persian.

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Battle of Uhud

The Battle of Uhud was fought between the early Muslims and the Quraysh during the Muslim–Quraysh wars in a valley north of Mount Uhud near Medina on Saturday, 23 March 625 AD (7 Shawwal, 3 AH). After suffering defeat at the Battle of Badr and having their caravans endlessly raided by the Muslims, the Quraysh finally saw the necessity to take strong measures.

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Brotherhood among the Sahabah

Brotherhood among the Sahaba refers to the time after the Hijra when the Islamic prophet Muhammad instituted brotherhood between the emigrants (Muhajirun) and the natives of Medina, the Ansar (literally "helpers"), and he chose Ali as his own brother.

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Burial of Fatima

Burial of Fatima is about the secret burial and the uncertainty in the resting place of Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and wife of Ali, the fourth caliph after Muhammad and the first Shia Imam.

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Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

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Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Common Era

Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.

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Companions of the Prophet

The Companions of the Prophet (lit) were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence. Ali and Companions of the Prophet are Arab Muslims.

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Congregational prayer (Islam)

Salat al-jama‘ah (Congregational Prayer) or prayer in congregation (jama'ah) is considered to have more social and spiritual benefit than praying by oneself.

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Conquest of Mecca

The conquest of Mecca (فَتْحُ مَكَّةَ, alternatively, "liberation of Mecca") was a military campaign undertaken by Muhammad and his companions during the Muslim–Quraysh War.

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Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

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Dewan

Dewan (also known as diwan, sometimes spelled devan or divan) designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler.

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Druze

The Druze (دَرْزِيّ, or دُرْزِيّ, rtl), who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an Arab and Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul.

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Du'a' Kumayl

The (دعاء كميل) is a supplication attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph, the first Shia Imam, and the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Dumat al-Jandal

Dumat al-Jandal (Dumah of the Stone), also known as Al-Jawf or Al-Jouf, which refers to Wadi Sirhan, is an ancient city of ruins and the historical capital of the Al Jawf Province, today in northwestern Saudi Arabia.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

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Early Muslims

From 613 to 619 CE, the Islamic prophet Muhammad gathered in his hometown of Mecca a small following of those who embraced his message of Islam and thus became Muslims.

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Eastern Arabia

Eastern Arabia, is a region stretched from Basra to Khasab along the Persian Gulf coast and included parts of modern-day Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (Eastern Province), and the United Arab Emirates.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Encyclopaedia of Islam

The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam.

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Euphrates

The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Fadak)

Expedition of Fadak, also spelt Fidak, took place in December, 627AD, 6AH, 8th month of the Islamic CalendarNote: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available Ali ibn Abi Talib was dispatched as the Commander of a platoon to the habitation of Bani Sa‘d bin Bakr in a place called Fadak.

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Expedition of Tabuk

The Expedition of Tabuk, also known as the Expedition of Usra, was a military expedition that was initiated by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in October 630 CE (AH 9).

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Eye for an eye

"An eye for an eye" (עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן) is a commandment found in the Book of Exodus 21:23–27 expressing the principle of reciprocal justice measure for measure.

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Fajr prayer

The Fajr prayer (Ṣalāt al-Fajr) is the salah (daily Islamic prayer) offered in the early morning.

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Farewell Pilgrimage

The Farewell Pilgrimage (translit) refers to the one Hajj pilgrimage that Muhammad performed in the Islamic year 10 AH, following the Conquest of Mecca.

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Fatima

Fatima bint Muhammad (Fāṭima bint Muḥammad; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fatima al-Zahra' (Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija. Ali and Fatima are people from Mecca.

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Fatimah bint Asad

Fatima bint Asad (فَاطِمَة بِنْت أَسَد 555–626 CE) was the wife of Abu Talib and the mother of their son Ali ibn Abi Talib.

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Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.

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Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

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Five Pillars of Islam

The Five Pillars of Islam (أركان الإسلام; also أركان الدين "pillars of the religion") are fundamental practices in Islam, considered to be obligatory acts of worship for all Muslims.

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Futuwwa

Futuwwa (Arabic: فتوة, "young-manliness") was a conception of adolescent moral behavior around which myriad institutions of Medieval confraternity developed.

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Ghadir Khumm

The Ghadīr Khumm (غَدِير خُم) was a gathering of Muslims to attend a sermon delivered by the Islamic prophet Muhammad on 16 March 632 CE.

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Ghulat

The (exaggerators, extremists) were a branch of early Shiʿa.

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Ghurar al-hikam

(lit) is a large collection of aphorisms attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph, the first Shia imam, and the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Great Mosque of Kufa

The Great Mosque of Kufa (Masjid al-Muʿaẓẓam/al-ʾAʿaẓam.), or Masjid al-Kufa, is located in Kufa, Iraq and is one of the earliest surviving mosques in the world. Ali and Great Mosque of Kufa are family of Muhammad.

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Hadith

Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.

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Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance

Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance refers to a statement attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, in which he reportedly disinherited his family, leaving to his successor as a charitable endowment his properties, including a valuable share of the agricultural lands of Fadak near Medina.

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Hadith of pen and paper

The hadith of pen and paper is an incident in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad expressed a wish to issue a written statement shortly before his death, possibly on a Thursday, but was prevented from doing so.

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Hadith of the position

The hadith of the position (translit) is a widely-reported saying (hadith), attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, that equates the standing of his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib to him with the standing of Aaron to Moses, with the exception that Ali is not a prophet.

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Hadith of the warning

The hadith of the warning (translit), also known as the invitation of the relatives (translit), is an Islamic tradition (hadith) that describes how the Islamic prophet Muhammad made his prophetic mission public.

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Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia ('Holy Wisdom'), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi), is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Halal

Halal (حلال) is an Arabic word that translates to in English.

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Hamdanids (Yemen)

The Yemeni Hamdanids (الهمدانيون) was a series of three families descended from the Arab Banū Hamdān tribe, who ruled in northern Yemen between 1099 and 1174.

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Haram

Haram (حَرَام) is an Arabic term meaning 'forbidden'.

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Harun al-Rashid

Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Harun ibn al-Mahdi (or 766 – 24 March 809), famously known as Harun al-Rashid (Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, reigning from September 786 until his death in March 809. Ali and Harun al-Rashid are Arab Muslims.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Hasan ibn Ali

Hasan ibn Ali (translit; 2 April 670) was an Alid political and religious leader. Ali and Hasan ibn Ali are 7th-century caliphs, Arab Muslims, assassinated Shia imams, assassinated caliphs, family of Muhammad, Philanthropists, Sahabah martyrs, Shia imams, Twelve Imams and Zaydi imams.

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Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty

The Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty was a political peace treaty signed in 661 between Hasan ibn Ali and Mu'awiya I to bring the First Fitna (656–661) to a close.

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Hasanids

The Hasanids (Banū Ḥasan or حسنيون) are the descendants of Hasan ibn Ali, brother of Husayn ibn Ali and grandson of Muhammad.

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Haydar

Haydar (حيدر), also spelt Hajdar, Hayder, Heidar, Haider, Heydar, Haidr, and other variants, is an Arabic male given name, also used as a surname, meaning "lion".

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Hejaz

The Hejaz (also; lit) is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Baljurashi.

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Hijrah

The Hijrah (hijra, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'), also Hegira (from Medieval Latin), was the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina.

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Hijri year

The Hijri year (سَنة هِجْريّة) or era (التقويمالهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is the era used in the Islamic lunar calendar.

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Hindus

Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.

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Historiography of early Islam

The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century.

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History of the Prophets and Kings

The History of the Prophets and Kings (تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk), more commonly known as Tarikh al-Tabari (تاريخ الطبري) or Tarikh-i Tabari or The History of al-Tabari (تاریخ طبری) is an Arabic-language historical chronicle completed by the Muslim historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (225–310 AH, 838–923 AD) in 915 AD.

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Husayn ibn Ali

Imam Husayn ibn Ali (translit; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680) was a social, political and religious leader. Ali and Husayn ibn Ali are Arab Muslims, deaths by blade weapons, family of Muhammad and Twelve Imams.

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Husaynids

The Husaynids (Banū Ḥusayn) are a branch of the Alids who are descendants of Husayn ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Ibn Abbas

ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās (عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن عَبَّاس; c. 619 – 687 CE), also known as Ibn ʿAbbās, was one of the cousins of the prophet Muhammad. Ali and ibn Abbas are family of Muhammad.

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Ibn Abi'l-Hadid

‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Abu Hamīd ‘Abd al-Hamīd bin Hībat-Allah ibn Abi al-Hadīd al Mutazilī al-Mada'ini (أبو حامد عز الدین عبدالحمید بن أبي الحُسین ھبة الله بن محمد بن محمد بن الحُسین بن أبي الحَدِید المَدائني المعتزلي), also known as Ibn abi'l-Hadid (30 December 1190 – June 1258; 586–656 AH), was a Shafe'i Mutazili scholar and writer during the Middle Ages.

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Ibn Ishaq

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar al-Muttalibi (translit; –767), known simply as Ibn Ishaq, was an 8th-century Muslim historian and hagiographer.

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Imam Ali Shrine

The Sanctuary of Imām 'Alī (Ḥaram al-ʾImām ʿAlī), also known as the Mosque of 'Alī (Masjid ʿAlī), located in Najaf, Iraq, is a mausoleum which Shia and Sunni Muslims believe contains the tomb of 'Alī ibn Abī Tālib, a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Imamate in Shia doctrine

In Shia Islam, the Imamah (إمامة) is a doctrine which asserts that certain individuals from the lineage of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are to be accepted as leaders and guides of the ummah after the death of Muhammad.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islamic calendar

The Hijri calendar (translit), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days.

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Islamic culture

Islamic culture or Muslim culture refers to the historic cultural practices that developed among the various peoples living in the Muslim world.

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Islamic philosophy

Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.

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Isma'il ibn Ja'far

Isma'il ibn Ja'far (translit) was the eldest son of Ja'far al-Sadiq and the sixth Imam in Isma'ilism. Ali and Isma'il ibn Ja'far are family of Muhammad.

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Isma'ilism

Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.

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Ismah

‘Iṣmah or ‘Isma (عِصْمَة; literally, "protection") is the concept of incorruptible innocence, immunity from sin, or moral infallibility in Islamic theology, and which is especially prominent in Shia Islam.

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Isnad

In the Islamic study of hadith, an isnād (chain of transmitters) refers to a list of people who passed on a tradition, from the original authority to whom the tradition is attributed to, to the present person reciting or compiling that tradition.

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Ja'far al-Sadiq

Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Sadiq (translit; –765 CE) was a Shia Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian, and the sixth imam of the Twelver and Isma'ili branches of Shia Islam. Ali and Ja'far al-Sadiq are Twelve Imams.

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Ja'far ibn Ali

Jaʿfar ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (جَعْفَر ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب) was a son of Ali and Umm al-Banin.

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Jesus

Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. Ali and Jesus are Deified men.

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Judgement Day in Islam

In Islam, "the promise and threat" of Judgement Day (Day of Resurrection or Day of Judgement), is when "all bodies will be resurrected" from the dead, and "all people" are "called to account" for their deeds and their faith during their life on Earth.

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Kaaba

The Kaaba, sometimes referred to as al-Ka'ba al-Musharrafa, is a stone building at the center of Islam's most important mosque and holiest site, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

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Kalam

Ilm al-kalam or ilm al-lahut, often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or philosophical study of Islamic theology (aqida).

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Kaysanites

The Kaysanites were a Shi'i sect of Islam that formed from the followers of Al-Mukhtar.

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Khadija bint Khuwaylid

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (Khadīja bint Khuwaylid, 554 – November 619) was the first wife and the first follower of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ali and Khadija bint Khuwaylid are people from Mecca.

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Kharijites

The Kharijites (translit, singular) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661).

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Khawla al-Hanafiyya

Khawla bint Jaʿfar al-Ḥanafiyya (خولة بنت جعفر الحنفية), also known as Umm Muḥammad (أُمّ مُحَمَّد), was one of the wives of the Muslim caliph and Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib.

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Kitab al-Jafr

(Kitāb al-Jafr) is a mystical book which, in the Shia belief, contains esoteric teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad for his cousin and son-in-law Ali, who is recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia Imam.

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Kitab al-Kafi

Al-Kafi (ٱلْكَافِي,, literally 'The Sufficient') is a hadith collection of the nocat.

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Kitab Ali

Kitab Ali (Kitāb ʿAlī) or the Book of Ali is a compilation of Muhammad's sayings that Ali is said to have written as Muhammad dictated it to him.

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Kufa

Kufa (الْكُوفَة), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.

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Kumayl ibn Ziyad

Kumayl bin Ziyad an-Nakha'i (Kumayl ibn Ziyād an-Nakhaʿī) was among the most loyal companions of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib.

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Kunya (Arabic)

A (كُنيَة) is a teknonym in an Arabic name, the name of an adult derived from their eldest son.

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Kurdish population

The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.

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Leone Caetani

Leone Caetani (September 12, 1869 – December 25, 1935), Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani), was an Italian scholar, politician, and historian of the Middle East.

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List of caliphs

A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate.

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Lower Mesopotamia

Lower Mesopotamia is a historical region of Mesopotamia.

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Malik al-Ashtar

Malik al-Ashtar (مَالِك ٱلْأَشْتَر), also known as Mālik bin al-Ḥārith al-Nakhaʿīy al-Maḏḥijīy (مَالِك ٱبْن ٱلْحَارِث ٱلنَّخَعِيّ ٱلْمَذْحِجِيّ) was, according to Sunni view, one of the people involved behind Uthman's assassination. Ali and Malik al-Ashtar are Arab generals and people of the First Fitna.

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Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih

Man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh (Jurisprudent with Him) is a Hadith collection by the famous Twelver Shia Hadith scholar Abu Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn ʿAli ibn Babawayh al-Qummi, commonly known as Ibn Babawayh or Sheikh al-Saduq (lit. The Truthful Scholar).

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Marwan I

Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya (translit; 623 or 626April/May 685), commonly known as MarwanI, was the fourth Umayyad caliph, ruling for less than a year in 684–685.

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Mausoleum of Imam Ali

The Mausoleum of Ali (translit), located in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, is a mosque which some Sufi Sunnis believe contains the tomb of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib.

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Mawla

Mawlā (مَوْلَى, plural mawālī مَوَالِي), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.

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Mazar-i-Sharif

Mazar-i-Sharīf (Dari and مزار شریف), also known as Mazar-e Sharīf or simply Mazar, is the fourth-largest city in Afghanistan by population, with an estimated 500,207 residents in 2021.

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Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

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Medina

Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.

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Moses in Islam

Mūsā ibn ʿImrān (موسى ابن عمران) is a prominent prophet and messenger of God and is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran, with his name being mentioned 136 times and his life being narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet.

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Mu'awiya I

Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death. Ali and Mu'awiya I are people from Mecca and people of the First Fitna.

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Mu'tazilism

Mu'tazilism (translit, singular translit) was an Islamic sect that appeared in early Islamic history and flourished in Basra and Baghdad.

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Muhajirun

The Muhajirun (al-muhājirūn, singular مهاجر) were the converts to Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad's advisors and relatives, who emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the event is known in Islam as the Hijra. Ali and Muhajirun are people from Mecca.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. Ali and Muhammad are Arab Muslims, Arab generals, Arab politicians and people from Mecca.

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Muhammad al-Asghar ibn Ali

Muḥammad al-Aṣghar ibn ʿAlī (Arabic: محمد الأصغر بن علي) is one of Ali's sons.

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Muhammad al-Awsat ibn Ali

Muḥammad al-Awsaṭ ibn ʿAlī (lit), was one of the sons of Ali.

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Muhammad al-Mahdi

Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdi (translit) is believed by the Twelver Shia and Sunni Naqshbandiyya to be the last of the Twelve Imams and the eschatological Mahdi, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justice and redeem Islam. Ali and Muhammad al-Mahdi are Twelve Imams.

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Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya (15–81 AH) was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the fourth caliph in Sunni Islam and the first imam in Shia Islam.

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Muhsin ibn Ali

Muhsin ibn Ali (مُحْسِن ٱبْن عَلِيّ), also spelled Mohsin, was the youngest son of Fatima bint Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib, and thus a maternal grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Mukhtar al-Thaqafi

Al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi (translit; – 3 April 687) was a pro-Alid revolutionary based in Kufa, who led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in 685 and ruled over most of Iraq for eighteen months during the Second Fitna.

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Munafiq

In Islam, the munafiqun ('hypocrites', منافقون, singular منافق munāfiq) or false Muslims or false believers are a group decried in the Quran as outward Muslims who were inwardly concealing disbelief ("kufr") and actively sought to undermine the Muslim community.

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Murtaza

Murtaza (Afghan Persian: مُرتَضیٰ Murtazâ) or Morteza (Iranian Persian: مُرتِضیٰ Mortezâ) is a Persian male given name, ultimately derived from the Arabic Murtada (مُرْتَضَى Murtaḍā).

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Mushaf

Mushaf (translit,; plural label) is an Arabic word for a codex or collection of sheets, but also refers to a written copy of the Quran.

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Mushaf of Ali

The Mushaf of Ali is a codex of the Quran (a) that was collected by one of its first scribes, Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (مسند أحمد بن حنبل) is a collection of musnad hadith compiled by the Islamic scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. AH 241/AD 855) to whom the Hanbali fiqh (legislation) is attributed.

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Nahj al-balagha

(lit) is the best-known collection of sermons, letters, and sayings attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph, the first Shia imam, and the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Nahrawan Canal

The Nahrawan Canal was a major irrigation system of the Sasanian and early Islamic periods in central Iraq, along the eastern banks of the Tigris and the lower course of the Diyala River.

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Najaf

Najaf or An-Najaf or Al-Najaf (ٱلنَّجَف) or An-Najaf al-Ashraf (ٱلنَّجَف ٱلْأَشْرَف), is the capital city of Najaf Governorate in central Iraq about 160 km (99 mi) south of Baghdad.

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Najran

Najran (نجران), is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

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Naqshbandi

The Naqshbandi order (translit) is a Sufi order of Sunni Islam named after Baha al-Din Naqshband.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

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Polysemy

Polysemy is the capacity for a sign (e.g. a symbol, a morpheme, a word, or a phrase) to have multiple related meanings.

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Pre-Islamic Arabia

Pre-Islamic Arabia, referring to the Arabian Peninsula before Muhammad's first revelation in 610 CE, is referred to in Islam in the context of, highlighting the prevalence of paganism throughout the region at the time.

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Primary source

In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.

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Principles of good governance in the letter of Ali to al-Ashtar

Principles of good governance in the letter of Ali to al-Ashtar refers to a set of instructions and advice for rulers, reputedly addressed at Malik al-Ashtar, the Arab military commander and an ardent supporter of Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the fourth Rashidun caliph, the first Shia imam, and the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Qarmatians

The Qarmatians (Qarāmiṭa) were a militant Isma'ili Shia movement centred in al-Hasa in Eastern Arabia, where they established a religious—and, as some scholars have claimed, proto-socialist or utopian socialist—state in 899 CE.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Quraysh

The Quraysh (قُرَيْشٌ) was an Arab tribe that inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Kaaba.

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Rabigh

Rabigh (translit) is a city and governorate in the Province of Makkah of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, situated on the coast of the Red Sea, around northwest of Mecca in the historic Hejazi region.

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Rajab

Rajab (رَجَب) is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar.

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Ramadan

Ramadan (Ramaḍān; also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.

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Ramadan (calendar month)

Ramadan (رَمَضَان) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and the month in which the Quran is believed to be revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Ray, Iran

Shahre Ray, Shahr-e Ray, Shahre Rey, or Shahr-e Rey (Ŝahr-e Rey) or simply Ray or Rey (ری), is the capital of Rey County in Tehran Province, Iran.

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Reincarnation

Reincarnation, also known as rebirth or transmigration, is the philosophical or religious concept that the non-physical essence of a living being begins a new life in a different physical form or body after biological death.

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Ridda Wars

The Ridda Wars (lit) were a series of military campaigns launched by the first caliph Abu Bakr against rebellious Arabian tribes, some of which were led by rival prophet claimants.

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Ruqayya bint Ali

Ruqayya bint ʿAlī was a daughter of the fourth caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib.

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Sa'sa'a bin Sohan

Ṣa‘ṣa‘ah ibn Suhān (صعصعة بن صوحان) was born in the year 598 CE, corresponding to about 24 years before Hijra in Qatif, Saudi Arabia.

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Safavid Iran

Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.

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Safi of Persia

Sam Mirza (ساممیرزا) (161112 May 1642), known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi (شاه صفی), was the sixth shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642.

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Sahih al-Bukhari

(translit) is the first hadith collection of the Six Books of Islam.

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Sahih Muslim

(translit) is the second hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam.

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Salman the Persian

Salman al-Farsi (سَلْمَان ٱلْفَارِسِيّ) was a Persian religious scholar and one of the companions of Muhammad.

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Saqifa

The Saqifa (translit) of the Banu Sa'ida clan refers to the location of an event in early Islam where some of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr as the first caliph and successor to Muhammad shortly after his death in 11 AH (632 CE).

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Sayyid

Sayyid (سيد;; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: سادة; feminine: سيدة) is an honorific title of Hasanids and Husaynids Muslims, recognized as descendants of the Arab companion Ali through his sons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. Ali and Sayyid are family of Muhammad.

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Seal of the Prophets

Seal of the Prophets (translit; or translit), is a title used in the Qur'an and by Muslims to designate the Islamic prophet Muhammad as the last of the prophets sent by God.

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Secondary source

In scholarship, a secondary source"".

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Shafa'a

Shafa'a(h) (شفاعة, "intercession") in Islam is the act of pleading to God by an intimate friend of God (a Muslim saint) for forgiveness of a believing sinner.

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Shafi'i school

The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Shahada

The Shahada (الشَّهَادَةُ;, 'the testimony'), also transliterated as Shahadah, is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan.

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Shaqshaqiya sermon

The Shaqshaqiya sermon (lit) is a controversial text in, the best-known collection of sermons, letters, and sayings attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the fourth Rashidun caliph, the first Shia imam, and the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Sharif

Sharīf (شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, feminine sharīfa (شريفة), plural ashrāf (أشراف), shurafāʾ (شرفاء), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, from the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Shura

Shura (lit) can for example take the form of a council or a referendum.

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Socrates

Socrates (– 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought.

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South Arabia

South Arabia is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.

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Standard-bearer

A standard-bearer, also known as a colour-bearer or flag-bearer, is a person who bears an emblem known as a standard or military colours, i.e. either a type of flag or an inflexible but mobile image, which is used (and often honoured) as a formal, visual symbol of a state, prince, military unit, etc.

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Sufism

Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.

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Sultan Sahak

Sultan Sahak or Sultan Ishaq Barzancî (سوڵتان سەھاک; late 14th century to early 15th century) was a Kurdish religious leader who reformed the modern beliefs of Yarsanism and moreover considered to be the fourth of seven incarnations of God. Ali and Sultan Sahak are Deified men.

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Sunnah

In Islam,, also spelled (سنة), is the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Syria (region)

Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant.

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Talha ibn Ubayd Allah

Ṭalḥa ibn ʿUbayd Allāh al-Taymī (طَلْحَة بن عُبَيْد اللّه التَّيمي) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ali and Talha ibn Ubayd Allah are Arab Muslims, people of the First Fitna and Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud.

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Taqiyya

In Islam, Taqiyya (prudence)R.

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Tawhid

Tawhid (تَوْحِيد|translit.

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The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays

The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays (Kitāb Sulaym ibn Qays) is the oldest known Shia hadith collection.

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Treaty of al-Hudaybiya

The Treaty of al-Hudaybiya (translit) was an event that took place during the lifetime of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Twelver Shi'ism

Twelver Shīʿism (ٱثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة), also known as Imāmiyya (إِمَامِيَّة), is the largest branch of Shīʿa, comprising about 90% of all Shīas.

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Udhruh

Udhruh (اذرح; transliteration: Udhruḥ, Ancient Greek Adrou, Άδρου), also spelled Adhruh, is a town in southern Jordan, administratively part of the Ma'an Governorate.

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Umama bint Abi al-As

Umāma bint Abī al-ʿĀṣ ibn al-Rabīʿ (أُمَامَة بِنْت أَبِي ٱلْعَاص ابْن ٱلرَّبِيْع), was a granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Khadija, via their daughter Zaynab, and is thus also known as Umāma bint Zaynab (أُمَامَة بِنْت زَیْنَب). Ali and Umama bint Abi al-As are family of Muhammad.

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Ali and Umar are 7th-century caliphs, Arab Muslims, assassinated caliphs, deaths by blade weapons, Rashidun caliphs and Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud.

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Umar ibn Ali

ʿUmar ibn ʿAlī, was reportedly one of the children of Ali ibn Abi Talib who accompanied his brother, Husayn ibn Ali, to Karbala and was killed on the day of Ashura. Ali and Umar ibn Ali are family of Muhammad.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali

During the Umayyad Caliphate, cursing Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who was also the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia Imam, was a state policy introduced by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the first Umayyad caliph.

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Umm al-Banin

Fāṭima bint Ḥuzām, better known as ʾUmm al-Banīn (lit), was a wife of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia Imam.

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Umm Kulthum bint Ali

Umm Kulthūm bint 'Alī (أُمّ كُلْثُومبِنْت عَلِيّ), also known as Zaynab al-Ṣughrā (lit), was the youngest daughter of Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib.

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Uthman

Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656. Ali and Uthman are 7th-century caliphs, Arab Muslims, assassinated caliphs, Rashidun caliphs, Sahabah martyrs and Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud.

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Uthman ibn Ali

ʿUthmān ibn ʿAlī was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Umm al-Banin. Ali and Uthman ibn Ali are family of Muhammad.

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Verse of ikmal al-din

The verse of (إِکْمَال الدِّيْن) or the verse of refers to verse 5:3 of the Quran, the central religious text in Islam.

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Verse of purification

The verse of purification (Arabic:آية التطهير) refers to verse 33:33 of the Quran, the central religious text in Islam.

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Verse of tabligh

The verse of refers to verse of 5:67 of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, which reads Among various Sunni views, this verse is sometimes connected to Muhammad's criticism of Jews and Christians, or viewed as evidence of his faithfulness in transmitting the divine revelations.

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Verse of the mawadda

The verse of the (Lit) refers to verse al-Shura 42:23 of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam.

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Verse of walaya

The verse of is verse 5:55 of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam.

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Waḥy

Waḥyu (وَحْي,;: وُحِيّ,; also spelled wahi) is the Arabic word for revelation.

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Walayah

Welayah or Walaya (meaning "guardianship" or "governance") is a general concept of the Islamic faith and a key word in Shia Islam that refers, among other things, to the nature and function of the Imamate.

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Wilferd Madelung

Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung FBA (26 December 1930 – 9 May 2023) was a German author and scholar of Islamic history widely recognised for his contributions to the fields of Islamic and Iranian studies.

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Yarsanism

Yarsanism (translit), Ahl-e Haqq (script; اهل حق), or Kaka'i, is an inherited, syncretic religion founded by Sultan Sahak in the late 14th century in western Iran.

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Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.

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Zakat

Zakat (or Zakāh) is one of the five pillars of Islam.

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Zayd ibn Ali

Zayd ibn ʿAlī (زيد بن علي; 695–740), also spelled Zaid, was the son of Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, and great-grandson of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ali and Zayd ibn Ali are Zaydi imams.

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Zaydism

Zaydism is one of the three main branches of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali‘s unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate.

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Zaynab bint Ali

Zaynab bint Ali (زَيْنَب بِنْت عَلِيّ), was the eldest daughter of Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib.

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Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar who played a leading role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632–633 and later participated in early Muslim conquests of Sasanid Persia in 633–634, Byzantine Syria in 634–638, and the Exarchate of Africa in 639–643. Ali and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam are Arab generals, people of the First Fitna, Sahabah martyrs, Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr and Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud.

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Zulfiqar

Zulfaqar (Ḏū-l-Faqār), also spelled Zu al-Faqar, Zulfakar, Dhu al-Faqar, or Dhulfaqar), is the sword of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Imam Ali). Middle Eastern weapons are commonly inscribed with a quote mentioning Zulfiqar, and Middle Eastern swords are at times made with a split tip in reference to the weapon.

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21 Ramadan

21 Ramadan is the twenty-first day of the ninth month (Ramadan) of the Islamic calendar.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali

Also known as 'Ali, 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib, 'Ali ibn Abū Tālib, 1st imam, ?Ali, Al Sahba' bint Rabi'ah, Al-Sahba bint Rabi'a, Al-Sahba' bint Rabi'ah, Ali Ben Abi Taleb, Ali Ben Abu Talib, Ali Bin Abi Taleb, Ali Bin Abi Talib, Ali Ibn Abd Munāf, Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Ali Ibn Abi-Talib, Ali Ibn Abitaleb, Ali Ibn Abitalib, Ali Ibn Abu Talib, Ali al Murtaza, Ali b abi talib, Ali b. abi talib, Ali bin Abu Talib, Ali bin Thalib, Ali bin abi- Taleb, Ali bin abi-Taleb, Ali ib Abi Taalib, Ali ibn Abi Taleb, Ali ibn Abi-Taleb, Ali ibn Abu Taleb, Ali ibn Abu Talib (Radiallahuanhu), Ali ibn Abī Tālib, Ali ibn-Abi Talib, Ali ibne Abi Talib, Ali in the scriptures, Ali, Hazrat, Alī, Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Ameerul mo'mineen, Ameerul momineen, Ameerul mu'mineen, Ameerul mumineen, Birinci Ali, Caliph Ali, Early religious history of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Emam Ali, First imam, Hazrati Ali, Imaam Ali ibn Abi Talib AS, Imám ‘Alí, Imam 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, Imam Ali, Imam Ali Bin Ibi Taleb, Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib, Imam `Ali, Imam ali b abi talib, Imam ali b. abi talib, Imam ali bin abi talib, Imam ali ibne abi talib, Imam amir al-muminin, Layla bint Mas'ud, Maula Ali, Rukne Yamani, Waliullah, `Ali, `Ali ibn Abi Talib, , ʿAlī, علي, علي بن أبي طالب, عليّ, عَلِي.

, Battle of Karbala, Battle of Khaybar, Battle of Nahrawan, Battle of Siffin, Battle of the Camel, Battle of the Trench, Battle of Uhud, Brotherhood among the Sahabah, Burial of Fatima, Caliphate, Christians, Common Era, Companions of the Prophet, Congregational prayer (Islam), Conquest of Mecca, Damascus, Dewan, Druze, Du'a' Kumayl, Dumat al-Jandal, Early Muslim conquests, Early Muslims, Eastern Arabia, Egypt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Euphrates, Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Fadak), Expedition of Tabuk, Eye for an eye, Fajr prayer, Farewell Pilgrimage, Fatima, Fatimah bint Asad, Fatimid Caliphate, Fiqh, Five Pillars of Islam, Futuwwa, Ghadir Khumm, Ghulat, Ghurar al-hikam, Great Mosque of Kufa, Hadith, Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance, Hadith of pen and paper, Hadith of the position, Hadith of the warning, Hagia Sophia, Halal, Hamdanids (Yemen), Haram, Harun al-Rashid, Harvard University Press, Hasan ibn Ali, Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty, Hasanids, Haydar, Hejaz, Hijrah, Hijri year, Hindus, Historiography of early Islam, History of the Prophets and Kings, Husayn ibn Ali, Husaynids, Ibn Abbas, Ibn Abi'l-Hadid, Ibn Ishaq, Imam Ali Shrine, Imamate in Shia doctrine, Iraq, Islam, Islamic calendar, Islamic culture, Islamic philosophy, Isma'il ibn Ja'far, Isma'ilism, Ismah, Isnad, Ja'far al-Sadiq, Ja'far ibn Ali, Jesus, Judgement Day in Islam, Kaaba, Kalam, Kaysanites, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Kharijites, Khawla al-Hanafiyya, Kitab al-Jafr, Kitab al-Kafi, Kitab Ali, Kufa, Kumayl ibn Ziyad, Kunya (Arabic), Kurdish population, Leone Caetani, List of caliphs, Lower Mesopotamia, Malik al-Ashtar, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Marwan I, Mausoleum of Imam Ali, Mawla, Mazar-i-Sharif, Mecca, Medina, Moses in Islam, Mu'awiya I, Mu'tazilism, Muhajirun, Muhammad, Muhammad al-Asghar ibn Ali, Muhammad al-Awsat ibn Ali, Muhammad al-Mahdi, Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, Muhsin ibn Ali, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, Munafiq, Murtaza, Mushaf, Mushaf of Ali, Muslims, Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Nahj al-balagha, Nahrawan Canal, Najaf, Najran, Naqshbandi, Plato, Polysemy, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Primary source, Principles of good governance in the letter of Ali to al-Ashtar, Qarmatians, Quran, Quraysh, Rabigh, Rajab, Ramadan, Ramadan (calendar month), Rashidun Caliphate, Ray, Iran, Reincarnation, Ridda Wars, Ruqayya bint Ali, Sa'sa'a bin Sohan, Safavid Iran, Safi of Persia, Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Salman the Persian, Saqifa, Sayyid, Seal of the Prophets, Secondary source, Shafa'a, Shafi'i school, Shahada, Shaqshaqiya sermon, Sharif, Shia Islam, Shura, Socrates, South Arabia, Standard-bearer, Sufism, Sultan Sahak, Sunnah, Sunni Islam, Syria, Syria (region), Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Taqiyya, Tawhid, The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays, Treaty of al-Hudaybiya, Twelver Shi'ism, Udhruh, Umama bint Abi al-As, Umar, Umar ibn Ali, Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali, Umm al-Banin, Umm Kulthum bint Ali, Uthman, Uthman ibn Ali, Verse of ikmal al-din, Verse of purification, Verse of tabligh, Verse of the mawadda, Verse of walaya, Waḥy, Walayah, Wilferd Madelung, Yarsanism, Yemen, Zakat, Zayd ibn Ali, Zaydism, Zaynab bint Ali, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Zulfiqar, 21 Ramadan.

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Ali

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