Table of Contents
860 relations: 'Amm, A&E Networks, Abaya, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Abbasgulu Bakikhanov, Abbasid Caliphate, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, Abdel Halim Hafez, Abel Prize, Abgal (god), Abgar V, Abo of Tiflis, Abraham, Abraham in Islam, Abrahamic religions, Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Abu Bakr, Abu Kamil, Abu Karib, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani, Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi, Academic degree, Adam, Adiabene, Adufe, Africa, African Great Lakes, Afro-Arabs, Afroasiatic languages, Aftermath of World War I, Agatharchides, Aghlabid dynasty, Aglibol, Agriculture, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Ahmed Shawqi, Ahmed Zewail, Akkadian Empire, Akkadian language, Al-Ahsa Oasis, Al-Andalus, Al-Aqsa Mosque, Al-Azhar University, Al-Battani, Al-Farabi, Al-Fatat, Al-Hakam II, Al-Hariri of Basra, Al-Hira, ... Expand index (810 more) »
- Ancient peoples of the Near East
- Ethnic groups in Africa
- Ethnic groups in North Africa
- Muslim communities in Asia
'Amm
ʿAmm (translit; عمْ) was a moon god worshipped in ancient Qataban, which was a kingdom in ancient Yemen.
See Arabs and 'Amm
A&E Networks
A&E Television Networks, LLC, stylized as A+E NETWORKS, is an American multinational broadcasting company that is a 50–50 joint venture between Hearst Communications and The Walt Disney Company through its Entertainment division.
Abaya
The abaya (colloquially and more commonly, عباية, especially in Literary Arabic: عباءة; plural عبايات, عباءات), sometimes also called an aba, is a simple, loose over-garment, essentially a robe-like dress, worn by some women in the Muslim world including most of the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of the Horn of Africa.
See Arabs and Abaya
Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (ٱلْعَبَّاسُبْنُ عَبْدِ ٱلْمُطَّلِبِ|al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib) was a paternal uncle and sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, just three years older than his nephew.
See Arabs and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Abbasgulu Bakikhanov
Abbasgulu agha Bakikhanov (Abbasqulu ağa Bakıxanov) (Amirjan – January 1847, Wadi Fatimah, near Jeddah), Abbas Qoli Bakikhanov, or Abbas-Qoli ibn Mirza Mohammad (Taghi) Khan Badkubi was an Azerbaijani writer, historian, journalist, linguist, poet and philosopher.
See Arabs and Abbasgulu Bakikhanov
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Arabs and Abbasid Caliphate
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (translit; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705.
See Arabs and Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn (31 July 874 – 4 March 934), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdī biʾllāh (المهدي بالله, "The Rightly Guided by God"), was the founder of the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islamic history, and the eleventh Imam of the Isma'ili branch of Shi'ism.
See Arabs and Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah
Abdel Halim Hafez
Abdel Halim Ali Shabana (عبد الحليمعلى شبانه), commonly known as Abdel Halim Hafez (عبد الحليمحافظ) (21 June 1929 – 30 March 1977), was an Egyptian singer, actor, conductor, businessman, music teacher and film producer.
See Arabs and Abdel Halim Hafez
Abel Prize
The Abel Prize (Abelprisen) is awarded annually by the King of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians.
Abgal (god)
Abgal was a pre-Islamic Arabian god, whose worship is attested by inscriptions dating to the Palmyrene Empire – he is thought to have been primarily worshipped by nomads.
Abgar V
Abgar V (c. 1st century BC – c. AD 50), called Ukkāmā (meaning "the Black" in Syriac and other dialects of Aramaic), was the King of Osroene with his capital at Edessa.
Abo of Tiflis
Abo of Tiflis (translit; tr; c. 756 – 6 January 786) was a Christian martyr of Arab origin, who went on to practice his faith in what is now Tbilisi, the capital of present-day Georgia.
Abraham
Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Abraham in Islam
Abraham was a prophet and messenger of God according to Islam, and an ancestor to the Ishmaelite Arabs and Israelites.
See Arabs and Abraham in Islam
Abrahamic religions
The Abrahamic religions are a grouping of three of the major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) together due to their historical coexistence and competition; it refers to Abraham, a figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Quran, and is used to show similarities between these religions and put them in contrast to Indian religions, Iranian religions, and the East Asian religions (though other religions and belief systems may refer to Abraham as well).
See Arabs and Abrahamic religions
Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Iṣfahānī (أبو الفرج الأصفهاني), also known as Abul-Faraj, (full form: Abū al-Faraj ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥaytham al-Umawī al-Iṣfahānī) (897–967CE / 284–356AH) was a writer, historian, genealogist, poet, musicologist and scribe.
See Arabs and Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
Abu Bakr
Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634.
Abu Kamil
Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam ibn Muḥammad Ibn Shujāʿ (Latinized as Auoquamel, أبو كامل شجاع بن أسلمبن محمد بن شجاع, also known as Al-ḥāsib al-miṣrī—lit. "The Egyptian Calculator") (c. 850 – c. 930) was a prominent Egyptian mathematician during the Islamic Golden Age.
Abu Karib
Abū Karib As’ad al-Kāmil (أسعد الكامل), called "Abū Karīb", sometimes rendered as As'ad Abū Karīb, full name: Abu Karib As'ad ibn Hassān Maliki Karib Yuha'min, was king (Tubba', تُبَّع) of the Himyarite Kingdom (modern day Yemen).
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Hamdānī (أبو محمد الحسن بن أحمد بن يعقوب الهمداني, 279/280-333/334 A.H.; 947) was an Arab Muslim geographer, chemist, poet, grammarian, historian, and astronomer, from the tribe of Banu Hamdan, western 'Amran, Yemen.
See Arabs and Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
Abū al-Ḥassan, Aḥmad Ibn Ibrāhīm, al-Uqlīdisī (أبو الحسن أحمد بن ابراهيمالإقليدسي) was a mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age, possibly from Damascus, who wrote the earliest surviving book on the use of decimal fractions with Hindu–Arabic numerals, Kitāb al-Fuṣūl fī al-Ḥisāb al-Hindī (The Book of Chapters on Hindu Arithmetic), in Arabic in 952.
See Arabs and Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
Academic degree
An academic degree is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.
Adam
Adam is the name given in Genesis 1–5 to the first human.
See Arabs and Adam
Adiabene
Adiabene (Greek: Αδιαβηνή) was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria.
Adufe
The adufe is a traditional square tambourine of Moorish origin, which is used in Portugal and Galicia, and other regions of Spain.
See Arabs and Adufe
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.
See Arabs and Africa
African Great Lakes
The African Great Lakes (Maziwa Makuu; Ibiyaga bigari) are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift.
See Arabs and African Great Lakes
Afro-Arabs
Afro-Arabs, African Arabs, or Black Arabs are Arabs who have predominantly or total Sub-Saharan African ancestry. Arabs and Afro-Arabs are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Afroasiatic languages
The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic, sometimes Afrasian), also known as Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, are a language family (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. Arabs and Afroasiatic languages are ethnic groups in Africa.
See Arabs and Afroasiatic languages
Aftermath of World War I
The aftermath of World War I saw far-reaching and wide-ranging cultural, economic, and social change across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.
See Arabs and Aftermath of World War I
Agatharchides
Agatharchides or Agatharchus (Ἀγαθαρχίδης or Ἀγάθαρχος, Agatharchos) of Cnidus was a Greek historian and geographer (flourished 2nd century BC).
Aghlabid dynasty
The Aghlabid dynasty (الأغالبة) was an Arab dynasty centered in Ifriqiya from 800 to 909 that conquered parts of Sicily, Southern Italy, and possibly Sardinia, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate.
See Arabs and Aghlabid dynasty
Aglibol
Aglibol (Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡰𐡢𐡫𐡡𐡥𐡫 ʿGLBWL) is a god from Palmyra, originating from a north Syrian immigrant community.
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (1 July 1914 – 4 October 1982) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fourth president of Iraq, from 17 July 1968 to 16 July 1979.
See Arabs and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Ahmed Shawqi
Ahmed Shawqi (أحمد شوقي,,; 1868–1932), nicknamed the Prince of Poets (أمير الشعراء Amīr al-Shu‘arā’), was an Egyptian poet laureate, Linguist, and one of the most famous Arabic literary writers of the modern era in the Arab World.
Ahmed Zewail
Ahmed Hassan Zewail (February 26, 1946 – August 2, 2016) was an Egyptian-American chemist, known as the "father of femtochemistry".
Akkadian Empire
The Akkadian Empire was the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer.
Akkadian language
Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
See Arabs and Akkadian language
Al-Ahsa Oasis
Al-Ahsa Oasis (الْأَحْسَاء, al-ʾAhsā), also known as al-Ḥasāʾ (الْحَسَاء) or Hajar (هَجَر), is an oasis and historical region in eastern Saudi Arabia.
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.
Al-Aqsa Mosque
The Aqsa Mosque (congregational mosque of Al-Aqsa), also known as the Qibli Mosque or Qibli Chapel (المصلى القبلي), and also is the main congregational mosque or prayer hall in the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in the Old City of Jerusalem.
Al-Azhar University
The Al-Azhar University (1) is a public university in Cairo, Egypt.
See Arabs and Al-Azhar University
Al-Battani
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-Battānī (محمد بن جابر بن سنان البتاني), usually called al-Battānī, a name that was in the past Latinized as Albategnius, (before 858929) was an astronomer, astrologer and mathematician, who lived and worked for most of his life at Raqqa, now in Syria.
Al-Farabi
Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (Abū Naṣr Muḥammad al-Fārābī; — 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist.
Al-Fatat
Al-Fatat (الفتاة, al-Fatat) or the Young Arab Society (جمعية العربية الفتاة, Jam’iyat al-’Arabiya al-Fatat) was an underground Arab nationalist organization in the Ottoman Empire.
Al-Hakam II
Al-Hakam II, also known as Abū al-ʿĀṣ al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh al-Hakam b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (أَبُو الْعَاصٍ الْمُسْتَنْصِرِ بِاللهِ الْحَكْمِ بْن عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ; 13 January 915 – 16 October 976), was the Caliph of Córdoba.
Al-Hariri of Basra
Al-Hariri of Basra (Abū Muhammad al-Qāsim ibn ʿAlī ibn Muhammad ibn ʿUthmān al-Harīrī; 1054 – 10 September 1122) was a poet belonging to the Beni Harram tribe of Bedouin Arabs, who lived and died in the city of Basra, modern Iraq.
See Arabs and Al-Hariri of Basra
Al-Hira
Al-Hira (translit Middle Persian: Hērt) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located south of what is now Kufa in south-central Iraq.
Al-Jahiz
Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Basri (translit), commonly known as al-Jahiz (lit), was an Arabic polymath and author of works of literature (including theory and criticism), theology, zoology, philosophy, grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, philology, linguistics, and politico-religious polemics.
Al-Kindi
Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Alkindus) was an Arab Muslim polymath active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist.
Al-Lat
al-Lat (translit), also spelled Allat, Allatu, and Alilat, is a pre-Islamic Arabian goddess, at one time worshipped under various associations throughout the entire Arabian Peninsula, including Mecca, where she was worshipped alongside Al-Uzza and Manat as one of the daughters of Allah.
See Arabs and Al-Lat
Al-Mansur
Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Manṣūr (أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور‎; 95 AH – 158 AH/714 CE – 6 October 775 CE) usually known simply as by his laqab al-Manṣūr (المنصور) was the second Abbasid caliph, reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 CE – 775 CE) succeeding his brother al-Saffah.
Al-Masudi
al-Masʿūdī (full name, أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي), –956, was a historian, geographer and traveler.
Al-Musta'sim
Abu Ahmad Abdallah ibn al-Mustansir bi'llah, better known by his regnal title Al-Mustaʿṣim bi-llāh (المستعصمبالله; 1213 – 20 February 1258), was the 37th and last caliph from the Abbasid dynasty ruling from Baghdad.
Al-Qaum
Al-Qaum was the Nabataean god of war and the night, and guardian of caravans.
Al-Tasrif
The Kitāb al-Taṣrīf (lit), known in English as The Method of Medicine, is a 30-volume Arabic encyclopedia on medicine and surgery, written near the year 1000 by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis).
Al-Ula
Al-Ula (translit) is an ancient Arabian oasis city located in Medina Province, Saudi Arabia.
See Arabs and Al-Ula
Al-Uzza
Al-ʻUzzā (العزى or Old Arabic) was one of the three chief goddesses of Arabian religion in pre-Islamic times and she was worshipped by the pre-Islamic Arabs along with al-Lāt and Manāt.
Al-Zahrawi
Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-'Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari (أبو القاسمخلف بن العباس الزهراوي;‎ 936–1013), popularly known as al-Zahrawi (الزهراوي), Latinised as Albucasis or Abulcasis (from Arabic Abū al-Qāsim), was a physician, surgeon and chemist from al-Andalus.
Al-Zarqali
Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī al-Tujibi (إبراهيمبن يحيى الزرقالي); also known as Al-Zarkali or Ibn Zarqala (1029–1100), was an Arab maker of astronomical instruments and an astrologer from the western part of the Islamic world.
Alawites
The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shi'ism as a ghulat branch during the ninth century.
Alboka
The Basque alboka (albogue) is a single-reed woodwind instrument consisting of a single reed, two small diameter melody pipes with finger holes and a bell traditionally made from animal horn.
See Arabs and Alboka
Alchemy
Alchemy (from Arabic: al-kīmiyā; from Ancient Greek: χυμεία, khumeía) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe.
Aldebaran
Aldebaran (lit) is a star located in the zodiac constellation of Taurus.
Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.
Alhambra
The Alhambra (translit) is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.
Ali
Ali ibn Abi Talib (translit) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam.
See Arabs and Ali
Allah
Allah (ﷲ|translit.
See Arabs and Allah
Allies of World War I
The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).
See Arabs and Allies of World War I
Almaqah
Almaqah or Almuqh (𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠; المقه) was the Moon god of the ancient Yemeni kingdom of Saba'.
American Journal of Human Genetics
The American Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of human genetics.
See Arabs and American Journal of Human Genetics
An-Nahl
The Bee (Arabic: الْنَّحْل; an-naḥl) is the 16th chapter (sūrah) of the Qur'an, with 128 verses (āyāt).
Analytic geometry
In mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system.
See Arabs and Analytic geometry
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
Anbay
Anbay (Qatabanian: 𐩱𐩬𐩨𐩺, romanized) is a pre-Islamic deity who was originally worshipped in Qataban, in what is now Yemen.
See Arabs and Anbay
Ancient North Arabian
Ancient North Arabian (ANA) is a collection of scripts and a language or family of languages under the North Arabian languages branch along with Old Arabic that were used in north and central Arabia and south Syria from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE.
See Arabs and Ancient North Arabian
Ancient Semitic religion
Ancient Semitic religion encompasses the polytheistic religions of the Semitic peoples from the ancient Near East and Northeast Africa.
See Arabs and Ancient Semitic religion
Ancient South Arabian script
The Ancient South Arabian script (Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩯𐩬𐩵; modern الْمُسْنَد) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic script in about the late 2nd millennium BCE.
See Arabs and Ancient South Arabian script
Andalusian Spanish
The Andalusian dialects of Spanish (andaluz) are spoken in Andalusia, Ceuta, Melilla, and Gibraltar.
See Arabs and Andalusian Spanish
Angels in Islam
In Islam, angels (ملاك٬ ملك|malāk; plural: ملائِكة|malāʾik/malāʾikah|label.
Antiquities of the Jews
Antiquities of the Jews (Antiquitates Iudaicae; Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία, Ioudaikē archaiologia) is a 20-volume historiographical work, written in Greek, by historian Josephus in the 13th year of the reign of Roman emperor Domitian, which was 94 CE.
See Arabs and Antiquities of the Jews
Anwar Sadat
Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981.
Arab Agricultural Revolution
The Arab Agricultural Revolution was the transformation in agriculture in the Old World during the Islamic Golden Age (8th to 13th centuries).
See Arabs and Arab Agricultural Revolution
Arab Americans
Arab Americans (translit or) are Americans of Arab ancestry.
Arab Canadians
Arab Canadians (Arabo-Canadiens) come from all of the countries of the Arab world.
Arab Christians
Arab Christians (translit) are ethnic Arabs, Arab nationals, or Arabic speakers, who follow Christianity. Arabs and Arab Christians are ethnic groups in the Middle East and Semitic-speaking peoples.
Arab cinema
Arab cinema or Arabic cinema (al-sīnemā al-ʿArabīyah) refers to the film industry of the Arab world.
Arab conquest of Egypt
The Arab conquest of Egypt, led by the army of 'Amr ibn al-'As, took place between 639 and 642 AD and was overseen by the Rashidun Caliphate.
See Arabs and Arab conquest of Egypt
Arab cuisine
Arab cuisine is the cuisine of the Arab world, defined as the various regional cuisines of the Arab people, spanning from the Maghreb to the Mashriq.
Arab culture
Arab culture is the culture of the Arabs, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, in a region of the Middle East and North Africa known as the Arab world.
Arab diaspora
Arab diaspora is a term that refers to descendants of the Arab emigrants who, voluntarily or as forcibly, migrated from their native lands to non-Arab countries, primarily in the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, and West Africa.
Arab empire
Arab empire or Arabian empire may refer to.
Arab Federation
The Hashemite Arab Federation was a short-lived confederation that lasted from 14 February to 2 August 1958, between the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan.
Arab Haitians
Arab Haitians are Haitian citizens of Arab descent.
Arab Islamic Republic
The Arab Islamic Republic (الجمهورية العربية الإسلامية) was a proposed unification of Tunisia and Libya in 1974, agreed upon by Libyan head of state Muammar Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba.
See Arabs and Arab Islamic Republic
Arab Jews
Arab Jews (اليهود العرب; יהודים ערבים) is a term for Jews living in or originating from the Arab world.
Arab League
The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization in the Arab world.
Arab Maghreb Union
The Arab Maghreb Union (إتحاد المغرب العربي, Union du Maghreb Arabe, AMU/UMA) is a political union and economic union trade agreement aiming for economic and future political unity among Arab countries that are located primarily in the Maghreb in North Africa.
See Arabs and Arab Maghreb Union
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية), also known as the Great Arab Revolt, was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, exchanged between Henry McMahon of the United Kingdom and Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, the rebellion against the ruling Turks was officially initiated at Mecca on 10 June 1916.
Arab Singaporeans
The majority of the Arabs in Singapore are Hadharem and traced their ancestry to the southern Arabian Peninsula in Hadramaut, Yemen.
See Arabs and Arab Singaporeans
Arab Union
The Arab Union is a theoretical political union of the Arab states.
Arab world
The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.
Arabah
The Arabah/Araba (Wādī ʿAraba) or Aravah/Arava (dry area) is a loosely defined geographic area in the Negev Desert, south of the Dead Sea basin, which forms part of the border between Israel to the west and Jordan to the east.
See Arabs and Arabah
Arab–Israeli conflict
The Arab–Israeli conflict is the phenomenon involving political tension, military conflicts, and other disputes between various Arab countries and Israel, which escalated during the 20th century.
See Arabs and Arab–Israeli conflict
Arabesque
The arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements.
Arabia Deserta
Arabia Deserta (Latin meaning "Abandoned/Deserted Arabia"), also known as Arabia Magna ("Great Arabia"), signified the desert interior of the Arabian peninsula.
Arabia Felix
Arabia Felix (literally: Fertile/Happy Arabia; also Ancient Greek: Εὐδαίμων Ἀραβία, Eudaemon Arabia) was the Latin name previously used by geographers to describe South Arabia, or what is now Yemen.
Arabia Petraea
Arabia Petraea or Petrea, also known as Rome's Arabian Province (Provincia Arabia; العربية الصخرية.; Ἐπαρχία Πετραίας Ἀραβίας) or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century.
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
See Arabs and Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Sea
The Arabian Sea (हिन्दी|Hindī: सिंधु सागर, baḥr al-ʿarab) is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia.
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
See Arabs and Arabic
Arabic calligraphy
Arabic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the Arabic alphabet.
See Arabs and Arabic calligraphy
Arabic coffee
Arabic coffee is a version of the brewed coffee of Coffea arabica beans.
Arabic epic literature
Arabic epic literature encompasses epic poetry and epic fantasy in Arabic literature.
See Arabs and Arabic epic literature
Arabic grammar
Arabic grammar (النَّحْوُ العَرَبِيُّ) is the grammar of the Arabic language.
Arabic literature
Arabic literature (الأدب العربي / ALA-LC: al-Adab al-‘Arabī) is the writing, both as prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language.
See Arabs and Arabic literature
Arabic music
Arabic music (al-mūsīqā al-ʿarabīyyah) is the music of the Arab world with all its diverse music styles and genres.
Arabic numerals
The ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers.
Arabic phonology
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a continuum of varieties.
See Arabs and Arabic phonology
Arabic poetry
Arabic poetry (الشعر العربي ash-shi‘r al-‘arabīyy) is one of the earliest forms of Arabic literature.
Arabic pop
Arabic pop music or Arab pop music is a subgenre of pop music and Arabic music.
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. Arabs and Arabs are ancient peoples of the Near East, ethnic groups in Africa, ethnic groups in North Africa, ethnic groups in the Middle East, Muslim communities in Africa, Muslim communities in Asia, Semitic-speaking peoples and tribes of Arabia.
See Arabs and Arabs
Arabs in Turkey
Arabs in Turkey (Türkiye Arapları; عرب تركيا) are about 1.5 or 5 million (including the Syrian refugees) citizens or residents of Turkey who are ethnically of Arab descent. Arabs and Arabs in Turkey are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC. Arabs and Arameans are ancient peoples of the Near East, ethnic groups in the Middle East and Semitic-speaking peoples.
Archaeological Institute of America
The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) is North America's oldest society and largest organization devoted to the world of archaeology.
See Arabs and Archaeological Institute of America
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.
Aristotelianism
Aristotelianism is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics.
Armenian language
Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.
See Arabs and Armenian language
Art
Art is a diverse range of human activity and its resulting product that involves creative or imaginative talent generally expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas.
See Arabs and Art
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
Astarte
Astarte (Ἀστάρτη) is the Hellenized form of the Ancient Near Eastern goddess ʿAṯtart.
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.
See Arabs and Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
At-Tawbah
At-Tawbah (lit) is the ninth chapter of the Quran.
Atargatis
Atargatis (known as Derceto by the Greeks) was the chief goddess of northern Syria in Classical antiquity.
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
Aurelian
Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – November 275) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 270 to 275 during the Crisis of the Third Century.
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.
Avempace
Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣā’igh at-Tūjībī ibn Bājja (أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصائغ التجيبي بن باجة), best known by his Latinised name Avempace (– 1138), was an Andalusi polymath, whose writings include works regarding astronomy, physics, and music, as well as philosophy, medicine, botany, and poetry.
Averroes
Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد; full name in; 14 April 112611 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics.
Averroism
Averroism refers to a school of medieval philosophy based on the application of the works of 12th-century Andalusian philosopher Averroes, (known in his time in Arabic as ابن رشد, ibn Rushd, 1126–1198) a commentator on Aristotle, in 13th-century Latin Christian scholasticism.
Avicenna
Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.
Avicennism
Avicennism is a school of Islamic philosophy which was established by Avicenna.
Avraham Sela
Avraham Sela is an Israeli historian and scholar on the Middle East and international relations.
Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.
Azd
The Azd (Arabic: أَزْد), or Al-Azd (Arabic: ٱلْأَزْد), is an ancient Arabian tribe. Arabs and Azd are tribes of Arabia.
See Arabs and Azd
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis (Azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار), Azeris (Azərilər, آذریلر), or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan Türkləri, آذربایجان تۆرکلری) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Arabs and Azerbaijanis are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Āyah
An āyah (آية,; آيات) is a "verse" in the Quran, one of the statements of varying length that make up the chapters (surah) of the Quran and are marked by a number.
See Arabs and Āyah
Ərəbocağı
Ərəbocag (also, Ərəbocaq and Arabodzhagy) is a village and municipality in the Agdash Rayon of Azerbaijan.
Ərəbqədim
Ərəbqədim (also, Arabkadim and Arabkadym) is a village and municipality in the Gobustan Rayon of Azerbaijan.
Ərəbyengicə
Ərəbyengicə (also, Ərəb Yengicə, Arab Yengidzha, Erebyengicesi) is a village and municipality in the Sharur District of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan.
Baalshamin
Baalshamin (translit), also called Baal Shamem (translit) and Baal Shamaim (translit), was a Northwest Semitic god and a title applied to different gods at different places or times in ancient Middle Eastern inscriptions, especially in Canaan/Phoenicia and Syria.
Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).
Badr Shakir al-Sayyab
Badr Shakir al-Sayyab (بدر شاكر السياب) (December 24, 1926 in Jaykur, Basra – December 24, 1964 in Kuwait) was an Iraqi poet, regarded as one of the most important contemporary Arab poets.
See Arabs and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab
Baggara Arabs
The Baggāra (translit "heifer herder") or Chadian Arabs are a nomadic confederation of people of mixed Arab and Arabized indigenous African ancestry, inhabiting a portion of the Sahel mainly between Lake Chad and the Nile river near south Kordofan, numbering over six million. Arabs and Baggara Arabs are Muslim communities in Africa.
Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
Bahamut
Bahamut, or Bahamoot (بهموت), according to Zakariya al-Qazwini, is a monster that lies deep below, underpinning the support structure that holds up the earth.
Baharna
The Bahārna (بحارنة) are an ethnoreligious group of Shia Muslim Arabs indigenous to the historical region of Bahrain. Arabs and Baharna are ethnic groups in the Middle East and Semitic-speaking peoples.
Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people.
Bahrain
Bahrain (Two Seas, locally), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia.
Baklava
Baklava (or; باقلوا) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with syrup or honey.
Baku Governorate
The Baku Governorate, known before 1859 as the Shemakha Governorate, was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its center in the booming metropolis and Caspian Sea port of Baku.
See Arabs and Baku Governorate
Balaban (instrument)
Balaban or balaman (Balaban – بالابان; بالابان) is cylindrical-bore, double-reed wind instrument about long with eight finger holes and one thumb hole.
See Arabs and Balaban (instrument)
Bani Turuf
Bani Torof is the largest and most populous Arab tribe in Iran, Khuzestan province, who live in the area of Azadgan plain, Sosangard, Bostan, Howeiza, and especially in Ahvaz and a part of it in current Basra (Iraq).
Banu Amilah
Banu 'Amilah (بَنُو عَامِلَة), also spelled Amelah, were an Arab tribe that inhabited the historic region of Jabal Amel in present-day Southern Lebanon.
Banu Bakr
The Banu Bakr bin Wa'il (بنو بكر بن وائل), or simply Banu Bakr, today known as Bani Bakr an Arabian tribe belonging to the large Rabi'ah, a branch of Adnanite tribe. Arabs and Banu Bakr are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Hanifa
Banu Hanifa (بنو حنيفة) is an ancient Arab tribe inhabiting the area of al-Yamama in the central region of modern-day Saudi Arabia. Arabs and Banu Hanifa are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Hashim
The Banū Hāshim (بنو هاشم) is an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe to which Muhammad Ibn Abdullah belonged, named after Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim ibn Abd Manaf. Arabs and Banu Hashim are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Hilal
The Banu Hilal (translit) was a confederation of Arab tribes from the Najd region of the central Arabian Peninsula that emigrated to the Maghreb region of North Africa in the 11th century. Arabs and Banu Hilal are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Judham
The Judham (Banū Jud͟hām) was a large Arab tribe that inhabited the southern Levant and northwestern Arabia during the late antique and early Islamic eras (5th–8th centuries). Arabs and Banu Judham are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Ka'b
The Banu Kaʿb (بنو كعب) are a nomadic Arab tribe which originated in the Najd region of the Arabian Peninsula, and inhabit Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Iran (Khuzestan). Arabs and Banu Ka'b are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Kalb
The Banu Kalb (Banū Kalb) was an Arab tribe which mainly dwelt in the desert and steppe of northwestern Arabia and central Syria. Arabs and Banu Kalb are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Makhzum
The Banu Makhzum was one of the wealthy clans of the Quraysh. Arabs and Banu Makhzum are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Sulaym
The Banu Sulaym (بنو سليم) is an Arab tribe that dominated part of the Hejaz in the pre-Islamic era. Arabs and Banu Sulaym are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Tamim
Banū Tamīm (بَنُو تَمِيم) is an Arab tribe that originated in Najd in the Arabian Peninsula. Arabs and Banu Tamim are tribes of Arabia.
Banu Zuhrah
Banu Zuhrah (بنو زُهرة) is a clan of the Quraysh tribe.
Basamum
Basamum was a deity worshipped in pre-Islamic South Arabia.
Basra
Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.
See Arabs and Basra
Bass drum
The bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch.
Battle of Edessa
The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire under the command of Emperor Valerian and the Sasanian Empire (an Iranian imperial dynasty) under Shahanshah (King of the Kings) Shapur I, in Edessa (now the Turkish city of Urfa) in 260.
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Battle of Marj Dabiq
The Battle of Marj Dābiq (مرج دابق, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; Mercidabık Muharebesi), a decisive military engagement in Middle Eastern history, was fought on 24 August 1516, near the town of Dabiq, 44 km north of Aleppo (modern Syria).
See Arabs and Battle of Marj Dabiq
Battle of Qarqar
The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC when the army of the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by Emperor Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar led by Hadadezer, called in Assyrian Adad-idir and possibly to be identified with King Benhadad II of Aram-Damascus; and Ahab, king of Israel.
See Arabs and Battle of Qarqar
Battle of Ridaniya
The Battle of Ridaniya or Battle of Ridanieh (Ridaniye Muharebesi; معركة الريدانية) was fought on January 22, 1517, in Egypt.
See Arabs and Battle of Ridaniya
Battle of the Zab
The Battle of the Zab (معركة الزاب), also referred to in scholarly contexts as Battle of the Great Zāb River, took place on January 25, 750, on the banks of the Great Zab in what is now the modern country of Iraq. It spelled the end of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, which would last from 750 to 1517.
See Arabs and Battle of the Zab
Bedouin
The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (singular) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq). Arabs and Bedouin are ancient peoples of the Near East, ethnic groups in North Africa, ethnic groups in the Middle East and tribes of Arabia.
Bel (mythology)
Bêl (from bēlu) is a title signifying 'lord' or 'master' applied to various gods in the Mesopotamian religion of Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia.
Ben
Ben is frequently used as a shortened version of the given names Benjamin, Benedict, Bennett, Benson or Ebenezer, and is also a given name in its own right.
See Arabs and Ben
Beqaa Valley
The Beqaa Valley (وادي البقاع,, Lebanese; also transliterated as Bekaa, Biqâ, and Becaa) is a fertile valley in eastern Lebanon and its most important farming region.
Bes
Bes (also spelled as Bisu, Ⲃⲏⲥ), together with his feminine counterpart Beset, is an ancient Egyptian deity, likely of Kushite/Nubian or Nehesi C-Group culture origin worshipped as a protector of households and, in particular, of mothers, children, and childbirth.
See Arabs and Bes
Bethlehem
Bethlehem (بيت لحم,,; בֵּית לֶחֶם) is a city in the Israeli-occupied West Bank of the State of Palestine, located about south of Jerusalem.
BibleGateway
BibleGateway is an evangelical Christian website designed to allow easy reading, listening, studying, searching, and sharing of the Bible in many different versions and translations, including English, French, Spanish, and other languages.
Book of Nehemiah
The Book of Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, largely takes the form of a first-person memoir by Nehemiah, a Jew who is a high official at the Persian court, concerning the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem after the Babylonian exile and the dedication of the city and its people to God's laws (Torah).
See Arabs and Book of Nehemiah
Bore (wind instruments)
In music, the bore of a wind instrument (including woodwind and brass) is its interior chamber.
See Arabs and Bore (wind instruments)
Brocade
Brocade is a class of richly decorative shuttle-woven fabrics, often made in coloured silks and sometimes with gold and silver threads.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Arabs and Byzantine Empire
Cairo
Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.
See Arabs and Cairo
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Arabs and Cambridge University Press
Cambyses II
Cambyses II (translit) was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC.
Camel
A camel (from camelus and κάμηλος from Ancient Semitic: gāmāl) is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
See Arabs and Camel
Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa.
Canaanite languages
The Canaanite languages, sometimes referred to as Canaanite dialects, are one of three subgroups of the Northwest Semitic languages, the others being Aramaic and Amorite.
See Arabs and Canaanite languages
Canada
Canada is a country in North America.
See Arabs and Canada
Cardamom
Cardamom, sometimes cardamon or cardamum, is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae.
Castanets
Castanets, also known as clackers or palillos, are a percussion instrument (idiophone), used in Spanish, Calé, Moorish, Ottoman, Italian, Mexican, Sephardic, Portuguese and Swiss music.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
Córdoba, Spain
Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.
Côte d'Ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire, also known as Ivory Coast and officially known as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa.
Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR), formerly known as Ubangi-Shari, is a landlocked country in Central Africa.
See Arabs and Central African Republic
Central America
Central America is a subregion of North America.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Central Asian Arabic
Central Asian Arabic or Jugari Arabic (العربية الآسيوية الوسطى) refers to a set of four closely-related varieties of Arabic currently facing extinction and spoken predominantly by Arab communities living in portions of Central Asia.
See Arabs and Central Asian Arabic
Central Semitic languages
Central Semitic languages are one of the three groups of West Semitic languages, alongside Modern South Arabian languages and Ethiopian Semitic languages.
See Arabs and Central Semitic languages
Ceva's theorem
In Euclidean geometry, Ceva's theorem is a theorem about triangles.
Charter of the Arab League
The Charter of the Arab League (also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States) is the founding treaty of the Arab League.
See Arabs and Charter of the Arab League
Chaush
The Chaush or Chaus are an Indian Muslim community who are Hadhrami Arab descent.
See Arabs and Chaush
Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.
See Arabs and Chile
Christian Quarter
The Christian Quarter (translit; translit) is one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem, the other three being the Jewish Quarter, the Muslim Quarter and the Armenian Quarter.
See Arabs and Christian Quarter
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christianity in the Middle East
Christianity, which originated in the Middle East during the 1st century AD, is a significant minority religion within the region, characterized by the diversity of its beliefs and traditions, compared to Christianity in other parts of the Old World.
See Arabs and Christianity in the Middle East
Christians
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Church of the Nativity
The Church of the Nativity, or Basilica of the Nativity, is a basilica located in Bethlehem, West Bank, Palestine.
See Arabs and Church of the Nativity
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum.
Clan
A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.
See Arabs and Clan
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Arabs and Classical antiquity
Classical Arabic
Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic (the most eloquent classic Arabic) is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages onwards, having succeeded the Paleo-Arabic script.
See Arabs and Classical Arabic
Classical music
Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions.
Cleopatra
Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Κλεοπάτρα Θεά ΦιλοπάτωρThe name Cleopatra is pronounced, or sometimes in British English, see, the same as in American English.. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology);Also "Thea Neotera", lit.
Cline (biology)
In biology, a cline is a measurable gradient in a single characteristic (or biological trait) of a species across its geographical range.
Clothing
Clothing (also known as clothes, garments, dress, apparel, or attire) is any item worn on the body.
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.
Colonization
independence. Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing control over foreign territories or peoples for the purpose of exploitation and possibly settlement, setting up coloniality and often colonies, commonly pursued and maintained by colonialism.
Consanguinity
Consanguinity (from Latin consanguinitas 'blood relationship') is the characteristic of having a kinship with a relative who is descended from a common ancestor.
Coriander
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), also known as cilantro, is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae.
Cornell University Press
The Cornell University Press is the university press of Cornell University; currently housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.
See Arabs and Cornell University Press
Cosmology in the Muslim world
Islamic cosmology is the cosmology of Islamic societies.
See Arabs and Cosmology in the Muslim world
Cousin marriage
A cousin marriage is a marriage where the spouses are cousins (i.e. people with common grandparents or people who share other fairly recent ancestors).
Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to analyze") refers to the process of analyzing information systems in order to understand hidden aspects of the systems.
Cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from κρυπτός|translit.
Cult image
In the practice of religion, a cult image is a human-made object that is venerated or worshipped for the deity, spirit or daemon that it embodies or represents.
Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations.
See Arabs and Cultural heritage
Culture of Europe
The culture of Europe is diverse, and rooted in its art, architecture, traditions, cuisines, music, folklore, embroidery, film, literature, economics, philosophy and religious customs.
See Arabs and Culture of Europe
Daf
Daf (دف), also known as dâyere and riq, is a Middle Eastern (mainly Iranian) frame drum musical instrument, used in popular and classical music in South and Central Asia.
See Arabs and Daf
Dagestan
Dagestan (Дагестан), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea.
Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
Dandan
A dandan or dendan is a mythical sea creature from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (or Arabian Nights) appearing in the tale "Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman", where a merman describes the dandan as the largest and fiercest fish, capable of swallowing large animals in a single mouthful.
See Arabs and Dandan
Deccan Plateau
The Deccan is a large plateau and region of the Indian subcontinent located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada River.
Decimal
The decimal numeral system (also called the base-ten positional numeral system and denary or decanary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers.
Demon
A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity.
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Denmark
Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.
Derbent
Derbent (Дербе́нт; Кьвевар, Цал; Dərbənd; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea.
Detroit
Detroit is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan.
Dilmun
Dilmun, or Telmun, (Sumerian:,Transliteration: Similar text: later 𒉌𒌇(𒆠), NI.TUKki. Arabs and Dilmun are Semitic-speaking peoples.
See Arabs and Dilmun
DIN 31635
DIN 31635 is a (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Arabic alphabet adopted in 1982.
Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Diódōros; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian.
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Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) was a period of history of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Young Turk Revolution and ultimately ending with the empire's dissolution and the founding of the modern state of Turkey.
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Donald Hill
Donald Routledge Hill (6 August 1922 – 30 May 1994)D.
Donkey
The donkey or ass is a domesticated equine.
See Arabs and Donkey
Druze
The Druze (دَرْزِيّ, or دُرْزِيّ, rtl), who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an Arab and Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul. Arabs and Druze are ethnic groups in the Middle East and Semitic-speaking peoples.
See Arabs and Druze
Dulzaina
The dulzaina or dolçaina (/) is a Spanish double reed instrument in the oboe family.
Dushara
Dushara (Nabataean Arabic: 𐢅𐢈𐢝𐢛𐢀 dwšrʾ), also transliterated as Dusares, is a pre-Islamic Arabian god worshipped by the Nabataeans at Petra and Madain Saleh (of which city he was the patron).
Early Muslim conquests
The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
See Arabs and Early Muslim conquests
East Africa
East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape.
Eastern Arabia
Eastern Arabia, is a region stretched from Basra to Khasab along the Persian Gulf coast and included parts of modern-day Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (Eastern Province), and the United Arab Emirates.
Eastern Arabian cuisine
Eastern Arabian cuisine, also called Khaleeji cuisine (المطبخ الخليجي), is the traditional Arabic cuisine variant that is shared by the population in Eastern Arabia and areas around the Persian Gulf.
See Arabs and Eastern Arabian cuisine
Eastern Christianity
Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean region or locations further east, south or north.
See Arabs and Eastern Christianity
Economy
An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services.
Economy of the Arab League
The economy of the Arab League is the economy of the member states of the Arab League.
See Arabs and Economy of the Arab League
Edessa
Edessa (Édessa) was an ancient city (polis) in Upper Mesopotamia, in what is now Urfa or Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
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Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
See Arabs and Egypt
El (deity)
(also Il, 𐎛𐎍 ʾīlu; 𐤀𐤋 ʾīl; אֵל ʾēl; ܐܺܝܠ ʾīyl; إل or إله; cognate to ilu) is a Northwest Semitic word meaning 'god' or 'deity', or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities.
El Salvador
El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America.
Elagabalus
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus and Heliogabalus, was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager.
Elias James Corey
Elias James Corey (born July 12, 1928) is an American organic chemist.
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Elie Saab
Elie Saab (Arabic: ايلي صعب) (born 4 July 1964) is a Lebanese fashion designer.
Embroidery
Embroidery is the art of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to stitch thread or yarn.
Emesene dynasty
The Emesene (or Emesan) dynasty, also called the Sampsigeramids or the Sampsigerami or the House of Sampsigeramus (translit), were a Roman client dynasty of Syrian priest-kings known to have ruled by 46 BC from Arethusa and later from Emesa, Syria, until between 72 and 78/79, or at the latest the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161).
Emigration
Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country).
Empire
An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries".
See Arabs and Empire
Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Epigraph (literature)
In literature, an epigraph is a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a document, monograph or section or chapter thereof.
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Eponym
An eponym is a person, a place, or a thing after whom or for which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named.
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Equatorium
An equatorium (plural, equatoria) is an astronomical calculating instrument.
Ethics
Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.
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Ethnicity
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.
Ethnogenesis
Ethnogenesis is the formation and development of an ethnic group.
Euphrates
The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
See Arabs and Europe
ʾIʿrab
(إِعْرَاب) is an Arabic term for the system of nominal, adjectival, or verbal suffixes of Classical Arabic to mark grammatical case.
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ʿAṯtar
ʿAṯtar is a deity whose role, name, and even gender varied across ancient Semitic religion.
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ʿĀd
ʿĀd (عاد) was an ancient tribe in pre-Islamic Arabia mentioned frequently in the Qurʾān. Arabs and ʿĀd are tribes of Arabia.
See Arabs and ʿĀd
Faisal I of Iraq
Faisal I bin al-Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi (فيصل الأول بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, Fayṣal al-Awwal bin al-Ḥusayn bin ʻAlī al-Hāshimī; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 until his death in 1933.
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Falak (Arabian legend)
Falak (فلك) is the giant serpent mentioned in the One Thousand and One Nights.
See Arabs and Falak (Arabian legend)
Fars province
Fars province (استان فارس) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
Fatima
Fatima bint Muhammad (Fāṭima bint Muḥammad; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fatima al-Zahra' (Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija.
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Fatima al-Fihriya
Fatima bint Muhammad al-Fihriya al-Qurashiyya (فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية), known in shorter form as Fatima al-Fihriya or Fatima al-Fihri, was an Arab woman who is credited with founding the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque in 857–859 CE in Fez, Morocco.
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Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.
See Arabs and Fatimid Caliphate
Federation of Arab Republics
The Federation of Arab Republics (FAR; إتحاد الجمهوريات العربية) was an unsuccessful attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to merge Libya, Egypt and Syria in order to create a unified Arab state.
See Arabs and Federation of Arab Republics
Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.
See Arabs and Fertile Crescent
Fetishism
A fetish (derived from the French fétiche, which comes from the Portuguese feitiço, and this in turn from Latin facticius, 'artificial' and facere, 'to make') is an object believed to have supernatural powers, or in particular, a human-made object that has power over others.
Fields Medal
The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years.
Fiqh
Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.
See Arabs and Fiqh
First Fitna
The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community.
Fistula
In anatomy, a fistula (fistulas or fistulae; from Latin fistula, "tube, pipe") is an abnormal connection (i.e. tube) joining two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs to each other, often resulting in an abnormal flow of fluid from one space to the other.
Flute
The flute is a member of a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group.
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Folklore
Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture or subculture.
Foundations of Modern Arab Identity
Foundations of Modern Arab Identity (Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2004) is a book-length study of the Nahda, or Arab Renaissance, by Arab American scholar Stephen Sheehi, that critically engages the "intellectual struggles that ensued when Arab writers internalized Western ways of defining themselves and their societies" in the mid-1800s.
See Arabs and Foundations of Modern Arab Identity
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
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French people
The French people (lit) are a nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France.
Gaafar Nimeiry
Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise spelled in English as Gaafar Nimeiry, Jaafar Nimeiry, or Ja'far Muhammad Numayri; جعفر محمد النميري; 1 January 193030 May 2009) was a Sudanese military officer and politician who served as the fourth head of state of Sudan from 1969 to 1985, first as Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council and then as President.
Galician gaita
The Galician gaita (Gaita galega, Gaita galega, Gaita gallega) is the traditional instrument of Galicia and northern Portugal.
Galilee
Galilee (hagGālīl; Galilaea; al-jalīl) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970.
See Arabs and Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gastronomy
Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between food and culture, the art of preparing and serving rich or delicate and appetizing food, the cooking styles of particular regions, and the science of good eating.
Gemstone
A gemstone (also called a fine gem, jewel, precious stone, semiprecious stone, or simply gem) is a piece of mineral crystal which, when cut or polished, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Islamic geography and cartography refer to the study of geography and cartography in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age (variously dated between the 8th century and 16th century).
See Arabs and Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.
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Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
Gerrha
Gerrha (translit) was an ancient and renowned city within Eastern Arabia, on the west side of the Persian Gulf.
See Arabs and Gerrha
Ghassanids
The Ghassanids, also called the Jafnids, were an Arab tribe which founded a kingdom which was in place from the third century to the seventh century in the area of the Levant and northern Arabia. They emigrated from South Arabia in the early third century to the Levant. Some merged with Hellenized Christian communities, converting to Christianity in the first few centuries, while others may have already been Christians before emigrating north to escape religious persecution. Arabs and Ghassanids are tribes of Arabia.
Ghatafan
The Ghaṭafān (غطفان) were an Arab tribal confederation originally based northeast of Medina. Arabs and Ghatafan are tribes of Arabia.
Ghazal
The ghazal is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry.
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Ghoul
In folklore, a ghoul (from غول) is a demon-like being or monstrous humanoid, often associated with graveyards and the consumption of human flesh.
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Gindibu
Gindibu (Akkadian) was a Qedarite Arab king.
Glen Bowersock
Glen Warren Bowersock (born January 12, 1936, in Providence, Rhode Island) is a historian of ancient Greece, Rome and the Near East, and former Chairman of Harvard’s classics department.
Globalization
Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.
God
In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.
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God in Abrahamic religions
Monotheism—the belief that there is only one deity—is the focus of the Abrahamic religions, which like-mindedly conceive God as the all-powerful and all-knowing deity from whom Abraham received a divine revelation, according to their respective narratives.
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God in Islam
In Islam, God (Allāh, contraction of ٱلْإِلَٰه, lit.) is seen as the creator and sustainer of the universe, who lives eternally and will eventually resurrect all humans.
Goddess
A goddess is a female deity.
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.
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Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
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Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
Greek Orthodox Church
Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía) is a term that can refer to any one of three classes of Christian churches, each associated in some way with Greek Christianity, Levantine Arabic-speaking Christians or more broadly the rite used in the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
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Guinness World Records
Guinness World Records, known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records, is a British reference book published annually, listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world.
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Guitar
The guitar is a stringed musical instrument that is usually fretted (with some exceptions) and typically has six or twelve strings.
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Gujarat
Gujarat is a state along the western coast of India.
H. A. R. Gibb
Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (2 January 1895 – 22 October 1971), known as H. A. R.
Hadhramaut
Hadhramaut (Ḥaḍramawt / Ḥaḍramūt; Hadramautic: 𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩, Ḥḍrmt) is a geographic region in South Arabia, comprising eastern Yemen, parts of western Oman and southern Saudi Arabia.
Hadith
Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.
See Arabs and Hadith
Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad (6 October 193010 June 2000) was a Syrian statesman, military officer and revolutionary who served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death in 2000.
Hafez Ibrahim
Hafez Ibrahim (حافظ إبراهيم,; 1871–1932) was a well known Egyptian poet of the early 20th century.
Hagar
According to the Book of Genesis, Hagar was an Egyptian slave, a handmaiden of Sarah (then known as Sarai), whom Sarah gave to her own husband Abram (later renamed Abraham) as a wife to bear him a child.
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Hagar in Islam
Hājar (هَاجَر), known as Hagar in the Hebrew Bible, was the wife of the patriarch and Islamic prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and the mother of Ismā'īl (Ishmael).
Hagarenes
Hagarenes (Ἀγαρηνοί, ܗܓܪܝܐ or ܡܗܓܪܝܐ, Հագարացի) is a term widely used by early Syriac, Greek, Coptic and Armenian sources to describe the early Arab conquerors of Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt.
Halva
Halva (also halvah, halwa, halua, and other spellings) is a type of confectionery originating from Persia (now Iran) and widely spread throughout the Middle East and South Asia.
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Hanafi school
The Hanafi school or Hanafism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
Hanif
In Islam, a (ḥanīf; plural: حنفاء), meaning "renunciate", is someone who maintains the pure monotheism of the patriarch Abraham.
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Hans Wehr
Hans Bodo Wehr (5 July 190924 May 1981) was a German Arabist.
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
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Hasan ibn Ali
Hasan ibn Ali (translit; 2 April 670) was an Alid political and religious leader.
Hatra
Hatra (الحضر; ܚܛܪܐ) was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia located in present-day eastern Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq.
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Haukim
Haukim is a pre-Islamic deity who was originally worshipped in Qataban, in what is now South Arabia.
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Hauran
The Hauran (Ḥawrān; also spelled Hawran or Houran) is a region that spans parts of southern Syria and northern Jordan.
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Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.
Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
Hejaz
The Hejaz (also; lit) is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Baljurashi.
See Arabs and Hejaz
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
See Arabs and Hellenistic period
Herod the Great
Herod I or Herod the Great was a Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea.
Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.
Hijrah
The Hijrah (hijra, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'), also Hegira (from Medieval Latin), was the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina.
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Himyarite Kingdom
The Himyarite Kingdom was a polity in the southern highlands of Yemen, as well as the name of the region which it claimed.
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Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
Hishām ibn al-Kalbī (هشامبن الكلبي), 737 AD – 819 AD/204 AH, also known as Ibn al-Kalbi, was an Arab historian.
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Historiography of early Islam
The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century.
See Arabs and Historiography of early Islam
History Channel
History (stylized in all caps), formerly and commonly known as the History Channel, is an American pay television network and flagship channel owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between Hearst Communications and The Walt Disney Company's General Entertainment Content Division.
History of mathematical notation
The history of mathematical notation includes the commencement, progress, and cultural diffusion of mathematical symbols and the conflict of the methods of notation confronted in a notation's move to popularity or inconspicuousness.
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History of sociology
Sociology as a scholarly discipline emerged, primarily out of Enlightenment thought, as a positivist science of society shortly after the French Revolution.
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History of the Mediterranean region
The history of the Mediterranean region and of the cultures and people of the Mediterranean Basin is important for understanding the origin and development of the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Carthaginian, Minoan, Greek, Persian, Illyrian, Thracian, Etruscan, Iberian, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Arab, Berber, Ottoman, Christian and Islamic cultures.
See Arabs and History of the Mediterranean region
Holy Land
The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine.
Homily
A homily (from Greek ὁμιλία, homilía) is a commentary that follows a reading of scripture, giving the "public explanation of a sacred doctrine" or text.
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Homs
Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.
See Arabs and Homs
Honduras
Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America.
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.
House of Wisdom
The House of Wisdom (بَيْت الْحِكْمَة), also known as the Grand Library of Baghdad, was believed to be a major Abbasid-era public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad.
Hubal
In Arabian mythology, Hubal (هُبَل) was a god worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia, notably by the Quraysh at the Kaaba in Mecca.
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Hud (prophet)
Hud or Hood or Eber in other traditions, (Hūd) was a prophet and messenger of ancient Arabia mentioned in the Quran.
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (also Hunain or Hunein) (أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي; (808–873), known in Latin as Johannitius, was an influential Arab Nestorian Christian translator, scholar, physician, and scientist. During the apex of the Islamic Abbasid era, he worked with a group of translators, among whom were Abū 'Uthmān al-Dimashqi, Ibn Mūsā al-Nawbakhti, and Thābit ibn Qurra, to translate books of philosophy and classical Greek and Persian texts into Arabic and Syriac.
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Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (al-Ḥusayn bin 'Alī al-Hāshimī; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Qatadah branch of the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, King of the Hejaz, even if he refused this title,Representation Of Hedjaz At The Peace Conference: Hussein Bin Ali's Correspondence With Colonel Wilson; Status Of Arabic Countries; King's Rejection Of 'Hedjaz' Title.
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Iamblichus
Iamblichus (Iámblichos; Arabic: يَمْلِكُ, romanized: Yamlīḵū; label) was an Arab neoplatonic philosopher.
Ibadi Islam
The Ibadi movement or Ibadism (al-ʾIbāḍiyya) is a branch inside Islam, which many believe is descended from the Kharijites.
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
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Ibn al-Baytar
Diyāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad al-Mālaqī, commonly known as Ibn al-Bayṭār (1197–1248 AD) was an Andalusian Arab physician, botanist, pharmacist and scientist.
Ibn al-Haytham
Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized as Alhazen;; full name أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) was a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq.
Ibn al-Nafis
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Abī Ḥazm al-Qarashī (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزمالقرشي), known as Ibn al-Nafīs (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab polymath whose areas of work included medicine, surgery, physiology, anatomy, biology, Islamic studies, jurisprudence, and philosophy.
Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldun (أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي.,, Arabic:; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 AH) was an Arab sociologist, philosopher, and historian widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and considered by many to be the father of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies.
Ibn Mada'
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Sa'id bin Harith bin Asim al-Lakhmi al-Qurtubi, better known as Ibn Maḍāʾ (ابن مضاء; 1116–1196) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath from Córdoba in Islamic Spain.
Ibn Yunus
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn Abi al-Said 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus ibn Abd al-'Ala al-Sadafi al-Misri (Egyptian Arabic: ابن يونس; c. 950 – 1009) was an important Egyptian astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.
Ibn Zuhr
Abū Marwān ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Zuhr (أبو مروان عبد الملك بن زهر), traditionally known by his Latinized name Avenzoar (1094–1162), was an Arab physician, surgeon, and poet.
Immigration
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as permanent residents.
Imru' al-Qais
Imruʾ al-Qais Junduh bin Hujr al-Kindi (Imruʾ al-Qays Junduḥ ibn Ḥujr al-Kindiyy) was a pre-Islamic Arabian poet from najd in the late fifth and early sixth centuries and also the last King of Kinda.
Inanna
Inanna is the ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, war, and fertility.
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India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.
Influence of Arabic on other languages
Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary.
See Arabs and Influence of Arabic on other languages
Injunction
An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a special court order that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts.
Innovation
Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services.
Institut du Monde Arabe
The Institut du Monde Arabe (IMA) French for Arab World Institute, is an organisation founded in Paris in 1980 by France with 18 Arab countries to research and disseminate information about the Arab world and its cultural and spiritual values.
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International Organization for Migration
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is a United Nations related organization working in the field of migration.
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IPhone
The iPhone is a smartphone produced by Apple that uses Apple's own iOS mobile operating system.
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IPod
The iPod is a discontinued series of portable media players and multi-purpose mobile devices designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on November 10, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released.
See Arabs and IPod
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
See Arabs and Iran
Iranian Arabs
Iranian Arabs (عرب إيران; عربهای ايران) are the citizens of Iran who are ethnically Arab and speak Arabic as their native language. Arabs and Iranian Arabs are ethnic groups in the Middle East and Semitic-speaking peoples.
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.
See Arabs and Iraq
Iraqi Biradari
Iraqi Biradri is a Sunni Muslim caste found chiefly in Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Ballia, Deoria and Gorakhpur districts of the eastern Uttar Pradesh in India.
Ishmael
Ishmael was the first son of Abraham, according to the Abrahamic religions.
Ishmaelites
The Ishmaelites (Yīšməʿēʾlīm; sons of Ishmael) were a collection of various Arab tribes, tribal confederations and small kingdoms described in Abrahamic tradition as being descended from and named after Ishmael, a prophet according to the Quran, the first son of Abraham and the Egyptian Hagar. Arabs and Ishmaelites are ancient peoples of the Near East, Semitic-speaking peoples and tribes of Arabia.
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
See Arabs and Islam
Islam in China
Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE.
Islam in France
Islam is a minority religion in France that is followed by around 3 million to 5.7 million people in France, which is around 4% to 10% of the nation's population.
Islamic architecture
Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam.
See Arabs and Islamic architecture
Islamic art
Islamic art is a part of Islamic culture and encompasses the visual arts produced since the 7th century CE by people who lived within territories inhabited or ruled by Muslim populations.
Islamic calligraphy
Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy, in the languages which use Arabic alphabet or the alphabets derived from it.
See Arabs and Islamic calligraphy
Islamic ethics
Islamic ethics (أخلاق إسلامية) is the "philosophical reflection upon moral conduct" with a view to defining "good character" and attaining the "pleasure of God" (raza-e Ilahi).
Islamic philosophy
Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.
See Arabs and Islamic philosophy
Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was at its cultural peak, supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant.
See Arabs and Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
Islamic–Jewish relations
Islamic–Jewish relations comprise the human and diplomatic relations between Jewish people and Muslims in the Arabian Peninsula, Northern Africa, the Middle East, and their surrounding regions.
See Arabs and Islamic–Jewish relations
Isma'ilism
Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.
Ismail al-Jazari
Badīʿ az-Zaman Abu l-ʿIzz ibn Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī (1136–1206, بَدِيعُ الزَّمانِ أَبُو العِزِّ بْنُ إسْماعِيلَ بْنِ الرَّزَّازِ الجَزَرِيّ) was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan and artist from the Artuqid Dynasty of Jazira in Mesopotamia.
See Arabs and Ismail al-Jazari
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
See Arabs and Italy
Iturea
Iturea or Ituraea (Ἰτουραία, Itouraía) is the Greek name of a Levantine region north of Galilee during the Late Hellenistic and early Roman periods.
See Arabs and Iturea
Jabir ibn Hayyan
Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Arabic: أَبو موسى جابِر بِن حَيّان, variously called al-Ṣūfī, al-Azdī, al-Kūfī, or al-Ṭūsī), died 806−816, is the purported author of a large number of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus.
See Arabs and Jabir ibn Hayyan
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
Jesus
Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.
See Arabs and Jesus
Jewellery
Jewellery (or jewelry in American English) consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks.
Jewish tribes of Arabia
It is believed that Jews began migrating to the Arabian Peninsula in as early as the 6th century BCE, when the Babylonian conquest of Judah triggered a mass Jewish exodus from Judea in the Land of Israel. Arabs and Jewish tribes of Arabia are tribes of Arabia.
See Arabs and Jewish tribes of Arabia
Jinn
Jinn (جِنّ), also romanized as djinn or anglicized as genies, are invisible creatures in early pre-Islamic Arabia and later in Islamic culture and beliefs.
See Arabs and Jinn
Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.
See Arabs and Jordan
Josephus
Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
Justice
Justice, in its broadest sense, is the concept that individuals are to be treated in a manner that is equitable and fair.
Kairouan
Kairouan, also spelled El Qayrawān or Kairwan (al-Qayrawān, Qeirwān), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Karkadann
The Karkadann (Arabic كركدن karkadann or karkaddan from Kargadan, Persian: كرگدن) is a mythical creature said to have lived on the grassy plains of India and Persia.
Kathimerini
Kathimerini (Greek: Η Καθημερινή) is a daily, political and financial morning newspaper published in Piraeus, Athens.
Kebra Nagast
The Kebra Nagast, var.
Kerala
Kerala (/), called Keralam in Malayalam, is a state on the Malabar Coast of India.
See Arabs and Kerala
Khamseh
The Khamseh (ایلات خمسه) is a tribal confederation in the province of Fars in southwestern Iran.
Kharijites
The Kharijites (translit, singular) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661).
Khoja (Turkestan)
Khoja or Khwaja (қожа; кожо; خوجا; خواجه; хӯҷа; xo'ja), a Persian word literally meaning 'master' or ‘lord’, was used in Central Asia as a title of the descendants of the noted Central Asian Naqshbandi Sufi teacher, Ahmad Kasani (1461–1542) or others in the Naqshbandi intellectual lineage prior to Baha al-din Naqshband.
See Arabs and Khoja (Turkestan)
Khorasan province
Khorasan (استان خراسان; also transcribed as Khurasan, Xorasan and Khorassan), also called Traxiane during Hellenistic and Parthian times, was a province in northeastern Iran until September 2004, when it was divided into three new provinces: North Khorasan, South Khorasan, and Razavi Khorasan.
See Arabs and Khorasan province
King James Version
on the title-page of the first edition and in the entries in works like the "Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church", etc.--> The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version (AV), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I.
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King of Kings
King of Kings was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.
Kingdom of Awsan
The ancient Kingdom of Awsān in South Arabia, modern-day Yemen, with a capital at Ḥajar Yaḥirr in Wādī Markhah, to the south of Wādī Bayḥān, is now marked by a tell or artificial mound, which is locally named Ḥajar Asfal.
See Arabs and Kingdom of Awsan
Kingdom of Hejaz
The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية, Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah) was a state in the Hejaz region of Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty.
See Arabs and Kingdom of Hejaz
Kingdom of Kinda
The Kingdom of Kinda (Royal Kinda) also called the Kindite kingdom, refers to the rule of the nomadic Arab tribes of the Ma'add confederation in north and central Arabia by the Banu Akil al-Murar, a family of the South Arabian tribe of Kinda, in CE.
See Arabs and Kingdom of Kinda
Kingdom of Yemen
The Kingdom of Yemen, officially the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (translit), also known simply as Yemen or, retrospectively, as North Yemen, was a state that existed between 1918 and 1970 in the northwestern part of what is now Yemen.
See Arabs and Kingdom of Yemen
Kitab al-Aghani
Kitāb al-Aghānī (The Book of Songs), is an encyclopedic collection of poems and songs that runs to over 20 volumes in modern editions, attributed to the 10th-century Arabic writer Abū al-Farāj al-Isfahānī (also known as al-Isbahānī).
Knafeh
Knafeh (كنافة) is a traditional Arabic dessert, made with spun pastry called kataifi, soaked in a sweet, sugar-based syrup called attar, and typically layered with cheese, or with other ingredients such as clotted cream, pistachio or nuts, depending on the region.
See Arabs and Knafeh
Konkan
The Konkan is a stretch of land by the western coast of India, bound by the river Daman Ganga at Damaon in the north, to Anjediva Island next to Karwar town in the south; with the Arabian Sea to the west and the Deccan plateau to the east.
See Arabs and Konkan
Konkani Muslims
Konkani Muslims (or Kokani Muslims) are an ethnoreligious subgroup of the Konkani people of the Konkani region along the west coast of India, who practice Islam.
Kufa
Kufa (الْكُوفَة), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.
See Arabs and Kufa
Kufic
The Kufic script (Romanized) is a style of Arabic script that gained prominence early on as a preferred script for Quran transcription and architectural decoration, and it has since become a reference and an archetype for a number of other Arabic scripts.
See Arabs and Kufic
Kutama
The Kutama (Berber: Ikutamen; كتامة) were a Berber tribe in northern Algeria classified among the Berber confederation of the Bavares.
See Arabs and Kutama
Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia.
See Arabs and Kuwait
Labbay
Labbay (Tamil: லப்பய், Urdu: ﻟﺐ ﺑﮯ also Labbai, Labba, Labbabeen, Lebbay, Lebbai), are a Tamil Muslim trading community in southern India found throughout the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.
See Arabs and Labbay
Lakhmid kingdom
The Lakhmid Kingdom (translit), also referred to in Arabic as al-Manādhirah (المناذرة, romanized as) or Banu Lakhm (بنو لخم, romanized as) was an Arab kingdom in Southern Iraq and Eastern Arabia, with al-Hirah as their capital, from the late 3rd century to 602 AD/CE. Arabs and Lakhmid kingdom are tribes of Arabia.
Land of Frankincense
The Land of Frankincense is a site in Oman on the Incense Road.
See Arabs and Land of Frankincense
Language
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.
Lasker Award
In 1945 Albert Lasker and Mary Woodard Lasker created the Lasker Awards.
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Arabs and Latin
Latin America
Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.
Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence
Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence is a book by Jeremy Wilson about the noted historic figure T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), who helped lead the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. It was published in 1989, first by William Heinemann Ltd., London, then in the United States by Atheneum, New York.
See Arabs and Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence
Lebanese Brazilians
Lebanese Brazilians (Líbano-brasileiros), (Arabic: البرازيلي اللبناني) are Brazilians of full or partial Lebanese ancestry, including Lebanese-born immigrants to Brazil.
See Arabs and Lebanese Brazilians
Lebanese people
The Lebanese people (الشعب اللبناني / ALA-LC) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon. Arabs and Lebanese people are ethnic groups in the Middle East and Semitic-speaking peoples.
Lebanon
Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.
Leiden
Leiden (in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands.
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Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
See Arabs and Levant
Levantine cuisine
Levantine cuisine is the traditional cuisine of the Levant, in the sense of the rough area of former Ottoman Syria.
See Arabs and Levantine cuisine
Lexis (linguistics)
In linguistics, the term lexis (from λέξις 'word') designates the complete set of all possible words in a language, or a particular subset of words that are grouped by some specific linguistic criteria.
See Arabs and Lexis (linguistics)
Liberia
Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast.
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C. that serves as the library and research service of the U.S. Congress and the de facto national library of the United States.
See Arabs and Library of Congress
Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
See Arabs and Libya
Lihyan
Lihyan (لحيان, Liḥyān; Greek: Lechienoi), also called Dadān or Dedan, was a powerful and highly organized ancient Arab kingdom that played a vital cultural and economic role in the north-western region of the Arabian Peninsula and used Dadanitic language.
See Arabs and Lihyan
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
Linguistic homeland
In historical linguistics, the homeland or Urheimat (from German ur- "original" and Heimat, home) of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages.
See Arabs and Linguistic homeland
List of Arab companies
This is a list of companies based in the Arab world by country.
See Arabs and List of Arab companies
List of Arabic star names
This is a list of Arabic star names.
See Arabs and List of Arabic star names
List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
The following is a list of inventions, discoveries and scientific advancements made in the medieval Islamic world, especially during the Islamic Golden Age,George Saliba (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, pp.
See Arabs and List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
List of largest empires
Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement.
See Arabs and List of largest empires
List of rulers of Saba and Himyar
This is a list of rulers of Saba' and Himyar, ancient Arab kingdoms which are now part of present-day Yemen.
See Arabs and List of rulers of Saba and Himyar
List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states
This is a list of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states, in Western Asia and North Africa, occupying an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea.
See Arabs and List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states
Lithium-ion battery
A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li+ ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy.
See Arabs and Lithium-ion battery
Loanword
A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing.
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the most populous city in the U.S. state of California.
Lower Egypt
Lower Egypt (مصر السفلى) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur.
Lute
A lute is any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body.
See Arabs and Lute
Magan (civilization)
Magan (also Majan) was an ancient region in what is now modern day Oman and United Arab Emirates.
See Arabs and Magan (civilization)
Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
Maghrebi cuisine
Maghreb cuisine is the cooking of the Maghreb region, the northwesternmost part of Africa along the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of the countries of Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia.
See Arabs and Maghrebi cuisine
Mahdia
Mahdia (المهدية) is a Tunisian coastal city with 62,189 inhabitants, south of Monastir and southeast of Sousse.
See Arabs and Mahdia
Maimonides
Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (רמב״ם), was a Sephardic rabbi and philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.
Malakbel
Malakbel (Palmyrene: 𐡬𐡫𐡪𐡡𐡫 MLKBL) was a sun god worshipped in the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra, frequently associated and worshipped with the moon god Aglibol as a party of a trinity involving the sky god Baalshamin.
Manaf (deity)
Manaf (مناف) was a pre-Islamic Arabian deity and given name that means "elevated".
Manat (goddess)
(مناة pausa, or Old Arabic manawat; also transliterated as) was a pre-Islamic Arabian goddess worshipped in the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 6/7th century.
Mansouria, Tunisia
El-Mansuriya or Mansuriya (المنصورية), also known as Sabra or Sabra al-Mansuriyya, near Kairouan, Tunisia, was the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate during the rule of the Ismaili Imams al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (r. 946–953) and al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (r. 953–975).
See Arabs and Mansouria, Tunisia
Manuscript
A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way.
Mappila Muslims
Mappila Muslim, generally in recent times, is a member of the Muslim community of same name found predominantly in Kerala and Lakshadweep Islands in Southern India, and historically used to identify Muslims from Northern Kerala.
Maqama
The maqāma (Arabic: مقامة maˈqaːma, literally "assembly"; plural maqāmāt, مقامات maqaːˈmaːt) is an (originally) Arabic prosimetric literary genre of picaresque short stories originating in the tenth century C.E.Qian, A. (2012).
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Maqil
The Banu Ma'qil (بنو معقل) is an Arab nomadic tribe that originated in South Arabia.
See Arabs and Maqil
Marakkar
The Marakkars are a South Asian Muslim community found in parts of the Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Sri Lanka.
Marib
Marib (Maʾrib; Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩧𐩨/𐩣𐩧𐩺𐩨 Mryb/Mrb) is the capital city of Marib Governorate, Yemen.
See Arabs and Marib
Marib Dam
The Marib Dam (سَدّ مَأْرِب, or سُدّ مَأْرِب) is a modern dam blocking the wadi or valley of Adhanah (أَذَنَة, also Dhanah ذَنَة) in the Balaq Hills, located in the Ma'rib Governorate in Yemen.
Marid
Mārid (مارد) is a type of powerful jinn in Islamic traditions.
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Marriage
Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognised union between people called spouses.
Marshall Hodgson
Marshall Goodwin Simms Hodgson (April 11, 1922 – June 10, 1968), was an Islamic studies academic and a world historian at the University of Chicago.
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Mathematical proof
A mathematical proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion.
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Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.
Mathematics
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.
Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built upon syntheses of Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta).
See Arabs and Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Mawiyya
Mavia (ماوية, Māwiyya; also transliterated Mawia, Mawai, or Mawaiy, and sometimes referred to as Mania or Mavia of Tanukh) was an Arab queen, who ruled over the Tanukhids, a confederation of semi-nomadic Arabs, in southern Syria, in the latter half of the fourth century.
McFarland & Company
McFarland & Company, Inc., is an American independent book publisher based in Jefferson, North Carolina, that specializes in academic and reference works, as well as general-interest adult nonfiction.
See Arabs and McFarland & Company
Mecca
Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.
See Arabs and Mecca
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
In the history of medicine, "Islamic medicine" Also known as "Arabian medicine" is the science of medicine developed in the Middle East, and usually written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization.
See Arabs and Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
Medina
Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.
See Arabs and Medina
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Arabs and Mediterranean Sea
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
The Melkite Greek Catholic Church, or Melkite Byzantine Catholic Church, is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the Holy See as part of the worldwide Catholic Church.
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Mentha
Mentha (also known as mint, from Greek μίνθα, Linear B mi-ta) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae (mint family).
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Metaphysics
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.
Metathesis (linguistics)
Metathesis (from Greek, from "I put in a different order"; Latin: transpositio) is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence.
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Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.
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Michael Atiyah
Sir Michael Francis Atiyah (22 April 1929 – 11 January 2019) was a British-Lebanese mathematician specialising in geometry.
Michael DeBakey
Michael Ellis DeBakey (September 7, 1908 – July 11, 2008) was an American general and cardiovascular surgeon, scientist and medical educator who became Chairman of the Department of Surgery, President, and Chancellor of Baylor College of Medicine at the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas.
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), also referred to as West Asia and North Africa (WANA) or South West Asia and North Africa (SWANA), is a geographic region which comprises the Middle East and North Africa together.
See Arabs and Middle East and North Africa
Midian
Midian (מִדְיָן Mīḏyān; Madyan; Μαδιάμ, Madiam; Taymanitic: 𐪃𐪕𐪚𐪌 MDYN) is a geographical region in West Asia mentioned in the Tanakh and Quran. Arabs and Midian are ancient peoples of the Near East.
See Arabs and Midian
Minaeans
The Minaean people were the inhabitants of the kingdom of Ma'in (Minaean: 𐩣𐩲𐩬 Maʿīn; modern Arabic معين Maʿīn) in modern-day Yemen, dating back to the 6th century BCE. Arabs and Minaeans are tribes of Arabia.
Ministry for Culture and Heritage
The Ministry for Culture and Heritage (MCH) is the department of the New Zealand Government responsible for supporting the arts, culture, built heritage, sport and recreation, and broadcasting sectors in New Zealand and advising government on such.
See Arabs and Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Mizraim
Mizraim (cf. Miṣr) is the Hebrew and Aramaic name for the land of Egypt and its people.
Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA) is the variety of standardized, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in some usages also the variety of spoken Arabic that approximates this written standard.
See Arabs and Modern Standard Arabic
Mohammed Abdel Wahab
Mohamed Abdel Wahab (محمد عبد الوهاب), also transliterated Mohamed Abd El-Wahhab, (March 13, 1902 – May 4, 1991), was a prominent 20th-century Egyptian singer, actor, and composer.
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Monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.
Mongol invasions and conquests
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia.
See Arabs and Mongol invasions and conquests
Monotheism
Monotheism is the belief that one god is the only deity.
Monster
A monster is a type of fictional creature found in horror, fantasy, science fiction, folklore, mythology and religion.
Montreal
Montreal is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest in Canada, and the tenth-largest in North America.
Moors
The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
See Arabs and Moors
Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
Moses
Moses; Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ); Mūše; Mūsā; Mōÿsēs was a Hebrew prophet, teacher and leader, according to Abrahamic tradition.
See Arabs and Moses
Moses in Islam
Mūsā ibn ʿImrān (موسى ابن عمران) is a prominent prophet and messenger of God and is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran, with his name being mentioned 136 times and his life being narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet.
Mosul
Mosul (al-Mawṣil,,; translit; Musul; Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate.
See Arabs and Mosul
Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon (جَبَل لُبْنَان, jabal lubnān,; ܛܘܪ ܠܒ݂ܢܢ,,, ṭūr lewnōn) is a mountain range in Lebanon.
Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.
Mu'tazilism
Mu'tazilism (translit, singular translit) was an Islamic sect that appeared in early Islamic history and flourished in Basra and Baghdad.
Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (20 October 2011) was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his assassination by rebel forces in 2011.
Mughal painting
Mughal painting is a South Asian style of painting on paper confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums (muraqqa), originating from the territory of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent.
Mughan plain
Mughan plain (Muğan düzü, مغان دوزو) is a plain stretching from northwestern Iran to the southern part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Muhammad
Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.
Muhammad al-Idrisi
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply al-Idrisi (أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي; Dreses; 1100–1165), was a Muslim geographer and cartographer who served in the court of King Roger II at Palermo, Sicily.
See Arabs and Muhammad al-Idrisi
Musha'sha'
The Musha'sha' (also spelled Mosha'sha'; المشعشعية) were a Shi'i Arab dynasty based in the town of Hoveyzeh in Khuzestan, ruling from 1435 to 1924.
Music
Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise expressive content.
See Arabs and Music
Muslim conquest of Armenia
The Muslim conquest of Armenia was a part of the Muslim conquests after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 CE.
See Arabs and Muslim conquest of Armenia
Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.
See Arabs and Muslim conquest of Persia
Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, also known as the Arab conquest of Spain, by the Umayyad Caliphate occurred between approximately 711 and the 720s.
See Arabs and Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
Muslim conquest of the Levant
The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Fatḥ al-šām; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate.
See Arabs and Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim Sicily
The island of SicilyIn Arabic, the island was known as.
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
Nabataean Kingdom
The Nabataean Kingdom (Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢕𐢃𐢋𐢈 Nabāṭū), also named Nabatea, was a political state of the Nabataeans during classical antiquity.
See Arabs and Nabataean Kingdom
Nabataean script
The Nabataean script is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) that was used to write Nabataean Aramaic and Nabataean Arabic from the second century BC onwards.
See Arabs and Nabataean script
Nabataeans
The Nabataeans or Nabateans (translit) were an ancient Arab people who inhabited northern Arabia and the southern Levant. Arabs and Nabataeans are tribes of Arabia.
Nabu
Nabu (cuneiform: 𒀭𒀝 Nabû, Nəḇo) is the Babylonian patron god of literacy, the rational arts, scribes, and wisdom.
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Nahda
The Nahda (translit, meaning "the Awakening"), also referred to as the Arab Awakening or Enlightenment, was a cultural movement that flourished in Arab-populated regions of the Ottoman Empire, notably in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, and Tunisia, during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.
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Naqareh
The naqareh, naqqāra, nagara or nagada is a Middle Eastern drum with a rounded back and a hide head, usually played in pairs.
Narrative
A narrative, story, or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether non-fictional (memoir, biography, news report, documentary, travelogue, etc.) or fictional (fairy tale, fable, legend, thriller, novel, etc.). Narratives can be presented through a sequence of written or spoken words, through still or moving images, or through any combination of these.
Nasnas
In Arab folklore, Nasnas (nasnās, plural nisānis) is a monstrous creature.
See Arabs and Nasnas
Nasr (deity)
Nasr (نسر "Vulture") was apparently a pre-Islamic Arabian deity of the Himyarites.
Nation
A nation is a large type of social organization where a collective identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, territory or society.
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Nation state
A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.
National Administrative Department of Statistics
The National Administrative Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística), commonly referred to as DANE, is the Colombian Administrative Department responsible for the planning, compilation, analysis and dissemination of the official statistics of Colombia.
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Native Indonesians
Native Indonesians, also known as Pribumi or Bumiputra, are Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the archipelago, distinguished from Indonesians of known (partial) foreign descent, like Chinese Indonesians (Tionghoa), Arab Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, Japanese Indonesians, and Indo-Europeans (Eurasians).
See Arabs and Native Indonesians
Nazareth
Nazareth (النَّاصِرَة|an-Nāṣira; נָצְרַת|Nāṣəraṯ; Naṣrath) is the largest city in the Northern District of Israel.
Nebaioth
Nebaioth (Nəḇāyōṯ) or Nebajoth is mentioned at least five times in the Hebrew Bible, according to which he was the firstborn son of Ishmael, and the name appears as the name of one of the wilderness tribes mentioned in the Book of Genesis 25:13, and in the Book of Isaiah 60:7.
Nehemiah
Nehemiah (נְחֶמְיָה Nəḥemyā, "Yah comforts") is the central figure of the Book of Nehemiah, which describes his work in rebuilding Jerusalem during the Second Temple period.
Nergal
Nergal (Sumerian: dKIŠ.UNU or dGÌR.UNU.GAL;; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; Nirgal) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult survived into the period of Achaemenid domination.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
New York City
New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.
New York University Press
New York University Press (or NYU Press) is a university press that is part of New York University.
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Niger
Niger or the Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a country in West Africa.
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Nigeria
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.
Nile
The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.
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Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died.
Nomad
Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.
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North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.
Northeast Africa
Northeast Africa, or Northeastern Africa, or Northern East Africa as it was known in the past, is a geographic regional term used to refer to the countries of Africa situated in and around the Red Sea.
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Norway
Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.
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Old City of Jerusalem
The Old City of Jerusalem (al-Madīna al-Qadīma, Ha'ír Ha'atiká) is a walled area in East Jerusalem.
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Old South Arabian
Old South Arabian (also known as Ancient South Arabian (ASA), Epigraphic South Arabian, Ṣayhadic, or Yemenite) is a group of four closely related extinct languages (Sabaean/Sabaic, Qatabanic, Hadramitic, Minaic) spoken in the far southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula.
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Old Testament
The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.
Oleg Grabar
Oleg Grabar (November 3, 1929 – January 8, 2011) was a French-born art historian and archeologist, who spent most of his career in the United States, as a leading figure in the field of Islamic art and architecture in the Western academe.
Oman
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in West Asia.
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Omar M. Yaghi
Omar M. Yaghi (عمر مونّس ياغي; born February 9, 1965) is the James and Neeltje Tretter Chair Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, an affiliate scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Founding Director of the Berkeley Global Science Institute, and an elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences as well as the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
One Thousand and One Nights
One Thousand and One Nights (أَلْفُ لَيْلَةٍ وَلَيْلَةٌ) is a collection of Middle Eastern folktales compiled in the Arabic language during the Islamic Golden Age.
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Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world
Ophthalmology was one of the foremost branches in medieval Islamic medicine.
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Organ pipe
An organ pipe is a sound-producing element of the pipe organ that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air (commonly referred to as wind) is driven through it.
Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
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Osroene
Osroene or Osrhoene (Ὀσροηνή) was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Ottoman miniature
Ottoman miniature (Turkish: Osmanlı minyatürü) is a style of illustration found in Ottoman manuscripts, often depicting portraits or historic events.
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Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish (Lisân-ı Osmânî,; Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE).
Oud
The oud (translit) is a Middle Eastern short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped, fretless stringed instrument (a chordophone in the Hornbostel–Sachs classification of instruments), usually with 11 strings grouped in six courses, but some models have five or seven courses, with 10 or 13 strings respectively.
See Arabs and Oud
Painting
Painting is a visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support").
Palestine (region)
The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.
See Arabs and Palestine (region)
Palestinian Christians
Palestinian Christians (مَسِيحِيُّون فِلَسْطِينِيُّون) are a religious community of the Palestinian people consisting of those who identify as Christians, including those who are cultural Christians in addition to those who actively adhere to Christianity.
See Arabs and Palestinian Christians
Palmette
The palmette is a motif in decorative art which, in its most characteristic expression, resembles the fan-shaped leaves of a palm tree.
Palmyrene Empire
The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century.
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Pantheon (religion)
A pantheon is the particular set of all gods of any individual polytheistic religion, mythology, or tradition.
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Paper
Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses, or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying.
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Parable
A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, that illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles.
Parsley
Parsley, or garden parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae that is native to Greece, Morocco and the former Yugoslavia.
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
Pattern
A pattern is a regularity in the world, in human-made design, or in abstract ideas.
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.
Persian literature
Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures.
See Arabs and Persian literature
Persian miniature
A Persian miniature (Persian: نگارگری ایرانی negârgari Irâni) is a small Persian painting on paper, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works called a muraqqa.
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Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. Arabs and Persians are ancient peoples of the Near East and ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Peter Brown (historian)
Peter Robert Lamont Brown (born 26 July 1935) is an Irish historian.
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Petra
Petra (Al-Batrāʾ; Πέτρα, "Rock"), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu (Nabataean: or, *Raqēmō), is a historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan.
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Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.
Phenomenon
A phenomenon (phenomena), sometimes spelled phaenomenon, is an observable event.
Philosophy
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.
Phoenician alphabet
The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BC.
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Phoenician language
Phoenician (Phoenician) is an extinct Canaanite Semitic language originally spoken in the region surrounding the cities of Tyre and Sidon.
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Physics in the medieval Islamic world
The natural sciences saw various advancements during the Golden Age of Islam (from roughly the mid 8th to the mid 13th centuries), adding a number of innovations to the Transmission of the Classics (such as Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Neoplatonism).
See Arabs and Physics in the medieval Islamic world
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
Political institutions of ancient Rome
Various lists regarding the political institutions of ancient Rome are presented.
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Politics
Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status.
Politics of the Arab League
The Arab League is a political organization aiming to help integrate its members economically, and solve in-between conflicts without asking for foreign aid.
See Arabs and Politics of the Arab League
Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince (Pòtoprens) is the capital and most populous city of Haiti.
Pottery
Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form.
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Pre-Islamic Arabia, referring to the Arabian Peninsula before Muhammad's first revelation in 610 CE, is referred to in Islam in the context of, highlighting the prevalence of paganism throughout the region at the time.
See Arabs and Pre-Islamic Arabia
Pritzker Architecture Prize
The Pritzker Architecture Prize is an international architecture award presented annually "to honor a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture.” Founded in 1979 by Jay A.
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Progress
Progress is movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state.
Prophecy
In religion, a prophecy is a message that has been communicated to a person (typically called a prophet) by a supernatural entity.
Prose
Prose is the form of written language (including written speech or dialogue) that follows the natural flow of speech, a language's ordinary grammatical structures, or typical writing conventions and formatting.
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Proto-Semitic language
Proto-Semitic is the reconstructed proto-language common ancestor to the Semitic language family.
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Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
Islamic psychology or ʿilm al-nafs (Arabic: علمالنفس), the science of the nafs ("self" or "psyche"), is the medical and philosophical study of the psyche from an Islamic perspective and addresses topics in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and psychiatry as well as psychosomatic medicine.
See Arabs and Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
Pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary circulation is a division of the circulatory system in all vertebrates.
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Punic people
The Punic people, usually known as the Carthaginians (and sometimes as Western Phoenicians), were a Semitic people who migrated from Phoenicia to the Western Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age.
Qahtanite
The terms Qahtanite and Qahtani (قَحْطَانِي; transliterated: Qaḥṭānī) refer to Arabs who originate from Modern day Yemen. Arabs and Qahtanite are Semitic-speaking peoples and tribes of Arabia.
Qareen
A Qareen (قرين qarīn, literally meaning: 'constant companion') is a spiritual double of a human, either part of the human himself or a complementary creature in a parallel dimension.
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Qataban
Qataban (Qatabanian: 𐩤𐩩𐩨𐩬, romanized) was an ancient South Semitic-speaking kingdom of South Arabia (ancient Yemen) that existed from the early 1st millennium BCE to the late 1st or 2nd centuries CE.
Qatayef
Qatayef, katayef, or qata'if (قطايف), is an Arabic dessert.
Qays
Qays ʿAylān (قيس عيلان), often referred to simply as Qays (Kais or Ḳays) were an Arab tribal confederation that branched from the Mudar group. Arabs and Qays are tribes of Arabia.
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Queen of Sheba
The Queen of Sheba, also called Bilqis (Yemeni and Islamic tradition) and Makeda (Ethiopian tradition), is a figure first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
See Arabs and Quran
Quraysh
The Quraysh (قُرَيْشٌ) was an Arab tribe that inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Kaaba. Arabs and Quraysh are tribes of Arabia.
Rabi'a ibn Nizar
Rabīʿa ibn Nizar (ربيعة بن نزار) is the patriarch of one of two main branches of the "North Arabian" (Adnanite) tribes, the other branch being founded by Mudhar. Arabs and Rabi'a ibn Nizar are tribes of Arabia.
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Rackett
The rackett, raggett, cervelas, or sausage bassoon is a Renaissance-era double reed wind instrument, introduced late in the sixteenth century and already superseded by bassoons at the end of the seventeenth century.
Ramla
Ramla or Ramle (רַמְלָה, Ramlā; الرملة, ar-Ramleh) is a city in the Central District of Israel.
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Raqqa
Raqqa (ar-Raqqah, also) is a city in Syria on the left bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.
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Rashidun
The Rashidun (lit) are the first four caliphs (lit.: 'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
Rashidun army
The Rashidun army was the core of the Rashidun Caliphate's armed forces during the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century.
Reaction (physics)
As described by the third of Newton's laws of motion of classical mechanics, all forces occur in pairs such that if one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the first.
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Rebab
The rebab (ربابة, rabāba, variously spelled rebap, rubob, rebeb, rababa, rabeba, robab, rubab, rebob, etc) is the name of several related string instruments that independently spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, Middle East, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Europe.
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Rebec
The rebec (sometimes rebecha, rebeckha, and other spellings, pronounced or) is a bowed stringed instrument of the Medieval era and the early Renaissance.
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Rebellion
Rebellion is a violent uprising against one's government.
Red Sea
The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
Reed (mouthpiece)
A reed (or lamella) is a thin strip of material that vibrates to produce a sound on a musical instrument.
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Reem Acra
Reem Acra (Arabic: ريمعكرا) is a fashion designer born in Beirut, Lebanon, known for her eponymous bridal gown line and her ready-to-wear collection.
Religion
Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.
Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia
Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia included indigenous Arabian polytheism, ancient Semitic religions, Christianity, Judaism, Mandaeism, and Zoroastrianism.
See Arabs and Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia
Religious studies
Religious studies, also known as the study of religion, is the scientific study of religion.
See Arabs and Religious studies
Remittance
A remittance is a non-commercial transfer of money by a foreign worker, a member of a diaspora community, or a citizen with familial ties abroad, for household income in their home country or homeland.
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
Renaissance of the 12th century
The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages.
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Rhaita
The rhaita or ghaita (غيطة) is a double reed instrument from West North Africa, specifically Morocco, Algeria and Mauritania.
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Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.
Rhymed prose
Rhymed prose is a literary form and literary genre, written in unmetrical rhymes.
Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
The rise of the Western notion of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman millet system.
See Arabs and Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
Roc (mythology)
The roc is an enormous legendary bird of prey in the popular mythology of the Middle East.
Roman Egypt
Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
Sabaeans
The Sabaeans or Sabeans (𐩪𐩨𐩱|; as-Sabaʾiyyūn; Səḇāʾīm) were an ancient group of South Arabians. Arabs and Sabaeans are Semitic-speaking peoples and tribes of Arabia.
Sabaic
Sabaic, sometimes referred to as Sabaean, was an Old South Arabian language that was spoken between c. 1000 BC and the 6th century AD by the Sabaeans.
See Arabs and Sabaic
Sabians
The Sabians, sometimes also spelled Sabaeans or Sabeans, are a mysterious religious group mentioned three times in the Quran (as الصابئون, in later sources الصابئة), where it is implied that they belonged to the 'People of the Book'.
Sacrifice
Sacrifice is the offering of material possessions or the lives of animals or humans to a deity as an act of propitiation or worship.
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.
Safa and Marwa
Safa and Marwa (ٱلصَّفَا وَٱلْمَرْوَة|Aṣ-Ṣafā wal-Marwah) are two small hills, connected to the larger Abu Qubais and Qaiqan mountains, respectively, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, now made part of Al-Masjid al-Haram.
Safaitic
Safaitic (Al-Ṣafāʾiyyah) is a variety of the South Semitic scripts used by the Arabs in southern Syria and northern Jordan in the Ḥarrah region, to carve rock inscriptions in various dialects of Old Arabic and Ancient North Arabian.
Saffron
Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the "saffron crocus".
Sahel
The Sahel region or Sahelian acacia savanna is a biogeographical region in Africa.
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Saj'
Saj‘ (سجع) is a form of rhymed prose in Persian and Arabic literature.
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Saladin
Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Salma Hayek
Salma Valgarma Hayek Pinault (born September 2, 1966) is a Mexican, American and French actress and film producer.
Samaritans
The Samaritans (שומרונים; السامريون), often prefering to be called Israelite Samaritans, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Hebrews and Israelites of the ancient Near East. Arabs and Samaritans are ancient peoples of the Near East, ethnic groups in the Middle East and Semitic-speaking peoples.
Samarra
Samarra (سَامَرَّاء) is a city in Iraq.
Saracen
German woodcut depicting Saracens Saracen was a term used both in Greek and Latin writings between the 5th and 15th centuries to refer to the people who lived in and near what was designated by the Romans as Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta.
Sarcoptes scabiei
Sarcoptes scabiei (/sɑːrˈkɒptiːz skeɪˈbiːaɪ/ Traditional English pronunciation of Latin) or the itch mite is a parasitic mite found in all parts of the world that burrows into skin and causes scabies.
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Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
Satin
A satin weave is a type of fabric weave that produces a characteristically glossy, smooth or lustrous material, typically with a glossy top surface and a dull back; it is not durable, as it tends to snag.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.
Sayyid
Sayyid (سيد;; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: سادة; feminine: سيدة) is an honorific title of Hasanids and Husaynids Muslims, recognized as descendants of the Arab companion Ali through his sons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali.
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Scholasticism
Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.
Science
Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.
Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids and the Buyids in Persia and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258.
See Arabs and Science in the medieval Islamic world
Scientist
A scientist is a person who researches to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences.
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Arabs and Semitic languages
Senegal
Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country.
Serbia
Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.
See Arabs and Serbia
Sesame
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a plant in the genus Sesamum, also called simsim, benne or gingelly.
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Shadhavar
Shâd'havâr (Arabic: شادهافار) or Âras (آرس) is a legendary creature from medieval Muslim bestiaries resembling a unicorn.
Shadia
Fatma Ahmad Kamal Shaker (فاطمه أحمد كمال شاكر; 8 February 193128 November 2017), better known by her stage name Shadia (شاديه, Shādya), was an Egyptian actress and singer.
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Shah
Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.
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Shakira
Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born 2 February 1977), known mononymously as Shakira, is a Colombian singer and songwriter.
Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III (Šulmānu-ašarēdu, "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent") was king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Ashurnasirpal II in 859 BC to his own death in 824 BC.
Shapur I
Shapur I (also spelled Shabuhr I; Šābuhr) was the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran.
Sharia
Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.
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Shaw Prize
The Shaw Prize refers to three annual awards presented by the Shaw Prize Foundation in the fields of astronomy, medicine and life sciences, and mathematical sciences.
Shawm
The shawm is a conical bore, double-reed woodwind instrument made in Europe from the 12th century to the present day.
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Sheba
Sheba (Šəḇāʾ; Sabaʾ) (1000 B.C- 275 A.D) is an ancient kingdom mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran.
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Sheikh
Sheikh (shaykh,, شُيُوخ, shuyūkh) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder".
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Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.
Shirvani Arabic
Shirvani Arabic is a variety of Arabic that was once spoken in what is now central and northeastern Azerbaijan (historically known as Shirvan) and southern Dagestan.
Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
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Siege of Baghdad
The siege of Baghdad took place in early 1258 at Baghdad, the historic capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone, (also,; Salone) officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa.
Sierra Leone Civil War
The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002), or the Sierra Leonean Civil War, was a civil war in Sierra Leone that began on 23 March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), with support from the special forces of Liberian dictator Charles Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), intervened in Sierra Leone in an attempt to overthrow the Joseph Momoh government.
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Silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.
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Sin (mythology)
Sin or Suen (𒀭𒂗𒍪, dEN.ZU) also known as Nanna (𒀭𒋀𒆠 DŠEŠ.KI, DNANNA) is the Mesopotamian god representing the moon.
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (سِينَاء; سينا; Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia.
Solomon
Solomon, also called Jedidiah, was a monarch of ancient Israel and the son and successor of King David, according to the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament.
Soul
In many religious and philosophical traditions, the soul is the non-material essence of a person, which includes one's identity, personality, and memories, an immaterial aspect or essence of a living being that is believed to be able to survive physical death.
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South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
South Arabia
South Arabia is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.
South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania.
Southern France
Southern France, also known as the south of France or colloquially in French as le Midi, is a defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that border the Atlantic Ocean south of the Marais Poitevin,Louis Papy, Le midi atlantique, Atlas et géographie de la France moderne, Flammarion, Paris, 1984.
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
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Spice
In the culinary arts, a spice is any seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food.
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Spirituality
The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other.
Sport policies of the Arab League
The Arab States have tried to form unions of several non-political organizations.
See Arabs and Sport policies of the Arab League
Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.
Sri Lankan Moors
Sri Lankan Moors (translit; Arwi:; translit; formerly Ceylon Moors; colloquially referred to as Sri Lankan Muslims) are an ethnic minority group in Sri Lanka, comprising 9.3% of the country's total population.
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State of Palestine
Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in the southern Levant region of West Asia, encompassing the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, within the larger historic Palestine region.
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Stephen Sheehi
Stephen Sheehi (اسطفان شيحا)is an American Middle East studies scholar of Lebanese origin.
Steve Jobs
Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, inventor, and investor best known for co-founding the technology company Apple Inc. Jobs was also the founder of NeXT and chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar.
Strabo
StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.
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Stylistics
Stylistics, a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts of all types, but particularly literary texts, and/or spoken language in regard to their linguistic and tonal style, where style is the particular variety of language used by different individuals and/or in different situations or settings.
Sudan
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.
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Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
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Sumac
Sumac or sumach is any of about 35 species of flowering plants in the genus Rhus and related genera in the cashew family (Anacardiaceae).
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Sumer
Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
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Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
Surah
A surah (translit; label) is an Arabic word meaning 'chapter' in the Quran.
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Surgery
Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (i.e., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or improve aesthetics and appearance (cosmetic surgery), or to remove unwanted tissues (body fat, glands, scars or skin tags) or foreign bodies.
Suwa'
Suwāʿ (سواع) is mentioned in the Qur'an (71:23) as a deity of the time of the Prophet Noah.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.
Sykes–Picot Agreement
The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.
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Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
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Syria Palaestina
Syria Palaestina (Syría hē Palaistínē) was a Roman province in the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD.
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Syriac language
The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.
Syrian Brazilians
Syrian Brazilians (Sírio-brasileiros) are Brazilian citizens of full, partial, or predominantly Syrian ancestry, or Syrian-born immigrants in Brazil.
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Syrian Desert
The Syrian Desert (بادية الشامBādiyat Ash-Shām), also known as the North Arabian Desert, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badiya, is a region of desert, semi-desert, and steppe, covering approx.
Ta'lab
Ta'lab (تألب ريام) was a god worshipped in ancient Yemen, particularly by Sumʿay tribes.
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Tabula Rogeriana
The Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq (نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق, lit. "The Excursion of One Eager to Penetrate the Distant Horizons"), commonly known in the West as the (lit. "The Book of Roger" in Latin), is an atlas commissioned by the Norman King Roger II in 1138 and completed by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154.
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Taghlib
The Banu Taghlib, also known as Taghlib ibn Wa'il, were an Arab tribe that originated in Jazira. Arabs and Taghlib are tribes of Arabia.
Taifa
The taifas (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if, meaning "party, band, faction") were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), referred to by Muslims as al-Andalus, that emerged from the decline and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba between 1009 and 1031.
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Tajiks
Tajiks (Tājīk, Tājek; Tojik) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (TN) is the southernmost state of India.
Tanukhids
The Tanûkhids (transl), Tanukh (translit), or Banū Tanūkh (بنو تنوخ, romanized as) were a confederation of Arab tribes, sometimes characterized as Saracens.
Tar (string instrument)
The tar (from lit) is a long-necked, waisted lute family instrument, used by many cultures and countries including Iran, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Georgia, Tajikistan (Iranian Plateau), Turkey, and others near the Caucasus and Central Asia regions.
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Targum Onkelos
Numbers 6.3–10 with Aramaic Targum Onkelos from the British Library. Targum Onkelos (or Onqelos; תַּרְגּוּם אֻנְקְלוֹס, Targūm ’Unqəlōs) is the primary Jewish Aramaic targum ("translation") of the Torah, accepted as an authoritative translated text of the Five Books of Moses and thought to have been written in the early second century CE.
Tarikh al-Yaqubi
Tārīkh Ibn Wāḍiḥ or popularly Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī (lit) is a well-known classical Islamic history book, written by al-Yaʿqūbī.
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Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
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Tayy
The Tayy (طيء/ALA-LC: Ṭayyi’), (Musnad: 𐩷𐩺), also known as Ṭayyi, Tayyaye, or Taiyaye, are a large and ancient Arab tribe, among whose descendants today are the tribes of Bani Sakher and Shammar. The nisba (patronymic) of Tayy is aṭ-Ṭāʾī (ٱلطَّائِي). In the second century CE, they migrated to the northern Arabian ranges of the Shammar and Salma Mountains, which then collectively became known as the Jabal Tayy, and later Jabal Shammar. Arabs and Tayy are tribes of Arabia.
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Tbilisi
Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis, (tr) is the capital and largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of around 1.2 million people.
Terrain
Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of land surface.
Textile
Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc.
Thabit number
In number theory, a Thabit number, Thâbit ibn Qurra number, or 321 number is an integer of the form 3 \cdot 2^n - 1 for a non-negative integer n. The first few Thabit numbers are: The 9th century mathematician, physician, astronomer and translator Thābit ibn Qurra is credited as the first to study these numbers and their relation to amicable numbers.
Thamud
The Thamud (translit) were an ancient tribe or tribal confederation in pre-Islamic Arabia that occupied the northwestern Arabian peninsula between the late-eighth century BCE, when they are attested in Assyrian sources, and the fifth century CE, when they served as Roman auxiliaries.
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Thamudic
Thamudic, named for the Thamud tribe, is a group of epigraphic scripts known from large numbers of inscriptions in Ancient North Arabian (ANA) alphabets, which have not yet been properly studied.
Thābit ibn Qurra
Thābit ibn Qurra (full name:, أبو الحسن ثابت بن قرة بن زهرون الحراني الصابئ, Thebit/Thebith/Tebit; 826 or 836 – February 19, 901), was a polymath known for his work in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and translation.
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The Daily Star (Lebanon)
The Daily Star was an English-language newspaper in Lebanon which was distributed across the Middle East.
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The Middle East Journal
The Middle East Journal is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Middle East Institute (Washington, D.C.). It was established in 1947 and covers research on the modern Middle East, including political, economic, and social developments and historical events in North Africa, the Middle East, Caucasus, and Central Asia.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Theology
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.
Theophrastus
Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος||godly phrased) was a Greek philosopher and the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school.
Theorbo
The theorbo is a plucked string instrument of the lute family, with an extended neck that houses the second pegbox.
Thyme
Thyme is a culinary herb consisting of the dried aerial parts of some members of the genus Thymus of flowering plants in the mint family Lamiaceae.
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Toledo School of Translators
The Toledo School of Translators (Escuela de Traductores de Toledo) is the group of scholars who worked together in the city of Toledo during the 12th and 13th centuries, to translate many of the Islamic philosophy and scientific works from Classical Arabic into Medieval Latin.
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Toledot
Toledot, Toldot, Toldos, or Toldoth (—Hebrew for "generations" or "descendants," the second word and the first distinctive word in the parashah) is the sixth weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading.
Tony Fadell
Anthony Michael Fadell (born March 22, 1969) is an American engineer, designer, entrepreneur, and investor.
Totem
A totem (from ᑑᑌᒼ or ᑑᑌᒻ doodem) is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe, such as in the Anishinaabe clan system.
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Trade
Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.
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Trade route
A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo.
Tribes of Arabia
The tribes of Arabia or Arab tribes denote ethnic Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula.
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Trigonometry
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with relationships between angles and side lengths of triangles.
Troubadour
A troubadour (trobador archaically: -->) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350).
Tuna (music)
In Spain, Portugal and Latin American countries, a tuna is a group of university students in traditional university dress who play traditional instruments and sing serenades.
Tunisia
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
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Turkification
Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity.
Turmeric
Turmeric, (botanical name Curcuma longa) is a flowering plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae.
Ulama
In Islam, the ulama (the learned ones; singular ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.
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Umar
Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.
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Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (translit; February 720) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 717 until his death in 720.
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Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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Umayyad Mosque
The Umayyad Mosque (al-Jāmiʿ al-Umawī), also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, located in the old city of Damascus, the capital of Syria, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.
Umm Kulthum
Umm Kulthum (4 May 1904 – 3 February 1975) was an Egyptian singer, songwriter, and film actress active from the 1920s to the 1970s. She was given the honorific title ("Star of the Orient"). Immensely popular throughout the Arab World, Kulthum is a national icon in her native Egypt; she has been dubbed "The Voice of Egypt" and "Egypt's Fourth Pyramid".
United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic (UAR; translit) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1961.
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United Arab States
The United Arab States (UAS, اتحاد الدول العربية) was a short-lived confederation of the United Arab Republic (Egypt and Syria) and the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) from 1958 to 1961.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
United States Government Publishing Office
The United States Government Publishing Office (USGPO or GPO), formerly the United States Government Printing Office, is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States Federal government.
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University of al-Qarawiyyin
The University of al-Qarawiyyin (translit), also written Al-Karaouine or Al Quaraouiyine, is a university located in Fez, Morocco.
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University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.
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University of Ez-Zitouna
Ez-Zitouna University (translit, Université Ez-Zitouna) is a public ancient medieval university in Tunis, Tunisia.
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University of Massachusetts
The University of Massachusetts is the five-campus public university system in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
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Upper Mesopotamia
Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.
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Uthman
Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.
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Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, Ўзбек,, Oʻzbeklar, Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area.
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Veneration of the dead
The veneration of the dead, including one's ancestors, is based on love and respect for the deceased.
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Venezuela
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.
Violin
The violin, colloquially known as a fiddle, is a wooden chordophone, and is the smallest, and thus highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in regular use in the violin family.
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Wadd
Wadd (وَدّ) (Ancient South Arabian script: 𐩥𐩵) is a pre-Islamic Arabian god.
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Weapon
A weapon, arm, or armament is any implement or device that is used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill.
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Werehyena
Werehyena is a neologism coined in analogy to werewolf for therianthropy involving hyenas.
West Africa
West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.
West Asia
West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.
Wilayah
A wilayah (walāya or wilāya, plural; Urdu and ولایت, velâyat; Pashto: ولایت, Valāyat; vilayet) is an administrative division, usually translated as "state", "province" or occasionally as "governorate".
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company is a religious publishing house based in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
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Wisdom
Wisdom (sapience, sagacity) is the act of using one's depth and breadth of knowledge and experience to do good by oneself and others.
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Wolf Prize
The Wolf Prize is an international award granted in Israel, that has been presented most years since 1978 to living scientists and artists for "achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among people...
Women in the Arab world
The roles of women in the Arab world have changed throughout history, as the culture and society in which they live has undergone significant transformations.
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World Heritage Site
World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Ya'rub
Ya'rub (يعرب, also spelled Yarob,Ya'rob, Yarrob, Yarab or Yaarub) is an ancient Arabic personal name.
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Ya'uq
According to the Qur'an, Yaʿūq (يعوق) was an idol worshipped in the days of Noah.
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Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti
Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti (يحيى بن محمود الواسطي) was a 13th-century Iraqi-Arab painter and calligrapher, noted for being the scribe and illustrator of al-Hariri's Maqamat dated 1237 CE (Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 5847).
See Arabs and Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti
Yaqut al-Hamawi
Yāqūt Shihāb al-Dīn ibn-ʿAbdullāh al-Rūmī al-Ḥamawī (1179–1229) (ياقوت الحموي الرومي) was a Muslim scholar of Byzantine ancestry active during the late Abbasid period (12th–13th centuries).
Yemen
Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.
See Arabs and Yemen
Yosef Qafih
Yosef Qafiḥ (יוסף קאפח), widely known as Rabbi Yosef Kapach (27 November 1917 – 21 July 2000), was a Yemenite-Israeli authority on Jewish religious law (halakha), a dayan of the Supreme Rabbinical Court in Israel, and one of the foremost leaders of the Yemenite Jewish community in Israel, where he was sought after by non-Yemenites as well.
Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Abu Amir Yusuf ibn Ahmad ibn Hud (Abū ʿĀmir Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad ibn Hūd; died), more commonly known as al-Mu'taman, was a mathematician, and also one of the kings of the Taifa of Zaragoza.
See Arabs and Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Za'atar
Za'atar (زَعْتَر) is a Levantine culinary herb or family of herbs.
Zafar, Yemen
Ẓafār (ظفار), also called Dhafar or Dhofar, is an ancient Himyarite site situated in Yemen, some 130 km south-south-east of today's capital, Sana'a, and c. southeast of Yarim.
Zaha Hadid
Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid (زها حديد Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an Iraqi-British architect, artist and designer, recognised as a key figure in architecture of the late-20th and early-21st centuries.
Zakat
Zakat (or Zakāh) is one of the five pillars of Islam.
See Arabs and Zakat
Zanzibar
Zanzibar is an insular semi-autonomous region which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.
Zenobia
Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria.
Ziya Bunyadov
Ziya Musa oglu Bunyadov (Ziya Musa oğlu Bünyadov, sometimes spelled in English as Zia Buniatov or Bunyatov; 21 December 1921 in Astara – 21 February 1997) was an Azerbaijani historian, academician, and Vice-President of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan.
Zoology
ZoologyThe pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon.
Zurna
The zurna (Armenian: զուռնա zuṙna; Old Armenian: սուռնայ suṙnay; Albanian: surle/surla; Romanian: surlă; Persian: karna/Kornay/surnay; Macedonian: зурла/сурла zurla/surla; Bulgarian: зурна/зурла; Hungarian: zurna/töröksip; Serbian: зурла/zurla; Assyrian: ܙܘܪܢܐ/zurna; Tat: zurna; Turkish: zurna; Kurdish: zirne; Greek: ζουρνας; Azerbaijani: zurna; Sinhalese: හොරණෑව) is a double reed wind instrument played in the Central Asia, West Asia, the Caucasus, Southeast Europe and parts of North Africa.
See Arabs and Zurna
14 July Revolution
The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi military coup, was a coup d'état that took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq which resulted in the toppling of King Faisal II and the overthrow of the Hashemite-led Kingdom of Iraq.
See Arabs and 14 July Revolution
1952 Egyptian revolution
The Egyptian revolution of 1952 (ثورة 23 يوليو), also known as the 1952 coup d'état (انقلاب 1952) and 23 July Revolution, was a period of profound political, economic, and societal change in Egypt.
See Arabs and 1952 Egyptian revolution
See also
Ancient peoples of the Near East
- Ahlamu
- Ammon
- Amorites
- Ancient Assyrians
- Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
- Ancient peoples of Anatolia
- Arabs
- Arameans
- Armenians
- Banu Qurayza
- Bedouin
- Bit-Amukkani
- Canaanite people
- Christian community of Najran
- Ebla
- Edom
- Ephah
- Gambulu
- Genetic history of the Middle East
- Girgashites
- Gutian people
- Hebrews
- Horites
- Hyksos
- Ishmaelites
- Israelites
- Jews
- Kassites
- Kebaran culture
- Kurds
- Luwians
- Mandaeans
- Medes
- Midian
- Moab
- Mysians
- Nairi
- Persians
- Samaritans
- Shasu
- Shutu
- Solluba
- Suteans
- Turukkaeans
- Urumeans
- ʿApiru
Ethnic groups in Africa
- Afar people
- Afroasiatic
- Afroasiatic languages
- Arabs
- Ashanti people
- Asian Africans
- Bantu
- Bolia People
- Chokwe
- Cushitic-speaking peoples
- Ethnic groups in the Comoros
- Herero people
- Igbo
- Indigenous peoples of Africa
- Jews and Judaism in Africa
- Khoekhoe
- List of ethnic groups of Africa
- Lubimbi people
- Nubian people
- Racism in Africa
- Semi-Bantu
- Serer people
- Toubou people
- White Africans of European ancestry
- Yoruba people
Ethnic groups in North Africa
- Abbala Arabs
- Arabized Berber
- Arabs
- Bedouin
- Beidane
- Beja people
- Berbers
- Canary Islanders
- Ethnic groups in Algeria
- Ethnic groups in Egypt
- Ethnic groups in Libya
- Ethnic groups in Mauritania
- Ethnic groups in Morocco
- Ethnic groups in Sudan
- Ethnic groups in Tunisia
- Maghrebi Arabs
- Nuer people
- Romani people
- Sudanese Arabs
- Tuareg people
- Turks in the Arab world
Muslim communities in Asia
- Al-Muhamashīn
- Anderkoti
- Arabs
- Dafali
- Iraqi Turkmen
- Kamein
- Karakalpaks
- Kyrgyz people
- Panthays
- Tatars of Kazakhstan
References
Also known as ARAB, Al-ʿarab, Arab People, Arab groups, Arab peoples, Arab person, Arabes, Arabian culture, Arabian people, Arabians, Arabic people, Arabic peoples, Arubu, Eastern Arabs, Gulf people, Historical Arabs, The Arabs, West Asian Arabs, Western Asian Arabs, العرب, عرب.
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A. R. 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