Communication

302 relations: A Short History of Pakistan, Abbas II of Persia, Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, Acharya Chatursen Shastri, Adil Shahi dynasty, Adoption of the Gregorian calendar, Afghanistan, Agra, Agra Fort, Ahmadnagar Sultanate, Ahmednagar, Ahom kingdom, Akbar, Amer, India, Amulet, Angus Maddison, Antinomianism, Arabic, Arakkal kingdom, Army of the Mughal Empire, Assam, Attock, Aurangabadi Mahal, Babur, Badr-un-Nissa Begum, Badshahi Mosque, Baglana, Bahadur Shah I, Balasore, Balkh, Barbara D. Metcalf, Battle of Khajwa, Battle of Samugarh, Battle of Saraighat, Bengal, Berar Subah, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, Bhingar, Bibi Ka Maqbara, Bidar, Bihar, Bijapur district, Karnataka, Bijapur Fort, Bombard (weapon), Brahmin, Bronze, Buddhas of Bamiyan, Bundelkhand, Burhanpur, Burton Stein, ..., Caliphate, Cannon, Canongate Books, Carnatic region, Cengage, Chhatrasal, Child's War, China, Chitrakoot district, Chittagong, Cooch Behar district, Coromandel Coast, Dahod, Dara Shukoh, Daud Khan Panni, Daulatabad, Maharashtra, David Arnold (historian), Deccan Plateau, Delhi, Dewan, Dhaka, Dilras Banu Begum, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road, Drought, Durgadas Rathore, East India Company, Eunuch, Factory (trading post), Famine in India, Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, Faujdar, Firman, Forced conversion, Fort St. George, India, François Bernier, Ganj-i-Sawai, Gingee, Gokula, Golkonda, Grand Trunk Road, Grand vizier, Granite, Gross world product, Gujarat under Aurangzeb, Gurdwara, Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guwahati, Hafez, Hanafi, Hejaz, Henry Every, Hindu, Hindu temple, History of Aurangzib, Hyderabad State, Ibrahim Iskandar I, Imam, Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, Indian subcontinent, International Studies Quarterly, Iran, Islam, Jadunath Sarkar, Jagir, Jahanara Begum, Jahangir, Jai Singh I, Jaigarh Fort, Jainism, Jaipur, Jama Masjid, Janjira State, Jaswant Singh of Marwar, Jat people, József Böröcz, Jews, Jhujhar Singh, Jizya, Jodhpur, John Dryden, John F. Richards, Kabul, Kaftan, Kandahar, Karnataka, Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Kashmir, Kashmiri Pandit, Kesava Deo Temple, Khalsa, Khuldabad, Khushal Khattak, Khyber Pass, Kilich Khan, Kollur Mine, Kunar Province, Ladakh, Lahore, Lance, Lawrence Harrison (academic), Leh, Leiden University, List of largest empires, Louis XIV of France, Machiavellianism, Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, Mail (armour), Malwa, Mappila, Maratha, Maratha Empire, Marathi language, Mathura, Matthew White (historian), McGraw-Hill Education, Mecca, Medina, Mehr-un-Nissa, Mir Jumla II, Mosque, Moti Masjid (Red Fort), Mughal emperors, Mughal Empire, Mughal weapons, Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince), Muhammad Azam Shah, Muhammad Kam Bakhsh, Muhammad Shah, Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince), Muhammed Azam Didamari, Multan, Mumbai, Mumtaz Mahal, Murad Bakhsh, Murarbaji, Murtaza Nizam Shah III, Muscat, Nagnath S. Inamdar, Narcotic, Narnaul, Nautch, Nawab Bai, Nizamuddin Auliya, North India, Nur Jahan, OECD, Old Delhi, Orchha State, Panna State, Pashtun tribes, Pashtuns, People of Ethiopia, Persian language, Peter L. Berger, Plague (disease), Primogeniture, Pune, Punjab, Purandar fort, Qadi, Qutb Shahi dynasty, Raja, Raja Ram Jat, Rajaram I, Rajput, Rajputana, Rakhine people, Rakhine State, Ram Puniyani, Ram Singh I, Random House, Rao Bahadur, Rathore, Red Fort, Rocket, Routledge, Sadh, Safavid dynasty, SAGE Publications, Sajida Alvi, Sambhaji, Sanda Thudhamma, Sarmad Kashani, Satara district, Satish Chandra, Scaffolding, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, Sepoy, Shah Jahan, Shah Shuja (Mughal prince), Shahenshah (novel), Shaista Khan, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi, Sharia, Shatrunjaya, Shawl, Shia Islam, Shivaji, Sidi Yaqub, Siege of Bidar, Siege of Bijapur, Siege of Golconda, Sikandar Adil Shah, Sikh, Sikh Empire, Sikhism, Sindh, Sobriquet, Somnath temple, South India, Sri Lanka, Stanford University Press, Stanley Wolpert, Strangury, Subedar, Sufism, Sulaiman Shikoh, Suleiman II, Suleiman of Persia, Sultan, Sunni Islam, Supangmung, Surat, Sutamla, Taj Mahal, Tarabai, Thatta, The Wire (Indian web publication), Thomas Pitt, Thomas R. Metcalf, Tile, Tilpat, Timurid dynasty, Tomb of Aurangzeb, Trebuchet, Turkmens, Udaipur, Ujjain, Umananda Temple, University of California, Los Angeles, Urdu, Uzbeks, Vadodara, Varanasi, Wali, War elephant, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Zafarnama (letter), Zeb-un-Nissa, Zeenat-un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa. Expand index (252 more) » « Shrink index

A Short History of Pakistan

A Short History of Pakistan is an edited book published by University of Karachi Press and comprises four volumes.

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Abbas II of Persia

Shah Abbas II (Shāh Abbās) (30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666), was the seventh Safavid king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666.

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Abul Hasan Qutb Shah

Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (Abul Hasan Tana Shah) was the eighth and last ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, sovereign of the kingdom of Golconda in South India.

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Acharya Chatursen Shastri

Acharya Chatursen Shastri (आचार्य चतुरसेन शास्त्री) (26 August 1891 – 2 February 1960) was an eminent writer of Hindi, and he wrote many historical fictions, including Vaishali ki Nagarvadhu adapted into a feature film (1948), Vayam Rakshamah (1951), Somnath (1954) and Dharamputra, which was adapted into (feature film| Dharmputra) (1961).

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Adil Shahi dynasty

The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi, was a Shia Muslim dynasty, founded by Yusuf Adil Shah, that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur, centred on present-day Bijapur district, Karnataka in India, in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1489 to 1686.

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Adoption of the Gregorian calendar

The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the modern history of most nations and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or old style) dating system to the modern (or new style) dating system that is widely used around the world today.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.

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Agra

Agra is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Agra Fort

Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city of Agra in India.

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Ahmadnagar Sultanate

The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was a late medieval Indian kingdom, located in the northwestern Deccan, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur.

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Ahmednagar

Ahmednagar is a city in Ahmednagar district in the state of Maharashtra, India, about 120 km northeast of Pune and 114 km from Aurangabad.

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Ahom kingdom

The Ahom kingdom (1228–1826, also called Kingdom of Assam) was a kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam, India.

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Akbar

Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (15 October 1542– 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar I, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605.

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Amer, India

Amer, now a part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation, was a city of the Rajasthan state, India.

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Amulet

An amulet is an object that is typically worn on one's person, that some people believe has the magical or miraculous power to protect its holder, either to protect them in general or to protect them from some specific thing; it is often also used as an ornament though that may not be the intended purpose of it.

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Angus Maddison

Angus Maddison (6 December 1926 – 24 April 2010) was a British economist specialising in quantitative macroeconomic history, including the measurement and analysis of economic growth and development.

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Antinomianism

Antinomianism (from the Greek: ἀντί, "against" + νόμος, "law"), is any view which rejects laws or legalism and is against moral, religious, or social norms (Latin: mores), or is at least considered to do so.

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Arabic

Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.

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Arakkal kingdom

Arakkal kingdom (Kingdom of Cannanore, Sultanate of Laccadive and Cannanore) was a former city-state on the Malabar Coast, ruled by a dynasty of the same name.

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Army of the Mughal Empire

The Army of the Mughal Empire was the force by which the Mughal emperors established their empire in the 15th century and expanded it to its greatest extent at the beginning of the 18th century.

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Assam

Assam is a state in Northeast India, situated south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys.

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Attock

Attock City (Punjabi, Urdu), formerly Campbellpore or Campbellpur until 1978, is a city located in northern part of Punjab province of Pakistan near the capital of Islamabad in the Panjistan region, and is the headquarters of Attock District.

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Aurangabadi Mahal

Aurangabadi Mahal (اورنگ آبادی محل; meaning "The prosperity of the throne"; died 1688) was a secondary wife of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.

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Babur

Babur (بابر|lit.

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Badr-un-Nissa Begum

Badr-un-Nissa Begum (بدرالنساء بیگم; meaning "Full moon among women"; 17 November 1647 – 9 April 1670) was Mughal princess, the third daughter of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, and his wife Nawab Bai.

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Badshahi Mosque

The Badshahi Mosque (Punjabi and بادشاہی مسجد, or "Imperial Mosque") is a Mughal era mosque in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab.

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Baglana

Baglana was a small Rajput kingdom of India that was situated on the main trade route between Surat and Daulatabad and Golkonda, with Burhanpur nearby.

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Bahadur Shah I

Bahadur Shah (بہادر شاه اول—) (14 October 1643 – 27 February 1712), also known as Muhammad Muazzam and Shah Alam was the seventh Mughal emperor of India, ruled from 1707 until his death in 1712.

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Balasore

Balasore or Baleswar is a city in the state of Odisha, about north of the state capital Bhubaneswar, in eastern India.

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Balkh

Balkh (Pashto and بلخ; Ancient Greek and Βάχλο Bakhlo) is a town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan, about northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some south of the Amu Darya river and the Uzbekistan border.

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Barbara D. Metcalf

Barbara Daly Metcalf (born September 13, 1941) is a Professor Emeritus of History at the University of California, Davis.

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Battle of Khajwa

Battle of Khajwa (Khajuha) was a battle fought on January 5, 1659, between the newly crowned Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja who also declared himself Mughal Emperor in Bengal.

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Battle of Samugarh

Battle of Samugarh, Jang-e-Samugarh, (May 29, 1658), was a decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession (1658–1659) between the sons of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan after the emperor's serious illness in September 1657.

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Battle of Saraighat

The Battle of Saraighat was fought in 1671 between the Mughal empire (led by the Kachwaha king, Raja Ramsingh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India.

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Bengal

Bengal (Bānglā/Bôngô /) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in Asia, which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal.

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Berar Subah

The Berar Subah was one of the Subahs (imperial first-level provinces) of the Mughal Empire, the first to be added to the original twelve, in Dakhin (Deccan, central India) from 1596 to 1724.

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Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Bharatpur is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Rajasthan.

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Bhingar

Bhingar भिंगार, also known as Bhingar Camp is a census town in Ahmednagar district in the state of Maharashtra, India.

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Bibi Ka Maqbara

The Bibi Ka Maqbara (English:"Tomb of the Lady") is a tomb located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

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Bidar

Bidar also called as Karnatakada Kirita is a hill top city in the north-eastern part of Karnataka state in south India.

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Bihar

Bihar is an Indian state considered to be a part of Eastern as well as Northern India.

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Bijapur district, Karnataka

Bijapur district, officially known as Vijayapura district, is a district in the state of Karnataka in India.

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Bijapur Fort

The Bijapur Fort (ವಿಜಾಪುರ ಕೋಟೆ Vijapur kote) is located in the Bijapur city in Bijapur District of the Indian state of Karnataka.

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Bombard (weapon)

The bombard is a cannon or mortar used throughout the Middle Ages and the early modern period.

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Brahmin

Brahmin (Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण) is a varna (class) in Hinduism specialising as priests, teachers (acharya) and protectors of sacred learning across generations.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.

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Buddhas of Bamiyan

The Buddhas of Bamiyan (Persian:بت های باميان. – bott-hâye Bāmiyān) were 4th- and 5th-century monumental statues of Gautam Buddha carved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley in the Hazarajat region of central Afghanistan, northwest of Kabul at an elevation of.

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Bundelkhand

Bundelkhand is a geographical and cultural region and also a mountain range in central India.

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Burhanpur

.Burhanpur is a mid-sized historical city in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh state, India.

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Burton Stein

Burton Stein (1926 – April 26, 1996) was an American historian, whose area of specialization was India.

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Caliphate

A caliphate (خِلافة) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (خَليفة), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).

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Cannon

A cannon (plural: cannon or cannons) is a type of gun classified as artillery that launches a projectile using propellant.

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Canongate Books

Canongate Books (often simply Canongate) is a Scottish independent publishing firm based in Edinburgh; it is named for the Canongate, an area of the city.

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Carnatic region

The Carnatic region is the region of peninsular South India lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats, in the modern Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and southern Andhra Pradesh.

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Cengage

Cengage is an educational content, technology, and services company for the higher education, K-12, professional, and library markets worldwide.

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Chhatrasal

Maharaja Chhatrasal (4 May 1649 – 20 December 1731) was a medieval Indian warrior from the Bundela clan, who fought against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, and established his own kingdom in Bundelkhand, becoming the founder of Panna State.

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Child's War

Child's War was a war between the English East India Company and the Mughal Empire of India which lasted from 1686 to 1690.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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Chitrakoot district

Chitrakoot district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Chitrakoot town is the district headquarters.

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Chittagong

Chittagong, officially known as Chattogram, is a major coastal city and financial centre in southeastern Bangladesh.

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Cooch Behar district

Cooch Behar district is a district of the state of West Bengal, India, as well as the district's namesake town.

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Coromandel Coast

The Coromandel Coast is the southeastern coast region of the Indian subcontinent, bounded by the Utkal Plains to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Kaveri delta to the south, and the Eastern Ghats to the west, extending over an area of about 22,800 square kilometres.

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Dahod

Dahod is a small city on the banks of the Dudhimati River in Dahod District in the State of Gujarat, India.

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Dara Shukoh

Dara Shukoh, also known as Dara Shikoh (دارا شِکوہ), (20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659), was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

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Daud Khan Panni

Daud Khan Panni (? – 6 September 1715) aka Daud Khan was a Mughal commander, Nawab of the Carnatic and later Viceroy of Deccan.

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Daulatabad, Maharashtra

Daulatabad, also known as Devagiri, is a 14th-century fort city in Maharashtra state of India, about northwest of Aurangabad.

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David Arnold (historian)

David Arnold (born 1 October 1946) is a historian and has held the position of Professor of Asian and Global History at Warwick University since 2006.

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Deccan Plateau

The Deccan PlateauPage 46, is a large plateau in western and southern India.

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Delhi

Delhi (Dilli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is a city and a union territory of India.

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Dewan

The originally Persian title dewan (also known as diwan, also spelled or devan/ divan) has, at various points in Islamic history, designated a powerful government official, minister or ruler.

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Dhaka

Dhaka (or; ঢাকা); formerly known as Dacca is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh.

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Dilras Banu Begum

Dilras Banu Begum (1622 – 8 October 1657) was the first wife and chief consort of Emperor Aurangzeb, the last of the great Mughal emperors.

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Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road

Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road (formerly known as Aurangzeb road) is a road in New Delhi's Lutyen's bungalow zone in Delhi, India.

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Drought

A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water.

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Durgadas Rathore

Durgadas Rathore (Durga Das Rathore) (13 August 1638 – 22 November 1718 in Gwalior) is credited with having preserved the rule of the Rathore dynasty over Marwar, India, following the death of Jaswant Singh in the 17th century.

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East India Company

The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company, formed to trade with the East Indies (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent.

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Eunuch

The term eunuch (εὐνοῦχος) generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences.

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Factory (trading post)

"Factory" (from Latin facere, meaning "to do"; feitoria, factorij, factorerie, comptoir) was the common name during the medieval and early modern eras for an entrepôt – which was essentially an early form of free-trade zone or transshipment point.

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Famine in India

Famine had been a recurrent feature of life the Indian sub-continental countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

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Fatawa-e-Alamgiri

Fatawa-e-Alamgiri (also known as Fatawa-i-Hindiya and Fatawa-i Hindiyya) (الفتاوى الهندية أو الفتاوى العالمكيرية) is a compilation of law created at the insistence of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (who was also known as Alamgir).

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Faujdar

Faujdar was a title awarded by Mughal and other Muslim rulers in South Asia to garrison commanders.

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Firman

A firman (فرمان farmân), or ferman (Turkish), at the constitutional level, was a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in an Islamic state, namely the Ottoman Empire.

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Forced conversion

Forced conversion is adoption of a different religion or irreligion under duress.

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Fort St. George, India

Fort St George (or historically, White Town) is the first English (later British) fortress in India, founded in 1644 at the coastal city of Madras, the modern city of Chennai.

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François Bernier

François Bernier (25 September 162022 September 1688) was a French physician and traveller.

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Ganj-i-Sawai

The Ganj-i-Sawai (Persian/Hindustani: گنج سواہی, Ganj-i-Sawai, in English "Exceeding Treasure", often anglicized as Gunsway) was an armed Ghanjah dhow (trading ship) belonging to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb which, along with her escort Fateh Muhammed, was captured on 7 September 1695 by the English pirate Henry Every en route from present day Mocha, Yemen to Surat, India.

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Gingee

Gingee (Senji) is a panchayat town in Villupuram district (erstwhile South Arcot district) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Gokula

Gokula (also known as Gokal or Gokul Singh; died 1670 AD) was a Jat zamindar of Tilpat, in what is now the state of Haryana, India.

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Golkonda

Golkonda, also known as Golconda, Gol konda ("Round shaped hill"), or Golla konda, (Shepherd's Hill) is a citadel and fort in Southern India and was the capital of the medieval sultanate of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (c.1518–1687), is situated west of Hyderabad.

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Grand Trunk Road

The Grand Trunk Road is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads.

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Grand vizier

In the Ottoman Empire, the Grand Vizier (Sadrazam) was the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissible only by the sultan himself.

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Granite

Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.

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Gross world product

The gross world product (GWP) is the combined gross national product of all the countries in the world.

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Gujarat under Aurangzeb

The Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was managed by the Viceroys appointed by the emperors.

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Gurdwara

A gurdwara (ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, or ਗੁਰਦਵਾਰਾ,; meaning "door to the guru") is a place of worship for Sikhs.

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Guru Gobind Singh

Guru Gobind Singh (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ) (5 January 1666 – 7 October 1708), born Gobind Rai, was the tenth Sikh Guru, a spiritual master, warrior, poet and philosopher.

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Guru Tegh Bahadur

Guru Tegh Bahadur (1 April 1621 – 24 November 1675), revered as the ninth Nanak, was the ninth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion.

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Guwahati

Guwahati (Pragjyotishpura in ancient Assam, Gauhati in the modern era) is the largest city in the Indian state of Assam and also the largest urban area in Northeast India.

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Hafez

Khwāja Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (خواجه شمس‌‌الدین محمد حافظ شیرازی), known by his pen name Hafez (حافظ Ḥāfeẓ 'the memorizer; the (safe) keeper'; 1315-1390) and as "Hafiz", was a Persian poet who "lauded the joys of love and wine but also targeted religious hypocrisy." His collected works are regarded as a pinnacle of Persian literature and are often found in the homes of people in the Persian speaking world, who learn his poems by heart and still use them as proverbs and sayings.

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Hanafi

The Hanafi (حنفي) school is one of the four religious Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence (fiqh).

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Hejaz

The Hejaz (اَلْـحِـجَـاز,, literally "the Barrier"), is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia.

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Henry Every

Henry Every, also Avery or Evory, (23 August 1659 – time of death uncertain, possibly 1699) sometimes erroneously given as Jack Avery or John Avery, was an English pirate who operated in the Atlantic and Indian oceans in the mid-1690s.

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Hindu

Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism.

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Hindu temple

A Hindu temple is a symbolic house, seat and body of god.

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History of Aurangzib

History of Aurangzib is a book in five volumes by Bengali historian Jadunath Sarkar about the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb.

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Hyderabad State

Hyderabad State was an Indian princely state located in the south-central region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad.

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Ibrahim Iskandar I

Sultan Ibrahim Iskandhar Sri kularanmeeba Kathiri Bavana Mahaa Radun (born c. 1630 - d. 1687) was the sultan of Maldives from 1648 to 1687.

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Imam

Imam (إمام; plural: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is a non-profit charitable organisation registered under the Societies' Registration Act, 1860.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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International Studies Quarterly

International Studies Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of international studies and the official journal of the International Studies Association.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Jadunath Sarkar

Sir Jadunath Sarkar CIE (10 December 1870 – 19 May 1958) was a prominent Indian Bengali historian.

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Jagir

A jagir (IAST: Jāgīr), also spelled as jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in South Asia at the foundation of its Jagirdar system.

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Jahanara Begum

Jahanara Begum Sahib (23 March 1614 – 16 September 1681) was a Mughal princess and the eldest daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

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Jahangir

Mirza Nur-ud-din Beig Mohammad Khan Salim مرزا نور الدین محمد خان سلیم, known by his imperial name (جہانگیر) Jahangir (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627), was the fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627.

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Jai Singh I

Mirza Raja Jai Singh (15 July 1611 – 28 August 1667) was a senior general ("Mirza Raja") of the Mughal Empire and a ruler of the kingdom of Amber (later called Jaipur).

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Jaigarh Fort

Jaigarh Fort is situated on the promontory called the Cheel ka Teela (Hill of Eagles) of the Aravalli range; it overlooks the Amer Fort and the Maota Lake, near Amer in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

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Jainism

Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion.

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Jaipur

Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan in Northern India.

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Jama Masjid

Jama Masjid (جَامع مَسجد|Jāma‘ Masjid, also spelt Jame Mosque, Jami Masjid, Jameh Mosque, Jamia Masjid, or Jomeh Mosque) refers to the main mosque of a town, city or village, and is usually the place of gathering for Eid prayers and Friday prayers.

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Janjira State

Janjira State was a princely state in India during the British Raj.

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Jaswant Singh of Marwar

Maharaja Jaswant Singh (26 December 1629 – 28 December 1678) was a ruler of Marwar in the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan.

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Jat people

The Jat people (also spelled Jatt and Jaat) are a traditionally agricultural community in Northern India and Pakistan.

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József Böröcz

József Böröcz (born 1956, Budapest, Hungary) is a global historical sociologist, currently Professor of Sociology at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.

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Jews

Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.

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Jhujhar Singh

Jhujhar Singh was a Rajput raja of the Orchha region in India during the 17th century AD.

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Jizya

Jizya or jizyah (جزية; جزيه) is a per capita yearly tax historically levied on non-Muslim subjects, called the dhimma, permanently residing in Muslim lands governed by Islamic law.

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Jodhpur

Jodhpur is the second largest city in the Indian state of Rajasthan and officially the second metropolitan city of the state.

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John Dryden

John Dryden (–) was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who was made England's first Poet Laureate in 1668.

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John F. Richards

John F. Richards (November 3, 1938 - August 23, 2007) was a historian of South Asia and in particular of the Mughal Empire.

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Kabul

Kabul (کابل) is the capital of Afghanistan and its largest city, located in the eastern section of the country.

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Kaftan

A kaftan or caftan (قفطان qafṭān) is a variant of the robe or tunic and has been worn by several cultures around the world for thousands of years.

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Kandahar

Kandahār or Qandahār (کندهار; قندهار; known in older literature as Candahar) is the second-largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of about 557,118.

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Karnataka

Karnataka also known Kannada Nadu is a state in the south western region of India.

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Kashi Vishwanath Temple

Kashi Vishvanath Temple is one of the most famous Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Shiva.

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Kashmir

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Kashmiri Pandit

The Kashmiri Pandits (also known as Kashmiri Brahmins) are a Saraswat Brahmin community from the Kashmir Valley, a mountainous region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

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Kesava Deo Temple

Krishna Janmasthan also known as Keshav Deo Temple and Keshav Rai Temple, is an ancient Hindu temple in Mathura, India.

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Khalsa

Khalsa (Punjabi: "the pure") refers to both a special group of initiated Sikh warriors, as well as a community that considers Sikhism as its faith.

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Khuldabad

Khuldabad also known as Khultabad is a city (municipal council) and a Taluka of Aurangabad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Khushal Khattak

Khushāl Khān Khattak (1613 – 25 February 1689; خوشحال خان خټک Khʷushḥāl Khān Khaṭṭak), also called Khushāl Bābā (خوشحال بابا), was an Afghan or Pashtun warrior-poet, chief, and freedom fighter from the Khattak tribe of the Pashtuns.

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Khyber Pass

The Khyber Pass (د خیبر درہ, درۂ خیبر) (elevation) is a mountain pass in the north of Pakistan, close to the border with Afghanistan.

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Kilich Khan

Khwaja Abid Khan (died 1691), better known as Kilich Khan, was a Nawab and general under Emperor Aurangzeb.

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Kollur Mine

Kollur Mine (Persian: Gani Coulour) was a series of gravel-clay pits on the south bank of the River Krishna in the Golconda (present-day Andhra Pradesh), India.

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Kunar Province

Kunar (کونړ, کنر) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country.

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Ladakh

Ladakh ("land of high passes") is a region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir that currently extends from the Kunlun mountain range to the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent.

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Lahore

Lahore (لاہور, لہور) is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Punjab, and is the country’s second-most populous city after Karachi.

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Lance

The lance is a pole weapon designed to be used by a mounted warrior or cavalry soldier (lancer).

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Lawrence Harrison (academic)

Lawrence E. Harrison (March 11, 1932 - December 9, 2015) was an American scholar known for his work on international development and being former USAID mission director to various Latin American countries.

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Leh

Leh is a town in the Leh district of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

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Leiden University

Leiden University (abbreviated as LEI; Universiteit Leiden), founded in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands.

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List of largest empires

This is a list of the largest empires in world history, but the list is not and cannot be definitive since the decision about which entities to consider as "empires" is difficult and fraught with controversy.

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Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Machiavellianism

Machiavellianism is "the employment of cunning and duplicity in statecraft or in general conduct".

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Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga

Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and one of the twelve Jyotirlingams, shrines which are said to be the most sacred abodes of Lord Shiva.

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Mail (armour)

Mail or maille (also chain mail(le) or chainmail(le)) is a type of armour consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh.

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Malwa

Malwa is a historical region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.

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Mappila

Mappila, also known as a Mappila Muslim, formerly romanized as Moplah and historically as Jonaka Mappila, in general, is a member of the Muslim community of the same nameMiller, E. Roland.

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Maratha

The Maratha (IAST:Marāṭhā; archaically transliterated as Marhatta or Mahratta) is a group of castes in India found predominantly in the state of Maharashtra.

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Maratha Empire

The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was an Indian power that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th and 18th century.

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Marathi language

Marathi (मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by the Marathi people of Maharashtra, India.

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Mathura

Mathura is a city in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

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Matthew White (historian)

Matthew White is a popular history writer and self-described atrocitologist.

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McGraw-Hill Education

McGraw-Hill Education (MHE) is a learning science company and one of the "big three" educational publishers that provides customized educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education.

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Mecca

Mecca or Makkah (مكة is a city in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula, and the plain of Tihamah in Saudi Arabia, and is also the capital and administrative headquarters of the Makkah Region. The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level, and south of Medina. Its resident population in 2012 was roughly 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj (حَـجّ, "Pilgrimage") period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah (ذُو الْـحِـجَّـة). As the birthplace of Muhammad, and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran (specifically, a cave from Mecca), Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca is home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest site, as well as being the direction of Muslim prayer. Mecca was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities. It was conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, home to structures such as the Abraj Al Bait, also known as the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel, the world's fourth tallest building and the building with the third largest amount of floor area. During this expansion, Mecca has lost some historical structures and archaeological sites, such as the Ajyad Fortress. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the Muslim world,Fattah, Hassan M., The New York Times (20 January 2005). even though non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city.

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Medina

Medina (المدينة المنورة,, "the radiant city"; or المدينة,, "the city"), also transliterated as Madīnah, is a city in the Hejaz region of the Arabian Peninsula and administrative headquarters of the Al-Madinah Region of Saudi Arabia.

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Mehr-un-Nissa

Shahzadi Mehr-un-Nissa Begum Sahiba (28 September 1661 – 2 April 1706), was a daughter of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.

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Mir Jumla II

Mir Jumla II (1591 – 30 March 1663) (مير جملا) was a prominent subahdar of Bengal in Eastern India under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

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Mosque

A mosque (from masjid) is a place of worship for Muslims.

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Moti Masjid (Red Fort)

The Moti Masjid is a white marble mosque inside the Red Fort complex in Delhi, India.

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Mughal emperors

The Mughal emperors, from the early 16th century to the early 18th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.

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Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān)) or Mogul Empire was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian, while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry. The dynasty was Indo-Persian in culture, combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs. The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Afghanistan. It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning approximately four million square kilometres at its zenith, after only the Maurya Empire, which spanned approximately five million square kilometres. The Mughal Empire ushered in a period of proto-industrialization, and around the 17th century, Mughal India became the world's largest economic power, accounting for 24.4% of world GDP, and the world leader in manufacturing, producing 25% of global industrial output up until the 18th century. The Mughal Empire is considered "India's last golden age" and one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires (along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia). The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. Akbar was a successful warrior who also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were Muslims; Akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called Dīn-i Ilāhī, as recorded in historical books like Ain-i-Akbari and Dabistān-i Mazāhib. The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Maratha Empire|Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, between 1628 and 1658, was the zenith of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Category:History of Bengal Category:History of West Bengal Category:History of Bangladesh Category:History of Kolkata Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan Category:Medieval India Category:Historical Turkic states Category:Mongol states Category:1526 establishments in the Mughal Empire Category:1857 disestablishments in the Mughal Empire Category:History of Pakistan.

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Mughal weapons

Mughal weapons significantly evolved during the ruling periods of Babur, Akbar, Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan.

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Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)

Muhammad Akbar (11 September 1657 – 31 March 1706) was a Mughal prince and the youngest son of Emperor Aurangzeb and his chief consort Dilras Banu Begum.

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Muhammad Azam Shah

Abu'l Faaiz Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam (28 June 1653 – 8 June 1707), commonly known as Azam Shah ("King Azam"), was a titular Mughal emperor, who reigned from 14 March 1707 to 8 June 1707.

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Muhammad Kam Bakhsh

Muhammad Kam Bakhsh (7 March 1667 – 14 January 1709) was the youngest son of Emperor Aurangzeb.

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Muhammad Shah

Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah (born Roshan Akhtar) (7 August 1702 – 26 April 1748) was Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748.

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Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)

Shahzada Muhammad Sultan (30 December 1639 – 14 December 1676) was the eldest son of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and his second wife Nawab Bai.

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Muhammed Azam Didamari

Khwaja Muhammad Azam Didamari (died 1765) was a Sufi Kashmiri writer in the Persian language.

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Multan

Multan (Punjabi, Saraiki, مُلتان), is a Pakistani city and the headquarters of Multan District in the province of Punjab.

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Mumbai

Mumbai (also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Mumtaz Mahal

Mumtaz Mahal (مُمتاز محَل), (meaning "the Exalted One of the palace"; Arjumand Banu; 27 April 1593 – 17 June 1631) was Empress consort of the Mughal Empire from 19 January 1628 to 17 June 1631 as the chief consort of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

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Murad Bakhsh

Muhammad Murad Bakhsh (مُحمّد مُراد بخش), (9 October 1624 – 14 December 1661) was a Mughal prince as the youngest son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Empress Mumtaz Mahal.

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Murarbaji

Murarbaji Deshpande (17th century) was a general in the early Maratha Empire during the reign of Shivaji.

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Murtaza Nizam Shah III

Murtaza Nizam Shah III, was a Nizam Shahi boy prince who in the year 1635 became the nominal Sultan of Ahmednagar, he was subjected to the authority of the Maratha leader Shahaji Raje.

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Muscat

Muscat (مسقط) is the capital and largest city of Oman.

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Nagnath S. Inamdar

Nagnath S. Inamdar (ं.) (1923–2002) was a Marathi novelist whose career spanned almost five decades.

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Narcotic

The term narcotic (from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with sleep-inducing properties.

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Narnaul

Narnaul is a City, a municipal Corporation, location of headquarters of the Mahendragarh district in the Indian state of Haryana.

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Nautch

In North India, Nautch is one of several styles of popular dance, performed by girls known as Nautch girls.

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Nawab Bai

Rahmat-un-Nissa (رحمت النساء بیگم) (1623 – 1691) better known by her title Nawab Bai, was a secondary wife of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.

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Nizamuddin Auliya

Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya (محمد نظام الدّین اولیاء.‎; sometimes spelled Awliya; 1238 – 3 April 1325), also known as Hazrat Nizamuddin, was a Sufi saint of the Chishti Order and arguably one of the most famous Sufis on the Indian Subcontinent.

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North India

North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India.

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Nur Jahan

Nur Jahan (born Mehr-un-Nissa) (31 May 1577 – 17 December 1645) was the twentieth (and last) wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Old Delhi

Old Delhi or Purani Dilli was founded as a walled city of Delhi, India, founded as Shahjahanabad in 1638, when Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor at the time, decided to shift the Mughal capital from Agra.

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Orchha State

Orchha State (also known as Urchha, Ondchha and Tikamgarh) was a princely state of the Bundelkhand region of British India.

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Panna State

Panna State was a princely state of colonial India, located in modern Panna district of Madhya Pradesh.

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Pashtun tribes

The Pashtun tribes, or Afghan tribes (پښتانه ټبرونه يا پښتانه قبايل), are the tribes of the Pashtun people, a large Eastern Iranian ethnic group who use the Pashto language and follow Pashtunwali code of conduct.

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Pashtuns

The Pashtuns (or; پښتانه Pax̌tānə; singular masculine: پښتون Pax̌tūn, feminine: پښتنه Pax̌tana; also Pukhtuns), historically known as ethnic Afghans (افغان, Afğān) and Pathans (Hindustani: پٹھان, पठान, Paṭhān), are an Iranic ethnic group who mainly live in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

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People of Ethiopia

Ethiopia's population is highly diverse.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Peter L. Berger

Peter Ludwig Berger (March 17, 1929 – June 27, 2017) was an Austrian-born American sociologist and Protestant theologian.

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Plague (disease)

Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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Primogeniture

Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the paternally acknowledged, firstborn son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate, in preference to daughters, elder illegitimate sons, younger sons and collateral relatives; in some cases the estate may instead be the inheritance of the firstborn child or occasionally the firstborn daughter.

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Pune

Pune, formerly spelled Poona (1857–1978), is the second largest city in the Indian state of Maharashtra, after Mumbai.

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Punjab

The Punjab, also spelled Panjab (land of "five rivers"; Punjabi: پنجاب (Shahmukhi); ਪੰਜਾਬ (Gurumukhi); Πενταποταμία, Pentapotamia) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India.

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Purandar fort

Purandar Fort is known as the birthplace of Sambhaji, the son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

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Qadi

A qadi (قاضي; also cadi, kadi or kazi) is the magistrate or judge of the Shariʿa court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions, such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works.

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Qutb Shahi dynasty

The Qutb Shahi dynasty (or Golconda Sultanate) was a territory in south India.

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Raja

Raja (also spelled rajah, from Sanskrit राजन्), is a title for a monarch or princely ruler in South and Southeast Asia.

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Raja Ram Jat

Raja Ram (1670–1688) was a Jat leader who organised a rebellion against Aurangzeb.

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Rajaram I

Rajaram Raje Bhosale (24 February 1670 – 3 March 1700 Sinhagad) was the younger son of Maratha ruler Chhatrapati Shivaji, and half-brother of Sambhaji.

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Rajput

Rajput (from Sanskrit raja-putra, "son of a king") is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent.

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Rajputana

Rājputāna (Rajasthani/राजपूताना), (راجپُوتانہ), meaning “Land of the Rajputs”, was a region in India that included mainly the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan rajput are 10 percent in rajasthan mostly mp and mla of rajasthan are of rajput community after gurjar and meena it is the 3rd largest populated community in rajasthan arat and some adjoining areas of Sindh in modern-day southern Pakistan.

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Rakhine people

The Rakhine people (ရခိုင်လူမျိုး, Rakhine pronunciation;; formerly Arakanese) are an ethnic group in Myanmar (Burma) forming the majority along the coastal region of present-day Rakhine State (formerly officially called Arakan).

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Rakhine State

Rakhine State (Rakhine pronunciation;; formerly Arakan) is a state in Myanmar (Burma).

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Ram Puniyani

Ram Puniyani (born 25 August 1945) is a former professor of biomedical engineering and former senior medical officer affiliated with the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.

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Ram Singh I

Mirza Raja Ram Singh I was the elder son Mirza Raja Jai Singh I and was ruler of Amber (now part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation), and head of the Kachwaha Rajput clan, from 1667 to 1688.

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Random House

Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world.

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Rao Bahadur

Rai Bahadur (also Rao Bahadur in South India), abbreviated R.B., was a title of honour bestowed during British rule in India to individuals for their service to the Empire.

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Rathore

In the northern part of India and in Pakistan, the Rathore (or Rathaur or Rathor or Rathur or Rathod or Rathour or Rahtore) is a Kshatriya clan whose members ruled several states.

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Red Fort

Red Fort is a historic fort in the city of Delhi in India.

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Rocket

A rocket (from Italian rocchetto "bobbin") is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Sadh

The Sadh is a monotheistic religion.

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Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.

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SAGE Publications

SAGE Publishing is an independent publishing company founded in 1965 in New York by Sara Miller McCune and now based in California.

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Sajida Alvi

Sajida S. Alvi (born 1941) is an academic of Pakistani origin in Canada.

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Sambhaji

Sambhaji (14 May 1657 – 11 March 1689) was the second ruler of the Maratha kingdom.

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Sanda Thudhamma

Sanda Thudamma was the last king to rule over a powerful Mrauk U Kingdom.

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Sarmad Kashani

Sarmad Kashani or simply as Sarmad (ca 1590 - 1661) was a Persian mystic, poet and saint who travelled to and made the Indian subcontinent his permanent home during the 17th century.

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Satara district

Satara District is a district of Maharashtra state in western India with an area of 10,480 km² and a population of 3,003,741 of which 14.17% were urban.

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Satish Chandra

Satish Chandra (20 November 1922 – 13 October 2017) was an Indian historian whose main area of specialisation was medieval Indian history.

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Scaffolding

Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man made structures.

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School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences

The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (École des hautes études en sciences sociales; also known as EHESS) is a French grande école (élite higher-education establishment that operates outside the regulatory framework of the public university system) specialised in the social sciences and often considered as the most prestigious institution for the social sciences in France.

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Sepoy

A sepoy was formerly the designation given to an Indian soldier.

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Shah Jahan

Mirza Shahab-ud-din Baig Muhammad Khan Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan (شاہ جہاں), (Persian:شاه جهان "King of the World"), was the fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658.

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Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)

Shah Shuja (شاہ شُجاع), (23 June 1616 – unknown) was the second son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Empress Mumtaz Mahal.

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Shahenshah (novel)

Shahenshah (शहेनशहा) is a 1970 Marathi historical fiction novel by N S Inamdar.

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Shaista Khan

Mirza Abu Talib, (?–1694) better known as Shaista Khan (শায়েস্তা খান) was a subahdar and a general in the Mughal army.

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Shalimar Bagh, Delhi

Shalimar Bagh is a mixed upper segment residential colony in North West Delhi, India.

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Sharia

Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

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Shatrunjaya

Shatrunjaya ("place of victory against inner enemies") originally Pundarikgiri), also spelt Shetrunjaya are hills located by the city of Palitana, in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India. They are situated on the banks of the Shetrunji River at an elevation above sea level. These hills have similarities to other hills where Jain temples have been built in Bihar, Gwalior, Mount Abu and Girnar. The Jain's sacred site of Shatrunjaya contains hundreds of Palitana temples. The hills were sanctified when Rishabha, the first tirthankara of Jainism, gave his first sermon in the temple on the hill top. The ancient history of the hills is also traced to Pundarika Swami, a chief Ganadhara and grandson of Rishabha, who attained salvation here. His shrine located opposite to the main Adinath temple, built by his son Bharata, is also worshiped by pilgrims. There are several alternate spellings, including Śatruñjaya, Satrunjaya, Shetrunja, and Shetrunjo. Shatrunjaya was also known as Pundarikgiri as Pundarik was said to have attained nirvana on this mountain. Alternate names include Siddhakshetra or Siddhanchal as many thirtankaras are stated to have received enlightenment here.

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Shawl

A shawl (from lang-Urdu شال shāl, which may be from दुशाला duśālā, ultimately from Sanskrit: शाटी śāṭī) is a simple item of clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body and arms, and sometimes also over the head.

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Shia Islam

Shia (شيعة Shīʿah, from Shīʻatu ʻAlī, "followers of Ali") is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam), most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm.

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Shivaji

Shivaji Bhonsle (c. 1627/1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian warrior king and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan.

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Sidi Yaqub

Siddi Yaqut Khan, was a Mughal Admiral and coastal chieftain from Murud Janjira, he fought the British East India Company during the Child's War.

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Siege of Bidar

Siege of Bidar, was a twenty-seven days long siege mounted by the Mughal Empire against Adil Shahi dynasty's garrison at Bidar patronized by Mohammed Adil Shah.

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Siege of Bijapur

The Siege of Bijapur began in March 1685 and ended in September 1686 with a Mughal victory.

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Siege of Golconda

In January 1687, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb led his forces to besiege the Qutb Shahi dynasty at Golconda Fort (also known as the Diamond Capital and the only source of diamonds at that time) and was home to the Kollur Mine.

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Sikandar Adil Shah

Sikandar Adil Shah was placed on the throne of Bijapur in 1672 at four years of age.

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Sikh

A Sikh (ਸਿੱਖ) is a person associated with Sikhism, a monotheistic religion that originated in the 15th century based on the revelation of Guru Nanak.

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Sikh Empire

The Sikh Empire (also Sikh Khalsa Raj, Sarkar-i-Khalsa or Pañjab (Punjab) Empire) was a major power in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established a secular empire based in the Punjab.

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Sikhism

Sikhism (ਸਿੱਖੀ), or Sikhi,, from Sikh, meaning a "disciple", or a "learner"), is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent about the end of the 15th century. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions, and the fifth-largest. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them (20 million) living in Punjab, the Sikh homeland in northwest India, and about 2 million living in neighboring Indian states, formerly part of the Punjab. Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Guru (1469–1539), and the nine Sikh gurus that succeeded him. The Tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, named the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, terminating the line of human Gurus and making the scripture the eternal, religious spiritual guide for Sikhs.Louis Fenech and WH McLeod (2014),, 3rd Edition, Rowman & Littlefield,, pages 17, 84-85William James (2011), God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston, McGill Queens University Press,, pages 241–242 Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth. The Sikh scripture opens with Ik Onkar (ੴ), its Mul Mantar and fundamental prayer about One Supreme Being (God). Sikhism emphasizes simran (meditation on the words of the Guru Granth Sahib), that can be expressed musically through kirtan or internally through Nam Japo (repeat God's name) as a means to feel God's presence. It teaches followers to transform the "Five Thieves" (lust, rage, greed, attachment, and ego). Hand in hand, secular life is considered to be intertwined with the spiritual life., page.

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Sindh

Sindh (سنڌ; سِندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, in the southeast of the country.

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Sobriquet

A sobriquet or soubriquet is a nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another.

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Somnath temple

The Somnath temple located in Prabhas Patan near Veraval in Saurashtra on the western coast of Gujarat, is believed to be the first among the twelve jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva.

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South India

South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry, occupying 19% of India's area.

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.

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Stanford University Press

The Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

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Stanley Wolpert

Stanley Wolpert (born December 23, 1927) is an American historian, Indologist, and author on the political and intellectual history of modern India and PakistanDr.

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Strangury

Strangury is the symptom described in Western medicine and Chinese traditional medicine, characterized by painful, frequent urination of small volumes that are expelled slowly only by straining and despite a severe sense of urgency, usually with the residual feeling of incomplete emptying.

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Subedar

Subedar (صوبیدار) is a historical rank in the Indian Army and Pakistan Army, ranking below British commissioned officers and above non-commissioned officers.

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Sufism

Sufism, or Taṣawwuf (personal noun: ṣūfiyy / ṣūfī, mutaṣawwuf), variously defined as "Islamic mysticism",Martin Lings, What is Sufism? (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15 "the inward dimension of Islam" or "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam",Massington, L., Radtke, B., Chittick, W. C., Jong, F. de, Lewisohn, L., Zarcone, Th., Ernst, C, Aubin, Françoise and J.O. Hunwick, “Taṣawwuf”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by: P. Bearman, Th.

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Sulaiman Shikoh

Shahzada Sulaiman Shikoh (15 March 1635 – May 1662) also known as Sulaiman Shikoh (سُلَیمان شِکوہ), was the eldest son of Mughal prince Dara Shikoh.

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Suleiman II

Suleiman II (15 April 1642 – 22/23 June 1691) (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان ثانى Süleymān-i sānī) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691.

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Suleiman of Persia

Sam Mirza (سام میرزا), later known by his first dynastic name of Safi II (شاه صفی), and thereafter known by his more famous second dynastic name of Suleiman I (شاه سلیمان), was the eighth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1 November 1666 to 29 July 1694.

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Sultan

Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam.

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Supangmung

Supangmung (reigned 1663–1670), also known as Chakradhwaj Singha (স্বৰ্গদেউ চক্ৰধ্বজ সিংহ), was an important Ahom king under whom the Ahom kingdom took back Guwahati from the Mughals following the reverses at the hands of Mir Jumla and the Treaty of Ghilajharighat.

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Surat

Surat is a city in the Indian state of Gujarat.

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Sutamla

Sutamla (1648–1663) (Jayadhwaj Singha) (স্বৰ্গদেউ জয়ধ্বজ সিংহ) was the 20th king of the Ahom kingdom.

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Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal (meaning "Crown of the Palace") is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra.

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Tarabai

Tarabai Bhosale (1675-9 December 1761 at Satara) was the regent of the Maratha empire of India from 1700 until 1708.

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Thatta

Thatta (ٺٽو) is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh.

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The Wire (Indian web publication)

The Wire (thewire.in) is a news website published by the Foundation for Independent Journalism (FIJ), a non-profit Indian company.

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Thomas Pitt

Thomas "Diamond" Pitt (5 July 1653 – 28 April 1726) was an English merchant involved in trade with India.

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Thomas R. Metcalf

Thomas R. Metcalf (born 1934) is an historian of South Asia, especially colonial India, and of the British Empire.

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Tile

A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.

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Tilpat

Tilpat is a census town in Faridabad district in the Indian state of Haryana.

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Timurid dynasty

The Timurid dynasty (تیموریان), self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān), was a Sunni Muslim dynasty or clan of Turco-Mongol lineageB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006Encyclopædia Britannica, "", Online Academic Edition, 2007.

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Tomb of Aurangzeb

The Tomb of Aurangzeb, the last of the great Mughal emperors, is located in Khuldabad, Maharashtra, India.

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Trebuchet

A trebuchet (French trébuchet) is a type of siege engine.

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Turkmens

The Turkmens (Türkmenler, Түркменлер, IPA) are a nation and Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, primarily the Turkmen nation state of Turkmenistan.

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Udaipur

Udaipur /ʊdəjpur/, also known as the "City of Lakes" is a major city, municipal corporation and the administrative headquarters of the Udaipur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan.

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Ujjain

Ujjain is the largest city in Ujjain district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

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Umananda Temple

Umananda Devaloi (Pron: ˈʊməˌnændə ˈdeɪvəˌlɔɪ) is a Shiva temple located at the Peacock Island in the middle of river Brahmaputra just opposite the office of the Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup or the Kachari Ghat in Guwahati.

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University of California, Los Angeles

The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, United States.

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Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.

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Uzbeks

The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek/Ўзбек, pl. Oʻzbeklar/Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group; the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia.

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Vadodara

Vadodara (formerly known as Baroda) is the third-largest.

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Varanasi

Varanasi, also known as Benares, Banaras (Banāras), or Kashi (Kāśī), is a city on the banks of the Ganges in the Uttar Pradesh state of North India, south-east of the state capital, Lucknow, and east of Allahabad.

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Wali

Walī (ولي, plural أولياء) is an Arabic word whose literal meanings include "custodian", "protector", "helper", and "friend".

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War elephant

A war elephant is an elephant that is trained and guided by humans for combat.

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Weidenfeld & Nicolson

Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd (established 1948), often shortened to W&N or Weidenfeld, is a British publisher of fiction and reference books.

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Zafarnama (letter)

The Zafarnāma (ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ, ظفرنامہ, lit. Epistle of Victory) was a spiritual victory letter sent by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1705 to the Mughal Emperor of India, Aurangzeb after the Battle of Chamkaur.

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Zeb-un-Nissa

Zeb-un-Nissa (زیب النساء مخفی) (15 February 1638 – 26 May 1702) was a Mughal princess, the eldest child of Emperor Aurangzeb and his chief consort Dilras Banu Begum.

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Zeenat-un-Nissa

Zeenat-un-Nissa (5 October 1643 – 7 May 1721) was a Mughal princess, the second daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb and his chief consort Dilras Banu Begum.

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Zubdat-un-Nissa

Shahzadi Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum (2 September 1651 – 17 February 1707) was a Mughal princess and the third daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb and his Empress consort Dilras Banu Begum.

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Redirects here:

Abu Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir, Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir, Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzib Alamgir, Alamgir I, Alamgir Shah, Aubungzeb, Aurangazeb, Aurangezeb, Aurangjeb, Aurangzeb Alamgir, Aurangzebh, Aurangzib, Auranzeb, Aureng-Zeb, Aurengzeb, Aurengzebh, Aurenzeb, Aurenzheb, Aurungazeb, Aurungzeb, Aurungzebe, Awrangzib, Decline of Emperor Aurangzeb, Emperor Aurangzeb, Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad, Ourangzeb, Prince Muhiuddin, Siege of Orchha.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb

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