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275 relations: Acanthodes, Adelophthalmus, Akmonistion, Alethopteris, Alfred Romer, Alleghanian orogeny, Ammonoidea, Amniote, Amphibamus, Amphibian, Annelid, Anthozoa, Anthracosaurus, Appalachian Mountains, Arachnid, Araeoscelidia, Archaeocidaris, Archaeothyris, Archimedes (bryozoan), Archimedes' screw, Arthropleura, Arthropod, Athyridida, Aviculopecten, Bacteria, Baltica, Basal (phylogenetics), Bashkirian, Basidiomycota, Bathgate, Biology Letters, Bird, Bivalvia, Blastoid, Brachiopod, Bryozoa, Calamites, Callistophytales, Candona, Caninia (coral), Captorhinidae, Carbon, Carbonate, Carbonicola, Carboniferous Limestone, Carboniferous rainforest collapse, Carbonita (ostracod), Catkin, Cephalopod, Chert, ..., Chonetes, Cladoxylopsida, Class (biology), Climate change, Coal, Coal ball, Coal measures, Cockroach, Commentry, Continent, Conulariida, Cordaitales, Cordaites, Coriolis force, Cornwall, Cortex (botany), Crania (brachiopod), Crinoid, Crustacean, Ctenodus, Culm Measures, Cycad, Cyclopteris, Demosponge, Dendrerpeton, Devon, Devonian, Diapsid, Dictyoptera, Dinantian, Discina (brachiopod), Dragonfly, East Kirkton Quarry, Echinoderm, Ecological collapse, Ecological niche, Elasmobranchii, Eogyrinus, Epiphyte, Equisetales, Euomphalus, Euramerica, Eurasian Plate, Eurypterid, Evolution, Evolutionary radiation, Extinction event, Falcatus, Family (biology), Fish scale, Foraminifera, Forest, Fungus, Gastropoda, Geological history of Earth, Geological period, Gigantism, Gigantoproductus, Glacial period, Glacier, Gondwana, Goniatite, Gymnosperm, Gyracanthus, Gzhelian, Hamilton Quarry, Hederellid, Hibbertopterus, Hylonomus, Hyloplesion, Ichthyostegalia, Illinois, Industrial Revolution, Inland sea (geology), Insect, Insectivore, Kansas, Kasimovian, Kazakhstania, Labyrinthodontia, Lagerstätte, Latin, Laurasia, Lepidodendrales, Lepidodendron, Lepospondyli, Lignin, Limestone, Lingula (brachiopod), Lioestheria, List of Carboniferous tetrapods, List of fossil sites, Logan Formation, Loxomma, Lycopodiopsida, Mammal, Marine invertebrates, Mayfly, Mazon Creek fossil beds, Medullosales, Meganeura, Meganisoptera, Megarachne, Meiobenthos, Mesozoic, Microconchida, Millstone Grit, Mississippian (geology), Mollusca, Moscovian (Carboniferous), Mountain formation, Myriapoda, Namurian, Nautilida, Nautiloid, Neontology, Neuropteris, North America, North China Craton, Nucula, Ophiderpeton, Orogeny, Osteichthyes, Ostracod, Ouachita Mountains, Oxygen, Palaeodictyopteroidea, Palaeonisciformes, Palaeos, Paleo-Tethys Ocean, Pangaea, Panthalassa, Pecopteris, Pederpes, Pelycosaur, Pennant Measures, Pennsylvanian (geology), Permian, Permineralization, Permo-Carboniferous, Petalodontiformes, Petrolacosaurus, Pinophyta, Placodermi, Plant, Platyceratidae, Polypodiales, Posidonia Shale, Priapulida, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Productida, Proterogyrinus, Proto-Tethys Ocean, Protorothyrididae, Protorthoptera, Pteridospermatophyta, Pulmonoscorpius, Radiolaria, Reef, Reptile, Reptiliomorpha, Respiration (physiology), Rheic Ocean, Rhizodontida, Rhynchonellida, Romer's gap, Rugosa, Saarbrücken, Sandstone, Sarcopterygii, Sauropsida, Sea level, Secondary growth, Serpukhovian, Shale, Shark, Siberia (continent), Sigillaria, Silesian (series), South America, South China (continent), Sphenophyllales, Sphenophyllum, Sphenopteris, Spiriferida, Sponge, Sponge spicule, Stage (stratigraphy), Stephanian (stage), Stethacanthus, Stigmaria, Suberin, Supercontinent, Swamp, Symmoriida, Synapsid, System (stratigraphy), Tabulata, Tachosa, Temnospondyli, Terebratulida, Tetrapod, Titusvillia, Tournaisian, Trace fossil, Trilobite, Tuditanus, Unconformity, United States, Ural Mountains, Ural Ocean, Variscan orogeny, Vertebrate, Viséan, Voltziales, Walchia, Westphalian (stage), Wildfire, William Conybeare (geologist), William Phillips (geologist), Wood, Wooster, Ohio, Xenacanthida, Xylem, Year. Expand index (225 more) »
Acanthodes
Acanthodes (meaning spiny base or thorny base) is an extinct genus of spiny shark.
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Adelophthalmus
Adelophthalmus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods.
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Akmonistion
Akmonistion is an extinct genus of ratfish that lived in the Early Carboniferous.
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Alethopteris
Alethopteris is a prehistoric plant genus of fossil Pteridospermatophyta (seed ferns) that developed in the Carboniferous period (around). It is in the family Alethopteridaceae.
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Alfred Romer
Alfred Sherwood Romer (December 28, 1894 – November 5, 1973) was an American paleontologist and biologist and a specialist in vertebrate evolution.
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Alleghanian orogeny
The Alleghanian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geological mountain-forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains.
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Ammonoidea
Ammonoids are an extinct group of marine mollusc animals in the subclass Ammonoidea of the class Cephalopoda.
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Amniote
Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον amnion, "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός amnos, "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Amphibamus
Amphibamus is a genus of amphibamid temnospondyl amphibians from the Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian) of Europe and North America.
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Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia.
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Annelid
The annelids (Annelida, from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches.
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Anthozoa
Anthozoa is a class of marine invertebrates which includes the sea anemones, stony corals, soft corals and gorgonians.
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Anthracosaurus
Anthracosaurus is an extinct genus of embolomere, a close relative of reptiles that lived during the Late Carboniferous (around 310 million years ago) in what is now Scotland and England.
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Appalachian Mountains
The Appalachian Mountains (les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America.
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Arachnid
Arachnids are a class (Arachnida) of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata.
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Araeoscelidia
Araeoscelidia or Araeoscelida is a clade of extinct diapsid reptiles superficially resembling lizards, extending from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian.
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Archaeocidaris
Archaeocidaris is an extinct genus of echinoid that lived from the Late Devonian to the Late Permian.
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Archaeothyris
Archaeothyris is an extinct genus of ophiacodontid synapsids that lived during the Late Carboniferous and is known from Nova Scotia.
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Archimedes (bryozoan)
Archimedes is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Fenestellidae.
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Archimedes' screw
An Archimedes' screw, also known by the name the Archimedean screw or screw pump, is a machine historically (and also currently) used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches.
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Arthropleura
Arthropleura (Greek for jointed ribs) is a genus of extinct millipede arthropods that lived in what is now northeastern North America and Scotland around 315 to 299 million years ago, during the late Carboniferous Period.
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Arthropod
An arthropod (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot") is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.
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Athyridida
Athyridida is an order of Paleozoic brachiopods included in the Rhynchonellata, which makes up part of the articulate brachiopods.
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Aviculopecten
Aviculopecten is an extinct genus of bivalve mollusc that lived from the Early Devonian to the Late Triassic in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Baltica
Baltica is a paleocontinent that formed in the Paleoproterozoic and now constitutes northwestern Eurasia, or Europe north of the Trans-European Suture Zone and west of the Ural Mountains.
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Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
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Bashkirian
The Bashkirian is in the ICS geologic timescale the lowest stage or oldest age of the Pennsylvanian.
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Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi.
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Bathgate
Bathgate (Bathket or italic, Both Chèit) is a town in West Lothian, Scotland, on the M8 motorway west of Livingston.
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Biology Letters
Biology Letters is a peer-reviewed, biological, scientific journal published by the Royal Society.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Bivalvia
Bivalvia, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts.
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Blastoid
Blastoids (class Blastoidea) are an extinct type of stemmed echinoderm.
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Brachiopod
Brachiopods, phylum Brachiopoda, are a group of lophotrochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs.
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Bryozoa
Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals.
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Calamites
Calamites is a genus of extinct arborescent (tree-like) horsetails to which the modern horsetails (genus Equisetum) are closely related.
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Callistophytales
The Callistophytales was an order of mainly scrambling and lianescent plants found in the wetland "coal swamps" of Euramerica and Cathaysia.
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Candona
Candona is a genus of ostracods in the family Candonidae.
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Caninia (coral)
Caninia is an extinct genus of rugose coral.
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Captorhinidae
Captorhinidae (also known as cotylosaurs) is one of the earliest and most basal reptile families, all members of which are extinct.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carbonate
In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of.
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Carbonicola
Carbonicola is an extinct genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks that lived during the Carboniferous period.
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Carboniferous Limestone
Carboniferous Limestone is a collective term for the succession of limestones occurring widely throughout Great Britain and Ireland that were deposited during the Dinantian Epoch of the Carboniferous Period.
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Carboniferous rainforest collapse
The Carboniferous rainforest collapse (CRC) was a minor extinction event that occurred around 305 million years ago in the Carboniferous period.
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Carbonita (ostracod)
Carbonita is an extinct genus of nonmarine ostracod crustaceans that lived during the Carboniferous period.
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Catkin
A catkin or ament is a slim, cylindrical flower cluster (a spike), with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind-pollinated (anemophilous) but sometimes insect-pollinated (as in Salix).
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Cephalopod
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural κεφαλόποδα, kephalópoda; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus or nautilus.
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Chert
Chert is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline silica, the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
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Chonetes
Chonetes is an extinct genus of brachiopods.
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Cladoxylopsida
The cladoxylopsids are a group of plants known only as fossils that are thought to be ancestors of ferns and horsetails.
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Class (biology)
In biological classification, class (classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.
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Climate change
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).
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Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
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Coal ball
A coal ball is a type of concretion, varying in shape from an imperfect sphere to a flat-lying, irregular slab.
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Coal measures
The coal measures is a lithostratigraphical term for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System.
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Cockroach
Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea, which also includes termites. About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. About four species are well known as pests. The cockroaches are an ancient group, dating back at least as far as the Carboniferous period, some 320 million years ago. Those early ancestors however lacked the internal ovipositors of modern roaches. Cockroaches are somewhat generalized insects without special adaptations like the sucking mouthparts of aphids and other true bugs; they have chewing mouthparts and are likely among the most primitive of living neopteran insects. They are common and hardy insects, and can tolerate a wide range of environments from Arctic cold to tropical heat. Tropical cockroaches are often much bigger than temperate species, and, contrary to popular belief, extinct cockroach relatives and 'roachoids' such as the Carboniferous Archimylacris and the Permian Apthoroblattina were not as large as the biggest modern species. Some species, such as the gregarious German cockroach, have an elaborate social structure involving common shelter, social dependence, information transfer and kin recognition. Cockroaches have appeared in human culture since classical antiquity. They are popularly depicted as dirty pests, though the great majority of species are inoffensive and live in a wide range of habitats around the world.
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Commentry
Commentry is a commune in the department of Allier in central France.
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Continent
A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world.
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Conulariida
Conulariida is a poorly understood fossil group that has possible affinity with the Cnidaria.
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Cordaitales
Cordaitales are an extinct order of woody plants that may have been early conifers, or which may have given rise to the conifers (Pinophyta), ginkgos (Ginkgophyta) and cycads (Cycadophyta).
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Cordaites
Cordaites is an important genus of extinct gymnosperms which grew on wet ground similar to the Everglades in Florida.
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Coriolis force
In physics, the Coriolis force is an inertial force that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (Kernow) is a county in South West England in the United Kingdom.
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Cortex (botany)
A cortex is the outermost layer of a stem or root in a plant, or the surface layer or "skin" of the nonfruiting part of the body of some lichens.
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Crania (brachiopod)
Crania is an extinct genus of brachiopods that lived during the Upper Cretaceous.
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Crinoid
Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata).
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Crustacean
Crustaceans (Crustacea) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles.
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Ctenodus
Ctenodus is an extinct genus of prehistoric lungfish which lived during the Carboniferous period.
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Culm Measures
The Culm Measures are a thick sequence of geological strata originating during the Carboniferous Period that occur in south-west England, principally in Devon and Cornwall, now known as the Culm Supergroup.
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Cycad
Cycads are seed plants with a long fossil history that were formerly more abundant and more diverse than they are today.
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Cyclopteris
Cyclopteris is an extinct genus of seed ferns in the extinct family †Cyclopteridaceae.
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Demosponge
Demospongiae is the most diverse class in the phylum Porifera.
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Dendrerpeton
Dendrerpeton is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the Carboniferous of Nova Scotia.
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Devon
Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south.
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Devonian
The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya.
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Diapsid
Diapsids ("two arches") are a group of amniote tetrapods that developed two holes (temporal fenestra) in each side of their skulls about 300 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period.
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Dictyoptera
Dictyoptera (from Greek δίκτυον diktyon "net" and πτερόν pteron "wing") is an insect superorder that includes two extant orders of polyneopterous insects: the order Blattodea (termites and cockroaches together)) and the order Mantodea (mantises), along with one extinct order, the Alienoptera. While all modern Dictyoptera have short ovipositors, the oldest fossils of Dictyoptera have long ovipositors, much like members of the Orthoptera.
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Dinantian
Dinantian is the name of a series or epoch from the Lower Carboniferous system in Europe.
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Discina (brachiopod)
Discina is a monotypic genus of Discinidae brachiopods, comprising the species D. striata.
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Dragonfly
A dragonfly is an insect belonging to the order Odonata, infraorder Anisoptera (from Greek ἄνισος anisos, "uneven" and πτερόν pteron, "wing", because the hindwing is broader than the forewing).
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East Kirkton Quarry
East Kirkton Quarry is a former limestone quarry in West Lothian, Scotland, now better known as a fossil site known for terrestrial fossils from the fossil-poor Romer's gap, a 15 million year period at the beginning of the Carboniferous.
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Echinoderm
Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of the phylum Echinodermata (from Ancient Greek, ἐχῖνος, echinos – "hedgehog" and δέρμα, derma – "skin") of marine animals.
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Ecological collapse
Ecological collapse refers to a situation where an ecosystem suffers a drastic, possibly permanent, reduction in carrying capacity for all organisms, often resulting in mass extinction.
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Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche (CanE, or) is the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.
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Elasmobranchii
Elasmobranchii is a subclass of Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish, including the sharks (superorder Selachii) and the rays, skates, and sawfish (superorder Batoidea).
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Eogyrinus
Eogyrinus attheyi (from Greek eos, meaning "dawn", and gyrinos, meaning "tadpole") was one of the largest Carboniferous tetrapods, and perhaps one of the largest of its family, Eogyrinidae, at in length.
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Epiphyte
An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it.
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Equisetales
Equisetales is an order of Equisetopsida with only one living family, the Equisetaceae, containing the genus Equisetum (horsetails).
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Euomphalus
Euomphalus is a genus of fossil marine gastropods known to have lived from the Silurian to the Middle Permian.
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Euramerica
Euramerica (also known as Laurussia – not to be confused with Laurasia, – the Old Red Continent or the Old Red Sandstone Continent) was a minor supercontinent created in the Devonian as the result of a collision between the Laurentian, Baltica, and Avalonia cratons during the Caledonian orogeny, about 410 million years ago.
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Eurasian Plate
The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia), with the notable exceptions of the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Chersky Range in East Siberia.
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Eurypterid
Eurypterids, often informally called sea scorpions, are an extinct group of arthropods related to arachnids that include the largest known arthropods to have ever lived.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolutionary radiation
An evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity, due to adaptive change or the opening of ecospace.
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Extinction event
An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.
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Falcatus
Falcatus is an extinct genus of Falcatidae which lived during the early Carboniferous Period in Bear Gulch bay and what is now Montana.
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Family (biology)
In biological classification, family (familia, plural familiae) is one of the eight major taxonomic ranks; it is classified between order and genus.
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Fish scale
The skin of most fishes is covered with scales, which, in many cases, are animal reflectors or produce animal coloration.
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Foraminifera
Foraminifera (Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "test") of diverse forms and materials.
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Forest
A forest is a large area dominated by trees.
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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Gastropoda
The gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca, called Gastropoda.
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Geological history of Earth
The geological history of Earth follows the major events in Earth's past based on the geologic time scale, a system of chronological measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers (stratigraphy).
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Geological period
A geological period is one of several subdivisions of geologic time enabling cross-referencing of rocks and geologic events from place to place.
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Gigantism
Gigantism, also known as giantism (from Greek γίγας gigas, "giant", plural γίγαντες gigantes), is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average.
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Gigantoproductus
Gigantoproductus is a genus of extinct brachiopods in the order Productida and the family Monticuliferidae.
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Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.
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Glacier
A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries.
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Gondwana
Gondwana, or Gondwanaland, was a supercontinent that existed from the Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) until the Carboniferous (about 320 million years ago).
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Goniatite
Goniatids, informally Goniatites, are ammonoid cephalopods that form the Order Goniatitida, derived from the more primitive Agoniatitida during the Middle Devonian some 390 million years ago.
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Gymnosperm
The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
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Gyracanthus
Gyracanthus is an extinct genus of acanthodian.
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Gzhelian
The Gzhelian is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column.
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Hamilton Quarry
Hamilton Quarry is a Late Carboniferous lagerstätte near Hamilton, Kansas, United States.
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Hederellid
Hederellids are extinct colonial animals with calcitic tubular branching exoskeletons.
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Hibbertopterus
Hibbertopterus is a genus of giant sea scorpion (order Eurypterida) that inhabited the swamps of the British Isles during the Carboniferous.
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Hylonomus
Hylonomus (hylo- "forest" + nomos "dweller") is an extinct genus of reptile that lived 312 million years ago during the Late Carboniferous period.
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Hyloplesion
Hyloplesion is an extinct genus of microbrachomorph microsaur.
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Ichthyostegalia
Ichthyostegalia is an order of extinct amphibians, representing the earliest landliving vertebrates.
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Illinois
Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Inland sea (geology)
An inland sea (also known as an epeiric sea or an epicontinental sea) is a shallow sea that covers central areas of continents during periods of high sea level that result in marine transgressions.
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Insect
Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.
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Insectivore
robber fly eating a hoverfly An insectivore is a carnivorous plant or animal that eats insects.
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Kansas
Kansas is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States.
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Kasimovian
The Kasimovian is an geochronologic age or chronostratigraphic stage in the ICS geologic timescale.
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Kazakhstania
Kazakhstania, the Kazakh terranes, or the Kazakhstan Block, is a geological region in Central Asia which consists of the area roughly centered on Lake Balkhash, north and east of the Aral Sea, south of the Siberian craton and west of the Altai Mountains.
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Labyrinthodontia
Labyrinthodontia (Greek, "maze-toothed") is an extinct amphibian subclass, which constituted some of the dominant animals of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras (about 390 to 150 million years ago).
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Lagerstätte
A Lagerstätte (from Lager 'storage, lair' Stätte 'place'; plural Lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation—sometimes including preserved soft tissues.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Laurasia
Laurasia was the more northern of two supercontinents (the other being Gondwana) that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent around (Mya).
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Lepidodendrales
Lepidodendrales (from Gr. "scale tree") were primitive, vascular, arborescent (tree-like) plants related to the lycopsids (club mosses).
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Lepidodendron
Lepidodendron — also known as scale tree — is an extinct genus of primitive, vascular, arborescent (tree-like) plant related to the lycopsids (club mosses).
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Lepospondyli
Lepospondyli is a diverse taxon of reptiliomorph tetrapods.
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Lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form important structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linked phenolic polymers.
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Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.
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Lingula (brachiopod)
Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata.
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Lioestheria
Lioestheria ('clam shrimp') are an extinct genus of crustaceans that thrived from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous (360.7 to 99.7 Mya).
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List of Carboniferous tetrapods
Carboniferous tetrapods include amphibians and reptiles that lived during the Carboniferous Period.
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List of fossil sites
This list of fossil sites is a worldwide list of localities known well for the presence of fossils.
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Logan Formation
The Logan Formation is the name given to a Lower Carboniferous (early Osagean) siltstone, sandstone and conglomeratic unit exposed in east-central Ohio and parts of western West Virginia, USA.
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Loxomma
Loxomma is an extinct genus of Loxommatidae.
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Lycopodiopsida
Lycopodiopsida is a class of herbaceous vascular plants known as the clubmosses and firmosses.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Marine invertebrates
Marine invertebrates are the invertebrates that live in marine habitats.
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Mayfly
Mayflies (also known as Canadian soldiers in the United States, and as shadflies or fishflies in Canada and the upper Midwestern U.S.; also up-winged flies in the United Kingdom) are aquatic insects belonging to the order Ephemeroptera.
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Mazon Creek fossil beds
The Mazon Creek fossil beds are a conservation lagerstätte found near Morris, in Grundy County, Illinois.
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Medullosales
The Medullosales is an order of pteridospermous seed plants characterised by large ovules with circular cross-section, with a vascularised nucellus, complex pollen-organs, stems and rachides with a dissected stele, and frond-like leaves.
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Meganeura
Meganeura is a genus of extinct insects from the Carboniferous period (approximately 300 million years ago), which resembled and are related to the present-day dragonflies.
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Meganisoptera
Meganisoptera is an extinct order of very large to gigantic insects, occasionally called griffinflies.
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Megarachne
Megarachne is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods.
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Meiobenthos
Meiobenthos, also called meiofauna, are small benthic invertebrates that live in both marine and fresh water environments.
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Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era is an interval of geological time from about.
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Microconchida
The order Microconchida is a group of small, spirally-coiled, encrusting fossil "worm" tubes from the class Tentaculita found from the Upper Ordovician to the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) around the world.
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Millstone Grit
Millstone Grit is the name given to any of a number of coarse-grained sandstones of Carboniferous age which occur in the British Isles.
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Mississippian (geology)
The Mississippian (also known as Lower Carboniferous or Early Carboniferous) is a subperiod in the geologic timescale or a subsystem of the geologic record.
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Mollusca
Mollusca is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusksThe formerly dominant spelling mollusk is still used in the U.S. — see the reasons given in Gary Rosenberg's.
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Moscovian (Carboniferous)
The Moscovian is in the ICS geologic timescale a stage or age in the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous.
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Mountain formation
Mountain formation refers to the geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains.
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Myriapoda
Myriapoda is a subphylum of arthropods containing millipedes, centipedes, and others.
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Namurian
The Namurian is a stage in the regional stratigraphy of northwest Europe with an age between roughly 326 and 313 Ma (million years ago).
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Nautilida
The Nautilida constitute a large and diverse order of generally coiled nautiloid cephalopods that began in the mid Paleozoic and continues to the present with a single family, the Nautilidae which includes two genera, Nautilus and Allonautilus, with six species.
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Nautiloid
Nautiloids are a large and diverse group of marine cephalopods (Mollusca) belonging to the subclass Nautiloidea that began in the Late Cambrian and are represented today by the living Nautilus and Allonautilus.
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Neontology
Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.
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Neuropteris
Neuropteris is an extinct seed fern that existed in the Carboniferous period, known only from fossils.
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North America
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.
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North China Craton
The North China Craton is a continental crustal block with one of Earth's most complete and complex record of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic processes.
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Nucula
Nucula is a genus of very small saltwater clams.
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Ophiderpeton
Ophiderpeton is an extinct genus of lepospondyl amphibian from the early Carboniferous to the early Permian.
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Orogeny
An orogeny is an event that leads to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the interaction between plate tectonics.
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Osteichthyes
Osteichthyes, popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse taxonomic group of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue, as opposed to cartilage.
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Ostracod
Ostracods, or ostracodes, are a class of the Crustacea (class Ostracoda), sometimes known as seed shrimp.
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Ouachita Mountains
The Ouachita Mountains, simply referred to as the Ouachitas, are a mountain range in western Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Palaeodictyopteroidea
The Palaeodictyopteroidea or Paleodictyopterida are an extinct superorder of Palaeozoic beaked insects, characterised by unique mouthparts consisting of 5 stylets.
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Palaeonisciformes
The Palaeonisciformes are an extinct order of early ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) which began in the Late Silurian and ended in the Late Cretaceous.
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Palaeos
Palaeos.com is a web site on biology, paleontology, phylogeny and geology and which covers the history of Earth.
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Paleo-Tethys Ocean
The Paleo-Tethys or Palaeo-Tethys Ocean was an ocean located along the northern margin of the paleocontinent Gondwana that started to open during the Middle Cambrian, grew throughout the Paleozoic, and finally closed during the Late Triassic; existing for about 400 million years.
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Pangaea
Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.
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Panthalassa
Panthalassa, also known as the Panthalassic or Panthalassan Ocean, (from Greek πᾶν "all" and θάλασσα "sea"), was the superocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea.
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Pecopteris
Pecopteris is a very common form genus of leaves.
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Pederpes
Pederpes ("Peter's Foot") is an extinct genus of early Carboniferous tetrapod, dating from 348 to 347.6 Ma in the Tournaisian age (lower Mississippian).
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Pelycosaur
The pelycosaurs (from Greek πέλυξ pelyx 'wooden bowl' or 'axe' and σαῦρος sauros 'lizard') are an informal grouping (previously considered an order) composed of basal or primitive Late Paleozoic synapsids, sometimes erroneously referred to as "mammal-like reptiles".
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Pennant Measures
The Pennant Measures is the traditional name for a sequence of sedimentary rocks of the South Wales Coalfield.
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Pennsylvanian (geology)
The Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two subperiods (or upper of two subsystems) of the Carboniferous Period.
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Permian
The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya.
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Permineralization
Permineralization is a process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms.
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Permo-Carboniferous
The Permo-Carboniferous refers to the time period including the latter parts of the Carboniferous and early part of the Permian period.
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Petalodontiformes
Petalodontiformes ("thin-plate teeth") is an extinct order of marine cartilaginous fish related to modern day chimaera found in what is now the United States of America and Europe.
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Petrolacosaurus
Petrolacosaurus was a small, long reptile, and the earliest known diapsid.
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Pinophyta
The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida.
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Placodermi
Placodermi (from the Greek πλάξ.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Platyceratidae
Platyceratidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.
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Polypodiales
The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species.
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Posidonia Shale
The Posidonia Shale is an Early Jurassic geological formation of south-western Germany, including exceptionally well-preserved complete skeletons of fossil marine fish and reptiles.
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Priapulida
Priapulida (priapulid worms, from Gr. πριάπος, priāpos 'Priapus' + Lat. -ul-, diminutive), sometimes referred to as penis worms, is a phylum of unsegmented marine worms.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.
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Productida
Productida is an extinct order of brachiopods in the extinct class Strophomenata.
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Proterogyrinus
Proterogyrinus was an anthracosaur, a large group of reptilian reptiliomorphs.
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Proto-Tethys Ocean
The Proto-Tethys Ocean was an ancient ocean that existed from the latest Ediacaran to the Carboniferous (550–330 Ma).
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Protorothyrididae
Protorothyrididae is an extinct family of small, lizard-like reptiles.
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Protorthoptera
The Protorthoptera are an extinct order of Palaeozoic insects, and represent a wastebasket taxon and paraphyletic assemblage of basal neoptera.
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Pteridospermatophyta
The term Pteridospermatophyta (or "seed ferns" or "Pteridospermatopsida") refers to several distinct groups of extinct seed-bearing plants (spermatophytes).
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Pulmonoscorpius
Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis (literally lung scorpion) is a giant species of extinct scorpion that lived during the Viséan epoch of the Carboniferous.
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Radiolaria
The Radiolaria, also called Radiozoa, are protozoa of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm.The elaborate mineral skeleton is usually made of silica.
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Reef
A reef is a bar of rock, sand, coral or similar material, lying beneath the surface of water.
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Reptile
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.
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Reptiliomorpha
Reptiliomorpha is a clade containing the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians (lissamphibians).
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Respiration (physiology)
In physiology, respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
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Rheic Ocean
The Rheic Ocean was an ocean which separated two major palaeocontinents, Gondwana and Laurussia (Laurentia-Baltica-Avalonia).
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Rhizodontida
Rhizodonts (order Rhizodontida) are an extinct group of predatory tetrapodomorph fishes known from many areas of the world from the Givetian through to the Pennsylvanian - the earliest known species is about 377 million years ago (Mya), the latest around 310 Mya.
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Rhynchonellida
The taxonomic order Rhynchonellida is one of the two main groups of living articulate brachiopods, the other being the order Terebratulida.
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Romer's gap
Romer's gap is an example of an apparent gap in the tetrapod fossil record used in the study of evolutionary biology.
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Rugosa
The Rugosa, also called the Tetracorallia, are an extinct order of solitary and colonial corals that were abundant in Middle Ordovician to Late Permian seas.
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Saarbrücken
Saarbrücken (Sarrebruck, Rhine Franconian: Saarbrigge) is the capital and largest city of the state of Saarland, Germany.
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Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.
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Sarcopterygii
The Sarcopterygii or lobe-finned fish (from Greek σαρξ sarx, flesh, and πτερυξ pteryx, fin) – sometimes considered synonymous with Crossopterygii ("fringe-finned fish", from Greek κροσσός krossos, fringe) – constitute a clade (traditionally a class or subclass) of the bony fish, though a strict cladistic view includes the terrestrial vertebrates.
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Sauropsida
Sauropsida ("lizard faces") is a group of amniotes that includes all existing birds and other reptiles as well as their fossil ancestors and other extinct relatives.
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Sea level
Mean sea level (MSL) (often shortened to sea level) is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured.
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Secondary growth
In botany, secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken, while primary growth is growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots, causing them to elongate, and gives rise to primary tissue.
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Serpukhovian
The Serpukhovian is in the ICS geologic timescale the uppermost stage or youngest age of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous.
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Shale
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.
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Shark
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head.
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Siberia (continent)
Siberia, also known as Angaraland (or simply Angara) and Angarida, is an ancient craton located in the heart of Siberia.
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Sigillaria
Sigillaria is a genus of extinct, spore-bearing, arborescent (tree-like) plants.
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Silesian (series)
The Silesian is in the geologic timescale of Europe a series or epoch, a subdivision of the Carboniferous system or period.
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South America
South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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South China (continent)
South China, also known as South China Craton, South Chinese Craton, or Yangtze Craton, was an ancient continent (craton) that contained today's South and Southeast China, Indochina, and parts of Southeast Asia (i.e. Borneo and adjacent islands).
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Sphenophyllales
Sphenophyllales is an extinct order of articulate land plants and a sister group to the present-day Equisetales (horsetails).
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Sphenophyllum
Sphenophyllum is a genus in the order Sphenophyllales.
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Sphenopteris
Sphenopteris is a genus of seed ferns containing the foliage of various extinct plants, ranging from the Devonian to Late Cretaceous.
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Spiriferida
Spiriferida is an order of extinct articulate brachiopod fossils which are known for their long hinge-line, which is often the widest part of the shell.
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Sponge
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning "pore bearer"), are a basal Metazoa clade as sister of the Diploblasts.
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Sponge spicule
Spicules are structural elements found in most sponges.
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Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.
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Stephanian (stage)
The Stephanian is a stage in the regional stratigraphy of northwest Europe with an age between roughly 304 and 299 Ma (million years ago).
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Stethacanthus
Stethacanthus is an extinct genus of shark-like HolocephalianCoates, M., Gess, R., Finarelli, J., Criswell, K., Tietjen, K. 2016.
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Stigmaria
Stigmaria is a form taxon for common fossils found in Carboniferous rocks.
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Suberin
Suberin, cutin and lignins are complex, higher plant epidermis and periderm cell-wall macromolecules, forming a protective barrier.
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Supercontinent
In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass.
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Swamp
A swamp is a wetland that is forested.
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Symmoriida
Symmoriida is an extinct order of ratfish that contains three families.
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Synapsid
Synapsids (Greek, 'fused arch'), synonymous with theropsids (Greek, 'beast-face'), are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to other living amniotes.
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System (stratigraphy)
A system in stratigraphy is a unit of rock layers that were laid down together within the same corresponding geological period.
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Tabulata
The tabulate corals, forming the order Tabulata, are an extinct form of coral.
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Tachosa
Tachosa is a genus of moths of the Erebidae family.
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Temnospondyli
Temnospondyli (from Greek τέμνειν (temnein, "to cut") and σπόνδυλος (spondylos, "vertebra")) is a diverse subclass of extinct small to giant tetrapods—often considered primitive amphibians—that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods.
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Terebratulida
Terebratulids are one of only three living orders of articulate brachiopods, the others being the Rhynchonellida and the Thecideida.
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Tetrapod
The superclass Tetrapoda (from Greek: τετρα- "four" and πούς "foot") contains the four-limbed vertebrates known as tetrapods; it includes living and extinct amphibians, reptiles (including dinosaurs, and its subgroup birds) and mammals (including primates, and all hominid subgroups including humans), as well as earlier extinct groups.
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Titusvillia
Titusvillia was a genus of colonial glass sponges that existed during the carboniferous period around 300 million years ago.
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Tournaisian
The Tournaisian is in the ICS geologic timescale the lowest stage or oldest age of the Mississippian, the oldest subsystem of the Carboniferous.
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Trace fossil
A trace fossil, also ichnofossil (ιχνος ikhnos "trace, track"), is a geological record of biological activity.
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Trilobite
Trilobites (meaning "three lobes") are a fossil group of extinct marine arachnomorph arthropods that form the class Trilobita.
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Tuditanus
Tuditanus is an extinct genus of tuditanid microsaur from the Carboniferous, ~306 Mya.
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Unconformity
An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.
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Ural Ocean
The Ural Ocean (also called the Uralic Ocean) was a small, ancient ocean that was situated between Siberia and Baltica.
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Variscan orogeny
The Variscan or Hercynian orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic continental collision between Euramerica (Laurussia) and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Viséan
The Visean, Viséan or Visian is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column.
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Voltziales
Voltziales is an extinct order of trees related to modern conifers.
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Walchia
Walchia is a fossil conifer, cypress-like genus found in upper Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) and lower Permian (about 310-290 Mya) rocks of Europe and North America.
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Westphalian (stage)
The Westphalian is a stage in the regional stratigraphy of northwest Europe with an age between roughly 313 and 304 Ma (million years ago).
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Wildfire
A wildfire or wildland fire is a fire in an area of combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or rural area.
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William Conybeare (geologist)
William Daniel Conybeare FRS (7 June 1787 – 12 August 1857), dean of Llandaff, was an English geologist, palaeontologist and clergyman.
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William Phillips (geologist)
William Phillips FGS FRS (10 May 1775 – 2 April 1828) was an English mineralogist and geologist.
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Wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.
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Wooster, Ohio
Wooster is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Wayne County.
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Xenacanthida
Xenacanthida (or Xenacanthiforms) is an order of prehistoric sharks that appeared during the Lower Carboniferous period.
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Xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, phloem being the other.
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Year
A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun.
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Redirects here:
Carboniferous Era, Carboniferous Peirod, Carboniferous Period, Carboniferous System, Carboniferous climate, Carboniferous era, Carboniferous period, Carboniferous plants, Carboniferous rock, Coal age, The Carboniferous, The Carboniferous Period.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous
