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238 relations: Abortion, Activin and inhibin, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, Adrenergic agonist, Advanced maternal age, Aging Cell, Aktion T4, Alkali, Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer's disease research, Amniocentesis, Amyloid beta, Amyloid precursor protein, Animal-assisted therapy, Anti-abortion movements, Antibody, Antioxidant, Anxiety, Atherosclerosis, Atlanto-axial joint, Atrioventricular septal defect, Augmentative and alternative communication, Auricle (anatomy), Autism spectrum, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Édouard Séguin, Birth defect, Brachycephaly, British people, Brushfield spots, Bruxism, Cancer, Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Cataract, Catholic Church, Cell-free fetal DNA, Child development, Child development stages, Chiropractic, Chorionic villus sampling, Chromosomal translocation, Chromosome 14, Chromosome 21, Chromosome abnormality, Cleft lip and cleft palate, Clinodactyly, Cluttering, ..., Coeliac disease, Colombia, Congenital heart defect, Congenital hypothyroidism, Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, Constipation, Contact lens, Continuous positive airway pressure, Cornea, Crossbite, Cryptorchidism, Deciduous teeth, Dental plaque, Depression (mood), Dermatoglyphics, Developed country, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Disability rights movement, Donepezil, Duodenal atresia, Dysmorphic feature, Ear canal, Early childhood intervention, Earwax, Eastern Orthodox Church, Echocardiography, Ecuador, Electrocardiography, Enamel hypocalcification, Epicanthic fold, Epigenetic clock, Epilepsy, Epileptic seizure, Epileptic spasms, ETS2, Eugenics, Eustachian tube, Fertility, Galantamine, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastrointestinal disease, Gene, Genetic disorder, Genetic testing, Genetics, Gestation, Gestational age, Gingivitis, Glasses, Glaucoma, Graves' disease, Growth chart, Haematopoiesis, Hearing aid, Heart valve, Higher education, Hip dislocation, Hirschsprung's disease, History of psychiatric institutions, Human respiratory syncytial virus, Hypothyroidism, Hypotonia, Immune system, Immunodeficiency, Imperforate anus, Inclusion (education), Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Informed consent, Intellectual disability, Intelligence quotient, Intraocular pressure, Involuntary euthanasia, Iris (anatomy), Islam, Isochromosome, Jérôme Lejeune, Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, John Langdon Down, Judy Fryd, Karyotype, Kathryn McGee, Keratoconus, Large intestine, Lens (anatomy), Leukemia, List of periodontal diseases, Lymphocyte, Macroglossia, Malocclusion, Marthe Gautier, Massage, Meckel's diverticulum, Medical genetics, Megakaryoblast, Meiosis, Memantine, Mencap, Menopause, Mental disorder, Microgenia, MicroRNA, Miscarriage, Mitral valve, Model organism, Mongolian idiocy, Mongolian People's Republic, Mongoloid, Monoclonal antibody, Mosaic (genetics), Mouth breathing, Myeloproliferative neoplasm, Nasal bridge, National Down Syndrome Society, National Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Naturopathy, Nazi Germany, Neurofibrillary tangle, Neuron, Nuchal scan, Obesity, Obstructive sleep apnea, Oncogene, Oral hygiene, Otitis media, Palate, Patent ductus arteriosus, Paternal age effect, Pediatrics, Peptide, Pharyngitis, Plastic surgery, Polysomnography, Pre-Columbian era, Pregnancy, Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, Prenatal testing, Protestantism, Pyloric stenosis, Quality of life, Refractive error, Ring chromosome, Rivastigmine, Robertsonian translocation, Saliva, Screening (medicine), Secondary school, Senile plaques, Sensorineural hearing loss, Short stature, Sign language, Single transverse palmar crease, Speech-language pathology, Spermatogenesis, Spinal cord injury, Stem cell, Strabismus, Stuttering, Subclavian artery, Superoxide dismutase, Testicular cancer, Tetralogy of Fallot, The Lancet, Thyroid, Thyroid disease, Thyroid hormones, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Toe, Tonsillectomy, Tooth decay, Tooth loss, Triple test, Trisomy, Tumor suppressor, Tympanostomy tube, U.S. state, Ultrasound, Umbilical hernia, United Nations General Assembly, United States, Vaccination, Venipuncture, Ventricular septal defect, Ventriculomegaly, World Down Syndrome Day, World Health Organization, World War II. Expand index (188 more) »
Abortion
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus.
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Activin and inhibin
Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects.
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes.
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Acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cells.
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG; colloquially known as trench mouth) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset.
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Adrenergic agonist
An adrenergic agonist is a drug that stimulates a response from the adrenergic receptors.
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Advanced maternal age
Advanced maternal age, in a broad sense, is the instance of a woman being of an older age at a stage of reproduction, although there are various definitions of specific age and stage of reproduction.
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Aging Cell
Aging Cell is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and an official journal of the Anatomical Society.
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Aktion T4
Aktion T4 (German) was a postwar name for mass murder through involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany.
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Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly “ashes of the saltwort”) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Alzheimer's disease research
In April 2014 there were 315 open clinical trials under way to understand and treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections, and also for sex determination, in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and then the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities.
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Amyloid beta
Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients.
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Amyloid precursor protein
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons.
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Animal-assisted therapy
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is a type of therapy that involves animals as a form of treatment.
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Anti-abortion movements
Anti-abortion movements, also referred to as pro-life movements, are involved in the abortion debate advocating against the practice of abortion and its legality.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build up of plaque.
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Atlanto-axial joint
The atlantoaxial joint is a joint in the upper part of the neck between the first and second cervical vertebrae; the atlas and axis.
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Atrioventricular septal defect
Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) or atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD), also known as "common atrioventricular canal" (CAVC) or "endocardial cushion defect" (ECD), is characterized by a deficiency of the atrioventricular septum of the heart.
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Augmentative and alternative communication
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an umbrella term that encompasses the communication methods used to supplement or replace speech or writing for those with impairments in the production or comprehension of spoken or written language.
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Auricle (anatomy)
The auricle or auricula is the visible part of the ear that resides outside the head.
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Autism spectrum
Autism spectrum, also known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a range of conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Autoimmune thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroiditis, (or Chronic Autoimmune thyroiditis), is a chronic disease in which the body interprets the thyroid glands and its hormone products T3, T4 and TSH as threats, therefore producing special antibodies that target the thyroid’s cells, thereby destroying it.
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Édouard Séguin
Édouard Séguin (January 20, 1812 – October 28, 1880) was a physician and educationist born in Clamecy, Nièvre, France.
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Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.
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Brachycephaly
Brachycephaly (from Greek roots meaning "short" and "head") is the shape of a skull shorter than typical for its species.
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British people
The British people, or the Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the British Overseas Territories, and the Crown dependencies.
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Brushfield spots
Brushfield spots are small, white or grayish/brown spots on the periphery of the iris in the human eye due to aggregation of connective tissue, a normal constituent of the iris stroma.
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Bruxism
Bruxism is excessive teeth grinding or jaw clenching.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.
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Candidiasis
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida (a type of yeast).
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Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Cell-free fetal DNA
Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA which circulates freely in the maternal blood.
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Child development
Child development entails the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy.
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Child development stages
Child development stages are the theoretical milestones of child development, some of which are asserted in nativist theories.
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Chiropractic
Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine mostly concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine.
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Chorionic villus sampling
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), sometimes called "chorionic villous sampling" (as "villous" is the adjectival form of the word "villus"), is a form of prenatal diagnosis to determine chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus.
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Chromosomal translocation
In genetics, a chromosome translocation is a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes.
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Chromosome 14
Chromosome 14 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.
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Chromosome 21
Chromosome 21 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.
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Chromosome abnormality
A chromosome abnormality, disorder, anomaly, aberration, or mutation is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA.
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Cleft lip and cleft palate
Cleft lip and cleft palate, also known as orofacial cleft, is a group of conditions that includes cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and both together (CLP).
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Clinodactyly
Clinodactyly (from the Ancient Greek κλίνειν klínein meaning "to bend" and δάκτυλος dáktulos meaning "digit") is a medical term describing the curvature of a digit (a finger or toe) in the plane of the palm, most commonly the fifth finger (the "little finger") towards the adjacent fourth finger (the "ring finger").
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Cluttering
Cluttering (also called tachyphemia or tachyphrasia) is a speech and communication disorder characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax or grammar, making speech difficult to understand.
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Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease, also spelled celiac disease, is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine.
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Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.
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Congenital heart defect
A congenital heart defect (CHD), also known as a congenital heart anomaly or congenital heart disease, is a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth.
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Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a condition of thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth.
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Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, previously known as Cretinism, is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism.
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Constipation
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass.
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Contact lens
A contact lens, or simply contact, is a thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye.
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Continuous positive airway pressure
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a form of positive airway pressure ventilator, which applies mild air pressure on a continuous basis to keep the airways continuously open in people who are able to breathe spontaneously on their own.
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Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
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Crossbite
Crossbite is a form of malocclusion where a tooth (or teeth) has a more buccal or lingual position (that is, the tooth is either closer to the cheek or to the tongue) than its corresponding antagonist tooth in the upper or lower dental arch.
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Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum.
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Deciduous teeth
Deciduous teeth, commonly known as baby teeth and temporary teeth,Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 255 are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and other diphyodont mammals.
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Dental plaque
Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that grows on surfaces within the mouth.
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Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being.
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Dermatoglyphics
Dermatoglyphics (from Ancient Greek derma, "skin", and glyph, "carving") is the scientific study of fingerprints, lines, mounts and shapes of hands.
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Developed country
A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
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Diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes mellitus type 1, also known as type 1 diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced.
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Disability rights movement
The disability rights movement is a global social movement to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for all people with disabilities.
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Donepezil
Donepezil, marketed under the trade name Aricept, is a medication used in the palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Duodenal atresia
Duodenal atresia is the congenital absence or complete closure of a portion of the lumen of the duodenum.
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Dysmorphic feature
A dysmorphic feature is a difference of body structure.
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Ear canal
The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; meatus acusticus externus) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear.
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Early childhood intervention
Early childhood intervention (ECI) is a support and educational system for very young children (aged birth to six years) who have been victims of, or who are at high risk for child abuse and/or neglect as well as children who have developmental delays or disabilities.
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Earwax
Earwax, also known by the medical term cerumen, is a gray, orange, or yellowish waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and other mammals.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.
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Echocardiography
An echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo, is a sonogram of the heart.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (Ikwadur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Electrocardiography
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin.
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Enamel hypocalcification
Enamel hypocalcification is a defect of tooth enamel in which normal amounts of enamel are produced but are hypomineralized.
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Epicanthic fold
The epicanthic fold is the skin fold of the upper eyelid, covering the inner corner (medial canthus) of the eye.
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Epigenetic clock
An epigenetic clock is a type of a molecular age estimation method based on DNA methylation levels.
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Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.
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Epileptic seizure
An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
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Epileptic spasms
Epileptic spasms, also known as infantile spasms, juvenile spasms, or West syndrome is an uncommon-to-rare epileptic disorder in infants, children and adults.
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ETS2
Protein C-ets-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETS2 gene.
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Eugenics
Eugenics (from Greek εὐγενής eugenes 'well-born' from εὖ eu, 'good, well' and γένος genos, 'race, stock, kin') is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population.
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Eustachian tube
The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
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Fertility
Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring.
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Galantamine
Galantamine (Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine) is used for the treatment of cognitive decline in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and various other memory impairments.
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long-term condition where stomach contents come back up into the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or complications.
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Gastrointestinal disease
Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Genetic disorder
A genetic disorder is a genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.
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Genetic testing
Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, allows the determination of bloodlines and the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Gestation
Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside viviparous animals.
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Gestational age
Gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy which is taken from the woman's last menstrual period (LMP), or the corresponding age of the gestation as estimated by a more accurate method if available.
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Gingivitis
Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that occurs around the teeth.
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Glasses
Glasses, also known as eyeglasses or spectacles, are devices consisting of glass or hard plastic lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's eyes, typically using a bridge over the nose and arms which rest over the ears.
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Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.
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Graves' disease
Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid.
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Growth chart
A growth chart is used by pediatricians and other health care providers to follow a child's growth over time.
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Haematopoiesis
Haematopoiesis (from Greek αἷμα, "blood" and ποιεῖν "to make"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components.
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Hearing aid
A hearing aid is a device designed to improve hearing by making sound audible to a person with hearing loss.
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Heart valve
A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart.
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Higher education
Higher education (also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education) is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education.
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Hip dislocation
A hip dislocation a disruption of the joint between the femur and pelvis.
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Hirschsprung's disease
Hirschsprung's disease (HD or HSCR) is a birth defect in which nerves are missing from parts of the intestine.
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History of psychiatric institutions
The rise of the lunatic asylum and its gradual transformation into, and eventual replacement by, the modern psychiatric hospital, explains the rise of organised, institutional psychiatry.
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Human respiratory syncytial virus
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a syncytial virus that causes respiratory tract infections.
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
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Hypotonia
Hypotonia, commonly known as floppy baby syndrome, is a state of low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to stretch in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.
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Imperforate anus
An imperforate anus or anorectal malformations (ARMs) are birth defects in which the rectum is malformed.
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Inclusion (education)
Inclusion, in education refers to the a model wherein special needs students spend most or all of their time with non-special (general education) needs students.
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a four-part (A-D) piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs.
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Informed consent
Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, or for disclosing personal information.
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Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability, and mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
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Intelligence quotient
An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.
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Intraocular pressure
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye.
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Involuntary euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia occurs when euthanasia is performed on a person who would be able to provide informed consent, but does not, either because they do not want to die, or because they were not asked.
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Iris (anatomy)
In humans and most mammals and birds, the iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Isochromosome
An isochromosome is an unbalanced structural abnormality in which the arms of the chromosome are mirror images of each other.
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Jérôme Lejeune
Servant of God Jérôme Jean Louis Marie Lejeune (13 June 1926 – 3 April 1994) was a French pediatrician and geneticist, best known for discovering the link of diseases to chromosome abnormalities and for his subsequent opposition to prenatal diagnosis and abortion.
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Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol
Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (3 February 1772 – 12 December 1840) was a French psychiatrist.
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John Langdon Down
John Langdon Haydon Down (18 November 1828 – 7 October 1896) was a British physician best known for his description of the genetic disorder now known as Down syndrome, which he originally classified in 1862.
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Judy Fryd
Judy Fryd (31 October 1909 – October 2000) was a British campaigner for mentally handicapped children and the founder of The National Association of Parents of Backward Children, now Mencap.
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Karyotype
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
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Kathryn McGee
Kathryn "Kay" McGee (née Greene, May 6, 1920 in Chicago, Illinois – February 16, 2012 in River Forest, Illinois) was an American activist, recognized for founding two of the first organizations for the benefit of those with Down Syndrome.
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Keratoconus
Keratoconus (KC) is a disorder of the eye which results in progressive thinning of the cornea.
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Large intestine
The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates.
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Lens (anatomy)
The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.
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Leukemia
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.
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List of periodontal diseases
Periodontal pathology, also termed gum diseases or periodontal diseases, are diseases involving the periodontium (the tooth supporting structures, i.e. the gums).
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Macroglossia
Macroglossia is the medical term for an unusually large tongue.
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Malocclusion
A malocclusion is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches when they approach each other as the jaws close.
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Marthe Gautier
Marthe Gautier (born 10 September 1925) is a French medical doctor and researcher, best known for her role in discovering the link of diseases to chromosome abnormalities.
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Massage
Massage is to work and act on the body with pressure.
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Meckel's diverticulum
A Meckel's diverticulum, a true congenital diverticulum, is a slight bulge in the small intestine present at birth and a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct (also called the vitelline duct or yolk stalk).
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Medical genetics
Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders.
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Megakaryoblast
A megakaryoblast is a precursor cell to a promegakaryocyte, which in turn becomes a megakaryocyte during haematopoiesis.
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Meiosis
Meiosis (from Greek μείωσις, meiosis, which means lessening) is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.
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Memantine
Memantine is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors. It was first synthesized by Eli Lilly and Company in 1968 as a potential agent to treat diabetes; the NMDA activity was discovered in the 1980s.
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Mencap
The Royal Mencap Society is a charity based in the UK that works with people with a learning disability.
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Menopause
Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.
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Mental disorder
A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.
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Microgenia
Microgenia is the medical term for an unusually small or deformed chin.
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MicroRNA
A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
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Miscarriage
Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently.
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Mitral valve
The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve, is a valve with two flaps in the heart, that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Mongolian idiocy
The term Mongolian idiocy and similar terms have been used to refer to a specific type of mental deficiency associated with the genetic disorder now more commonly referred to as Down syndrome.
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Mongolian People's Republic
The Mongolian People's Republic (Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ), Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls (BNMAU)), commonly known as Outer Mongolia, was a unitary sovereign socialist state which existed between 1924 and 1992, coterminous with the present-day country of Mongolia in East Asia.
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Mongoloid
Mongoloid is a grouping of all or some peoples indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, North Asia, South Asia, the Arctic, the Americas and the Pacific Islands.
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Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
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Mosaic (genetics)
In genetics, a mosaic, or mosaicism, involves the presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual, who has developed from a single fertilized egg.
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Mouth breathing
Mouth breathing (also termed open-mouth breathing or a mouth breathing habit) is breathing through the mouth rather than the nose.
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Myeloproliferative neoplasm
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), previously myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs), are a group of diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced.
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Nasal bridge
The nasal bridge is the upper, bony part of the human nose, which overlies the nasal bones.
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National Down Syndrome Society
The National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS) is an American organization that offers support to people with Down syndrome, their families, friends, teachers, and coworkers, and educates the general public about Down syndrome.
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National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) is the name used for each of the public health services in the United Kingdom – the National Health Service in England, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, and Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland – as well as a term to describe them collectively.
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National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.
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Naturopathy
Naturopathy or naturopathic medicine is a form of alternative medicine that employs an array of pseudoscientific practices branded as "natural", "non-invasive", and as promoting "self-healing".
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Neurofibrillary tangle
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary marker of Alzheimer's disease.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Nuchal scan
A nuchal scan or nuchal translucency (NT) scan/procedure is a sonographic prenatal screening scan (ultrasound) to detect cardiovascular abnormalities in a fetus, though altered extracellular matrix composition and limited lymphatic drainage can also be detected.
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Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
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Obstructive sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by complete or partial obstructions of the upper airway.
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Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Oral hygiene
Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems (e.g. bad breath) by regular brushing and cleaning between the teeth.
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Otitis media
Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear.
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Palate
The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals.
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Patent ductus arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.
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Paternal age effect
The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between paternal age at conception and biological effects on the child.
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Pediatrics
Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents.
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.
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Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body.
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Polysomnography
Polysomnography (PSG), a type of sleep study, is a multi-parametric test used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine.
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Pre-Columbian era
The Pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.
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Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
Pappalysin-1, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, is a protein encoded by the PAPPA gene in humans.
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Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization.
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Prenatal testing
Prenatal testing consists of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis, which are aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Pyloric stenosis
Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine (the pylorus).
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Quality of life
Quality of life (QOL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.
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Refractive error
Refractive error, also known as refraction error, is a problem with focusing light accurately onto the retina due to the shape of the eye.
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Ring chromosome
A ring chromosome is an aberrant chromosome whose ends have fused together to form a ring.
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Rivastigmine
Rivastigmine (sold under the trade name Exelon) is a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's.
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Robertsonian translocation
Robertsonian translocation (ROB) is a rare form of chromosomal rearrangement where the participating chromosomes break at their centromeres and the long arms fuse to form a single, large chromosome with a single centromere.
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Saliva
Saliva is a watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands.
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Screening (medicine)
Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used in a population to identify the possible presence of an as-yet-undiagnosed disease in individuals without signs or symptoms.
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Secondary school
A secondary school is both an organization that provides secondary education and the building where this takes place.
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Senile plaques
Senile plaques (also known as neuritic plaques) are extracellular deposits of amyloid beta in the grey matter of the brain.
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Sensorineural hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing loss, or deafness, in which the root cause lies in the inner ear or sensory organ (cochlea and associated structures) or the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII).
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Short stature
Short stature refers to a height of a human being which is below typical.
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Sign language
Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use manual communication to convey meaning.
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Single transverse palmar crease
In humans, a single transverse palmar crease is a single crease that extends across the palm of the hand, formed by the fusion of the two palmar creases (known in palmistry as the "heart line" and the "head line") and is found in people with Down Syndrome.
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Speech-language pathology
Speech-language pathology is a field of expertise practiced by a clinician known as a speech-language pathologist (SLP), also sometimes referred to as a speech and language therapist or a speech therapist. SLP is considered a "related health profession" along with audiology, optometry, occupational therapy, clinical psychology, physical therapy, and others.
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
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Spinal cord injury
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Strabismus
Strabismus, also known as crossed eyes, is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object.
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Stuttering
Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. According to Watkins et al., stuttering is a disorder of "selection, initiation, and execution of motor sequences necessary for fluent speech production." For many people who stutter, repetition is the primary problem. The term "stuttering" covers a wide range of severity, encompassing barely perceptible impediments that are largely cosmetic to severe symptoms that effectively prevent oral communication. In the world, approximately four times as many men as women stutter, encompassing 70 million people worldwide, or about 1% of the world's population. The impact of stuttering on a person's functioning and emotional state can be severe. This may include fears of having to enunciate specific vowels or consonants, fears of being caught stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, being a possible target of bullying having to use word substitution and rearrange words in a sentence to hide stuttering, or a feeling of "loss of control" during speech. Stuttering is sometimes popularly seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is actually no direct correlation in that direction (though as mentioned the inverse can be true, as social anxiety may actually develop in individuals as a result of their stuttering). Stuttering is generally not a problem with the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load (chronic nervousness and stress) that reduce the amount of acute stress necessary to trigger stuttering in any given person who stutters, exacerbating the problem in the manner of a positive feedback system; the name 'stuttered speech syndrome' has been proposed for this condition. Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering. The disorder is also variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more severe or less, depending on whether or not the stutterer is self-conscious about their stuttering. Stutterers often find that their stuttering fluctuates and that they have "good" days, "bad" days and "stutter-free" days. The times in which their stuttering fluctuates can be random. Although the exact etiology, or cause, of stuttering is unknown, both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute. There are many treatments and speech therapy techniques available that may help decrease speech disfluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot identify a problem; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present. The severity of the person's stuttering would correspond to the amount of speech therapy needed to decrease disfluency. For severe stuttering, long-term therapy and hard work is required to decrease disfluency.
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Subclavian artery
In human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are paired major arteries of the upper thorax, below the clavicle.
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Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O2&minus) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
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Testicular cancer
Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.
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Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a type of heart defect present at birth.
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The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal.
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Thyroid
The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.
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Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland (the endocrine organ found at the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones).
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Thyroid hormones
Thyroid hormones are two hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, TSH, or hTSH for human TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.
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Toe
Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod.
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Tonsillectomy
Tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure in which both palatine tonsils (hereafter called "tonsils") are removed from a recess in the side of the pharynx called the tonsillar fossa.
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Tooth decay
Tooth decay, also known as dental caries or cavities, is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria.
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Tooth loss
Tooth loss is a process in which one or more teeth come loose and fall out.
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Triple test
The triple test, also called triple screen, the Kettering test or the Bart's test, is an investigation performed during pregnancy in the second trimester to classify a patient as either high-risk or low-risk for chromosomal abnormalities (and neural tube defects).
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Trisomy
A trisomy is a type of polysomy in which there are three instances of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two.
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Tumor suppressor
A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.
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Tympanostomy tube
Tympanostomy tube, also known as a grommet or myringotomy tube, is a small tube inserted into the eardrum in order to keep the middle ear aerated for a prolonged period of time, and to prevent the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear.
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U.S. state
A state is a constituent political entity of the United States.
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing.
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Umbilical hernia
An umbilical hernia is a health condition where the abdominal wall behind the navel is damaged.
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United Nations General Assembly
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée Générale AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making and representative organ of the UN.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
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Venipuncture
In medicine, venipuncture or venepuncture is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of intravenous therapy or for blood sampling of venous blood.
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Ventricular septal defect
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart.
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Ventriculomegaly
Ventriculomegaly is a brain condition that occurs in the fetus when the lateral ventricles become dilated.
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World Down Syndrome Day
World Down Syndrome Day (WDSD) is observed on March 21.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Redirects here:
47,XX,+21, 47,XY,+21, DS (genetic disorder), Down Syndrome, Down's, Down's Syndrome, Down's syndrome, Down-syndrome, Downe Sydrome, Downe's syndrome, Downes syndrome, Downes' syndrome, Downes's syndrome, Downs Syndrome, Downs syndrome, Downs' Syndrome, Downs' syndrome, Downs's syndrome, Downsyndrome, Down’s Syndrome, Health aspects of Down syndrome, History of Down syndrome, History of down syndrome, Mongolianism, Mosaic Down Syndrome, Sindrome de Down, Síndrome de Down, Trisectomy 21, Trisomy 21, Trisomy 21 syndrome, Trisomy-21.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome
