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Graphite

Index Graphite

Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal. [1]

193 relations: Abraham Gottlob Werner, Acheson process, Acicular (crystal habit), Acoustics, Adsorption, Aggregate (geology), Allotropes of carbon, Aluminium smelting, American Chemical Society, Ancient Greek, Anisotropy, Arc lamp, Aromaticity, Asbestos, Ball-and-stick model, Beneficiation, Binder (material), Blast furnace, Boian culture, Boron, Boron nitride, Borrowdale, Brake shoe, Brazil, Calcite, Carbon, Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, Carbon fibers, Carbon microphone, Carbon nanotube, Carbonization, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Cast iron, China, Chlorosulfuric acid, Chromic acid, Cleavage (crystal), Cliftonite, Coal, Coal tar, Composite material, Corrosion, Covalent bond, Crucible, Crystal, Crystallinity, Cue stick, Cumbria, Delocalized electron, Diamagnetism, ..., Diamond, Direct reduced iron, Drawing, Edward Goodrich Acheson, Electric arc furnace, Electric motor, Electrical discharge machining, Electrode, Electron, Elizabeth I of England, Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets, Fire door, Firebox (steam engine), Firestop, Fishing rod, Foliation (geology), Foundry, Fracture, Froth flotation, Fuel cell, Fullerene, Furnace, Fusion power, Galena, Gangue, Graphene, Graphite intercalation compound, Grey Knotts, Heavy metals, Heavy water, Hermann–Mauguin notation, Hexagon, Hexagonal crystal family, Hexagonal lattice, Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, Hydrochloric acid, Hydrofluoric acid, Hydrothermal circulation, Igneous rock, Immediately dangerous to life or health, India, Injection moulding, Institute of Physics, Intumescent, Joseph Dixon (inventor), Journal of Physics D, Laptop, Leaching (chemistry), Lead, Lead(II) sulfide, List of art media, Lithium-ion battery, Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, Lonsdaleite, Lubricant, Magnesite, Metamorphic rock, Metamorphism, Meteorite, Mica, Mobile phone, Molybdenite, Molybdenum disulfide, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Native element minerals, Neolithic, Neutron cross section, Neutron moderator, Nickel, Nickel–metal hydride battery, Nicolas-Jacques Conté, Nissan Leaf, North Korea, Nuclear graphite, Nuclear reactor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Oil well, Open-pit mining, Ore, Orestes Cleveland, Outer space, Passive fire protection, Pencil, Permissible exposure limit, Petroleum coke, Phase I environmental site assessment, Phonon, Pitting corrosion, Plastic, Plumbago, Plumbago drawing, Pool (cue sports), Pottery, Pyrolytic carbon, Quartz, Radar cross-section, Radiation-absorbent material, Recommended exposure limit, Redox, Refractory, Reinforced carbon–carbon, Reinforced concrete, Resin, RHI Magnesita, Scanning probe microscopy, Scanning tunneling microscope, Scrap, Seathwaite, Allerdale, Sedimentary rock, Semimetal, Silicon, Silicon carbide, Smokebox, Smokeless powder, Soil contamination, Stainless steel, Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, Standard enthalpy of formation, Standard state, Static electricity, Steel, Submarine snorkel, Sulfuric acid, Superconductivity, Superlubricity, Thermal, Thermochemistry, Tonne, Tourmaline, Troilite, Turkey, U-boat, United States, United States Air Force, United States Geological Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, University of Sussex, Vacuum, Van der Waals force, Vein (geology), World Productions, World War II, Zinc–carbon battery. Expand index (143 more) »

Abraham Gottlob Werner

Abraham Gottlob Werner (25 September 174930 June 1817) was a German geologist who set out an early theory about the stratification of the Earth's crust and propounded a history of the Earth that came to be known as Neptunism.

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Acheson process

The Acheson process is a process to synthesize graphite and silicon carbide (SiC), named after its inventor Edward Goodrich Acheson.

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Acicular (crystal habit)

Acicular, in mineralogy, refers to a crystal habit composed of slender, needle-like crystals.

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Acoustics

Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.

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Adsorption

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface.

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Aggregate (geology)

In the Earth sciences, aggregrate has three possible meanings.

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Allotropes of carbon

Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes due to its valency.

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Aluminium smelting

Aluminium smelting is the process of extracting aluminium from its oxide, alumina, generally by the Hall-Héroult process.

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American Chemical Society

The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.

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Ancient Greek

The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.

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Anisotropy

Anisotropy, is the property of being directionally dependent, which implies different properties in different directions, as opposed to isotropy.

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Arc lamp

An arc lamp or arc light is a lamp that produces light by an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc).

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Aromaticity

In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule with a ring of resonance bonds that exhibits more stability than other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms.

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Asbestos

Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals, which all have in common their eponymous asbestiform habit: i.e. long (roughly 1:20 aspect ratio), thin fibrous crystals, with each visible fiber composed of millions of microscopic "fibrils" that can be released by abrasion and other processes.

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Ball-and-stick model

In chemistry, the ball-and-stick model is a molecular model of a chemical substance which is to display both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them.

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Beneficiation

In the mining industry or extractive metallurgy, beneficiation is any process that improves (benefits) the economic value of the ore by removing the gangue minerals, which results in a higher grade product (concentrate) and a waste stream (tailings).

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Binder (material)

A binder or binding agent is any material or substance that holds or draws other materials together to form a cohesive whole mechanically, chemically, by adhesion or cohesion.

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Blast furnace

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper.

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Boian culture

The Boian culture (dated to 4300–3500 BC), also known as the Giuleşti–Mariţa culture or Mariţa culture, is a Neolithic archaeological culture of Southeast Europe.

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Boron

Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5.

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Boron nitride

Boron nitride is a heat and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN.

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Borrowdale

Borrowdale is a valley and civil parish in the English Lake District in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria, England.

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Brake shoe

A brake shoe is the part of a braking system which carries the brake lining in the drum brakes used on automobiles, or the brake block in train brakes and bicycle brakes.

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Brazil

Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.

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Calcite

Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

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Carbon

Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymer

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, carbon fiber reinforced plastic or carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP or often simply carbon fiber, carbon composite or even carbon), is an extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastic which contains carbon fibers.

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Carbon fibers

Carbon fibers or carbon fibres (alternatively CF, graphite fiber or graphite fibre) are fibers about 5–10 micrometers in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms.

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Carbon microphone

The carbon microphone, also known as carbon button microphone, button microphone, or carbon transmitter, is a type of microphone, a transducer that converts sound to an electrical audio signal.

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Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

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Carbonization

Carbonization (or carbonisation) is the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation.

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Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a Swedish Pomeranian and German pharmaceutical chemist.

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Cast iron

Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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Chlorosulfuric acid

Chlorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurochloridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula HSO3Cl.

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Chromic acid

The term chromic acid is usually used for a mixture made by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a dichromate, which may contain a variety of compounds, including solid chromium trioxide.

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Cleavage (crystal)

Cleavage, in mineralogy, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic structural planes.

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Cliftonite

Cliftonite is a natural form of graphite that occurs as small octahedral inclusions in iron-containing meteorites, such as Campo del Cielo.

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

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Coal tar

Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal.

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Composite material

A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components.

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Corrosion

Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide.

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Covalent bond

A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

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Crucible

A crucible is a container that can withstand very high temperatures and is used for metal, glass, and pigment production as well as a number of modern laboratory processes.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Crystallinity

Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in a solid.

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Cue stick

A cue stick (or simply cue, more specifically pool cue, snooker cue, or billiards cue), is an item of sporting equipment essential to the games of pool, snooker and carom billiards.

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Cumbria

Cumbria is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England.

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Delocalized electron

In chemistry, delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond.

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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetic materials are repelled by a magnetic field; an applied magnetic field creates an induced magnetic field in them in the opposite direction, causing a repulsive force.

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Diamond

Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.

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Direct reduced iron

Direct-reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) to iron by a reducing gas or elemental carbon produced from natural gas or coal.

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Drawing

Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium.

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Edward Goodrich Acheson

Edward Goodrich Acheson (March 9, 1856 – July 6, 1931) was an American chemist.

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Electric arc furnace

An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc.

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Electric motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

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Electrical discharge machining

Electrical discharge machining (EDM), also known as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die sinking, wire burning or wire erosion, is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained by using electrical discharges (sparks).

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Electrode

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air).

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Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.

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Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603.

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Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets

Exfoliated graphite nano-platelets (xGnP) are new types of nanoparticles made from graphite.

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Fire door

A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating (sometimes referred to as a fire protection rating for closures) used as part of a passive fire protection system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a structure and to enable safe egress from a building or structure or ship.

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Firebox (steam engine)

In a steam engine, the firebox is the area where the fuel is burned, producing heat to boil the water in the boiler.

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Firestop

A firestop is a passive fire protection system made up of various components and used to seal openings and joints in a fire-resistance-rated wall or floor assembly.

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Fishing rod

A fishing rod is a long, flexible rod used to catch fish.

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Foliation (geology)

Foliation in geology refers to repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks.

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Foundry

A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings.

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Fracture

A fracture is the separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress.

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Froth flotation

Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic.

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Fuel cell

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.

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Fullerene

A fullerene is a molecule of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes.

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Furnace

A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating.

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Fusion power

Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.

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Galena

Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide.

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Gangue

In mining, gangue is the commercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit.

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Graphene

Graphene is a semi-metal with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).

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Graphite intercalation compound

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are complex materials having a formula CXm where the ion Xn+ or Xn− is inserted (intercalated) between the oppositely charged carbon layers.

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Grey Knotts

Grey Knotts is a fell in the English Lake District.

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Heavy metals

Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.

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Heavy water

Heavy water (deuterium oxide) is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (or D, also known as heavy hydrogen), rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.

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Hermann–Mauguin notation

In geometry, Hermann–Mauguin notation is used to represent the symmetry elements in point groups, plane groups and space groups.

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Hexagon

In geometry, a hexagon (from Greek ἕξ hex, "six" and γωνία, gonía, "corner, angle") is a six-sided polygon or 6-gon.

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Hexagonal crystal family

In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families, which includes 2 crystal systems (hexagonal and trigonal) and 2 lattice systems (hexagonal and rhombohedral).

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Hexagonal lattice

The hexagonal lattice or triangular lattice is one of the five 2D lattice types.

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Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is a highly pure and ordered form of synthetic graphite.

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Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula.

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Hydrofluoric acid

Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water.

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Hydrothermal circulation

Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water,Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. and θέρμη, heat). Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust.

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Igneous rock

Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.

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Immediately dangerous to life or health

The term immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) is defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment." Examples include smoke or other poisonous gases at sufficiently high concentrations.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Injection moulding

Injection moulding (British English) or injection molding (American English) is a manufacturing process for producing parts by injecting molten material into a mould.

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Institute of Physics

The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a scientific charity that works to advance physics education, research and application.

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Intumescent

An intumescent is a substance that swells as a result of heat exposure, thus increasing in volume and decreasing in density.

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Joseph Dixon (inventor)

Joseph Dixon (1799–1869) was an inventor, entrepreneur and the founder of what became the Dixon Ticonderoga Company, a well-known manufacturer of pencils in the United States.

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Journal of Physics D

Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IOP Publishing, a subsidiary of the Institute of Physics in the United Kingdom.

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Laptop

A laptop, also called a notebook computer or just notebook, is a small, portable personal computer with a "clamshell" form factor, having, typically, a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the "clamshell" and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid.

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Leaching (chemistry)

Leaching is the process of extracting substances from a solid by dissolving them in a liquid, either naturally or through an industrial process.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lead(II) sulfide

Lead(II) sulfide (also spelled sulphide) is an inorganic compound with the formula PbS.

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List of art media

Art media is the material used by an artist, composer or designer to create a work of art.

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Lithium-ion battery

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.

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Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk

The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is an American single-seat, twin-engine stealth attack aircraft that was developed by Lockheed's secretive Skunk Works division and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF).

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Lonsdaleite

Lonsdaleite (named in honour of Kathleen Lonsdale), also called hexagonal diamond in reference to the crystal structure, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice.

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Lubricant

A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move.

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Magnesite

Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate).

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Metamorphic rock

Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form".

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Metamorphism

Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture (distinct arrangement of minerals) in pre-existing rocks (protoliths), without the protolith melting into liquid magma (a solid-state change).

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Meteorite

A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon.

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Mica

The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage.

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Mobile phone

A mobile phone, known as a cell phone in North America, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area.

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Molybdenite

Molybdenite is a mineral of molybdenum disulfide, MoS2.

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Molybdenum disulfide

Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.

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Native element minerals

Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology, in some parts of Western Asia, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC.

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Neutron cross section

In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus.

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Neutron moderator

In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving uranium-235 or a similar fissile nuclide.

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Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

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Nickel–metal hydride battery

A nickel metal hydride battery, abbreviated NiMH or Ni–MH, is a type of rechargeable battery.

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Nicolas-Jacques Conté

Nicolas-Jacques Conté (4 August 1755 – 6 December 1805) was a French painter, balloonist, army officer, and inventor of the modern pencil.

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Nissan Leaf

The Nissan Leaf is a compact five-door hatchback electric car manufactured by Nissan and introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010, followed by various European countries and Canada in 2011.

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North Korea

North Korea (Chosŏn'gŭl:조선; Hanja:朝鮮; Chosŏn), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (abbreviated as DPRK, PRK, DPR Korea, or Korea DPR), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.

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Nuclear graphite

Nuclear graphite is any grade of graphite, usually synthetic graphite, specifically manufactured for use as a moderator or reflector within a nuclear reactor.

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Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor.

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Oil well

An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface.

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Open-pit mining

Open-pit, open-cast or open cut mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.

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Ore

An ore is an occurrence of rock or sediment that contains sufficient minerals with economically important elements, typically metals, that can be economically extracted from the deposit.

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Orestes Cleveland

Orestes Cleveland, Sr. (March 2, 1829 – March 30, 1896) was an American manufacturer and Democratic Party politician who represented from 1869 to 1871, and served two separate stints as Mayor of Jersey City.

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Outer space

Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.

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Passive fire protection

Passive fire protection (PFP) is an integral component of the components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building.

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Pencil

A pencil is a writing implement or art medium constructed of a narrow, solid pigment core inside a protective casing which prevents the core from being broken and/or from leaving marks on the user’s hand during use.

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Permissible exposure limit

The permissible exposure limit (PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit in the United States for exposure of an employee to a chemical substance or physical agent such as loud noise.

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Petroleum coke

Petroleum coke, abbreviated coke or petcoke, is a final carbon-rich solid material that derives from oil refining, and is one type of the group of fuels referred to as cokes.

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Phase I environmental site assessment

In the United States, an environmental site assessment is a report prepared for a real estate holding that identifies potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities.

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Phonon

In physics, a phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, like solids and some liquids.

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Pitting corrosion

Pitting corrosion, or pitting, is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the creation of small holes in the metal.

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Plastic

Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects.

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Plumbago

Plumbago is a genus of 10–20 species of flowering plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world.

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Plumbago drawing

Plumbago drawings are graphite drawings from the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Pool (cue sports)

Pool is a cue sport played on a table with six pockets along the, into which balls are deposited.

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Pottery

Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up pottery wares, of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain.

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Pyrolytic carbon

Pyrolytic carbon is a material similar to graphite, but with some covalent bonding between its graphene sheets as a result of imperfections in its production.

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Quartz

Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2.

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Radar cross-section

Radar cross-section (RCS) is a measure of how detectable an object is by radar.

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Radiation-absorbent material

Radiation-absorbent material, usually known as RAM, is a material which has been specially designed and shaped to absorb incident RF radiation (also known as non-ionising radiation), as effectively as possible, from as many incident directions as possible.

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Recommended exposure limit

A recommended exposure limit (REL) is an occupational exposure limit that has been recommended by the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for adoption as a permissible exposure limit.

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Redox

Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.

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Refractory

A refractory mineral is a mineral that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack.

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Reinforced carbon–carbon

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFRC), carbon–carbon (C/C), or reinforced carbon–carbon (RCC) is a composite material consisting of carbon fiber reinforcement in a matrix of graphite.

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Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete (RC) (also called reinforced cement concrete or RCC) is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility.

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Resin

In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance" of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers.

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RHI Magnesita

RHI Magnesita N.V. is a global leading supplier of refractory products, systems and services.

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Scanning probe microscopy

Scanning probe microscope (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.

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Scanning tunneling microscope

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.

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Scrap

Scrap consists of recyclable materials left over from product manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials.

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Seathwaite, Allerdale

Seathwaite is a small hamlet in Borrowdale valley in the Lake District of Cumbria, North West England.

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Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.

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Semimetal

A semimetal is a material with a very small overlap between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band.

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Silicon

Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.

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Silicon carbide

Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum, is a semiconductor containing silicon and carbon.

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Smokebox

A smokebox is one of the major basic parts of a steam locomotive exhaust system.

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Smokeless powder

Smokeless powder is the name given to a number of propellants used in firearms and artillery that produce negligible smoke when fired, unlike the black powder they replaced.

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Soil contamination

Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.

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Stainless steel

In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable (inoxidizable), is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass.

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Standard conditions for temperature and pressure

Standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data.

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Standard enthalpy of formation

The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its constituent elements, with all substances in their standard states.

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Standard state

In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions.

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Static electricity

Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.

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Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.

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Submarine snorkel

A submarine snorkel is a device which allows a submarine to operate submerged while still taking in air from above the surface.

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Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a mineral acid with molecular formula H2SO4.

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Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.

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Superlubricity

Superlubricity is a regime of motion in which friction vanishes or very nearly vanishes.

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Thermal

A thermal column (or thermal) is a column of rising air in the lower altitudes of Earth's atmosphere, a form of atmospheric updraft.

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Thermochemistry

Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations.

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Tonne

The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.

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Tourmaline

Tourmaline is a crystalline boron silicate mineral compounded with elements such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium.

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Troilite

Troilite is a rare iron sulfide mineral with the simple formula of FeS.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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U-boat

U-boat is an anglicised version of the German word U-Boot, a shortening of Unterseeboot, literally "undersea boat".

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial and space warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Geological Survey

The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.

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University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

The University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign (also known as U of I, Illinois, or colloquially as the University of Illinois or UIUC) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Illinois and the flagship institution of the University of Illinois System.

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University of Sussex

The University of Sussex is a public research university in Falmer, Sussex, England.

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Vacuum

Vacuum is space devoid of matter.

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Van der Waals force

In molecular physics, the van der Waals forces, named after Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, are distance-dependent interactions between atoms or molecules.

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Vein (geology)

In geology, a vein is a distinct sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock.

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World Productions

World Productions is a British television production company, founded in the early 1990s by acclaimed producer Tony Garnett, and owned by the Marcus Evans Group following a takeover in 2012.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Zinc–carbon battery

A zinc–carbon battery is a dry cell primary battery that delivers about 1.5 volts of direct current from the electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide.

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Black Lead, Carbon electrode, Flake graphite, Graphite electrodes, Graphite foil, Graphitic, Natural graphite, Plumbago (mineral).

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite

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