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85 relations: Ahmad Azari Qomi, Ahmad Khonsari, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Ali al-Sistani, Ali Khamenei, Allah, Ashura, Assembly of Experts, Ayatollah, Blasphemy law in Iran, Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Da'i al-Mutlaq, Faqīh, Fiqh, Guardian Council, Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, Hasan Ali Nejabat Shirazi, Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi, Hezbollah, Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi, Hussein-Ali Montazeri, Ijtihad, Imamah (Shia), Iran, Iran–Iraq War, Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Iranian Revolution, Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist, Islamic leadership, Islamic republic, Ja'fari jurisprudence, Jafri, John Esposito, Kalam, Kazem al-Haeri, Khums, Lawsuit, Lebanon, Marja', Mohammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi, Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani, Mohammad-Taher Shubayr al-Khaqani, Mohammed Reza Shirazi, Morteza Ansari, Mousa Shubairi Zanjani, Muhammad, Muhammad al-Mahdi, Mujtaba Hussaini Shirazi, ..., Mullah, Musa al-Sadr, Nation state, Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi, Occultation (Islam), Political quietism in Islam, Prophets and messengers in Islam, Quran, Religious democracy, Ruhollah Khomeini, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, Sadeq Rohani, Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi, Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Sharia, Sheikh Fazlollah Noori, Shia Islam, Supreme leader, Supreme Leader of Iran, Tahmasp I, Taqi Tabatabaei Qomi, Tatbir, The Heritage Foundation, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Twelver, Ulama, Ummah, University of Bern, Wali, Waqf, Wayback Machine, Wilayah, Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari, Yousef Saanei, 1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt. Expand index (35 more) »
Ahmad Azari Qomi
Grand Ayatollah Ahmad Azari-Qomi-Bigdeli (1925–1999) was an Iranian cleric.
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Ahmad Khonsari
Ahmad Khonsari, also Aḥmad Khvānsārī, or Khvunsārī (احمد خوانساری, 1887–1985) was an Iranian Grand Ayatollah and attained marja status after the death of marja Boroujerdi in 1961.
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Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Akbar Hāshemī Rafsanjānī or Hashemi Bahramani; 25 August 1934 – 8 January 2017) was an influential Iranian politician, writer and one of the founding fathers of the Islamic Republic who was the fourth President of Iran from 3 August 1989 until 3 August 1997.
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Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi, known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid and Ibn al-Mu'allim (c.9481022 CE), was a prominent Twelver Shia theologian.
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Ali al-Sistani
Al-Sayyid Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani (السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني), or Sayyed Ali Hosseini Sistani (سید علی حسینی سیستانی), commonly known as Ayatollah Sistani in the Western world (born August 4, 1930 in Mashhad), is an Iranian Shia marja in Iraq and the head of many of the seminaries (Hawzahs) in Najaf.
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Ali Khamenei
Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei (سید علی حسینی خامنهای,; born 17 July 1939) is a ''marja'' and the second and current Supreme Leader of Iran, in office since 1989.
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Allah
Allah (translit) is the Arabic word for God in Abrahamic religions.
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Ashura
Ashura (عاشوراء, colloquially:; عاشورا; عاشورا; Azerbaijani and Turkish: Aşura Günü or Day of Remembrance), and in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago 'Hussay' or Hosay, is the tenth day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar.
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Assembly of Experts
The Assembly of Experts (Majles-e Khobregān-e Rahbari) —also translated as the Assembly of Experts of the Leadership or as the Council of Experts— is the deliberative body empowered to designate and dismiss the Supreme Leader of Iran.
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Ayatollah
Ayatullah (or; āyatullāh from llāh "Sign of God") is a high-ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shī‘ah clerics.
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Blasphemy law in Iran
Iran is a constitutional, Islamic theocracy.
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Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was adopted by referendum on 2 and 3 December 1979, and went into force replacing the Constitution of 1906.
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Da'i al-Mutlaq
The term Dā'ī al-Mutlaq or ad-Da'i ul-Mutlaq (الداعي المطلق or داعي المطلق) literally means "the absolute or unrestricted missionary" pl.
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Faqīh
A Faqīh (plural Fuqahā') (فقيه, pl.) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic Law.
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Fiqh
Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.
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Guardian Council
The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی, Shūra-ye negahbān-e qānūn-e āsāsī) is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
The Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, also called the Governance of the Jurist (ولایت فقیه, Vilayat-e Faqih; ولاية الفقيه, Wilayat al-Faqih), is a post-Age-of-Occultation theory in Shia Islam which holds that Islam gives a faqīh (Islamic jurist) custodianship over people.
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Hasan Ali Nejabat Shirazi
Ayatollah Hajj Sheykh Hasan Ali Nejabat Shirazi was an Iranian mystic, author of several published theological works, and political activist.
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Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi
Grand Ayatollah Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi (1912-2007) was a Twelver Shia Marja'.
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Hezbollah
Hezbollah (pronounced; حزب الله, literally "Party of Allah" or "Party of God")—also transliterated Hizbullah, Hizballah, etc.
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Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi
Ayatollah Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi (also Hosein Kazemaini Boroujerdi) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'i Muslim cleric who advocates the separation of religion and government and has been imprisoned several times by the Iranian government.
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Hussein-Ali Montazeri
Hussein-Ali Montazeri (24 September 1922 – 19 December 2009; حسینعلی منتظری&lrm) was an Iranian Shia Islamic theologian, Islamic democracy advocate, writer and human rights activist.
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Ijtihad
Ijtihad (اجتهاد, lit. effort, physical or mental, expended in a particular activity) is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question.
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Imamah (Shia)
In Shia Islam, the imamah (إمامة) is the doctrine that the figures known as imams are rightfully the central figures of the ummah; the entire Shi'ite system of doctrine focuses on the imamah.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Iran–Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq, beginning on 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, and ending on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire.
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Iranian Constitutional Revolution
The Persian Constitutional Revolution (مشروطیت Mashrūtiyyat, or انقلاب مشروطه Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911.
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Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (Enqelāb-e Iran; also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution), Iran Chamber.
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Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist
Velayat-e faqih (ولایت فقیه, velāyat-e faqīh), also known as Islamic Government (حکومت اسلامی, Hokumat-i Eslami), is a book by the Iranian Muslim cleric, faqīh, and revolutionary Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, first published in 1970, and probably the most influential document written in modern times in support of theocratic rule.
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Islamic leadership
After Muhammad's death, the disputed question of who should be the successor (Caliph) to Muhammad's political authority led eventually to the division of Islam into Sunni and Shia.
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Islamic republic
An Islamic republic is the name given to several states that are officially ruled by Islamic laws, including the Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Mauritania.
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Ja'fari jurisprudence
Jaʿfari jurisprudence, (Persian: فقه جعفری) Jaʿfari school of thought, Jaʿfarite School, or Jaʿfari Fiqh is the school of jurisprudence of most Shia Muslims, derived from the name of Ja'far al-Sadiq, the 6th Shia Imam.
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Jafri
Jafri (جعفری.) is a surname commonly associated with those who are the descendants of the 6th Shia Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who was a direct descendant of Ali and Muhammad.
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John Esposito
John Louis Esposito (born May 19, 1940) is University Professor, Professor of Religion & International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. He was also the Founding Director of the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding at Georgetown.
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Kalam
ʿIlm al-Kalām (عِلْم الكَلام, literally "science of discourse"),Winter, Tim J. "Introduction." Introduction.
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Kazem al-Haeri
Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri (كاظم حسيني حائري) is a prominent Twelver Shi'a marja.
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Khums
In Islamic tradition, khums (خمس, literally 'one fifth') refers to the historically required religious obligation of any Muslim army to pay one-fifth of the spoils of war, the money collected from non-believers after a military campaign; this tax was paid to the caliph or sultan, representing the state of Islam.
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Lawsuit
A lawsuit (or suit in law) is "a vernacular term for a suit, action, or cause instituted or depending between two private persons in the courts of law." A lawsuit is any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (لبنان; Lebanese pronunciation:; Liban), officially known as the Lebanese RepublicRepublic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies.
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Marja'
In Shia Islam, marjaʿ (مرجع; plural: marājiʿ), also known as a marjaʿ taqlīd or marjaʿ dīnī (مرجع تقليد / مرجع ديني), literally meaning "source to imitate/follow" or "religious reference", is a title given to the highest level Shia authority, a Grand Ayatollah with the authority to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and less-credentialed clerics.
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Mohammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad ibn Mahdi al-Hussaini al-Shirazi (آية الله العظمى السيد محمد بن مهدي الحسيني الشيرازي; August 31, 1928 – December 17, 2001), commonly known as Mohammad Al-Shirazi, was a Shia Muslim author, politician and religious leader.
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Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari
Sayyid Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari (Məhəmməd Kazım Şəriətmədari, محمد کاظم شریعتمداری), also spelled Shariat-Madari (5 January 1905 – 3 April 1986), was an Iranian Grand Ayatollah.
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Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani
Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Sadeghi Tehrani (Persian: محمد صادقی تهراني) (born 1926 - died March 21, 2011) was an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja.
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Mohammad-Taher Shubayr al-Khaqani
Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Taher bin Abdul-hameed bin Isa bin Hasan bin Shubayr bin Thiab bin Moahmmed bin Harb al-Khaqani (Arabic:اية الله العظمى الشيخ محمد طاهر بن عبدالحميد بن عيسى بن حسن بن شبير بن ذياب بن محمد بن حرب الخاقاني) (d. 1986) was a leading Iranian Arab Shia cleric from Ahwaz.
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Mohammed Reza Shirazi
Ayatollah Mohammed Reza Shirazi (Arabic: السيد محمد رضا الحسيني الشيرازي, Persian: سید محمدرضا شیرازی) was an Iraqi-Iranian Shiite cleric (Ayatollah), and the son of the late Grand Ayatollah Sayed Mohammad Hussaini Shirazi, and a relative of Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi.
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Morteza Ansari
Morteza Ansari (Morteza Ansari Shushtari Dezfuli) (also transliterated Mortaza Ansari and Murtada al-Ansari) (1781–1864) was a Shia jurist who "was generally acknowledged as the most eminent jurist of the time." Ansari has also been called the "first effective" model or Marja of the ShiaMottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (2000), p. 210 or "the first scholar universally recognized as supreme authority in matters of Shii law".
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Mousa Shubairi Zanjani
Grand Ayatollah Mousa Shobairi Zanjani (موسی الشبيري الزنجاني موسی شبیری زنجانی, born on 2 March 1928) is an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja'.
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Muhammad
MuhammadFull name: Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāšim (ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم, lit: Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim) (مُحمّد;;Classical Arabic pronunciation Latinized as Mahometus c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE)Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition.
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Muhammad al-Mahdi
Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdī (محمد بن الحسن المهدي), also known as Imam Zaman (امام زمان), is believed by Twelver Shī‘a Muslims to be the Mahdī, an eschatological redeemer of Islam and ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imām of the Twelve Imams who will emerge with Isa (Jesus Christ) in order to fulfill their mission of bringing peace and justice to the world.
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Mujtaba Hussaini Shirazi
Ayatollah Mujtaba Hussaini Shirazi.
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Mullah
Mullah (ملا, Molla, ملا / Mollâ, Molla, মোল্লা) is derived from the Arabic word مَوْلَى mawlā, meaning "vicar", "master" and "guardian".
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Musa al-Sadr
Musa al-Sadr (سید موسى صدر; 4 June 1928 – disappeared in Libya on 31 August 1978) is a Lebanese-Iranian philosopher and Shi'a religious leader from a long line of distinguished clerics tracing their ancestry back to Jabal Amel. Born in the Cheharmardan neighbourhood of Qom, Iran, he underwent both seminary and secular studies in Iran. He left Qom for Najaf to study theology and returned to Iran after the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état. He belongs to the Sadr family from Jabal Amel in Lebanon, a branch of Musawi family tracing to Musa Ibn Jaafar, the seventh Shia Imam and ultimately to the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima. Therefore Musa al-Sadr is often styled with the honorific title Sayyid. Some years later, Sadr went to Tyre, Lebanon as the emissary of Ayatollahs Borujerdi and Hakim. Fouad Ajami called him a "towering figure in modern Shi'i political thought and praxis"., chapter 26 He gave the Shia population of Lebanon "a sense of community". In Lebanon, he founded and revived many organizations including schools, charities, and the Amal Movement. On 25 August 1978, Sadr and two companions departed for Libya to meet with government officials at the invitation of Muammar Gaddafi. The three were last seen on 31 August. They were never heard from again. Many theories exist around the circumstances of Sadr's disappearance, none of which have been proven.
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Nation state
A nation state (or nation-state), in the most specific sense, is a country where a distinct cultural or ethnic group (a "nation" or "people") inhabits a territory and have formed a state (often a sovereign state) that they predominantly govern.
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Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi
Ayatollah Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi (1923/24 in Najafabad, Isfahan province – 2006 in Tehran) was an Iranian cleric and proponent of Islamic Unity, who spent most years after the Iranian revolution of 1979 under house arrest.
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Occultation (Islam)
The Occultation (غيبة Ghaybah) in Shia Islam refers to a belief that the messianic figure, or Mahdi, who in Shi'i thought is an infallible male descendant of the founder of Islam, Muhammad, was born but disappeared, and will one day return and fill the world with justice and peace.
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Political quietism in Islam
In the context of political aspects of Islam, the term political quietism has been used for the religiously motivated withdrawal from political affairs, or skepticism that mere mortals can establish true Islamic government.
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Prophets and messengers in Islam
Prophets in Islam (الأنبياء في الإسلام) include "messengers" (rasul, pl. rusul), bringers of a divine revelation via an angel (Arabic: ملائكة, malāʾikah);Shaatri, A. I. (2007).
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Quran
The Quran (القرآن, literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran) is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah).
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Religious democracy
Religious democracy is a form of government where the values of a particular religion affect laws and rules.
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Ruhollah Khomeini
Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi Khomeini (سید روحالله موسوی خمینی; 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989), known in the Western world as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian Shia Islam religious leader and politician.
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Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh (صادق قطبزاده, 24 February 1936 – 15 September 1982) was a close aide of Ayatollah Khomeini during his 1978 exile in France, and foreign minister (30 November 1979–August 1980) during the Iran hostage crisis following the Iranian Revolution.
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Sadeq Rohani
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Mohammad Sadeq Hussaini Rohani (سید محمد صادق حسینی روحانی) is an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja currently residing in Qom, Iran.
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Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi
Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi (Arabic: سيد صادق الحسيني الشيرازي; born 20.12.1360 H (Islamic calendar) 2 August 1942CE (Gregorian) is an Iraqi Persian Shi'a, and the brother of the late Grand Ayatollah Sayed Muhammad Shirazi, and a relative of Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi. He was born in an Iranian clergy dynasty in 1942, Karbala, Iraq. He has studied in seminaries of Najaf and Qom and currently resides and teaches in the Seminary of Qom and Shiraz, Iran..
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Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi
Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi (Luri/Persian:آیت الله العظمی سید حسین طباطبایی بروجردی, transcript Ayatollah al-azmi Seyyed Hossein(e) Tabatabai(ye) Borujerdi) March 1875 – 30 March 1961) was an Iranian Shia Marja' and the leading Marja in Iran from roughly 1947 to his death in 1961.
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Sharia
Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.
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Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri (Persian: شیخ فضلالله نوری; also Hajj Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri Tabarsi, Sheikh Nouri; 24 December 1843 in Mazandaran – 31 July 1909 in Tehran) was a prominent Shia Muslim cleric in Qajar Iran during the late 19th and early 20th century and founder of political Islam in Iran.
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Shia Islam
Shia (شيعة Shīʿah, from Shīʻatu ʻAlī, "followers of Ali") is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam), most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm.
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Supreme leader
A supreme leader typically refers to the person among a number of leaders of a state, organization or other such group who has been given or is able to exercise the mostor complete authority over it.
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Supreme Leader of Iran
The Supreme Leader of Iran (rahbar-e mo'azzam-e irān), also called the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution (رهبر معظم انقلاب اسلامی), officially in Iran, called the Supreme Leadership Authority (مقام معظم رهبری), is the head of state and highest ranking political and religious authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Tahmasp I
Tahmasp I (شاه تهماسب یکم) (22 February 1514 – 14 May 1576) was an influential Shah of Iran, who enjoyed the longest reign of any member of the Safavid dynasty.
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Taqi Tabatabaei Qomi
Grand Ayatollah Taqi Tabatabaei Qomi (السيد تقي الطباطبايي القمي سيد تقي طباطبايي قمي, February 21, 1923 – October 26, 2016) was an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja'.
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Tatbir
Tatbir (تطبير), also known as Talwar zani and Qama Zani in Iran and South Asia, is an act of mourning by some of Shia Muslims for the younger grandson of Muhammad, Husayn ibn Ali, who was killed along with his children, companions and near relatives at the Battle of Karbala by the Umayyad Caliph Yazid I. Tatbir is a contested issue among Shia.
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The Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation (abbreviated to Heritage) is an American conservative public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C. The foundation took a leading role in the conservative movement during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage's policy study Mandate for Leadership.
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The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
The Oxford Dictionary of Islam is a dictionary of Islam, published by the Oxford University Press, with John Esposito as editor-in-chief.
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Twelver
Twelver (translit; شیعه دوازدهامامی) or Imamiyyah (إمامية) is the largest branch of Shia Islam.
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Ulama
The Arabic term ulama (علماء., singular عالِم, "scholar", literally "the learned ones", also spelled ulema; feminine: alimah and uluma), according to the Encyclopedia of Islam (2000), in its original meaning "denotes scholars of almost all disciplines".
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Ummah
(أمة) is an Arabic word meaning "community".
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University of Bern
The University of Bern (Universität Bern, Université de Berne, Universitas Bernensis) is a university in the Swiss capital of Bern and was founded in 1834.
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Wali
Walī (ولي, plural أولياء) is an Arabic word whose literal meanings include "custodian", "protector", "helper", and "friend".
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Waqf
A waqf (وقف), also known as habous or mortmain property, is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law, which typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets.
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Wayback Machine
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet.
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Wilayah
A wilayah (ولاية; Urdu and ولایت; vilayet) is an administrative division, usually translated as "state", "province", or occasionally as "governorate".
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Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari
Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari (Persian: يعسوب الدين رستگار جويباري) (born 1927) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a cleric and a Grand Ayatollah.
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Yousef Saanei
Yousef Saanei (يوسف صانعى; born 1937) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a cleric and politician, a chairman of the Islamic Republic of Iran's powerful Guardian Council from 1980-83.
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1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt
After Ayatollah Khomeini came to power in Iran in 1979, Tehran made clear its intention to spread its Islamic Revolution throughout the Muslim world One of the most dramatic manifestations of this strategy was the alleged failed coup d'état by militants in Bahrain in 1981.
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Redirects here:
Akhundism, Government of the Islamist Jurist, Guardianship of jurisprudence, Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists, Guardianship of the Islamic jurists, Guardianship of the Jurisprudens (doctrine), Guardianship of the Jurists (doctrine), Guardianship of the jurists, Guardianship of the jurists (doctrine), Mollahrchy, Mullahcracy, Rule by the jurisprudent, Rule of the Islamic jurist, Valayat e Faqih, Vali e Faqih, Valiyat al-faqih, Velayat e Faqih, Velayat-e Faqih, Velayat-e faqih, Velayat-e-faqih, Velayat-e-fiqh, Velayet-e-faqih, Vilayat faqih, Wilayat al-faqih, Wilayat-e-Faqeeh, Wilayat-e-Fiqh.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist
