Table of Contents
720 relations: Abdication, Absolute monarchy, Act of Settlement 1701, Adolf Hitler, Advice (constitutional law), Aga Khan, Agnatic seniority, Ahmadou Ahidjo, Aide-de-camp, Air transports of heads of state and government, Akhenaten, Albert I of Belgium, Alec Douglas-Home, Ali Khamenei, Ambassador, Americas, Amun, Ancient Carthage, Ancient history, Ancient Rome, Anointing, Arab Federation, Archon, Argentine Senate, Aristocracy, Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, Assembly of the Republic (Portugal), Attorney General of the Union (Brazil), Australia, Australian Government, Australian head of state dispute, Austria, Authoritarianism, Banknote, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Basic Laws of Israel, Basic Laws of Sweden, Baudouin of Belgium, Belgian nobility, Belgium, Bill (law), Black Hills, Bodyguard, Botswana, Brazilian Armed Forces, British Overseas Territories, Buckingham Palace, Buffer state, Bundestag, Cabinet (government), ... Expand index (670 more) »
- Air transport of heads of state
- Government institutions
Abdication
Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority. Head of state and Abdication are monarchy.
See Head of state and Abdication
Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority. Head of state and Absolute monarchy are monarchy.
See Head of state and Absolute monarchy
Act of Settlement 1701
The Act of Settlement (12 & 13 Will. 3. c. 2) is an act of the Parliament of England that settled the succession to the English and Irish crowns to only Protestants, which passed in 1701.
See Head of state and Act of Settlement 1701
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.
See Head of state and Adolf Hitler
Advice (constitutional law)
In a parliamentary system, advice is a formal and usually binding instruction given by one constitutional officer of state to another.
See Head of state and Advice (constitutional law)
Aga Khan
Aga Khan (آقاخان, آغا خان; also transliterated as Aqa Khan and Agha Khan) is a title held by the Imām of the Nizari Ismāʿīli Shias.
See Head of state and Aga Khan
Agnatic seniority
Agnatic seniority is a patrilineal principle of inheritance where the order of succession to the throne prefers the monarch's younger brother over the monarch's own sons. Head of state and Agnatic seniority are monarchy.
See Head of state and Agnatic seniority
Ahmadou Ahidjo
Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (24 August 192430 November 1989) was a Cameroonian politician who was the first president of Cameroon, holding the office from 1960 until 1982.
See Head of state and Ahmadou Ahidjo
Aide-de-camp
An aide-de-camp (French expression meaning literally "helper in the military camp") is a personal assistant or secretary to a person of high rank, usually a senior military, police or government officer, or to a member of a royal family or a head of state.
See Head of state and Aide-de-camp
Air transports of heads of state and government
Air transports for heads of state and government are, in many countries, provided by the air force in specially equipped airliners or business jets. Head of state and air transports of heads of state and government are air transport of heads of state.
See Head of state and Air transports of heads of state and government
Akhenaten
Akhenaten (pronounced), also spelled Akhenaton or Echnaton (ꜣḫ-n-jtn ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy,, meaning 'Effective for the Aten'), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
See Head of state and Akhenaten
Albert I of Belgium
Albert I (8 April 1875 – 17 February 1934) was King of the Belgians from 23 December 1909 until his death in 1934.
See Head of state and Albert I of Belgium
Alec Douglas-Home
Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel, (2 July 1903 – 9 October 1995), styled as Lord Dunglass between 1918 and 1951 and the Earl of Home from 1951 until 1963, was a British statesman and Conservative politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1963 to 1964.
See Head of state and Alec Douglas-Home
Ali Khamenei
Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei (translit,; born 19 April 1939) is an Iranian Twelver Shia marja' and politician who has served as the second supreme leader of Iran since 1989.
See Head of state and Ali Khamenei
Ambassador
An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sovereign or appointed for a special and often temporary diplomatic assignment.
See Head of state and Ambassador
Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.
See Head of state and Americas
Amun
Amun was a major ancient Egyptian deity who appears as a member of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad.
Ancient Carthage
Ancient Carthage (𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕) was an ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa.
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Ancient history
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.
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Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
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Anointing
Anointing is the ritual act of pouring aromatic oil over a person's head or entire body.
See Head of state and Anointing
Arab Federation
The Hashemite Arab Federation was a short-lived confederation that lasted from 14 February to 2 August 1958, between the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan.
See Head of state and Arab Federation
Archon
Archon (árchōn, plural: ἄρχοντες, árchontes) is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office.
Argentine Senate
The Honorable Senate of the Argentine Nation (Honorable Senado de la Nación Argentina) is the upper house of the National Congress of Argentina.
See Head of state and Argentine Senate
Aristocracy
Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.
See Head of state and Aristocracy
Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
The Arsacid dynasty, called the Arshakuni (Aršakuni) in Armenian, ruled the Kingdom of Armenia, with some interruptions, from 12 to 428.
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Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
The Assembly of the Republic (Portuguese: Assembleia da República), commonly referred to as simply Parliament (Portuguese: Parlamento), is the unicameral parliament of Portugal.
See Head of state and Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
Attorney General of the Union (Brazil)
The Attorney General Office (Advocacia-Geral da União, AGU) is a cabinet-level position in the Brazilian government charged with advising the Executive Branch and representing the federal government of Brazil in legal proceedings legally known as the Union (União).
See Head of state and Attorney General of the Union (Brazil)
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.
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Australian Government
The Australian Government, also known as the Commonwealth Government or the Federal Government, is the national executive government of the Commonwealth of Australia, a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
See Head of state and Australian Government
Australian head of state dispute
The Australian head of state dispute is a debate as to who is considered to be the head of state of Australiathe monarch, the governor-general, or both. Head of state and Australian head of state dispute are heads of state and positions of authority.
See Head of state and Australian head of state dispute
Austria
Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
See Head of state and Authoritarianism
Banknote
A banknotealso called a bill (North American English), paper money, or simply a noteis a type of negotiable promissory note, made by a bank or other licensed authority, payable to the bearer on demand.
See Head of state and Banknote
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany.
See Head of state and Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
Basic Laws of Israel
The Basic Laws of Israel (חוקי היסוד|Ḥukey HaYesod) are fourteen quasi-constitutional laws of the State of Israel, some of which can only be changed by a supermajority vote in the Knesset (with varying requirements for different Basic Laws and sections).
See Head of state and Basic Laws of Israel
Basic Laws of Sweden
The Basic Laws of Sweden (Sveriges grundlagar) are the four constitutional laws of the Kingdom of Sweden that regulate the Swedish political system, acting in a similar manner to the constitutions of most countries.
See Head of state and Basic Laws of Sweden
Baudouin of Belgium
Baudouin (7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993) was King of the Belgians from 17 July 1951 until his death in 1993.
See Head of state and Baudouin of Belgium
Belgian nobility
The Belgian nobility comprises Belgian individuals or families recognized as noble with or without a title of nobility in the Kingdom of Belgium.
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Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.
Bill (law)
A bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to significantly change an existing law.
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Black Hills
The Black Hills is an isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States.
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Bodyguard
A bodyguard (or close protection officer/operative) is a type of security guard, government law enforcement officer, or servicemember who protects a person or a group of people — usually witnesses, high-ranking public officials or officers, wealthy people, and celebrities — from danger: generally theft, assault, kidnapping, assassination, harassment, loss of confidential information, threats, or other criminal offences.
See Head of state and Bodyguard
Botswana
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.
See Head of state and Botswana
Brazilian Armed Forces
The Brazilian Armed Forces (Forças Armadas Brasileiras) are the unified military forces of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
See Head of state and Brazilian Armed Forces
British Overseas Territories
The British Overseas Territories (BOTs) are the 14 territories with a constitutional and historical link with the United Kingdom that, while not forming part of the United Kingdom itself, are part of its sovereign territory.
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Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace is a royal residence in London, and the administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom.
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Buffer state
A buffer state is a country geographically lying between two rival or potentially hostile great powers.
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Bundestag
The Bundestag ("Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament and the lower of two federal chambers, opposed to the upper chamber, the Bundesrat.
See Head of state and Bundestag
Cabinet (government)
A cabinet in governing is a group of people with the constitutional or legal task to rule a country or state, or advise a head of state, usually from the executive branch. Head of state and cabinet (government) are government institutions.
See Head of state and Cabinet (government)
Cabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil (Gabinete do Brasil), also called Council of Ministers (Conselho de Ministros) or Council of Government (Conselho de Governo), is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil.
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Cabinet of Denmark
The Cabinet of Denmark (regering) has been the chief executive body and the government of the Kingdom of Denmark—Denmark proper together with the Faroe Islands and Greenland—since 1848.
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Cabinet of Israel
The Cabinet of Israel (translit) exercises executive authority in the State of Israel.
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Cabinet of Japan
The is the chief executive body of the government of Japan.
See Head of state and Cabinet of Japan
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
See Head of state and Caliphate
Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa.
See Head of state and Cameroon
Canada
Canada is a country in North America.
Canadian Armed Forces
The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; Forces armées canadiennes, FAC) are the unified military forces of Canada, including land, sea, and air commands referred to as the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and the Royal Canadian Air Force.
See Head of state and Canadian Armed Forces
Captains Regent
Captains Regent (Italian: Capitani Reggenti) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino.
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Cardinal (Catholic Church)
A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis) is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
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Central Bank of Brazil
The Central Bank of Brazil (Banco Central do Brasil) is Brazil's central bank, the bank is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency.
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Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the highest organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between two congresses.
See Head of state and Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
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Ceremonial ship launching
Ceremonial ship launching involves the performance of ceremonies associated with the process of transferring a vessel to the water.
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Ceremony
A ceremony is a unified ritualistic event with a purpose, usually consisting of a number of artistic components, performed on a special occasion.
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Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)
The chairman of the Central Military Commission is the head of the Central Military Commission (CMC) and the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP) and the Militia.
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Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
The Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party.
See Head of state and Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly
The chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, formerly known as the president of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, is the presiding officer of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, which is the permanent body of the Supreme People's Assembly, North Korea's highest organ of state power.
See Head of state and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly
Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
The Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil.
See Head of state and Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
The Chamber of Representatives (Dutch:, Chambre des représentants, Abgeordnetenkammer) is one of the two chambers in the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the Senate.
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Chancellor
Chancellor (cancellarius) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many countries.
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Chancellor of Germany
The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal government of Germany, and the commander-in-chief of the German Armed Forces during wartime.
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Chargé d'affaires
A chargé d'affaires, plural chargés d'affaires, often shortened to chargé (French) and sometimes in colloquial English to charge-D, is a diplomat who serves as an embassy's chief of mission in the absence of the ambassador.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French military officer and statesman who led the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 to restore democracy in France.
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Charles III
Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms.
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Chief Executive of Hong Kong
The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is the representative of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and head of the Government of Hong Kong.
See Head of state and Chief Executive of Hong Kong
Chief executive officer
A chief executive officer (CEO) (chief executive (CE), or managing director (MD) in the UK) is the highest officer charged with the management of an organization especially a company or nonprofit institution. Head of state and chief executive officer are positions of authority.
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Chief magistrate
Chief magistrate is a public official, executive or judicial, whose office is the highest in its class. Head of state and Chief magistrate are heads of state.
See Head of state and Chief magistrate
Chief of the General Staff (Israel)
The Chief of the General Staff, also known as the Commander-in-Chief of the Israel Defense Forces (abbreviated Ramatkal—), is the professional head of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).
See Head of state and Chief of the General Staff (Israel)
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Church of England
The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the Crown Dependencies.
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Civil control of the military
Civil control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the state's civil authority, rather than completely with professional military leadership itself.
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Civil service
The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil service personnel hired rather than elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership.
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Co-princes of Andorra
The co-princes of Andorra are jointly the heads of state (cap d'estat) of the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked microstate lying in the Pyrenees between France and Spain.
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Cohabitation (government)
Cohabitation is a system of divided government that occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as France, whenever the president is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament.
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Coin
A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender.
Command hierarchy
A command hierarchy is a group of people who carry out orders based on others' authority within the group.
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Commander-in-chief
A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed force or a military branch.
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Commander-in-Chief of North Korea
The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the commander-in-chief of the Korean People's Army, the military of North Korea.
See Head of state and Commander-in-Chief of North Korea
Commonwealth realm
A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state within the Commonwealth that has Charles III as its monarch and ceremonial head of state.
See Head of state and Commonwealth realm
Communism
Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.
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Communist party
A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism.
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Communist state
A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology.
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Composite monarchy
A composite monarchy (or composite state) is a historical category, introduced by H. G. Koenigsberger in 1975 and popularised by Sir John H. Elliott, that describes early modern states consisting of several countries under one ruler, sometimes designated as a personal union, who governs his territories as if they were separate kingdoms, in accordance with local traditions and legal structures. Head of state and composite monarchy are monarchy.
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
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Consent of the governed
In political philosophy, the phrase consent of the governed refers to the idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is justified and lawful only when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised.
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Constantine II of Greece
Constantine II (Konstantínos II,; 2 June 1940 – 10 January 2023) was the last king of Greece, reigning from 6 March 1964 until the abolition of the Greek monarchy on 1 June 1973.
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Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.
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Constitution Act 1986
The Constitution Act 1986 is an Act of the New Zealand Parliament that forms a major part of the constitution of New Zealand.
See Head of state and Constitution Act 1986
Constitution Act, 1867
The Constitution Act, 1867 (Loi constitutionnelle de 1867),The Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria (U.K.), c. 3, http://canlii.ca/t/ldsw retrieved on 2019-03-14.
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Constitution of Argentina
The Constitution of the Argentine Nation (Constitución de la Nación Argentina) is the basic governing document of Argentina, and the primary source of existing law in Argentina.
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Constitution of Australia
The Constitution of Australia (also known as the Commonwealth Constitution) is the fundamental law that governs the political structure of Australia.
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Constitution of Belgium
The Constitution of Belgium (Belgische Grondwet, Constitution belge, Verfassung Belgiens) dates back to 1831.
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Constitution of Brazil
The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil) is the supreme law of Brazil.
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Constitution of Canada
The Constitution of Canada (Constitution du Canada) is the supreme law in Canada.
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Constitution of Denmark
The Constitutional Act of the Realm of Denmark (Danmarks Riges Grundlov), also known as the Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, or simply the Constitution (Grundloven, Grundlógin, Tunngaviusumik inatsit), is the constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark, applying equally in the Realm of Denmark: Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
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Constitution of France
The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958.
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Constitution of Greece
The Constitution of Greece (Syntagma tis Elladas) was created by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes in 1974, after the fall of the Greek military junta and the start of the Third Hellenic Republic.
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Constitution of India
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India.
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Constitution of Iraq
The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq (دستور جمهورية العراق Kurdish: دەستووری عێراق) is the fundamental law of Iraq.
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Constitution of Ireland
The Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) is the fundamental law of Ireland.
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Constitution of Italy
The Constitution of the Italian Republic (Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was ratified on 22 December 1947 by the Constituent Assembly, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against, before coming into force on 1 January 1948, one century after the previous Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy had been enacted.
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Constitution of Japan
The Constitution of Japan (Shinjitai:, Kyūjitai:, Hepburn) is the constitution of Japan and the supreme law in the state.
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Constitution of Liechtenstein
The Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Verfassung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein) was promulgated on 5 October 1921, replacing the 1862 constitution.
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Constitution of Lithuania
The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija) defines the legal foundation for all laws passed in the Republic of Lithuania.
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Constitution of Nauru
The constitution of the Republic of Nauru was adopted following national independence on 31 January 1968.
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Constitution of Norway
The Constitution of Norway (complete name: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway; Danish: Kongeriget Norges Grundlov; Norwegian Bokmål: Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov; Norwegian Nynorsk: Kongeriket Noregs Grunnlov) was adopted on 16 May and signed on 17 May 1814 by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll.
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Constitution of Portugal
The present Constitution of Portugal was adopted in 1976 after the Carnation Revolution.
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Constitution of Qatar
The Constitution of Qatar (Dastūr Qatar) is the supreme law of the State of Qatar.
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Constitution of Russia
The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993.
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Constitution of Seychelles
The Constitution of Seychelles is the governing document of the Republic of Seychelles.
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Constitution of South Korea
The Constitution of the Republic of Korea is the supreme law of South Korea.
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Constitution of Spain
The Spanish Constitution (Constitución Española) is the supreme law of the Kingdom of Spain.
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Constitution of the Czech Republic
The Constitution of the Czech Republic (Ústava České republiky) is the supreme law of the Czech Republic.
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Constitution of the People's Republic of China
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the supreme law of the People's Republic of China.
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Constitution of the United States
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States.
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Constitutional Council (France)
The Constitutional Council (Conseil constitutionnel) is the highest constitutional authority in France.
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Constitutional Court (Portugal)
The Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional) is a special court, defined by the Portuguese Constitution as part of the judicial branch of the Portuguese political organization.
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Constitutional Court of Korea
The Constitutional Court of Korea is one of the highest courts—along with the Supreme Court—in South Korea's judiciary that exercises constitutional review, seated in Jongno, Seoul.
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Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic
The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic (Ústavní soud České republiky) is the supreme constitutional court in the Czech Republic and the de facto highest and most powerful court in the land.
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Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Head of state and Constitutional monarchy are monarchy.
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Consultative Assembly of Qatar
The Consultative Assembly (Majlis as-Shura; also known as the Shura Council) is the legislative body of the State of Qatar, with 45 members.
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Convention (political norm)
A convention (also known as a constitutional convention) is an informal and uncodified tradition that is followed by the institutions of a state.
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Coregency
A coregency is the situation where a monarchical position (such as prince, princess, king, queen, emperor or empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two or more. Head of state and coregency are monarchy.
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Coronation
A coronation is the act of placement or bestowal of a crown upon a monarch's head. Head of state and coronation are monarchy.
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Coronation of Elizabeth II
The coronation of Elizabeth II as queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms took place on 2 June 1953 at Westminster Abbey in London.
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Corporate personhood
Corporate personhood or juridical personality is the legal notion that a juridical person such as a corporation, separately from its associated human beings (like owners, managers, or employees), has at least some of the legal rights and responsibilities enjoyed by natural persons.
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Council of Ministers (Belgium)
The Council of Ministers (Conseil des ministres; Ministerraad) is the supreme executive organ of the Federal Government of the Kingdom of Belgium.
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Council of State (Norway)
The Council of State is a formal body composed of the most senior government ministers chosen by the Prime Minister, and functions as the collective decision-making organ constituting the executive branch of the Kingdom.
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Counsellor of State
Counsellors of State are senior members of the British royal family to whom the monarch can delegate royal functions through letters patent under the Great Seal, to prevent delay or difficulty in the dispatch of public business in the case of their illness (except total incapacity) or of their intended or actual absence from the United Kingdom.
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Coup d'état
A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.
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Courtesy title
A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but is rather used by custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (cf. substantive title).
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Crowned republic
A crowned republic, also known as a monarchial republic, is an informal term that has been used to refer to a system of monarchy where the monarch's role may be seen as almost entirely ceremonial and where nearly all of the royal prerogatives are exercised in such a way that the monarch personally has little power over executive and constitutional issues. Head of state and crowned republic are monarchy.
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Cult of personality
A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader,Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) Populism: A Very Short Introduction.
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Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC).
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Cyril Ramaphosa
Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 November 1952) is a South African businessman and politician serving as the 5th and current president of South Africa since 2018.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.
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Dáil Éireann
Dáil Éireann is the lower house, and principal chamber, of the Oireachtas (Irish legislature), which also includes the president of Ireland and a senate called Seanad Éireann.
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De facto
De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.
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De jure
In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.
Delegation
Delegation is the process of distributing and entrusting work to another person.
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Democracy
Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.
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Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989.
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Denmark
Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.
Department of Canadian Heritage
The Department of Canadian Heritage, or simply Canadian Heritage (Patrimoine canadien), is the department of the Government of Canada that has roles and responsibilities related to initiatives that promote and support "Canadian identity and values, cultural development, and heritage." The department is administered by the Deputy Minister, currently Isabelle Mondou, who is appointed by the Governor in Council, and it reports directly to the Minister of Canadian Heritage, who is currently Pascale St-Onge.
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Department of Justice and Constitutional Development
The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development is the justice department of the South African government.
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Department of the Taoiseach
The Department of the Taoiseach (Roinn an Taoisigh) is the government department of the Taoiseach, the title in Ireland for the head of government.
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Diarchy
Diarchy (from Greek δι-, di-, "double", and -αρχία, -arkhía, "ruled"),Occasionally misspelled dyarchy, as in the Encyclopaedia Britannica article on the colonial British institution duarchy, or duumvirate.
Dictator
A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. Head of state and dictator are heads of state and positions of authority.
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Dina Boluarte
Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra (born 31 May 1962) is a Peruvian politician, civil servant, and lawyer currently serving as the President of Peru since 7 December 2022.
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Diplomatic service
Diplomatic service is the body of diplomats and foreign policy officers maintained by the government of a country to communicate with the governments of other countries.
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Directorial system
A directorial republic is a country ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government.
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Divine law
Divine law is any body of law that is perceived as deriving from a transcendent source, such as the will of God or godsin contrast to man-made law or to secular law.
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Divine right of kings
In European Christianity, the divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandation, is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy. Head of state and divine right of kings are monarchy.
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Doge (title)
A doge (plural dogi or doges; see below) was an elected lord and head of state in several Italian city-states, notably Venice and Genoa, during the medieval and Renaissance periods. Head of state and doge (title) are heads of state.
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Dong Biwu
Dong Biwu (w; 5 March 1886 – 2 April 1975) was a Chinese communist revolutionary and politician, who served as acting Chairman of the People's Republic of China between 1972 and 1975.
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Droupadi Murmu
Droupadi Murmu (born 20 June 1958) is an Indian politician serving as 15th and current president of India since 2022.
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Dynasty
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897. Head of state and dynasty are monarchy.
Edward VIII
Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year.
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Effigy
An effigy is a sculptural representation, often life-size, of a specific person or a prototypical figure.
Eighty Years' War
The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government.
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Elba
Elba (isola d'Elba,; Ilva) is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino on the Italian mainland, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago.
Election
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
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Elective monarchy
An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by a monarch who is elected, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance. Head of state and elective monarchy are monarchy.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 19268 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022.
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Embassy of Botswana, Washington, D.C.
The Embassy of Botswana in Washington, D.C. is the Republic of Botswana's diplomatic mission to the United States.
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Emir
Emir (أمير, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Head of state and Emir are heads of state.
Emir of Qatar
The emir of the State of Qatar (أمیر دولة قطر) is the monarch and head of state of the country.
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Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has been serving as the 25th president of France since 2017 and ex officio one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra.
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Emperor
The word emperor (from imperator, via empereor) can mean the male ruler of an empire. Head of state and emperor are heads of state.
Emperor of India
Emperor or Empress of India was a title used by British monarchs from 1 May 1876 (with the Royal Titles Act 1876) to 22 June 1948 Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with the ('Section 7:...(2)The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words " Indiae Imperator " and the words " Emperor of India " and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm.').
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Emperor of Japan
The emperor of Japan is the hereditary monarch and head of state of Japan.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
Eternal leaders of North Korea
The eternal leaders of North Korea are mentions of deceased leaders of North Korea.
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EUR-Lex
EUR-Lex is the official online database of European Union law and other public documents of the European Union (EU), published in 24 official languages of the EU.
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European Commission of Human Rights
The European Commission of Human Rights was a special body of the Council of Europe.
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European Communities
The European Communities (EC) were three international organizations that were governed by the same set of institutions.
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European Convention on Human Rights
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR; formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe.
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European Court of Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Ex officio member
An ex officio member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office.
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Executive (government)
The executive, also referred to as the juditian or executive power, is that part of government which executes the law; in other words, directly makes decisions and holds power.
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Exile
Exile or banishment, is primarily penal expulsion from one's native country, and secondarily expatriation or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose.
Fabio Albergati
Fabio Albergati (1538–1606) was an Italian diplomat and writer, known for political theory and as a moralist.
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Führer
Führer (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term. Head of state and Führer are heads of state and positions of authority.
Federal Assembly (Russia)
The Federal Assembly is the bicameral national legislature of Russia.
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Federal Council (Switzerland)
The Federal Council is the federal cabinet of the Swiss Confederation.
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Federal Senate (Brazil)
The Federal Senate (Senado Federal) is the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil.
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Felipe VI
Felipe VI (Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is King of Spain.
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Figurehead
In politics, a figurehead is a practice of who de jure (in name or by law) appears to hold an important and often supremely powerful title or office, yet de facto (in reality) exercises little to no actual power. Head of state and figurehead are positions of authority.
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Flag
A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design.
Folketing
The Folketing (Folketinget), also known as the Parliament of Denmark or the Danish Parliament in English, is the unicameral national legislature (parliament) of the Kingdom of Denmark—Denmark proper together with the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
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François Mitterrand
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the history of France.
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France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo.
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French Armed Forces
The French Armed Forces (Forces armées françaises) are the military forces of France.
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French Directory
The Directory (also called Directorate) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire an IV) until October 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.
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French Fifth Republic
The Fifth Republic (Cinquième République) is France's current republican system of government.
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French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French Parliament
The French Parliament (Parlement français) is the bicameral legislature of the French Fifth Republic, consisting of the upper house, the Senate (Sénat), and the lower house, the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale).
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French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
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Gaullism
Gaullism (Gaullisme) is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic.
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General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, officially the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, is the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
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General Secretary of the Communist Party
The title of General Secretary or First Secretary is commonly used for the leaders of most communist parties.
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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
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General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
The General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea is the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), the ruling party in North Korea, and the country's supreme leader.
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire.
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Genre
Genre (kind, sort) is any style or form of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially agreed-upon conventions developed over time.
George Frampton
Sir George James Frampton, (18 June 1860 – 21 May 1928) was a British sculptor.
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George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.
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German revolution of 1918–1919
The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (Novemberrevolution), was an uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the German Empire, then in its more violent second stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic were victorious over those who wanted a soviet-style council republic.
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Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution is the sequence of events that led to the deposition of James II and VII in November 1688.
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God king
God king, or God-King, is a term for a deified ruler or a pagan deity that is venerated in the guise of a king.
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Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
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Government of China
The government of the People's Republic of China is based on a system of people's congress within the parameters of a unitary communist state, in which the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enacts its policies through people's congresses.
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Government of Greece
Government of Greece (officially: Government of the Hellenic Republic; also Greek Government or Hellenic Government) mfa.gr is the government of the Hellenic Republic, reformed to its present form in 1822.
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Government of Russia
The government of Russia (Pravitelstvo Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the federal executive body of state power of the Russian Federation.
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Government of the Soviet Union
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was the executive and administrative organ of the highest body of state authority, the All-Union Supreme Soviet.
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Governor (India)
In India, a governor is the constitutional head of a state of India that has similar powers and functions at the state level as those of the president of India at the central level.
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Governor General of Canada
The governor general of Canada (gouverneure générale du Canada) is the federal representative of the.
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Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
The governor-general of Antigua and Barbuda is the representative of the monarch of Antigua and Barbuda, currently King Charles III.
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Governor-General of Australia
The governor-general of Australia is the representative of the monarch of Australia, currently King Charles III.
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Governor-General of Belize
The governor-general of Belize is the representative of the Belizean monarch, currently King Charles III, in Belize.
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Governor-General of Grenada
The Governor-General of Grenada is the representative of the Grenadian monarch, currently King Charles III, in Grenada.
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Governor-General of India
The governor-general of India (1833 to 1950, from 1858 to 1947 the viceroy and governor-general of India, commonly shortened to viceroy of India) was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom in their capacity as the Emperor/Empress of India and after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Monarch of India.
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Governor-General of Jamaica
The governor-general of Jamaica (Gobna-Jinaral a Jumieka) is the representative of the Jamaican monarch, currently King Charles III, in Jamaica.
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Governor-General of New Zealand
The governor-general of New Zealand (Te kāwana tianara o Aotearoa) is the representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently King Charles III.
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Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
The governor-general of Papua New Guinea is the representative of the Papua New Guinean monarch, currently King Charles III, in Papua New Guinea.
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Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
The governor-general of Saint Kitts and Nevis is the representative of the monarch of Saint Kitts and Nevis, currently King Charles III.
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Governor-General of Saint Lucia
The governor-general of Saint Lucia is the representative of the Saint Lucian monarch, currently King Charles III, in Saint Lucia.
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Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
The governor-general of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the representative of the Vincentian monarch, currently King Charles III.
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Governor-General of the Bahamas
The governor-general of The Bahamas is the representative of the Bahamian monarch, currently King Charles III, in the Commonwealth of The Bahamas.
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Governors of the Australian states
Each Australian state has a governor to represent Australia's monarch within it.
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Grand duke
Grand duke (feminine: grand duchess) is a European hereditary title, used either by certain monarchs or by members of certain monarchs' families. Head of state and grand duke are heads of state.
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Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
Greek nationality law
Nationality law of Greece is based on the principle of jus sanguinis.
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Greek royal family
The currently deposed Greek royal family (Βασιλική Οικογένεια της Ελλάδος) was the ruling family of the Kingdom of Greece from 1863 to 1924 and again from 1935 to 1973.
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Groundbreaking
Groundbreaking, also known as cutting, sod-cutting, turning the first sod, turf-cutting, or a sod-turning ceremony, is a traditional ceremony in many cultures that celebrates the first day of construction for a building or other project.
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Guard of honour
A guard of honour (Commonwealth English), honor guard (American English) or ceremonial guard, is a group of people, typically drawn from the military, appointed to perform ceremonial duties – for example, to receive or guard a head of state or other dignitaries, the fallen in war, or to attend at state ceremonials, especially funerals.
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Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus Adolphus (9 December 15946 November 1632), also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph, was King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited with the rise of Sweden as a great European power (Stormaktstiden).
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Harmost
Harmost was a Spartan term for a military governor.
Harold Macmillan
Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986) was a British statesman and Conservative politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.
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Head of government
In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. Head of state and head of government are government institutions and positions of authority.
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Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state. Head of state and head of state are air transport of heads of state, government institutions, heads of state, monarchy and positions of authority.
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Head of state succession
Head of state succession is the process by which nations transfer leadership of their highest office from one person to another.
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Head of the Commonwealth
The Head of the Commonwealth is the ceremonial leader who symbolises "the free association of independent member nations" of the Commonwealth of Nations, an intergovernmental organisation that currently comprises 56 sovereign states.
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Hellenic Parliament
The Parliament of the Hellenes (Voulí ton Ellínon), commonly known as the Hellenic Parliament (Ellinikó Koinovoúlio), is the unicameral legislature of Greece, located in the Old Royal Palace, overlooking Syntagma Square in Athens.
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Henry the Young King
Henry the Young King (28 February 1155 – 11 June 1183) was the eldest son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine to survive childhood.
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Hereditary monarchy
A hereditary monarchy is a form of government and succession of power in which the throne passes from one member of a ruling family to another member of the same family. Head of state and hereditary monarchy are monarchy.
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High commissioner
High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.
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Hilda Heine
Hilda Cathy Heine (born 6 April 1951) is a Marshallese educator and politician who has been serving as the president of the Marshall Islands since 2024, having previously served from 2016 to 2020.
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Hinduism
Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.
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History of Athens
Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for perhaps 5,000 years.
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History of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.
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History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état.
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Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.
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Hong Kong Basic Law
The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is a national law of China that serves as the organic law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).
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House of Capet
The House of Capet (Maison capétienne) ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328.
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House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.
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Hundred Days
The Hundred Days (les Cent-Jours), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition (Guerre de la Septième Coalition), marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).
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Hungary
Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
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Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada Oumee (30 May 192816 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.
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Imam
Imam (إمام,;: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.
Imamate
The term imamate or imamah (إمامة, imāmah) means "leadership" and refers to the office of an imam or a Muslim theocratic state ruled by an imam.
Impeachment
Impeachment is a process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct.
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Imperial Investiture
The is an official inauguration ceremony whereby the Emperor of Japan formally appoints the nominated Chief Justice or the nominated Prime Minister of Japan to office.
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Inauguration
In government and politics, inauguration is the process of swearing a person into office and thus making that person the incumbent.
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Incest
Incest is human sexual activity between family members or close relatives.
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
Indirect election
An indirect election or hierarchical voting, is an election in which voters do not choose directly among candidates or parties for an office (direct voting system), but elect people who in turn choose candidates or parties.
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Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.
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Indonesian language
Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia.
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Instrument of Government (1809)
The 1809 Instrument of Government (1809 års regeringsform), adopted on 6 June 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates and King Charles XIII, was the constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden from 1809 to the end of 1974.
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International Law Commission
The International Law Commission (ILC) is a body of experts responsible for helping develop and codify international law.
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International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité international olympique, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Investiture
Investiture (from the Latin preposition in and verb vestire, "dress" from vestis "robe") is a formal installation or ceremony that a person undergoes, often related to membership in Christian religious institutes as well as Christian knighthoods or damehoods, in addition to government offices.
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Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.
Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym, is the national military of the State of Israel.
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Italian Armed Forces
The Italian Armed Forces (Forze armate italiane) encompass the Italian Army, the Italian Navy and the Italian Air Force.
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Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
Jacques Chirac
Jacques René Chirac (29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007.
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James Mancham
Sir James Richard Marie Mancham KBE (11 August 1939 – 8 January 2017) was a Seychellois politician who founded the Seychelles Democratic Party and was the first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977.
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Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.
Jean Bodin
Jean Bodin (– 1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse.
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Joe Biden
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States since 2021.
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John Buchan
John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (26 August 1875 – 11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian, and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation.
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Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.
Kim Il Sung
Kim Il Sung (born Kim Sung Ju; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a North Korean politician and the founder of North Korea, which he led as Supreme Leader from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. Afterwards, he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong Il and was declared Eternal President.
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Kim Jong Il
Kim Jong Il (born Yuri Irsenovich Kim; 16 February 1941 or 1942 – 17 December 2011) was a North Korean politician who was the second supreme leader of North Korea.
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Kim Jong Un
Kim Jong Un (born 8 January 1982, 1983 or 1984) is a North Korean politician who has been supreme leader of North Korea since 2011 and the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) since 2012.
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King
King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.
King of Saudi Arabia
The King of Saudi Arabia, officially the King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ملك المملكة العربية السعودية.), is the monarch and head of state/government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who holds absolute power.
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King–Byng affair
The King–Byng affair was a Canadian constitutional crisis that occurred in 1926, when the governor general of Canada, the Lord Byng of Vimy, refused a request by the prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, to dissolve parliament and call a general election.
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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.
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Kingdom of Pergamon
The Kingdom of Pergamon, Pergamene Kingdom, or Attalid kingdom was a Greek state during the Hellenistic period that ruled much of the Western part of Asia Minor from its capital city of Pergamon.
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Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)
The Kingdom of Sardinia is a term used to denote the Savoyard state from 1720 until 1861, which united the island of Sardinia with the mainland possessions of the House of Savoy.
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Kiribati
Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati (Ribaberiki Kiribati),.
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Knesset
The Knesset (translit, translit) is the unicameral legislature of Israel.
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially based on the Chinese mainland and then in Taiwan since 1949.
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L'État, c'est moi
L'État, c'est moi ("I am the state", lit. "the state, it is me") is an apocryphal saying attributed to Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre.
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Landtag of Liechtenstein
The Landtag of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein), commonly referred to as the Landtag of Liechtenstein (Liechtensteinischer Landtag), is the unicameral parliament of Liechtenstein.
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Latin America
Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.
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Leader of the Chinese Communist Party
The leader of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party is the highest-ranking official and head of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
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Leadership
Leadership, both as a research area and as a practical skill, encompasses the ability of an individual, group, or organization to "", influence, or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations.
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League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
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Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.
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Legitimacy (family law)
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.
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Legitimacy (political)
In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a regime.
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Leopold III of Belgium
Leopold III (3 November 1901 – 25 September 1983) was King of the Belgians from 23 February 1934 until his abdication on 16 July 1951.
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Letter of credence
A letter of credence (Lettre de créance) is a formal diplomatic letter that designates a diplomat as ambassador to another sovereign state.
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Leviathan (Hobbes book)
Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly referred to as Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and published in 1651 (revised Latin edition 1668).
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Libyan civil war (2011)
The Libyan civil war, also known as the First Libyan Civil War, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya that was fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups that were seeking to oust his government.
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Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south.
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Lieutenant Governor (Canada)
In Canada, a lieutenant governor (French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenante-gouverneure) is the representative of the King of Canada in the government of each province.
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Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
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List of current heads of state and government
This is a list of current heads of state and heads of government.
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List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign
This is a list of currently reigning monarchs sorted by length of service.
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List of current state governors in Brazil
In Brazil, the governors are the chief executives of the states of Brazil.
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List of current viceregal representatives of the Crown
Charles III reigns as king of 15 independent countries known as the Commonwealth realms.
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List of German defence ministers
The Federal Minister of Defence (Bundesminister der Verteidigung) is the head of the Federal Ministry of Defence and a member of the Federal Cabinet.
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List of heads of government of Liechtenstein
The head of government of Liechtenstein (Regierungschef), known informally as the Prime Minister, is the chief executive of the Government of Liechtenstein and chairs the cabinet of Liechtenstein.
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List of heads of state by diplomatic precedence
Protocol holds that a head of state takes precedence over all other officials, and that heads of state rank in the order that they took office.
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List of heads of state of Greece
This is a list of the heads of state of the modern Greek state, from its establishment during the Greek Revolution to the present day.
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List of heads of state of Iran
This article lists the heads of state of Iran since the establishment of the modern Iranian nation-state in 1501 AD.
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List of heads of state of Panama
This article lists the heads of state of Panama since the short-lived first independence from the Republic of New Granada in 1840 and the final separation from Colombia in 1903.
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List of heads of state of the Soviet Union
The Constitution of the Soviet Union recognised the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (between 1938 and 1989) and the earlier Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Congress of Soviets (between 1922 and 1938) as the highest organs of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) between legislative sessions.
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List of kings of Greece
The Kingdom of Greece was ruled by the House of Wittelsbach from 1832 to 1862 and by the House of Glücksburg from 1863 to 1924 and, after being temporarily abolished in favor of the Second Hellenic Republic, again from 1935 to 1973, when it was once more abolished and replaced by the Third Hellenic Republic.
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List of kings of Iraq
The king of Iraq (Malik al-‘Irāq) was Iraq's head of state and monarch from 1921 to 1958.
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List of people who have opened the Olympic Games
The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event featuring both summer and winter sports, held every two years with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating.
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List of Portuguese monarchs
This is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution.
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List of presidents of Seychelles
This article contains a list of presidents of the Republic of Seychelles.
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List of presidents of the Marshall Islands
The following is a list of presidents of the Marshall Islands, since the establishment of that office in 1979.
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List of presidents of the National Assembly of France
This article lists Presidents of the French Parliament or, as the case may be, of its lower chamber.
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List of presidents of the Senate of France
This article lists the presidents of the Senate of France (Président du Sénat français; official translation: Speaker of the Senate) and assimilated chambers.
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List of states and territories of the United States
The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands.
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List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.
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Lists of state leaders by century
This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in any given century.
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Liu Shaoqi
Liu Shaoqi (24 November 189812 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary and politician.
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Lord Protector
Lord Protector (plural: Lords Protector) was a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. Head of state and Lord Protector are heads of state.
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Maharaja
Maharaja (also spelled Maharajah or Maharaj) was a princely or royal title used by some Hindu monarchs since the ancient times. Head of state and Maharaja are heads of state and monarchy.
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Malay language
Malay (Bahasa Melayu, Jawi: بهاس ملايو) is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand.
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Malay styles and titles
The Malay language has a complex system of styles, titles and honorifics which are used extensively in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore.
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Malaysia
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.
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Mandate of Heaven
The Mandate of Heaven is a Chinese political ideology that was used in Ancient China and Imperial China to legitimize the rule of the king or emperor of China. Head of state and Mandate of Heaven are monarchy.
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Manuel Noriega
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (February 11, 1934 – May 29, 2017) was a Panamanian politician and military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989.
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Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
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Martial law
Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers.
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Martin Charteris, Baron Charteris of Amisfield
Lieutenant-Colonel Martin Michael Charles Charteris, Baron Charteris of Amisfield, (7 September 1913 – 23 December 1999) was a British Army officer and courtier of Queen Elizabeth II.
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Marxism–Leninism
Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution.
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Mary II
Mary II (30 April 166228 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, King William III and II, from 1689 until her death in 1694.
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) is an online encyclopedia dealing with international law.
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Maya civilization
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period.
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Memorial
A memorial is an object or place which serves as a focus for the memory or the commemoration of something, usually an influential, deceased person or a historical, tragic event.
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Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
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Midwestern United States
The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the Midwest or the American Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau.
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Militarism
Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.
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Military
A military, also known collectively as an armed forces, are a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Head of state and military are government institutions.
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Military band
A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces.
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Military dictatorship
A military dictatorship, or a military regime, is a type of dictatorship in which power is held by one or more military officers.
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Military occupation
Military occupation, also called belligerent occupation or simply occupation, is temporary hostile control exerted by a ruling power's military apparatus over a sovereign territory that is outside of the legal boundaries of that ruling power's own sovereign territory.
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Minister (government)
A minister is a politician who heads a ministry, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers.
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Ministry of Defense (Israel)
The Ministry of Defense (Ministry of Security, acronym: משהב"ט) of the government of Israel, is the governmental department responsible for defending the State of Israel from internal and external military threats.
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Ministry of foreign affairs
In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral relations affairs as well as for providing support for a country's citizens who are abroad.
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (وزارة الخارجية) is the ministry responsible for handling Qatar's external relations as well as its diplomatic efforts, including the maintenance of its diplomatic missions across the globe.
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Ministry of Law and Justice (India)
The Ministry of Law and Justice (ISO: Vidhi aura Nyāya Maṁtrālaya) in the Government of India is a cabinet ministry which deals with the management of the legal affairs, legislative activities and administration of justice in India through its three departments namely the Legislative Department and the Department of Legal Affairs and the Department of Justice respectively.
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Mirrors for princes
Mirrors for princes or mirrors of princes (specula principum) was a literary genre of didactic political writings throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
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Mohammad Hatta
Mohammad Hatta (12 August 1902 – 14 March 1980) was an Indonesian statesman, nationalist, and independence activist who served as the country's first vice president as well as the third prime minister.
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Monarch
A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College Dictionary. Head of state and monarch are monarchy and positions of authority.
Monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. Head of state and monarchy are government institutions and positions of authority.
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Monarchy of Australia
The monarchy of Australia is a key component of Australia's form of government, by which a hereditary monarch serves as the country’s sovereign and head of state.
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Monarchy of Belgium
Belgium is a constitutional, hereditary and popular monarchy.
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Monarchy of Canada
The monarchy of Canada is Canada's form of government embodied by the Canadian sovereign and head of state.
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Monarchy of Denmark
The monarchy of Denmark is a constitutional institution and a historic office of the Kingdom of Denmark.
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Monarchy of Liechtenstein
The monarchy of Liechtenstein is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of Liechtenstein.
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Monarchy of New Zealand
The monarchy of New Zealand is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of New Zealand.
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Monarchy of Norway
The Norwegian monarch is the head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.
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Monarchy of Spain
The monarchy of Spain or Spanish monarchy (Monarquía Española) is the constitutional form of government of Spain.
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Monarchy of Sweden
The monarchy of Sweden is centred on the monarchical head of state of Sweden,See the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5.
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Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the form of government used by the United Kingdom by which a hereditary monarch reigns as the head of state, with their powers regulated by the British Constitution.
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Mongolian People's Republic
The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR; Бүгд НайрамдахМонгол Ард Улс, БНМАУ) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia under the Qing dynasty.
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Monument
A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, historical, political, technical or architectural importance.
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Motion of no confidence
A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion of confidence and corresponding vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fit to continue to occupy their office.
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Mount Rushmore
The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a national memorial centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore (Lakota: Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe, or Six Grandfathers) in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota, United States.
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Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (20 October 2011) was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his assassination by rebel forces in 2011.
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Muhammad
Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.
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Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
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Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.
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Naruhito
Naruhito (born 23 February 1960) is Emperor of Japan.
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Nation state
A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.
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National anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation.
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National Archives and Records Administration
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government within the executive branch, charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records.
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National Assembly (France)
The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral French Parliament under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).
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National Assembly (South Korea)
The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, often shortened to the National Assembly, is the unicameral national legislature of South Korea.
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National Assembly of South Africa
The National Assembly is the directly elected house of the Parliament of South Africa, located in Cape Town, Western Cape.
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National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress (Congresso Nacional) is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.
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National day
A national day is a day on which celebrations mark the statehood or nationhood of a state or its people.
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National day of mourning
A national day of mourning is a day, or one of several days, marked by mourning and memorial activities observed among the majority of a country's populace.
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National Diet
The is the national legislature of Japan.
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National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument
The National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Nationaldenkmal) was a memorial structure in Berlin dedicated to Wilhelm I, first Emperor of Imperial Germany.
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National People's Congress
The National People's Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power of the People's Republic of China.
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National symbol
A national symbol is a manifestation of a nation or community to the world, serving as a representation of their identity and values.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.
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Nationalist government
The Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China, refers to the government of the Republic of China from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party.
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Natural person
In jurisprudence, a natural person (also physical person in some Commonwealth countries, or natural entity) is a person (in legal meaning, i.e., one who has its own legal personality) that is an individual human being, distinguished from the broader category of a legal person, which may be a private (i.e., business entity or non-governmental organization) or public (i.e., government) organization.
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Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
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Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the Italian Renaissance.
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Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu (– 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician who served as the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989.
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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964.
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Nizari Isma'ilism
Nizari Isma'ilism (translit) are the largest segment of the Ismaili Muslims, who are the second-largest branch of Shia Islam after the Twelvers.
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Nordisk familjebok
Nordisk familjebok ('Nordic Family Book') is a Swedish encyclopedia that was published in print from between 1876 and 1993, and that is now fully available in digital form via Project Runeberg at Linköping University.
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Norodom Sihamoni
Norodom Sihamoni (នរោត្តម សីហមុនី,; born 14 May 1953) is King of Cambodia.
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North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.
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Norway
Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Norwegian Armed Forces
The Norwegian Armed Forces (The Defence) is the military organization responsible for the defence of Norway.
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Nuncio
An apostolic nuncio (nuntius apostolicus; also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio) is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization.
O le Ao o le Malo
The O le Ao o le Malo (in Samoan) is the ceremonial head of state of Samoa.
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Oath of allegiance
An oath of allegiance is an oath whereby a subject or citizen acknowledges a duty of allegiance and swears loyalty to a monarch or a country.
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Oath of office
An oath of office is an oath or affirmation a person takes before assuming the duties of an office, usually a position in government or within a religious body, although such oaths are sometimes required of officers of other organizations.
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Occupation of Japan
Japan was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945, at the war's end until the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952.
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Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)
The Office of Parliamentary Counsel (OPC) is an Australian Commonwealth government agency established under the Parliamentary Counsel Act 1970 (Cth) within the Commonwealth Attorney-General's portfolio.
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Officer (armed forces)
An officer is a person who holds a position of authority as a member of an armed force or uniformed service.
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Official Journal of the European Union
The Official Journal of the European Union (the OJEU) is the official gazette of record for the European Union (EU).
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Official residence
An official residence is a residence designated by an authority and assigned to an official (such as a head of state, head of government, governor, or other senior figures), and may not always be the same place where the office holder conducts their official functions or lives.
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Official state car
An official state car is a vehicle used by a government to transport its head of state or head of government in an official capacity, which may also be used occasionally to transport other members of the government or visiting dignitaries from other countries.
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Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English statesman, politician, and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of the British Isles.
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Olympic Charter
The Olympic Charter is a set of rules and guidelines for the organisation of the Olympic Games, and for governing the Olympic movement.
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Oman
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in West Asia.
Omar al-Bashir
Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese former military officer and politician who served as Sudan's head of state under various titles from 1989 until 2019, when he was deposed in a coup d'état.
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Omar Torrijos
Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera (February 13, 1929 – July 31, 1981) was a Panamanian dictator, as well as the Commander of the Panamanian National Guard and military leader of Panama from 1968 to his death in 1981.
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One-party state
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.
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Opening ceremony
An opening ceremony, grand opening, or ribbon-cutting ceremony marks the official opening of a newly constructed location or the start of an event.
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Order of precedence
An order of precedence is a sequential hierarchy of nominal importance and can be applied to individuals, groups, or organizations.
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Order of succession
An order, line or right of succession is the line of individuals necessitated to hold a high office when it becomes vacated, such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility. Head of state and order of succession are monarchy.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy
The Italian honours system is a means to reward achievements or service to the Italian Republic, formerly the Kingdom of Italy, including the Italian Social Republic.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Norway
This is a list of Norwegian orders and medals, in order of precedence.
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Outer Mongolia
Outer Mongolia was the name of a territory in the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of Mongolia and the Russian republic of Tuva. The historical region gained ''de facto'' independence from Qing China during the Xinhai Revolution.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
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Palestine Liberation Organization
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية) is a Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people; i.e. the globally dispersed population, not just those in the Palestinian territories who are represented by the Palestinian Authority.
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Palestinian Authority
The Palestinian Authority, officially known as the Palestinian National Authority or the State of Palestine, is the Fatah-controlled government body that exercises partial civil control over the Palestinian enclaves in the Israeli-occupied West Bank as a consequence of the 1993–1995 Oslo Accords.
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Panama
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America.
Panamanian Public Forces
The Panamanian Public Forces (Fuerza Pública de la República de Panamá) are the national security forces of Panama.
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Papal conclave
A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope.
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Papal States
The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia (a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia).
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Paramount leader
Paramount leader is an informal term for the most important political figure in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Head of state and Paramount leader are positions of authority.
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Parliament of England
The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain.
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Parliament of Nauru
The Parliament of Nauru has 19 members, elected for a three-year term in multi-seat constituencies.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a system of democratic government where the head of government (who may also be the head of state) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which they are accountable.
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Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
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Party leader
In a governmental system, a party leader acts as the official representative of their political party, either to a legislature or to the electorate.
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Pater familias
The pater familias, also written as paterfamilias (patres familias), was the head of a Roman family.
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Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (abbreviated; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I. He later became president of Germany from 1925 until his death.
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Paulias Matane
Sir Paulias Nguna Matane (21 September 1931 – 12 December 2021) was a Papua New Guinean politician who served as the eighth Governor-General of Papua New Guinea from 29 June 2004 to 13 December 2010.
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Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.
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People's Liberation Army
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China.
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Pergamon
Pergamon or Pergamum (or; Πέργαμον), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos, was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Aeolis.
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Persona
A persona (plural personae or personas) is a strategic mask of identity in public, the public image of one's personality, the social role that one adopts, or simply a fictional character.
Personal anthem
The anthem for a person, office or rank is music played on formal or ceremonial occasions in the presence of the person, office-holder, or rank-holder, especially by a military band.
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Personal union
A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.
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Perth Agreement
The Perth Agreement was made in Australia in 2011 by the prime ministers of what were then the sixteen states known as Commonwealth realms, all recognising Elizabeth II as their head of state.
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Pharaoh
Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE. Head of state and Pharaoh are heads of state and positions of authority.
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.
Polis
Polis (πόλις), plural poleis (πόλεις), means ‘city’ in ancient Greek.
Political strongman
In politics, a strongman is a type of authoritarian political leader—civilian or military—who exerts control through military enforcement and has, or has claimed to have, strong popular support.
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Politics of France
The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic.
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Politics of India
Politics of India works within the framework of the country's Constitution.
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Politics of Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein is a principality governed under a semi-constitutional monarchy.
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Politics of Luxembourg
Luxembourg is a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy, whereby the prime minister is the head of government, and the multi-party system.
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Politics of Morocco
Politics of Morocco take place in a framework of an official parliamentary constitutional monarchy, whereby the prime minister of Morocco is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.
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Politics of Papua New Guinea
The politics of Papua New Guinea takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic multi-party system, whereby the prime minister is the head of government.
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Politics of Solomon Islands
Politics of Solomon Islands takes place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic, constitutional monarchy.
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Politics of South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a unitary parliamentary democratic republic.
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Politics of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy which, by legislation and convention, operates as a unitary parliamentary democracy.
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Pope
The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. Head of state and pope are heads of state.
Popular sovereignty
Popular sovereignty is the principle that the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political legitimacy.
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Portrait
A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face is always predominant.
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Portuguese Armed Forces
The Portuguese Armed Forces (Forças Armadas) are the military of Portugal.
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Postage stamp
A postage stamp is a small piece of paper issued by a post office, postal administration, or other authorized vendors to customers who pay postage (the cost involved in moving, insuring, or registering mail).
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Power behind the throne
The phrase "power behind the throne" refers to a person or group that is understood to de facto wield the power of a high-ranking official (originally, and hence the name, a monarch), or whose support must be maintained to continue in office. Head of state and power behind the throne are government institutions.
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Premier of China
The premier of China, officially titled the premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, is the head of government of China and leader of the State Council.
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Presidencies and provinces of British India
The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance on the Indian subcontinent.
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Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Предсједништво Босне и Херцеговине) is a three-member body which collectively serves as head of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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President (government title)
President is a common title for the head of state in most republics. Head of state and President (government title) are heads of state and positions of authority.
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President for life
President for life is a title assumed by or granted to some presidents to extend their tenure up until their death. Head of state and president for life are heads of state.
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President of Argentina
The president of Argentina (Presidente de Argentina; officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation Presidente de la Nación Argentina.) is both head of state and head of government of Argentina.
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President of Botswana
The president of the Republic of Botswana is the head of state and the head of government of Botswana, as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, according to the Constitution of Botswana.
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President of Brazil
The president of Brazil (presidente do Brasil), officially the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil (presidente da República Federativa do Brasil) or simply the President of the Republic, is the head of state and head of government of Brazil.
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President of China
The president of China, officially titled the president of the People's Republic of China, is the state representative of the People's Republic of China, which on its own is a ceremonial office and has no real power in China's political system.
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President of Colombia
The President of Colombia (President of the Republic) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Colombia.
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President of El Salvador
The president of El Salvador (presidente de El Salvador), officially titled President of the Republic of El Salvador (Presidente de la República de El Salvador), is the head of state and head of government of El Salvador.
See Head of state and President of El Salvador
President of France
The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces.
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President of Germany
The president of Germany, officially titled the Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland),The official title within Germany is Bundespräsident, with der Bundesrepublik Deutschland being added in international correspondence; the official English title is President of the Federal Republic of Germany is the head of state of Germany.
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President of Greece
The president of Greece, officially the President of the Hellenic Republic (Próedros tis Ellinikís Dimokratías), commonly referred to in Greek as the President of the Republic (label), is the head of state of Greece.
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President of India
The president of India (IAST) is the head of state of the Republic of India.
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President of Indonesia
The president of the Republic of Indonesia (Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia.
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President of Iraq
The president of the Republic of Iraq (Ra'īs Jumhūriyat al-Irāq; سەرۆککۆماری عێراق / Serokkomarê Îraqê) is the head of state of Iraq and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution".
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President of Ireland
The president of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann) is the head of state of Ireland and the supreme commander of the Irish Defence Forces.
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President of Israel
The president of the State of Israel (Nesi Medinat Yisra'el, or Nesi HaMedina President of the State) is the head of state of Israel.
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President of Italy
The president of Italy, officially titled President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana), is the head of state of Italy.
See Head of state and President of Italy
President of Lithuania
The president of the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas) is the head of state of the Republic of Lithuania.
See Head of state and President of Lithuania
President of Mexico
The president of Mexico (Presidente de México), officially the president of the United Mexican States (Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos), is the head of state and head of government of Mexico.
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President of Nauru
The president of Nauru is elected by Parliament from among its members, and is both the head of state and the head of government of Nauru.
See Head of state and President of Nauru
President of Peru
The President of Peru (Presidente del Perú), officially called the Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru (presidente constitucional de la República del Perú), is the head of state and head of government of Peru.
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President of Portugal
The president of Portugal, officially the president of the Portuguese Republic (Presidente da República Portuguesa), is the head of state and highest office of Portugal.
See Head of state and President of Portugal
President of Russia
The president of the Russian Federation (Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the executive head of state of Russia.
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President of South Africa
The president of South Africa is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of South Africa.
See Head of state and President of South Africa
President of South Korea
The president of the Republic of Korea, also known as the president of Korea, is both the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Korea.
See Head of state and President of South Korea
President of the Czech Republic
The president of the Czech Republic, officially the President of the Republic (Prezident republiky), is the head of state of the Czech Republic and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic.
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President of the State Affairs of North Korea
The President of the State Affairs Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, alternatively styled "President of State Affairs" in official translations, is the supreme leader and head of state of North Korea.
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President of the State of Palestine
The president of the State of Palestine (translit) is the head of state of Palestine.
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President of the Swiss Confederation
The president of the Swiss Confederation, also known as the president of the confederation, federal president or colloquially as the president of Switzerland, is as primus inter pares among the other members of the Federal Council formally the head of Switzerland's seven-member executive branch.
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President of the United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.
See Head of state and President of the United States
President of Venezuela
The president of Venezuela (Presidente de Venezuela), officially known as the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is the head of state and head of government in Venezuela.
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Presidential system
A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers.
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Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta) was the standing body of the highest body of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
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Priest
A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities.
Prime Minister of Belgium
The prime minister of Belgium (Eerste minister van België; Premier ministre de Belgique; Premierminister von Belgien) or the premier of Belgium is the head of the federal government of Belgium, and the most powerful person in Belgian politics.
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Prime Minister of France
The prime minister of France (Premier ministre français), officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
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Prime Minister of Japan
The prime minister of Japan (Japanese: 内閣総理大臣, Hepburn: Naikaku Sōri-Daijin) is the head of government and the highest political position of Japan.
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Prime Minister of Portugal
The prime minister of Portugal (primeiro-ministro) is the head of government of Portugal.
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Prime Minister of South Korea
The prime minister of the Republic of Korea is the deputy head of government and the second highest political office of South Korea who is appointed by the President of the Republic of Korea, with the National Assembly's approval.
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Prime Minister of Sweden
The prime minister of Sweden (statsminister literally translates as "minister of state") is the head of government of the Kingdom of Sweden.
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom.
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Primogeniture
Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative.
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Prince
A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. Head of state and prince are heads of state and positions of authority.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 19219 April 2021), was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II.
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Princely state
A princely state (also called native state or Indian state) was a nominally sovereign entity of the British Indian Empire that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of indirect rule, subject to a subsidiary alliance and the suzerainty or paramountcy of the British crown.
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Principate
The Principate was the form of imperial government of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in 27 BC to the end of the Crisis of the Third Century in AD 284, after which it evolved into the Dominate.
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Private Secretary to the Sovereign
The private secretary to the sovereign is the senior operational member of the Royal Household of the sovereign of the United Kingdom (as distinct from the great officers of the Household, whose duties are largely ceremonial).
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Promulgation
Promulgation is the formal proclamation or the declaration that a new statutory or administrative law is enacted after its final approval.
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Protocol (diplomacy)
In international politics, protocol is the etiquette of diplomacy and affairs of state.
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Provinces and territories of Canada
Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution.
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Qatar Armed Forces
The Qatar Armed Forces (Al-Quwwat Al-Musallahah Al-Qatariyyah) are the military forces of the State of Qatar.
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Queen regnant
A queen regnant (queens regnant) is a female monarch, equivalent in rank, title and position to a king. Head of state and queen regnant are positions of authority.
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Question time
A question time in a parliament occurs when members of the parliament ask questions of government ministers (including the prime minister), which they are obliged to answer.
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Ratification
Ratification is a principal's legal confirmation of an act of its agent.
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Real union
Real union is a union of two or more states, which share some state institutions in contrast to personal unions; however, they are not as unified as states in a political union.
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Records of heads of state
Heads of state throughout the world and at all periods of history may be ranked according to characteristics such as length of time holding that position; age of accession or death; or physical attributes.
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Referendum
A referendum (referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue.
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Regent
In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined. Head of state and regent are heads of state and monarchy.
Regime
In politics, a regime (also "régime") is the form of government or the set of rules, cultural or social norms, etc., that regulate the operation of a government or institution and its interactions with society.
Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
The Reichstag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was the lower house of Germany's parliament; the upper house was the Reichsrat, which represented the states.
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Religion
Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.
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Republic
A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.
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Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
The republics in the Commonwealth of Nations are the sovereign states in the organisation with a republican form of government.
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Republics of the Soviet Union
The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (r) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
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Reserve power
In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government, a reserve power, also known as discretionary power, is a power that may be exercised by the head of state (or their representative) without the approval of another branch or part of the government.
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Respite (law)
A respite is a delay in the imposition of sentence but in no way modifies a sentence or addresses questions of due process, guilt or innocence.
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Responsible government
Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability, the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy.
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Reuters
Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.
Revolution
In political science, a revolution (revolutio, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures.
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Richard Cromwell
Richard Cromwell (4 October 162612 July 1712) was an English statesman, the second and final Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and the son of the first Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell.
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Riksdag
The Riksdag (also riksdagen or Sveriges riksdag) is the legislature and the supreme decision-making body of the Kingdom of Sweden.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell
The Diocese of Urgell (Diœcesis Urgellensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Catalonia (Spain) and Andorra in the historical County of Urgell, Catholic-Hierarchy.org.
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Roman consul
A consul was the highest elected public official of the Roman Republic (to 27 BC).
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Roman emperor
The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC. Head of state and Roman emperor are positions of authority.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
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Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
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Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 or the War of the Armenian Succession was fought between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire over control of Armenia, a vital buffer state between the two realms.
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Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
Royal assent
Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature, either directly or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf.
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Royal Court of Sweden
The Royal Court (Kungliga Hovstaterna) is the official name for the organisation (royal households) that supports the monarch and the royal house.
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Royal family
A royal family is the immediate family of kings/queens, emirs/emiras, sultans/sultanas, or raja/rani and sometimes their extended family.
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Royal Households of the United Kingdom
The Royal Households of the United Kingdom are the collective departments that support members of the British royal family.
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Royal intermarriage
Royal intermarriage is the practice of members of ruling dynasties marrying into other reigning families. Head of state and Royal intermarriage are monarchy.
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Royal prerogative
The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity recognized in common law (and sometimes in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy) as belonging to the sovereign, and which have become widely vested in the government. Head of state and royal prerogative are monarchy.
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Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Russian Armed Forces
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia.
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR..
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Sacred king
In many historical societies, the position of kingship carries a sacral meaning; that is, it is identical with that of a high priest and judge. Head of state and Sacred king are monarchy.
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Saint Helena
Saint Helena is one of the three constituent parts of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a remote British overseas territory.
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Salic law
The Salic law (or; Lex salica), also called the was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis.
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Salman of Saudi Arabia
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (translit; born 31 December 1935) is King of Saudi Arabia, reigning since 2015, and was also Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2022.
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Samoa
Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono and Apolima); and several smaller, uninhabited islands, including the Aleipata Islands (Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Fanuatapu and Namua).
San Marino
San Marino (San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino (Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate and enclave within Italy.
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Sapa Inca
The Sapa Inca (from Quechua Sapan Inka) was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cusco and the later Neo-Inca State. Head of state and Sapa Inca are heads of state.
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Sardar
Sardar, also spelled as Sardaar(سردار,, 'commander', literally 'headmaster'), is a title of royalty and nobility that was originally used to denote princes, noblemen, chiefs, kings and other aristocrats. Head of state and Sardar are heads of state.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal
D. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal and 1st Count of Oeiras (13 May 1699 – 8 May 1782), known as the Marquis of Pombal (Marquês de Pombal), was a Portuguese despotic statesman and diplomat who effectively ruled the Portuguese Empire from 1750 to 1777 as chief minister to King Joseph I.
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Seimas
The Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas), or simply the Seimas, is the unicameral legislative body of the Republic of Lithuania.
Self-determination
Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.
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Semi-presidential republic
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state.
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Senate (France)
The Senate (Sénat) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Assembly, the two houses constituting the legislature of France.
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Senate of Spain
The Senate (Senado) is the upper house of the, which along with the Congress of Deputies – the lower chamber – comprises the Parliament of the Kingdom of Spain.
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Senate of the Czech Republic
The Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of the Czech Republic.
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Senate of the Republic (Italy)
The Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica), or simply the Senate (Senato), is the upper house of the bicameral Italian Parliament, the lower house being the Chamber of Deputies.
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Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each.
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Seychelles
Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles; Seychellois Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean.
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Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.
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Shophet
In several ancient Semitic-speaking cultures and associated historical regions, the shopheṭ or shofeṭ (plural shophetim or shofetim; šōp̄ēṭ, šōfēṭ, šūfeṭ, the last loaned into Latin as sūfes; see also ṯāpiṭ) was a community leader of significant civic stature, often functioning as a chief magistrate with authority roughly equivalent to Roman consular powers. Head of state and shophet are heads of state.
Singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.
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Social contract
In moral and political philosophy, the social contract is an idea, theory or model that usually, although not always, concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.
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Socialist state
A socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country, sometimes referred to as a workers' state or workers' republic, is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism.
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Soong Ching-ling
Rosamond Soong Ch'ing-ling (27 January 189329 May 1981) was a Chinese political figure.
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South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.
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South China Morning Post
The South China Morning Post (SCMP), with its Sunday edition, the Sunday Morning Post, is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group.
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South Dakota
South Dakota (Sioux: Dakȟóta itókaga) is a landlocked state in the North Central region of the United States.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia.
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Sovereign state
A sovereign state is a state that has the highest authority over a territory.
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Sovereignty
Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority.
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Soviet empire
The term "Soviet empire" collectively refers to the world's territories that the Soviet Union dominated politically, economically, and militarily.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
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Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
Spanish American wars of independence
The Spanish American wars of independence (Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) took place throughout Spanish America during the early 19th century, with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule.
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Sparta
Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece.
Speaker of the Riksdag
The speaker of the Riksdag (Riksdagens talman) is the presiding officer of the national unicameral legislature in Sweden.
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Speech from the throne
A speech from the throne, or throne speech, is an event in certain monarchies in which the reigning sovereign, or their representative, reads a prepared speech to members of the nation's legislature when a session is opened. Head of state and speech from the throne are monarchy.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.
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Stadtholder
In the Low Countries, a stadtholder (stadhouder) was a steward, first appointed as a medieval official and ultimately functioning as a national leader.
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Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) is the permanent body of the National People's Congress (NPC), the national legislature of the People's Republic of China.
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State (polity)
A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.
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State banquet
A state banquet is an official banquet hosted by the head of state in his or her official residence for another head of state, or sometimes head of government, and other guests.
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State Council of the People's Republic of China
The State Council of the People's Republic of China, also known as the Central People's Government, is the chief administrative authority and the national cabinet of China.
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State Duma
The State Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia.
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State funeral
A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony, observing the strict rules of protocol, held to honour people of national significance.
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State of defence
The state of defence is the constitutional state of emergency in Germany if the country is "under attack by armed force or imminently threatened with such an attack".
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State of the Union
The State of the Union Address (sometimes abbreviated to SOTU) is an annual message delivered by the president of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress near the beginning of most calendar years on the current condition of the nation.
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State Opening of Parliament
The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremonial event which formally marks the beginning of each session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
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State religion
A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.
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State visit
A state visit is a formal visit by a head of state (or representative of a head of state) to a foreign country, at the invitation of the head of state (or representative) of that foreign country, with the latter also acting as the official host for the duration of the state visit. Head of state and state visit are heads of state.
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Statens offentliga utredningar
Statens offentliga utredningar (SOU), "Swedish Government Official Reports", is the name of an official series of reports of committees appointed and convened by the Government of Sweden for the analysis of issues in anticipation of a proposed legislation before the Riksdag or the issuance of ordinances.
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Statuto Albertino
The Statuto Albertino (English: Albertine Statute) was the constitution granted by King Charles Albert of Sardinia to the Kingdom of Sardinia on 4 March 1848 and written in Italian and French.
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Storting
The Storting (Stortinget) is the supreme legislature of Norway, established in 1814 by the Constitution of Norway.
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Style (form of address)
A style of office or form of address, also called manner of address, is an official or legally recognized form of address for a person or other entity (such as a government or company), and may often be used in conjunction with a personal title.
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Sudan
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.
Sukarno
Sukarno (born Koesno Sosrodihardjo,, 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sultan
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings. Head of state and Sultan are heads of state and positions of authority.
Summer Olympic Games
The Summer Olympic Games, also known as the Games of the Olympiad, is a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years.
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Supreme command of the armed forces in the People's Republic of China
In the People's Republic of China (PRC), supreme command of the armed forces is exercised by the Central Military Commission (CMC) of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
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Supreme Court of Ireland
The Supreme Court of Ireland (Cúirt Uachtarach na hÉireann) is the highest judicial authority in Ireland.
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Supreme Court of Justice (Portugal)
The Supreme Court of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justiça,, STJ) is the highest court of law in Portugal without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.
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Supreme Federal Court
The Federal Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal,, abbreviated STF) is the supreme court (court of last resort) of Brazil, serving primarily as the country's Constitutional Court.
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Supreme Leader (North Korean title)
The title of supreme leader of North Korea generally means the de facto top leader of the Workers' Party of Korea, the state and the Korean People's Army. Head of state and supreme Leader (North Korean title) are positions of authority.
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Supreme Leader of Iran
The supreme leader of Iran (Rahbar-e Moazam-e Irân), also referred to as Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution (رهبر معظمانقلاب اسلامی), but officially called the Supreme Leadership Authority (مقاممعظمرهبری), is the head of state and the highest political and religious authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran (above the President). Head of state and supreme Leader of Iran are positions of authority.
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Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (r) was, from 1936 to 1991, the highest body of state authority of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and based on the principle of unified power was the only branch of government in the Soviet state.
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Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.
Swedish Act of Succession
The 1810 Act of Succession (lit) is one of four Fundamental Laws of the Realm (rikets grundlagar) and thus forms part of the Swedish Constitution.
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Tanistry
Tanistry is a Gaelic system for passing on titles and lands.
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Taoiseach
The Taoiseach is the head of government or prime minister of Ireland.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The Prince
The Prince (Il Principe; De Principatibus) is a 16th-century political treatise written by the Italian diplomat, philosopher, and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli in the form of a realistic instruction guide for new princes.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of government in which one or more deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government's daily affairs.
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Third International Theory
The Third International Theory (نظرية عالمية ثالثة), also known as the Third Universal Theory and Gaddafism, was the style of government proposed by Muammar Gaddafi on 15 April 1973 in his Zuwara speech, on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based.
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Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.
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Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher.
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Tibet
Tibet (Böd), or Greater Tibet, is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about.
Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism is a form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet, Bhutan and Mongolia.
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Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.
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Transitional Sovereignty Council
The Transitional Sovereignty Council (translit) is the collective head of state of Sudan, formed on 20 August 2019, by the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration.
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Travancore
The Kingdom of Travancore, also known as the Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor or later as Travancore State, was an Indian kingdom that lasted from until 1949.
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Treatise
A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions.
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Treaty
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement concluded by sovereign states in international law.
Tribunal de Contas da União
The Brazilian Federal Court of Accounts (Tribunal de Contas da União, often referred to as TCU) is Brazil's federal audit office.
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Triumvirate
A triumvirate (triumvirātus) or a triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs (triumviri).
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Tulku
A tulku (also tülku, trulku) is a distinctive and significant aspect of Tibetan Buddhism, embodying the concept of enlightened beings taking corporeal forms to continue the lineage of specific teachings.
Tuvalu
Tuvalu, formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is an island country in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean, about midway between Hawaii and Australia.
Uganda
Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa.
Unification of Italy
The unification of Italy (Unità d'Italia), also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 resulted in the consolidation of various states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy.
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United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
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United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
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United States Armed Forces
The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States.
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United States Electoral College
In the United States, the Electoral College is the group of presidential electors that is formed every four years during the presidential election for the sole purpose of voting for the president and vice president.
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United States federal executive departments
The United States federal executive departments are the principal units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States.
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United States House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber.
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United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress.
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Vatican City
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.
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Vice president
A vice president or vice-president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank.
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Vice President of China
The vice president of China, officially titled the vice president of the People's Republic of China, is the deputy to the president of the People's Republic of China, the state representative of China.
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Vice President of Indonesia
The vice president of the Republic of Indonesia (Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia) is second-highest officer in the executive branch of the Indonesian government, after the president, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession.
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Viceroy
A viceroy is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata
The Victoria Memorial is a large marble monument on the Maidan in Central Kolkata, having its entrance on the Queen's Way.
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Victoria Memorial, London
The Victoria Memorial is a monument to Queen Victoria, located at the end of The Mall in London by the sculptor Sir Thomas Brock.
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Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 is an international treaty that defines a framework for diplomatic relations between independent countries.
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War of succession
A war of succession is a war prompted by a succession crisis in which two or more individuals claim the right of successor to a deceased or deposed monarch.
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War of the Quadruple Alliance
The War of the Quadruple Alliance was fought from 1718 to 1720 by Spain, and the Quadruple Alliance, a coalition between Britain, France, Austria, and the Dutch Republic.
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Wedding of Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Countess Stéphanie de Lannoy
The wedding of Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Countess Stéphanie de Lannoy took place on 19 and 20 October 2012.
Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton
The wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton took place on Friday, 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey in London, England.
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Wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling
The wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling took place on 2010 in Stockholm Cathedral.
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Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.
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Westphalian system
The Westphalian system, also known as Westphalian sovereignty, is a principle in international law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory.
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William III of England
William III (William Henry;; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702.
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Winter Olympic Games
The Winter Olympic Games (Jeux olympiques d'hiver) is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice.
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World Leaders
World Leaders, also known as Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments, is a public domain directory published weekly by the United States Central Intelligence Agency. Head of state and World Leaders are heads of state.
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World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
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Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping (or often;, pronounced; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus the paramount leader of China, since 2012.
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Yang di-Pertuan Negara
Yang di-Pertuan Negara (English: (he) who is Lord of the State) is a title for the head of state in certain Malay-speaking countries, and has been used as an official title at various times in Brunei and Singapore.
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Yasser Arafat
Yasser Arafat (4 or 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), also popularly known by his kunya Abu Ammar, was a Palestinian political leader.
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Yemen
Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.
Yusof Ishak
Yusof bin Ishak (12 August 191023 November 1970) was a Singaporean journalist and senior civil servant who served as the first president of Singapore between 1965 and 1970.
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Zog I
Zog I (Ahmed Muhtar Zogolli; 8 October 18959 April 1961) was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939.
14th Dalai Lama
The 14th Dalai Lama (spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, also known as Tenzin Gyatso;; born 6 July 1935) is, as the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism.
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1975 Australian constitutional crisis
The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, also known simply as the Dismissal, culminated on 11 November 1975 with the dismissal from office of the prime minister, Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), by Sir John Kerr, the Governor-General who then commissioned the leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal Party, as prime minister.
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21-gun salute
A 21-gun salute is the most commonly recognized of the customary gun salutes that are performed by the firing of cannons or artillery as a military honor. Head of state and 21-gun salute are heads of state.
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5th Dalai Lama
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682) was the 5th Dalai Lama and the first Dalai Lama to wield effective temporal and spiritual power over all Tibet.
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See also
Air transport of heads of state
- 31st Wing (Italy)
- 437 Transport Squadron
- Air transport of the British royal family and government
- Air transports of heads of state and government
- Code One
- Dubai Royal Air Wing
- Head of state
- Japanese Air Force One
- No. 32 Squadron RAF
- No. 34 Squadron RAAF
- No. 42 Squadron RNZAF
- Presidential Flight (UAE)
- Presidential aircraft
- Royal Air Force Voyager Vespina
- Royal Australian Air Force VIP aircraft
- Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft
- Royal Flight of Oman
- State aviation operator (Bulgaria)
- Wing of Zion
Government institutions
- Administration (government)
- Board of estimate
- Cabinet (government)
- Center of government
- Central banks
- Civil servants
- Control commission
- Council of Ministers
- Council of state
- Currency board
- Delhi Lokayukta
- Emergency services
- Estates of the realm
- Executive agency
- Government bodies
- Head of government
- Head of state
- Heads of government
- Heads of state
- International Mother Language Institute
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- Juries
- Kong Koan
- Legislatures
- List of national and international statistical services
- Machinery of government
- Military
- Military cabinet
- Ministerial ranking
- Monarchy
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- National human rights institution
- National human rights institutions
- Non-ministerial government department
- People's Commissariat
- Popular assemblies
- Power behind the throne
- Regulatory agency
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- State Council
- Supreme courts
- Treasury
References
Also known as Chief of State, Collective head of state, Collective heads of state, Head of the State, Head-of-state, Heads of State, Heads of states, Heads-of-state, Headship of state, Leaders of a nation, Nation Leader, National leader, Shared sovereign.
, Cabinet of Brazil, Cabinet of Denmark, Cabinet of Israel, Cabinet of Japan, Caliphate, Cameroon, Canada, Canadian Armed Forces, Captains Regent, Cardinal (Catholic Church), Catholic Church, Central Bank of Brazil, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Intelligence Agency, Ceremonial ship launching, Ceremony, Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China), Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, Chamber of Deputies (Brazil), Chamber of Representatives (Belgium), Chancellor, Chancellor of Germany, Chargé d'affaires, Charles de Gaulle, Charles III, Chief Executive of Hong Kong, Chief executive officer, Chief magistrate, Chief of the General Staff (Israel), China, Church of England, Civil control of the military, Civil service, Co-princes of Andorra, Cohabitation (government), Coin, Command hierarchy, Commander-in-chief, Commander-in-Chief of North Korea, Commonwealth realm, 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titles, Malaysia, Mandate of Heaven, Manuel Noriega, Mao Zedong, Martial law, Martin Charteris, Baron Charteris of Amisfield, Marxism–Leninism, Mary II, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Maya civilization, Memorial, Middle East, Midwestern United States, Militarism, Military, Military band, Military dictatorship, Military occupation, Minister (government), Ministry of Defense (Israel), Ministry of foreign affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar), Ministry of Law and Justice (India), Mirrors for princes, Mohammad Hatta, Monarch, Monarchy, Monarchy of Australia, Monarchy of Belgium, Monarchy of Canada, Monarchy of Denmark, Monarchy of Liechtenstein, Monarchy of New Zealand, Monarchy of Norway, Monarchy of Spain, Monarchy of Sweden, Monarchy of the United Kingdom, Mongolian People's Republic, Monument, Motion of no confidence, Mount Rushmore, Muammar Gaddafi, Muhammad, Napoleon, Napoleonic Wars, Naruhito, Nation state, National anthem, National Archives and Records 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