Communication

315 relations: Abdication, Acre, Israel, Adolphe Thiers, Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera, Aisne, Ajaccio, Al-Andalus, Alexander Mourouzis, Alexandria, Alexandros Soutzos, Alhambra, All This, and Heaven Too, Alps, Ambassador, Anatolia, Ancona, Andrei Budberg, Anglo-Turkish War (1807–09), Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette, Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont, Arc de Triomphe, Armand Charles Guilleminot, Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg, Austrian Empire, Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise, Élie, duc Decazes, Étienne Maurice Gérard, Baghdad, Balkans, Baltic Sea, Barbara O'Neil, Barbary Coast, Barthélemy Hauréau, Bastia, Batavian Republic, Battle of Almonacid, Battle of Austerlitz, Battle of Bautzen, Battle of Borodino, Battle of Ciudad Real, Battle of Hanau, Battle of Lützen (1813), Battle of Leipzig, Battle of Marengo, Battle of Talavera, Battle of Ulm, Battle of Waterloo, Belgian Revolution, Benjamin Constant, Bette Davis, ..., Bey, Bourbon Restoration, Brest, France, Brigadier 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Abdication

Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority.

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Acre, Israel

Acre (or, עַכּוֹ, ʻAko, most commonly spelled as Akko; عكّا, ʻAkkā) is a city in the coastal plain region of Israel's Northern District at the extremity of Haifa Bay.

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Adolphe Thiers

Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian.

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Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera

Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera (French idiom, meaning "God helps those who help themselves"), simply called Aide-toi, was a French society that aimed to stir up the electorate against the government during the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830).

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Aisne

Aisne is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Ajaccio

Ajaccio is a French commune, prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud, and head office of the Collectivité territoriale de Corse (capital city of Corsica).

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.

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Alexander Mourouzis

Alexander Mourouzis (Αλέξανδρος Μουρούζης; Alexandru Moruzi; died 1816) was a Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire who served as Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (or; Arabic: الإسكندرية; Egyptian Arabic: إسكندرية; Ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ; Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic centre, extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country.

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Alexandros Soutzos

Alexandros Soutzos (1758 – January 18/19, 1821, Bucharest) was a Phanariote Greek who ruled as Prince of Moldavia (July 10, 1801 – October 1, 1802 and Prince of Wallachia (July 2, 1802 – August 30, 1802; August 24, 1806 – October 15, 1806; December 1806; November 17, 1818 – January 19, 1821). Born in Constantinople, he had earlier been Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire.

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Alhambra

The Alhambra (الْحَمْرَاء, Al-Ḥamrā, lit. "The Red One",The "Al-" in "Alhambra" means "the" in Arabic, but this is ignored in general usage in both English and Spanish, where the name is normally given the definite articleالْحَمْرَاء, trans.; literally "the red one", feminine; in colloquial Arabic: the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra)الْقَلْعَةُ ٱلْحَمْرَاءُ, trans.

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All This, and Heaven Too

All This, and Heaven Too is a 1940 American drama film made by Warner Bros.-First National Pictures, produced and directed by Anatole Litvak with Hal B. Wallis as executive producer.

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Alps

The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.

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Ambassador

An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sovereign or appointed for a special and often temporary diplomatic assignment.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.

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Ancona

Ancona ((elbow)) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997.

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Andrei Budberg

Count Andrei Yakovlevich Budberg (Андрей Яковлевич Будберг; Andreas Eberhard von Budberg) (10 August 1750 – 1 September 1812) was a Russian Empire diplomat who served as Foreign Minister in 1806–07.

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Anglo-Turkish War (1807–09)

The Anglo-Turkish War was a conflict took place during the Napoleonic Wars between 1807 and 1809.

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Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette

Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette (14 October 176915 February 1830) was a French politician and general.

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Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont

Antoine IX Geneviève Héraclius Agénor de Gramont (17 July 1789 – 3 March 1855), 9th Duke of Gramont, Duke of Guiche, Prince of Bidache, etc. was a 19th-century French aristocratic Army general and courtier.

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Arc de Triomphe

The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (Triumphal Arch of the Star) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the center of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile — the étoile or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues.

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Armand Charles Guilleminot

Armand Charles, Count Guilleminot (March 2, 1774 – March 14, 1840), was a French general during the Napoleonic wars.

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Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg

Auguste Charles Eugène Napoléon, Duke of Leuchtenberg (9 December 1810 – 28 March 1835) was the first prince consort of Maria II of Portugal.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

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Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise

Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier, 1st Duc de Trévise (13 February 1768 – 28 July 1835) was a French general and Marshal of France under Napoleon I. He was one of 18 people killed in 1835 during Giuseppe Marco Fieschi's assassination attempt on King Louis Philippe I.

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Élie, duc Decazes

Élie-Louis, 1st Duke of Decazes and Glücksburg (born Élie-Louis Decazes; 28 September 1780 – 24 October 1860) was a French statesman, leader of the liberal Doctrinaires party during the Bourbon Restoration.

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Étienne Maurice Gérard

Étienne Maurice Gérard, 1er Comte Gérard (4 April 177317 April 1852) was a French general, statesman and Marshal of France.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.

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Balkans

The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.

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Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain.

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Barbara O'Neil

Barbara O'Neil (July 17, 1910 – September 3, 1980) was an American film and stage actress.

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Barbary Coast

The Barbary Coast, or Berber Coast, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the early 19th century to refer to much of the collective land of the Berber people.

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Barthélemy Hauréau

Jean-Barthélemy Hauréau (9 November 1812 – 29 April 1896) was a 19th-century French historian, journalist and administrator.

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Bastia

Bastia (Bastìa) (Corsican and Italian pronunciation) is a French commune in the Haute-Corse department of France located in the north-east of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse.

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Batavian Republic

The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek; République Batave) was the successor of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

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Battle of Almonacid

The Battle of Almonacid was fought on 11 August 1809 during the Peninsular War between Sébastiani's IV Corps of the French Peninsular Army, which had withdrawn from the Battle of Talavera to defend Madrid, and the Spanish Army of La Mancha under General Venegas.

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Battle of Austerlitz

The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Battle of Bautzen

In the Battle of Bautzen (20–21 May 1813) a combined Russian–Prussian army was pushed back by Napoleon I of France but escaped destruction, some sources claiming that Michel Ney failed to block their retreat.

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Battle of Borodino

The Battle of Borodino (la Moskova) was a battle fought on 7 September 1812 in the Napoleonic Wars during the French invasion of Russia.

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Battle of Ciudad Real

The Battle of Ciudad Real was fought on 27 March 1809 and resulted in a French victory under General Sebastiani against the Spanish under General Conde de Cartojal.

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Battle of Hanau

The Battle of Hanau was fought on (30 – 31 October 1813) between Karl Philipp von Wrede’s Austro-Bavarian corps and Napoleon's retreating French during the War of the Sixth Coalition.

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Battle of Lützen (1813)

In the Battle of Lützen (German: Schlacht von Großgörschen, May 2, 1813), Napoleon I of France halted the advances of the Sixth Coalition after the French invasion of Russia and the massive French losses in the campaign.

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Battle of Leipzig

The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations (Битва народов, Bitva narodov; Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig; Bataille des Nations, Slaget vid Leipzig) was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813, at Leipzig, Saxony.

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Battle of Marengo

The Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, Italy.

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Battle of Talavera

The Battle of Talavera (27–28 July 1809) was fought just outside the town of Talavera de la Reina, Spain some southwest of Madrid, during the Peninsular War.

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Battle of Ulm

The Battle of Ulm on 16–19 October 1805 was a series of skirmishes, at the end of the Ulm Campaign, which allowed Napoleon I to trap an entire Austrian army under the command of Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich with minimal losses and to force its surrender near Ulm in the Electorate of Bavaria.

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Battle of Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

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Belgian Revolution

The Belgian Revolution (Belgische Revolution) was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium.

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Benjamin Constant

Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (25 October 1767 – 8 December 1830), or simply Benjamin Constant, was a Swiss-French political activist and writer on politics and religion.

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Bette Davis

Ruth Elizabeth "Bette" Davis (April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989) was an American actress of film, television, and theater.

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Bey

“Bey” (بك “Beik”, bej, beg, بيه “Beyeh”, بیگ “Beyg” or بگ “Beg”) is a Turkish title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders or rulers of various sized areas in the Ottoman Empire.

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Bourbon Restoration

The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830.

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Brest, France

Brest is a city in the Finistère département in Brittany.

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Brigadier general

Brigadier general (Brig. Gen.) is a senior rank in the armed forces.

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British Army

The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of British Armed Forces.

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Cabinet of the United Kingdom

The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the collective decision-making body of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, composed of the Prime Minister and 21 cabinet ministers, the most senior of the government ministers.

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Cairo

Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.

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Carbonari

The Carbonari (Italian for "charcoal makers") was an informal network of secret revolutionary societies active in Italy from about 1800 to 1831.

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Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo

Count Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo (Charles-André Pozzo di Borgo, Карл Осипович Поццо ди Борго, Karl Osipovich Pozzo di Borgo; 8 March 1764 – 15 February 1842), was a Corsican politician who became a Russian diplomat.

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Casablanca

Casablanca (ad-dār al-bayḍāʾ; anfa; local informal name: Kaẓa), located in the central-western part of Morocco bordering the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest city in Morocco.

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Casimir Pierre Périer

Casimir-Pierre Perier (11 October 177716 May 1832) was a prominent French banker, mine owner, political leader and statesman.

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Casimir-Louis-Victurnien de Rochechouart de Mortemart

Casimir-Louis-Victurnien de Rochechouart de Mortemart (20 March 1787, Paris – 1 January 1875, Neauphle-le-Vieux), prince of Tonnay-Charente, then baron of Mortemart and of the Empire, 9th duke of Mortemart and peer of France (1814), was a French soldier, diplomat and politician.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Censorship

Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient" as determined by government authorities.

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Centrism

In politics, centrism—the centre (British English/Canadian English/Australian English) or the center (American English/Philippine English)—is a political outlook or specific position that involves acceptance or support of a balance of a degree of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy, while opposing political changes which would result in a significant shift of society either strongly to the left or the right.

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Chamber of Deputies

The chamber of deputies is the legislative body such as the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or also a unicameral legislature.

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Chamber of Deputies (France)

Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés) was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Champagne (province)

Champagne is a historical province in the northeast of France, now best known as the Champagne wine region for the sparkling white wine that bears its name.

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Chargé d'affaires

A chargé d'affaires, often shortened to chargé (French) and sometimes to charge-D (abbreviated in colloquial English), is a diplomat who heads an embassy in the absence of the ambassador.

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Charles Arbuthnot

Charles Arbuthnot (14 March 1767 – 18 August 1850) was a British diplomat and Tory politician.

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Charles Boyer

Charles Boyer (28 August 1899 – 26 August 1978) was a French actor who appeared in more than 80 films between 1920 and 1976.

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Charles de Choiseul-Praslin

Charles Laure Hugues Théobald, duc de Choiseul-Praslin (29 June 1805 – 24 August 1847) was a French nobleman and politician, who served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1838–1842.

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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then 1st Prince of Talleyrand, was a laicized French bishop, politician, and diplomat.

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Charles X of France

Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.

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Charles-Frédéric Reinhard

Charles-Frédéric, comte Reinhard (born Karl Friedrich Reinhard; 2 October 1761 – 25 December 1837) was a Württembergian-born French diplomat, essayist, and politician who briefly served as the Consulate's Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1799.

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Châlons-en-Champagne

Châlons-en-Champagne is a city in the Grand Est region of France.

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln,, Kölle) is the largest city in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth most populated city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich).

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Colonel

Colonel ("kernel", abbreviated Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank below the brigadier and general officer ranks.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna (Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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Congress Poland

The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832.

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Conseil d'État (France)

In France, the Council of State (Conseil d'État) is a body of the French national government that acts both as legal adviser of the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice.

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Conservatism

Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.

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Constantine Ypsilantis

Constantine Ypsilantis (Κωνσταντίνος Υψηλάντης Konstantinos Ypsilantis; Constantin Ipsilanti; 1760–1816), was the son of Alexander Ypsilanti, a key member of an important Phanariote family, Grand Dragoman of the Porte (1796–99), hospodarEast, The Union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859, p. 178.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.

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Constitution of the Year XII

The Constitution of the Year XII was a national constitution of France adopted during the Year XII of the French Revolutionary Calendar (1804 in the Gregorian calendar).

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Continental System

The Continental System or Continental Blockade (known in French as Blocus continental) was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France against the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Corsica

Corsica (Corse; Corsica in Corsican and Italian, pronounced and respectively) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.

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Count

Count (Male) or Countess (Female) is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility.

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Coup of 18 Brumaire

The Coup of 18 Brumaire brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France and in the view of most historians ended the French Revolution.

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Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso

Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso (28 June 1808, Milan, Lombardy, Italy5 July 1871, near Milan) was an Italian noblewoman who played a prominent part in Italy's struggle for independence.

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Danubian Principalities

Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene, translit) was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century.

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Dardanelles

The Dardanelles (Çanakkale Boğazı, translit), also known from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (Ἑλλήσποντος, Hellespontos, literally "Sea of Helle"), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally-significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey.

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Dardanelles Operation (1807)

The Dardanelles Operation was the Royal Navy's unsuccessful attempt to impose British demands on the Ottoman Empire as part of the Anglo-Turkish War (1807-1809).

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Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire

Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation.

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Departments of France

In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government below the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the commune.

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Diplomatic corps

The diplomatic corps or corps diplomatique is the collective body of foreign diplomats accredited to a particular country or body.

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Dragoman

A dragoman was an interpreter, translator, and official guide between Turkish, Arabic, and Persian-speaking countries and polities of the Middle East and European embassies, consulates, vice-consulates and trading posts.

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Duel

A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two people, with matched weapons, in accordance with agreed-upon rules.

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Duke

A duke (male) or duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of royalty or nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch.

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Eid al-Adha

Eid al-Adha (lit), also called the "Festival of Sacrifice", is the second of two Islamic holidays celebrated worldwide each year (the other being Eid al-Fitr), and considered the holier of the two.

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Elba

Elba (isola d'Elba,; Ilva; Ancient Greek: Αἰθαλία, Aithalia) is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago.

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Embargo Act of 1807

The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general embargo enacted by the United States Congress against Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Emperor of the French

Emperor of the French (French: Empereur des Français) was the title used by the House of Bonaparte starting when Napoleon Bonaparte was given the title of Emperor on 18 May 1804 by the French Senate and was crowned emperor of the French on 2 December 1804 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, in Paris, with the Crown of Napoleon.

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Encyclopedia Americana

Encyclopedia Americana is one of the largest general encyclopedias in the English language.

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Enlightenment in Spain

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (in Spanish, Ilustración) came to Spain in the eighteenth century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire (Empire Français) was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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First Serbian Uprising

The First Serbian Uprising (Први српски устанак, Prvi srpski ustanak, Birinci Sırp Ayaklanması) was an uprising of Serbs in the Sanjak of Smederevo against the Ottoman Empire from 14 February 1804 to 7 October 1813.

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Flag of France

The flag of France (Drapeau français) is a tricolour flag featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red.

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Foot whipping

Foot whipping or bastinado is a method of corporal punishment which consists of hitting the bare soles of a person's feet.

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François Buloz

François Buloz (20 September 1803 – 12 January 1877) was a French littérateur, magazine editor, and theater administrator.

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François Gérard

François Pascal Simon, Baron Gérard (4 May 1770 – 11 January 1837 Some sources say he was born on 4 May 1770, however his tombstone (Montparnasse Cemetery, 1st division) reads: "Ici reposent – François Pascal Simon baron Gérard, né à Rome le 12 mars 1770, mort à Paris le 11 janvier 1837 – Jacques Alexandre Gérard, né à Paris le 13 avril 1780, mort à Paris le 28 octobre 1832 – Marguerite Françoise Matteï, de F. Gérard, née à Rome le 7 avril 1775, morte à Auteuil le 1er décembre 1848 – Sophie Catherine Sylvoz, Gérard, née à Chambéry le 8 1792, morte à Paris le 16 mars 1867 – La famille à leur mémoire chère."), was a French painter born in Rome, where his father occupied a post in the house of the French ambassador.

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François Guizot

François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 – 12 September 1874) was a French historian, orator, and statesman.

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François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny

François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny, 1er duc de Coigny (1737 – May 19, 1821) was a Marshal of France.

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Françoise, duchesse de Praslin

Francoise, Duchess de Choiseul-Praslin (April 14, 1807 - August 17, 1847) was a French duchess and heiress who was found murdered.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Franz Xaver Winterhalter

Franz Xaver Winterhalter (20 April 1805 – 8 July 1873) was a German painter and lithographer, known for his portraits of royalty in the mid-19th century.

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Frédéric Chopin

Frédéric François Chopin (1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano.

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Frederick Niecks

Frederick Niecks (3 February 184524 June 1924) was a German musical scholar and author who resided in Scotland for most of his life.

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French Army

The French Army, officially the Ground Army (Armée de terre) (to distinguish it from the French Air Force, Armée de L'air or Air Army) is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces.

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French campaign in Egypt and Syria

The French Campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, proclaimed to defend French trade interests, weaken Britain's access to British India, and to establish scientific enterprise in the region.

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French Consulate

The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire in November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in May 1804.

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French franc

The franc (sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.

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French invasion of Russia

The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Отечественная война 1812 года Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army.

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French Left

The Left in France (gauche française) was represented at the beginning of the 20th century by two main political parties: the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party and the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), created in 1905 as a merger of various Marxist parties.

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French legislative election, 1824

The 1824 general election organized the third legislature of the Second Restoration.

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French people

The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.

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French Revolution of 1848

The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution (révolution de Février), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe.

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French Revolutionary Army

The French Revolutionary Army (Armée révolutionnaire française) was the French force that fought the French Revolutionary Wars from 1792 to 1802.

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French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution.

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French Second Republic

The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte that initiated the Second Empire.

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Général

Général is the French word for general.

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Günzburg

Günzburg is a Große Kreisstadt and capital of the district of Günzburg in Swabia, Bavaria.

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Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), in the United States often known simply as Lafayette, was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War.

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Governess

A governess is a woman employed to teach and train children in a private household.

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Government of France

The Government of the French Republic (Gouvernement de la République française) exercises executive power in France.

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Granada

Granada is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.

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Grande Armée

The Grande Armée (French for Great Army) was the army commanded by Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

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Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest

Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest (4 March 1776 in Constantinople – 29 March 1814) was a French émigré general who fought in the Russian army during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

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Haute-Corse

Haute-Corse (Corsica suprana) (Upper Corsica) is a department of France consisting of the northern part of the island of Corsica.

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Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth

Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, (30 May 1757 – 15 February 1844) was a British statesman who served as Prime Minister from 1801 to 1804.

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Henry Colburn

Henry Colburn (1784 – 16 August 1855) was a British publisher.

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History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty

The history of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty (1805–1953) spanned the later period of Ottoman Egypt, the Khedivate of Egypt under British patronage, and the nominally independent Sultanate of Egypt and Kingdom of Egypt, ending with the Revolution of 1952 and the formation of the Republic of Egypt.

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Holy Alliance

The Holy Alliance (Heilige Allianz; Священный союз, Svyashchennyy soyuz; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

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House of Bonaparte

The House of Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) was an imperial and royal European dynasty founded in 1804 by Italian noble Carlo Buonaparte and his son Napoleon I, a French military leader of Italian heritage who had risen to notability out of the French Revolution and who in 1804 transformed the First French Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his ''coup d'état'' of November 1799.

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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Humanitas (publishing house)

Humanitas (Editura Humanitas) is an independent Romanian publishing house, founded on February 1, 1990 (after the Romanian Revolution) in Bucharest by the philosopher Gabriel Liiceanu, based on a state-owned publishing house, Editura Politică.

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Hundred Days

The Hundred Days (les Cent-Jours) marked the period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).

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IMDb

IMDb, also known as Internet Movie Database, is an online database of information related to world films, television programs, home videos and video games, and internet streams, including cast, production crew and personnel biographies, plot summaries, trivia, and fan reviews and ratings.

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Inmaculada Concepción (Murillo, 1670)

Inmaculada Concepción is a painting made by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo in the year 1670.

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Ion Ghica

Ion Ghica (12 August 1816 – 7 May 1897) was a Romanian revolutionary, mathematician, diplomat and politician, who was Prime Minister of Romania five times.

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Istanbul

Istanbul (or or; İstanbul), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center.

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Italian Peninsula

The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana, Penisola appenninica) extends from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south.

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Italian Republic (Napoleonic)

The Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana) was a short-lived (1802–1805) republic located in Northern Italy.

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Italians

The Italians (Italiani) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to the Italian peninsula.

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IV Corps (Grande Armée)

The IV Corps of the Grande Armée was a military unit during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Ivan Ivanovich Michelson

Ivan Ivanovich Michelson (sometimes transliterated as Mikhelson; Ива́н Ива́нович Михельсо́н; Johann von Michelsohnen; 3 May 1740 – 17 August 1807) was a Baltic-German military commander who served in the Russian Imperial Army.

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Jaén, Spain

Jaén is a city in south-central Spain.

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Jacques Laffitte

Jacques Laffitte (24 October 1767 – 26 May 1844) was a leading French banker, governor of the Bank of France (1814–1820) and liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies during the Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy.

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Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki

Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki (1787-1860) was a Polish general, Commander-in-Chief of the November Uprising (1830-1831).

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Janissaries

The Janissaries (يڭيچرى, meaning "new soldier") were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe.

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Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot

Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcellin Marbot (August 18, 1782 – November 16, 1854), French soldier, son of General Jean-Antoine Marbot (1754–1800), who died in the defence of Genoa under Masséna, was born at La Riviere (Correze).

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Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville

Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard (13 September 1803, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle – 17 March 1847, Vanves), generally known by the pseudonym of Jean-Jacques or J. J. Grandville, was a French caricaturist.

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Jean Maximilien Lamarque

Jean Maximilien Lamarque (1770–1832) was a French commander during the Napoleonic Wars who later became a member of French Parliament.

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Jean-Baptiste de Villèle

Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin, 1st Count of Villèle (14 April 1773 – 13 March 1854), better known simply as Joseph de Villèle, was a French statesman.

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Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin

Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin (25 March 1783, Toulon - 19 January 1855, Paris) was a French portrait and history painter.

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Jean-de-Dieu Soult

Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia, (29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851) was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804 and often called Marshal Soult.

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Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville

Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville (24 January 177628 May 1857) was a French aristocrat, diplomat, and politician.

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Jeremy Black (historian)

Jeremy Black MBE (born 30 October 1955) is a British historian and a Professor of History at the University of Exeter.

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Joachim Murat

Joachim-Napoléon Murat (born Joachim Murat; Gioacchino Napoleone Murat; Joachim-Napoleon Murat; 25 March 1767 – 13 October 1815) was a Marshal of France and Admiral of France under the reign of Napoleon.

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Joseph Bonaparte

Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte, born Giuseppe Buonaparte (7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844) was a French diplomat and nobleman, the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily (1806–1808, as Giuseppe I), and later King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I).

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July Monarchy

The July Monarchy (Monarchie de Juillet) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Third French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious "), led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848.

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Kabakçı Mustafa

Kabakçı Mustafa (1770?-1808) was a rebel leader who caused the delay of Ottoman reformation in the early 19th century.

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Karađorđe

Đorđe Petrović OSA (Ђорђе Петровић), better known by the sobriquet Black George, or Karađorđe (Карађорђе,; –), was a Serbian revolutionary leader who fought for his country's independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising of 1804–1813.

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Karl Marx

Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.

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Karol Kniaziewicz

Baron Karol Otto Kniaziewicz (4 May 1762 in Assiten, Courland (now Asīte, Latvia) – 9 May 1842 in Paris) was a Polish general and political activist.

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Kent State University

Kent State University (KSU) is a large, primarily residential, public research university in Kent, Ohio, United States.

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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Regno dê Doje Sicilie, Regnu dî Dui Sicili, Regno delle Due Sicilie) was the largest of the states of Italy before the Italian unification.

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La Porta

La Porta d'Ampugnani (A Porta d'Ampugnani) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island of Corsica.

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Le Moniteur Universel

Le Moniteur Universel was a French newspaper founded in Paris on November 24, 1789 under the title Gazette Nationale ou Le Moniteur Universel by Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, and which ceased publication on December 31, 1868.

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Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.

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Legitimists

The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.

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Leopold I of Belgium

Leopold I (Léopold Ier; German and Leopold I; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was a German prince who became the first King of the Belgians following the country's independence in 1830.

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Les Invalides

Les Invalides, commonly known as Hôtel national des Invalides (The National Residence of the Invalids), or also as Hôtel des Invalides, is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans, the building's original purpose.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Liberalism and radicalism in France

Liberalism and radicalism in France refer to different movements and ideologies.

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Library of America

The Library of America (LOA) is a nonprofit publisher of classic American literature.

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Linares, Jaén

Linares is a city located in the Andalusian province of Jaén, Spain.

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Line of succession to the French throne (Orléanist)

The Orléanist claimant to the throne of France is Prince Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France.

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List of ambassadors of France to the Ottoman Empire

France has had a permanent embassy to the Ottoman Empire since 1535, during the time of King Francis I and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

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List of ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom

This is an incomplete list of French ambassadors to the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

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List of French monarchs

The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors (and successor monarchies) ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.

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List of Marshals of France

Marshal of France (Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements.

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List of Naval Ministers of France

One of France's Secretaries of State under the ancien régime was entrusted with control of the French Navy (Secretary of State of the Navy (France). In 1791, this title was changed to Minister of the Navy. Before January 1893, this position also had responsibility for France's colonies, and was usually known as Minister of the Navy and Colonies. In 1947 the naval ministry was absorbed into the Ministry of Defence and reports to the Prime Minister of France and the President of the French Republic at the Elysee Palace.

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List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).

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List of Presidents of France

Below is a list of Presidents of France.

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List of Prime Ministers of France

The Prime Minister of France is the head of the Government of France.

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List of Russian rulers

This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia.

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List of Spanish monarchs

This is a list of Spanish monarchs, that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word.

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Littoral zone

The littoral zone is the part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore.

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London Conference of 1832

The London Conference of 1832 was an international conference convened to establish a stable government in Greece.

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London Straits Convention

In the London Straits Convention concluded on 13 July 1841 between the Great Powers of Europe at the time—Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—the "ancient rule" of the Ottoman Empire was re-established by closing the Turkish Straits (the Bosporus and Dardanelles), which link the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, from all warships whatsoever, barring those of the Sultan's allies during wartime.

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Lorca, Spain

Lorca is a municipality and city in the autonomous community of Murcia in southeastern Spain, southwest of the city of Murcia.

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Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant

Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (17 November 1764 – 3 April 1853) was a French politician.

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Louis Philippe I

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 as the leader of the Orléanist party.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

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Louise of Orléans

Louise of Orléans (Louise-Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle; 3 April 1812 – 11 October 1850) was a French princess who became the first Queen of the Belgians as the second wife of King Leopold I. She was also known as Louise-Marie.

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Louisiana State University Press

The Louisiana State University Press (LSU Press) is a university press that was founded in 1935.

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Lucien Bonaparte

Lucien Bonaparte, Prince Français, 1st Prince of Canino and Musignano (born Luciano Buonaparte; 21 May 1775 – 29 June 1840), the third surviving son of Carlo Bonaparte and his wife Letizia Ramolino, was a French statesman, who served as the final President of the Council of Five Hundred at the end of the French Revolution.

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Malta

Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Maréchal de camp

Maréchal de camp (sometimes incorrectly translated as field marshal) was a general officer rank used by the French Army until 1848.

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Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1771–1842)

Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1771–1842), a member of the French Chamber of Deputies.

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Marxists Internet Archive

Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit website that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of Marxist, communist, socialist, and anarchist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Rosa Luxemburg, Che Guevara, Mikhail Bakunin, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as that of writers of related ideologies, and even unrelated ones (for instance, Sun Tzu and Adam Smith).

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Maximilien Sébastien Foy

Maximilien Sébastien Foy (3 February 1775 – 28 November 1825) was a French military leader, statesman and writer.

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Málaga

Málaga is a municipality, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain.

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Meyers Konversations-Lexikon

Meyers Konversations-Lexikon or Meyers Lexikon was a major encyclopedia in the German language that existed in various editions, and by several titles, from 1839 to 1984, when it merged with the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie.

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Mikhail Miloradovich

Count Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (Михаи́л Андре́евич Милора́дович), spelled Miloradovitch in contemporary English sources (&ndash) was a Russian general of Serbian origin, prominent during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Military history of the Russian Empire

The military history of the Russian Empire encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Russian Empire participated.

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Military uniform

A military uniform is the standardised dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of various nations.

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Minister (government)

A minister is a politician who heads a government department, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers.

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Minister of State

Minister of State is a title borne by politicians or officials in certain countries governed under a parliamentary system.

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Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ministry in the government of France that handles France's foreign relations.

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Moldavia

Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.

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Monarchy of Belgium

The monarchy of Belgium is a constitutional, hereditary, and popular monarchy whose incumbent is titled the King or Queen of the Belgians (Koning(in) der Belgen, Roi / Reine des Belges, König(in) der Belgier) and serves as the country's head of state.

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Montagu Love

Montagu Love (15 March 1880 – 17 May 1943), also known as Montague Love, was an English screen, stage and vaudeville actor.

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Moravia

Moravia (Morava;; Morawy; Moravia) is a historical country in the Czech Republic (forming its eastern part) and one of the historical Czech lands, together with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.

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Morbihan

Morbihan (Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France.

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Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha (محمد علی پاشا المسعود بن آغا; محمد علي باشا / ALA-LC: Muḥammad ‘Alī Bāshā; Albanian: Mehmet Ali Pasha; Turkish: Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was an Ottoman Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, who rose to the rank of Pasha, and became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottomans' temporary approval.

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Muhammad Ali's seizure of power

The process of Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in Egypt was a long three-way civil war between the Ottoman Turks, Egyptian Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and Albanian mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans.

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Mustafa IV

Mustafa IV (Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى رابع Muṣṭafā-yi rābi‘; 8 September 1779 – 17 November 1808) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleon III

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.

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National Guard (France)

The National Guard (la Garde nationale) is a French gendarmerie that existed from 1789 to 1872, including a period of official dissolution from 1827 to 1830, re-founded in 2016.

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Neagu Djuvara

Neagu Bunea Djuvara (August 18, 1916 – January 25, 2018) was a Romanian historian, essayist, philosopher, journalist, novelist and diplomat.

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Nicholas I of Russia

Nicholas I (r; –) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855.

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Nicolas Joseph Maison

Nicolas Joseph Maison, 1er Marquis Maison (19 December 1771 – 13 February 1840) was a Marshal of France and Minister of War.

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November Uprising

The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire.

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Olmeta-di-Tuda

Olmeta-di-Tuda is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island of Corsica.

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Order of Leopold (Belgium)

The Order of Leopold (Leopoldsorde, Ordre de Léopold) is one of the three current Belgian national honorary orders of knighthood.

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Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit

The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Ferdinand and Merit is an order of knighthood of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

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Order of Saint Louis

The Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis) is a dynastic order of chivalry founded 5 April 1693 by King Louis XIV, named after Saint Louis (King Louis IX of France).

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Order of the Crescent

The Imperial Order of the Crescent (in Ottoman Turkish Hilal Nişanı) was a chivalric order of the Ottoman Empire.

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Order of the Oak Crown

The Order of the Oak Crown (Ordre de la Couronne de chêne, Eichenlaubkronenorden, Eechelaafkrounenuerden) is an order of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

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Order of the Redeemer

The Order of the Redeemer (translit), also known as the Order of the Saviour, is an order of merit of Greece.

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Orléanist

The Orléanists were a French right-wing (except for 1814–1830) faction which arose out of the French Revolution as opposed to Legitimists.

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Osman Pazvantoğlu

Osman Pazvantoğlu (1758 – January 27, 1807, Vidin) was an Ottoman soldier, a governor of the Vidin district after 1794, and a rebel against Ottoman rule.

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Osprey Publishing

Osprey Publishing is an Oxford-based publishing company specializing in military history.

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Ottoman dynasty

The Ottoman dynasty (Osmanlı Hanedanı) was made up of the members of the imperial House of Osman (خاندان آل عثمان Ḫānedān-ı Āl-ı ʿOsmān), also known as the Ottomans (Osmanlılar).

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Ottoman Egypt

Ottoman Egypt covers two main periods of the history of Egypt from the 16th through early 20th centuries, when under the rule of or allied to the Ottoman Empire that was based in (present day) Turkey.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Ottoman Navy

The Ottoman Navy (Osmanlı Donanması or Donanma-yı Humâyûn), also known as the Ottoman Fleet, was established in the early 14th century after the Ottoman Empire first expanded to reach the sea in 1323 by capturing Karamürsel, the site of the first Ottoman naval shipyard and the nucleus of the future Navy.

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Ottoman Turkish language

Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlı Türkçesi), or the Ottoman language (Ottoman Turkish:, lisân-ı Osmânî, also known as, Türkçe or, Türkî, "Turkish"; Osmanlıca), is the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire.

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Palanga

Palanga (Palanga (also till 1934)) is a seaside resort town in western Lithuania, on the shore of the Baltic Sea.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Parole

Parole is a temporary release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions before the completion of the maximum sentence period, originating from the French parole ("voice, spoken words").

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Pasha

Pasha or Paşa (پاشا, paşa), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries and others.

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Peerage of France

The Peerage of France (Pairie de France) was a hereditary distinction within the French nobility which appeared in 1180 in the Middle Ages, and only a small number of noble individuals were peers.

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire (as well as the allied powers of the Spanish Empire), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal, for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Phanariotes

Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Φαναριώτες, Fanarioți, Fenerliler) were members of prominent Greek families in PhanarEncyclopædia Britannica,Phanariote, 2008, O.Ed.

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Picardy

Picardy (Picardie) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France.

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Prince

A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.

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Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours

Prince Louis of Orleans, Duke of Nemours (Louis Charles Philippe Raphaël d'Orléans; 25 October 1814 – 26 June 1896) was the second son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, and his wife Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.

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Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark, (born 7 January 1939) is the author of several historical books and biographies of Greek and other European figures,Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh.

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Principality

A principality (or princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or by a monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince.

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Printing press

A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.

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Rachel Field

Rachel Lyman Field (1894–1942) was an American novelist, poet, and children's fiction writer.

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Radicalism (historical)

The term "Radical" (from the Latin radix meaning root) during the late 18th-century and early 19th-century identified proponents of democratic reform, in what subsequently became the parliamentary Radical Movement.

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Reactionary

A reactionary is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary status quo of a society.

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Reims

Reims (also spelled Rheims), a city in the Grand Est region of France, lies east-northeast of Paris.

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Republic of Ragusa

The Republic of Ragusa was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian, German and Latin; Raguse in French) in Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) that carried that name from 1358 until 1808.

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Revue des deux Mondes

The Revue des deux Mondes (Review of the Two Worlds) is a French language monthly literary and cultural affairs magazine that has been published in Paris since 1829.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio (Latin: Dioecesis Adiacensis; French: Diocèse d'Ajaccio) is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)

The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was one of the Russo-Turkish Wars.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).

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Sejm

The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.

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Selim III

Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807.

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Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet

Sir John Thomas Duckworth, 1st Baronet, GCB (9 February 1748 – 31 August 1817) was an officer of the Royal Navy, serving during the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, as the Governor of Newfoundland during the War of 1812, and a member of the British House of Commons during his semi-retirement.

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Soutzos family

The Soutzos or Soutsos (or Sutzu) is a Greek Phanariote family which grew into prominence and power in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) during the last centuries of Ottoman Empire and gave several short-reign hospodars to the Danubian Principalities, like Alexandros Soutzos, Mihai Suțu and Michael Soutzos (Mihail Suțu).

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Stroke

A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.

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Sublime Porte

The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte (باب عالی Bāb-ı Ālī or Babıali, from باب, bāb "gate" and عالي, alī "high"), is a synecdochic metonym for the central government of the Ottoman Empire.

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Sultan

Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Syria Vilayet

The Vilayet of Syria (Vilâyet-i Suriye), also known as Vilayet of Damascus,.

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The Favorite

The Favorite (also titled Intimate Power) is a 1989 Swiss-American drama film based on the unsubstantiated story of Aimée du Buc de Rivéry (1776-1817) that takes place at the dawn of the 19th century.

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The Gentleman's Magazine

The Gentleman's Magazine was founded in London, England, by Edward Cave in January 1731.

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Thomas Raikes

Thomas Raikes ("the Elder") (28 March 1741 – 29 December 1813) was a British merchant particularly trading from London with Russia, a banker and newspaper proprietor.

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Topkapı Palace

The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in طوپقپو سرايى, Ṭopḳapu Sarāyı), or the Seraglio, is a large museum in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Treaty of Amiens

The Treaty of Amiens (French: la paix d'Amiens) temporarily ended hostilities between the French Republic and Great Britain during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Treaty of Jassy

The Treaty of Jassy, signed at Jassy (Iași) in Moldavia (presently in Romania), was a pact between the Russian and Ottoman Empires ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92 and confirming Russia's increasing dominance in the Black Sea.

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Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarji) was a peace treaty signed on 21 July 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today Kaynardzha, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

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Trieste

Trieste (Trst) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy.

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Tripoli

Tripoli (طرابلس,; Berber: Oea, or Wy't) is the capital city and the largest city of Libya, with a population of about 1.1 million people in 2015.

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

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United Kingdom of the Netherlands

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas) is the unofficial name given to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as it existed between 1815 and 1839.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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University of North Carolina Press

The University of North Carolina Press (or UNC Press), founded in 1922, is a university press that is part of the University of North Carolina.

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University of Nottingham

The University of Nottingham is a public research university in Nottingham, United Kingdom.

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Vervins

Vervins is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)

Achille Léonce Victor Charles, 3rd Duke of Broglie (28 November 1785 – 25 January 1870), fully Victor de Broglie, was a French peer, statesman, and diplomat.

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Vidin

Vidin (Видин) is a port town on the southern bank of the Danube in north-western Bulgaria.

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Viktor Kochubey

Count (subsequently Prince) Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1768 – 1834) was a Russian statesman and a close aide of Alexander I of Russia.

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Vilaine

The Vilaine (Gwilen) is a river in Brittany, in the west of France.

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Wallachia

Wallachia or Walachia (Țara Românească; archaic: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рȣмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania.

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Walloons

Walloons (Wallons,; Walons) are a Romance ethnic people native to Belgium, principally its southern region of Wallonia, who speak French and Walloon.

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War of the Sixth Coalition

In the War of the Sixth Coalition (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the War of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German states finally defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba.

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Warsaw

Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Washington Irving

Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American short story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century.

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Wojciech Grzymała

Wojciech Grzymała (23 April 1793 - 16 December 1871), also known as Albert Grzymala or Albert Grzymała, was a Polish soldier, politician and banker who was a close associate in Paris of Polish-French composer Frédéric Chopin.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_François_Bastien_Sébastiani_de_La_Porta

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