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238 relations: Abdication, Adélaïde d'Orléans, Adolphe Thiers, Age of Enlightenment, Alexander Hamilton, Alexandre de Beauharnais, Algeria, Alps, American Revolutionary War, Ancien Régime, Anne Jules de Noailles, Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier, Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Army of Italy (France), Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise, Étienne Maurice Gérard, Basel, Bastille, Battle of Jemappes, Battle of Valmy, Bavaria, Boston, Boulevard du Temple, Bourbon Restoration, Bourgeoisie, Boussu, Brigadier, Cape Cod, Carbine, Carlota of Mexico, Casimir Pierre Périer, Catholic Church, Chamber of Deputies (France), Chapelle royale de Dreux, Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Penthièvre, Charles François Dumouriez, Charles X of France, Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Civic Crown, Claremont (country house), Clergy house, Commemorative plaque, Corvette, Coup of 18 Fructidor, Crown prince, Declaration of Pillnitz, Duchess Charlotte of 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Abdication
Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority.
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Adélaïde d'Orléans
Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans (Paris, 23 August 1777 – Paris, 31 December 1847) was a French princess, one of the twin daughters of Philippe d'Orléans, known as Philippe Égalité during the French Revolution, and Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.
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Adolphe Thiers
Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757July 12, 1804) was a statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
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Alexandre de Beauharnais
Alexandre François Marie, Viscount of Beauharnais (28 May 1760 – 23 July 1794) was a French political figure and general during the French Revolution.
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Algeria
Algeria (الجزائر, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ; Dzayer; Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast.
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Alps
The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.
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American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,Brooks, Richard (editor). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war." but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.
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Ancien Régime
The Ancien Régime (French for "old regime") was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (circa 15th century) until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the.
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Anne Jules de Noailles
Anne Jules de Noailles, 2nd Duke of Noailles (5 February 16502 October 1708) was one of the chief generals of France towards the end of the reign of Louis XIV, and, after raising the regiment of Noailles in 1689, he commanded in Spain during both the War of the Grand Alliance and the War of the Spanish Succession, and was made marshal of France in 1693.
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Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier
Louis Antoine Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier (3 July 1775, Palais-Royal, Paris - 18 May 1807, Salthill, England)The story of his death at the Windmill Inn at Salthill is in doubt.
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Antoine, Duke of Montpensier
Antoine d'Orléans (Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orléans; 31 July 18245 February 1890) was a member of the French royal family in the House of Orléans.
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Armand Louis de Gontaut
Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de Lauzun, later duc de Biron, and usually referred to by historians of the French Revolution simply as Biron (13 April 174731 December 1793) was a French soldier and politician, known for the part he played in the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Army of Italy (France)
The Army of Italy (Armée d'Italie) was a field army of the French Army stationed on the Italian border and used for operations in Italy itself.
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Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier, 1st Duc de Trévise (13 February 1768 – 28 July 1835) was a French general and Marshal of France under Napoleon I. He was one of 18 people killed in 1835 during Giuseppe Marco Fieschi's assassination attempt on King Louis Philippe I.
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Étienne Maurice Gérard
Étienne Maurice Gérard, 1er Comte Gérard (4 April 177317 April 1852) was a French general, statesman and Marshal of France.
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Basel
Basel (also Basle; Basel; Bâle; Basilea) is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine.
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Bastille
The Bastille was a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine.
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Battle of Jemappes
The Battle of Jemappes (6 November 1792) took place near the town of Jemappes in Hainaut, Belgium, near Mons during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Battle of Valmy
The Battle of Valmy was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution.
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Bavaria
Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.
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Boston
Boston is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.
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Boulevard du Temple
The Boulevard du Temple, formerly nicknamed the "Boulevard du Crime", is a thoroughfare in Paris that separates the 3rd arrondissement from the 11th.
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Bourbon Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830.
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Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.
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Boussu
Boussu is a Walloon municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
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Brigadier
Brigadier is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country.
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Cape Cod
Cape Cod is a geographic cape extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States.
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Carbine
A carbine, from French carabine, is a long gun firearm but with a shorter barrel than a rifle or musket.
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Carlota of Mexico
Carlota of Mexico (7 June 1840 – 19 January 1927) was a Belgian princess who became Empress of Mexico by marriage to Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.
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Casimir Pierre Périer
Casimir-Pierre Perier (11 October 177716 May 1832) was a prominent French banker, mine owner, political leader and statesman.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Chamber of Deputies (France)
Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés) was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Chapelle royale de Dreux
The Royal Chapel of Dreux (Chapelle royale de Dreux) situated in Dreux, France, is the traditional burial place of members of the House of Orléans.
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Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Penthièvre
Charles d'Orléans (Charles Ferdinand Louis Philippe Emmanuel; 1 January 1820 – 25 July 1828) was the eighth child of the Duke and Duchess of Orléans, future Louis Philippe I and la Reine Marie Amélie.
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Charles François Dumouriez
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Charles X of France
Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.
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Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, (20 October 1700 – 19 January 1761) was the Duchess of Modena and Reggio by marriage.
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Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Sophia Charlotte; 19 May 1744 – 17 November 1818) was a British queen consort and wife of King George III.
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Civic Crown
The Civic Crown (corona civica) was a military decoration during the Roman Republic and the subsequent Principate, regarded as the second highest to which a citizen could aspire (the Grass Crown being held in higher regard).
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Claremont (country house)
Claremont, also known historically as 'Clermont', is an 18th-century Palladian mansion less than a mile south of the centre of Esher in Surrey, England.
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Clergy house
A clergy house or rectory is the residence, or former residence, of one or more priests or ministers of religion.
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Commemorative plaque
A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, or in other places referred to as a historical marker or historic plaque, is a plate of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material, typically attached to a wall, stone, or other vertical surface, and bearing text or an image in relief, or both, to commemorate one or more persons, an event, a former use of the place, or some other thing.
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Corvette
A corvette is a small warship.
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Coup of 18 Fructidor
The Coup of 18 Fructidor, Year V, was a seizure of power by members of the French Directory on 4 September 1797 when their opponents, the Royalists, were gaining strength.
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Crown prince
A crown prince is the male heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy.
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Declaration of Pillnitz
The Declaration of Pilnite, more commonly referred to as the Declaration of Pillnitz, was a statement issued on 27 August 1791 at Pillnitz Castle near Dresden (Saxony) by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II who was Marie Antoinette's brother.
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Duchess Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Charlotte Felicity; 8 March 1671–29 September 1710) was a German noblewoman.
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Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Helene Luise Elisabeth; 24 January 1814 – 17 May 1858) was a French Crown Princess after her marriage in 1837 to the eldest son of Louis Philippe I, Ferdinand Philippe of Orléans.
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Duchess Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg
Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg (Franziska Sibylle Auguste; 21 January 1675 – 10 July 1733) was Margravine of Baden-Baden.
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Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1804–1881)
Duke Alexander of Württemberg (20 December 1804 – 28 October 1881) was a member of the dynasty which ruled the German kingdom of Württemberg.
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Duke of Orléans
Duke of Orléans (Duc d'Orléans) was a title reserved for French royalty, first created in 1344 by Philip VI in favor of his son Philip of Valois.
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Economic inequality
Economic inequality is the difference found in various measures of economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries.
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Empress Joséphine
Joséphine de Beauharnais (born Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoleon I, and thus the first Empress of the French as Joséphine.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand I (12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825), was the King of the Two Sicilies from 1816, after his restoration following victory in the Napoleonic Wars.
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Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans
Prince Ferdinand Philippe of Orléans (3 September 1810 – 13 July 1842) was the eldest son of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (the future King Louis Philippe I) and Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.
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Flag of France
The flag of France (Drapeau français) is a tricolour flag featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red.
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Flanders
Flanders (Vlaanderen, Flandre, Flandern) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium, although there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history.
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Fleur-de-lis
The fleur-de-lis/fleur-de-lys (plural: fleurs-de-lis/fleurs-de-lys) or flower-de-luce is a stylized lily (in French, fleur means "flower", and lis means "lily") that is used as a decorative design or motif, and many of the Catholic saints of France, particularly St. Joseph, are depicted with a lily.
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Flight to Varennes
The royal Flight to Varennes (Fuite à Varennes) during the night of 20–21 June 1791 was a significant episode in the French Revolution in which King Louis XVI of France, his queen Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family unsuccessfully attempted to escape from Paris in order to initiate a counter-revolution at the head of loyal troops under royalist officers concentrated at Montmédy near the frontier.
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Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)
Fort Saint-Jean is a fortification in Marseille, built in 1660 by Louis XIV at the entrance to the Old Port.
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François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville
François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie d'Orléans, prince de Joinville (14 August 1818 – 16 June 1900) was the third son of Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, afterwards king of the French and his wife Marie Amalie of Bourbon-Sicilies.
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François Guizot
François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 – 12 September 1874) was a French historian, orator, and statesman.
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François Louis, Prince of Conti
François Louis de Bourbon, le Grand Conti (30 April 1664 – 9 February 1709), was Prince de Conti, succeeding his brother, Louis Armand de Bourbon, in 1685.
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Françoise Marie de Bourbon
Françoise Marie de Bourbon, légitimée de France (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan.
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Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, Marquise de Montespan
Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Marquise of Montespan (5 October 1640 – 27 May 1707), better known as Madame de Montespan, was the most celebrated maîtresse-en-titre of King Louis XIV of France, by whom she had seven children.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena
Francesco III d'Este (Francesco Maria; 2 July 1698 – 22 February 1780) was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1737 until his death.
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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Francis II (Franz; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.
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French Constitution of 1791
The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.
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French Head of State
French Head of State was a transitional title for the head of the French government from August 1840 to February 1848.
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French Provisional Government of 1848
The Provisional government was a short-lived government formed on 24 February 1848 at the start of the French Second Republic, after the Cabinet of François-Pierre Guizot and the July Monarchy had been thrown out of power.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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French Revolution of 1848
The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution (révolution de Février), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe.
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French Second Republic
The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte that initiated the Second Empire.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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George Clinton (vice president)
George Clinton (July 26, 1739April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
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George III of the United Kingdom
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820.
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George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 –, 1799), known as the "Father of His Country," was an American soldier and statesman who served from 1789 to 1797 as the first President of the United States.
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Georges Danton
Georges Jacques Danton (26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution, in particular as the first president of the Committee of Public Safety.
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Girondins
The Girondins, Girondists or Gironde were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution.
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Giuseppe Marco Fieschi
Giuseppe Marco Fieschi (13 December 1790 – 19 February 1836) was the chief conspirator in an attempt on the life of King Louis-Philippe of France in July 1835.
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Guillotine
A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.
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Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico (Golfo de México) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, largely surrounded by the North American continent.
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Havana
Havana (Spanish: La Habana) is the capital city, largest city, province, major port, and leading commercial center of Cuba.
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Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale
Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (16 January 1822 – 7 May 1897) was a leader of the Orleanists, a political faction in 19th-century France associated with constitutional monarchy.
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Henri, Count of Chambord
Henri, Count of Chambord (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord); 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883) was disputedly King of France from 2 to 9 August 1830 as Henry V, although he was never officially proclaimed as such. Afterwards, he was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 1844 to 1883. He was nearly received as King in 1871 and 1873. Henri was the posthumous son of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of Charles X of France, by his wife, Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies. As the grandson of the King Charles X of France, Henri was a Petit-Fils de France. He also was the last legitimate descendant in the male line of Louis XV of France (His grandfather Charles X was a grandson of Louis XV).
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Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)
Henri of Orléans, Count of Paris (Henri Robert Ferdinand Marie Louis Philippe d'Orléans; 5 July 1908 – 19 June 1999), was the Orléanist claimant to the throne of France as Henry VI from 1940 until his death.
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Horace Vernet
Émile Jean-Horace Vernet (30 June 1789 – 17 January 1863) was a French painter of battles, portraits, and Orientalist subjects.
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House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.
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House of Orléans
The 4th House of Orléans, sometimes called House of Bourbon-Orléans (Maison de Bourbon-Orléans) to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet.
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Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano
Hugues-Bernard Maret, 1st Duc de Bassano (1 May 1763 – 13 May 1839), was a French statesman, diplomat and journalist.
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Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier
Infanta María Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier (30 January 1832 – 2 February 1897) was Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Montpensier.
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Jacobin
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution (Société des amis de la Constitution), after 1792 renamed Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality (Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité), commonly known as the Jacobin Club (Club des Jacobins) or simply the Jacobins, was the most influential political club during the French Revolution.
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Jacques Laffitte
Jacques Laffitte (24 October 1767 – 26 May 1844) was a leading French banker, governor of the Bank of France (1814–1820) and liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies during the Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy.
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Jacques MacDonald
Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre MacDonald, 1st Duke of Taranto (17 November 1765 – 25 September 1840) was a Marshal of the Empire and military leader during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
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Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (27 February 17673 March 1855) was a French lawyer and statesman.
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Jean-Baptiste de Villèle
Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin, 1st Count of Villèle (14 April 1773 – 13 March 1854), better known simply as Joseph de Villèle, was a French statesman.
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Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia, (29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851) was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804 and often called Marshal Soult.
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Jean-Nicolas Pache
Jean-Nicolas Pache (5 May 1746 – 18 November 1823) was a French politician who served as Mayor of Paris from 1793 to 1794.
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Jemappes
Jemappes (in older texts also: Jemmapes) is a Walloon town in south-western Belgium, province Hainaut.
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John Jay
John Jay (December 12, 1745 – May 17, 1829) was an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, negotiator and signatory of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, second Governor of New York, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789–1795).
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Jules de Polignac
Jules de Polignac, Count of Polignac (Jules Auguste Armand Marie; 14 May 17802 March 1847), then Prince of Polignac, and briefly 3rd Duke of Polignac in 1847, was a French statesman and ultra-royalist politician after the Revolution.
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Julien de Lallande Poydras
Julien de Lallande (Lalande) Poydras (April 3, 1740 – June 23, 1824) was a French American slaveowner, merchant, planter, financier, poet, educator, and political leader who served as Delegate from the Territory of Orleans to the U.S. House of Representatives.
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July Monarchy
The July Monarchy (Monarchie de Juillet) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848.
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July Revolution
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Third French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious "), led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848.
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King
King, or King Regnant is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.
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Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.
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La Caricature (1830–1843)
La Caricature was a satirical weekly published French periodical that was distributed in Paris between 1830 and 1843 during the July Monarchy.
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Lapland (Finland)
Lapland (Lappi; Sápmi; Lappland) is the largest and northernmost region of Finland.
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Legion of Honour
The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.
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Legitimists
The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.
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Leopold I of Belgium
Leopold I (Léopold Ier; German and Leopold I; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was a German prince who became the first King of the Belgians following the country's independence in 1830.
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Leopold II of Belgium
Leopold II (9 April 183517 December 1909) reigned as the second King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909 and became known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture.
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Les Misérables
Les Misérables is a French historical novel by Victor Hugo, first published in 1862, that is considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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Lieutenant-General (France)
Lieutenant-Général (Lieutenant-Général) in France, was a title and rank across various military and security institutions with history dating back well beyond the 18th century.
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List of Co-Princes of Andorra
This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra.
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List of French monarchs
The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors (and successor monarchies) ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.
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List of lords and princes of Joinville
The first known lord of Joinville (French Sire or Seigneur de Joinville) in the county of Champagne appears in the middle of the eleventh century.
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List of works by James Pradier
James Pradier, (born Jean-Jacques Pradier,; 23 May 1790 – 4 June 1852), was a Swiss-born French sculptor best known for his work in the neoclassical style.
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Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse
Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse (1681), duc de Penthièvre (1697), (1711), (6 June 1678 – 1 December 1737), a legitimated prince of the blood royal, was the son of Louis XIV and of his mistress Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan.
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Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou
Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (Luis Alfonso Gonzalo Víctor Manuel Marco de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú, Louis Alphonse Gonzalve Victor Emmanuel Marc de Bourbon;Eilers, Marlene A. Queen Victoria's Descendants. Princess Beatrice. Rosvall Royal Books, Falkoping, Sweden, 1997. pp. 166, 181; Enache, Nicolas. La Descendanace de Marie-Therese de Habsburg Reine de Hongrie and Boheme. Maison royale regnante d'Espagne. ICC/Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris, 1999, p. 535. (French)..Willis, Daniel A. The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain. The Descendants of Princess Anne, The Princess of Orange. Clearfield, Baltimore, 2002. p. 231. born 25 April 1974 in Madrid) is a member of the Royal House of Bourbon, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French throne as Louis XX.
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Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.
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Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti
Louis Armand de Bourbon (10 November 1695 – 4 May 1727) was Prince of Conti, from 1709 to his death, succeeding his father, François Louis de Bourbon.
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Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais
Louis Charles Alphonse Léodgard d'Orléans, Count of Beaujolais (17 October 1779 – 30 May 1808) was a French prince of the blood, son of Philippe Égalité and the younger brother of King Louis-Philippe I of the French.
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Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre
Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon (16 November 1725 – 4 March 1793) was the son of Louis Alexandre de Bourbon and his wife Marie Victoire de Noailles.
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Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Louis Philippe d'Orléans known as le Gros (the Fat) (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785), was a French prince, a member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the dynasty then ruling France.
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Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans (13 April 17476 November 1793), most commonly known as Philippe, was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud.
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Louis Philippe style
The style of architecture and design under King Louis Philippe I (1830-1848) was a more eclectic development of French neoclassicism, incorporating elements of neo-Gothic and other styles.
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Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium
Louis-Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium (Louis Philippe Léopold Victor Ernest; 24 July 1833 – 16 May 1834), was the eldest child and heir-apparent of King Leopold I of the Belgians and his second wife, Princess Louise d'Orléans.
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Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden
Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden (8 April 1655 – 4 January 1707) was the ruling Margrave of Baden-Baden in Germany and chief commander of the Imperial army.
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Louis XIII of France
Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.
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Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
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Louis XVI of France
Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.
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Louis XVIII of France
Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.
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Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)
Louis, Duke of Orléans (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was a member of the royal family of France, the House of Bourbon, and as such was a prince du sang.
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Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710)
Louis de Bourbon, or Louis III, Prince of Condé (10 November 1668 - 4 March 1710), was a prince du sang as a member of the reigning House of Bourbon at the French court of Louis XIV.
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Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Louis-Alexandre Berthier (20 November 1753 – 1 June 1815), 1st Prince of Wagram, Sovereign Prince of Neuchâtel, was a French Marshal and Vice-Constable of the Empire, and Chief of Staff under Napoleon.
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Louis-Mathieu Molé
Louis-Mathieu Molé (24 January 1781 – 23 November 1855), also 1st Count Molé from 1809 to 1815, was a French statesman, close friend and associate of Louis Philippe I, King of the French during the July Monarchy (1830–1848).
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Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis-Nicolas d'Avout (10 May 17701 June 1823), better known as Davout, 1st Duke of Auerstaedt, 1st Prince of Eckmühl, was a French general who was Marshal of the Empire during the Napoleonic era.
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Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon
Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon (Louise Élisabeth; 22 November 1693–27 May 1775) was a daughter of Louis III de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, and his wife, Louise Françoise de Bourbon, ''légitimée de France'', a legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his famous mistress, Madame de Montespan.
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Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon
Louise Françoise de Bourbon, ''Légitimée de France'' (1 June 1673 – 16 June 1743) was the eldest surviving legitimised daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Madame de Montespan.
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Louise Henriette de Bourbon
Louise Henriette de Bourbon (20 June 1726 – 9 February 1759), Mademoiselle de Conti at birth, was a French princess, who, by marriage, became Duchess of Chartres (1743–1752), then Duchess of Orléans (1752–1759) upon the death of her father-in-law.
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Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans
Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans (13 March 1753 – 23 June 1821), was the daughter of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre and of Princess Maria Theresa Felicitas of Modena.
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Louise of Orléans
Louise of Orléans (Louise-Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle; 3 April 1812 – 11 October 1850) was a French princess who became the first Queen of the Belgians as the second wife of King Leopold I. She was also known as Louise-Marie.
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Louisiana (New Spain)
Louisiana (Luisiana, sometimes called Luciana In some Spanish texts of the time the name of Luciana appears instead of Louisiana, as is the case in the Plan of the Internal Provinces of New Spain made in 1817 by the Spanish militar José Caballero.) was the name of an administrative Spanish Governorate belonging to the Captaincy General of Cuba, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1762 to 1802 that consisted of territory west of the Mississippi River basin, plus New Orleans.
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Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal
D. Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal, Duke of Braganza, (21 March 1887 – 1 February 1908) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of King Carlos I of Portugal.
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Lucius Junius Brutus
Lucius Junius Brutus was the founder of the Roman Republic and traditionally one of the first consuls in 509 BC.
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Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.
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Maine
Maine is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Majesty
Majesty (abbreviation HM, oral address Your Majesty) is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin maiestas, meaning greatness, and used as a style by many monarchs, usually kings or sultanss.
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Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden
Auguste of Baden-Baden (Auguste Marie Johanna; 10 November 1704 – 8 August 1726) was born a member of the ruling family of Baden-Baden and was later the Duchess of Orléans by marriage to Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans.
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Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily (Maria Amalia Teresa; 26 April 1782 – 24 March 1866) was a French queen by marriage to Louis Philippe I, King of the French.
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Maria Carolina of Austria
Maria Carolina of Austria (Maria Karolina Luise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand IV & III.
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Maria Fortunata d'Este
Maria Fortunata d'Este (24 November 1731 – 21 September 1803) was a Modenese princess by birth and a princess du sang by marriage.
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Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este
Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este (October 6, 1726 – April 30, 1754) was born a princess of Modena and was by marriage the Duchess of Penthièvre.
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Marie Thérèse de Bourbon
Marie Thérèse de Bourbon (1 February 1666 – 22 February 1732) was the titular Queen consort of Poland in 1697.
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Marie Victoire de Noailles
Marie Victoire Sophie de Noailles, Countess of Toulouse (Versailles, 6 May 1688 – Paris, 30 September 1766), was a French noble and courtier.
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Mons
Mons (Bergen; Mont; Mont) is a Walloon city and municipality, and the capital of the Belgian province of Hainaut.
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Mont Saint-Michel
Mont-Saint-Michel (Norman: Mont Saint Miché) is an island commune in Normandy, France.
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Muonio
Muonio (previously called Muonionniska, Muoná) is a municipality of Finland.
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Napoleon
Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.
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Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the seat of Davidson County.
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National Assembly (France)
The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).
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National Convention
The National Convention (Convention nationale) was the first government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly.
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New Orleans
New Orleans (. Merriam-Webster.; La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Nicolas Oudinot
Nicolas Charles Oudinot, 1st Comte Oudinot, 1st Duc de Reggio (25 April 1767 in Bar-le-Duc – 13 September 1847 in Paris), was a Marshal of France.
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Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland"; Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces that form Atlantic Canada.
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Order of Leopold (Belgium)
The Order of Leopold (Leopoldsorde, Ordre de Léopold) is one of the three current Belgian national honorary orders of knighthood.
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Order of Saint Januarius
The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius (Italian: Insigne Reale Ordine di San Gennaro) is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood founded by Charles VII of Naples in 1738.
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Order of the Elephant
The Order of the Elephant (Elefantordenen) is a Danish order of chivalry and is Denmark's highest-ranked honour.
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Order of the Garter
The Order of the Garter (formally the Most Noble Order of the Garter) is an order of chivalry founded by Edward III in 1348 and regarded as the most prestigious British order of chivalry (though in precedence inferior to the military Victoria Cross and George Cross) in England and the United Kingdom.
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Order of the Golden Fleece
The Order of the Golden Fleece (Orden del Toisón de Oro, Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by the Burgundian duke Philip the Good in 1430, to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Isabella.
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Order of the Holy Spirit
The Order of the Holy Spirit, also known as the Order of the Knights of the Holy Spirit (Ordre du Saint-Esprit or Ordre des chevaliers du Saint-Esprit; sometimes translated into English as the Order of the Holy Ghost), is a French order of chivalry founded by Henry III of France in 1578.
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Origins of the French Foreign Legion
The French Foreign Legion is an elite force composed of soldiers of different race, trade, religion, and sentiments, which began as part of the French Army.
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Orléanist
The Orléanists were a French right-wing (except for 1814–1830) faction which arose out of the French Revolution as opposed to Legitimists.
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Orleans, Massachusetts
Orleans is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts situated along Cape Cod.
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Palais-Royal
The Palais-Royal, originally called the Palais-Cardinal, is a former royal palace located in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France.
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Panic of 1847
The Panic of 1847 was a minor British banking crisis associated with the end of the 1840s railway industry boom and the failure of many non-banks.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Paris under Louis-Philippe
Paris during the reign of King Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) was the city described in the novels of Honoré de Balzac and Victor Hugo.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.
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Philip V of Spain
Philip V (Felipe V, Philippe, Filippo; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to his abdication in favour of his son Louis on 15 January 1724, and from his reascendancy of the throne upon his son's death on 6 September 1724 to his own death on 9 July 1746.
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Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (Philippe Charles; 2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723), was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723.
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Pierre Marie de Grave
Pierre Marie, Marquis de Grave (27 September 1755 – 16 January 1823) was the French Minister of War in 1792, from 9 March to 9 May.
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Place de la République
The Place de la République (formerly known as the Place du Château d'Eau) is a square in Paris, located on the border between the 3rd, 10th and 11th arrondissements.
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Point Coupee, Louisiana
Point Coupee is the name of an unincorporated community located in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States.
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Popular monarchy
Popular monarchy is a term used by Kingsley Martin (1936) for royal titles referring to a people rather than a territory.
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President for Life
President for Life is a title assumed by or granted to some leaders to remove their term limit irrevocably as a way of removing future challenges to their authority and legitimacy.
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Pretender
A pretender is one who is able to maintain a claim that they are entitled to a position of honour or rank, which may be occupied by an incumbent (usually more recognised), or whose powers may currently be exercised by another person or authority.
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Prime Minister of France
The French Prime Minister (Premier ministre français) in the Fifth Republic is the head of government.
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Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
August Victor Louis of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (August Viktor Ludwig; 13 June 1818 – 26 July 1881), was a German prince of the Catholic House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry.
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Prince du sang
A prince du sang (Prince of the Blood) is a person legitimately descended in dynastic line from any of a realm's hereditary monarchs.
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Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, (Edward Augustus; 2 November 1767 – 23 January 1820) was the fourth son and fifth child of Britain's king, George III, and the father of Queen Victoria.
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Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours
Prince Louis of Orleans, Duke of Nemours (Louis Charles Philippe Raphaël d'Orléans; 25 October 1814 – 26 June 1896) was the second son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, and his wife Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.
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Prince Philippe, Count of Paris
Prince Philippe of Orléans, Count of Paris (Louis Philippe Albert; 24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894), was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French.
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Princess Clémentine of Orléans
Princess Clémentine of Orléans (Marie Clémentine Léopoldine Caroline Clotilde d'Orléans) (6 March 1817 – 16 February 1907), princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and duchess in Saxony, was the sixth child of ten and youngest daughter of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, and his wife Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies.
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Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (22 May 1770 – 10 January 1840) was the seventh child and third daughter of King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
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Princess Francisca of Brazil
Dona Francisca (2 August 1824 – 27 March 1898) was a princess of the Empire of Brazil.
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Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1822–1869)
Princess Maria Carolina Augusta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (26 April 1822 – 6 December 1869) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and a princess of the House of Orléans through her marriage to Prince Henry of Orléans, Duke of Aumale.
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Princess Marie of Orléans (1813–1839)
Marie Christine Caroline Adélaïde Françoise Léopoldine d'Orléans (12 April 1813 in Palermo – 6 January 1839 in Pisa) was a French princess, artist, and, by her marriage, duchess of Württemberg (1837).
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Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Victoria Franziska Antonia Juliane Luise; 14 February 1822 – 10 December 1857) was the daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág.
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Prison ship
A prison ship, often more precisely described as a prison hulk, is a current or former seagoing vessel that has been modified to become a place of substantive detention for convicts, prisoners of war or civilian internees.
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Prussia
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
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Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.
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Quiévrain
Quiévrain is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
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Regent
A regent (from the Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated.
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Reichenau, Baden-Württemberg
Reichenau is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
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Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, or The Terror (la Terreur), is the label given by some historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.
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Retour des cendres
The retour des cendres ("return of the ashes") was the return of the mortal remains of Napoleon I of France from the island of St Helena to France and their burial in the Hôtel des Invalides in Paris in 1840, on the initiative of Adolphe Thiers and King Louis-Philippe.
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Rhine
--> The Rhine (Rhenus, Rein, Rhein, le Rhin,, Italiano: Reno, Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea.
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Rinaldo d'Este (1655–1737)
Rinaldo d'Este (26 April 1655 – 26 October 1737) was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1694 until his death, as well as a member of the House of Este.
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Schaffhausen
Schaffhausen (Schafuuse; Schaffhouse; Sciaffusa; Schaffusa; Shaffhouse) is a town with historic roots, a municipality in northern Switzerland, and the capital of the canton of the same name; it has an estimated population of 36,000.
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Second French Empire
The French Second Empire (Second Empire) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
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Serene Highness
His/Her Serene Highness (abbreviation: HSH, oral address: Your Serene Highness) is a style used today by the sovereign families of Liechtenstein and Monaco.
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Simó de Guardiola y Hortoneda
Simó de Guardiola y Hortoneda (1773–1851) was Bishop of Urgel and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1827 to 1851.
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Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis
Stéphanie Félicité du Crest de Saint-Aubin, Comtesse de Genlis (25 January 174631 December 1830), known as Madame de Genlis, was a French writer, harpist and educator,, Governess of the Children of France.
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Surrey
Surrey is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties.
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The Bahamas
The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago.
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Torne (river)
The Torne, also known as the Tornio (Tornionjoki, Torne älv, Torneälven, Duortneseatnu, Tornionväylä), is a river in northern Sweden and Finland.
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Union Oyster House
Union Oyster House, open to diners since 1826, is amongst the oldest operating restaurants in the United States of America, and the oldest that has been continuously operating since being opened.
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Vichy France
Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
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Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)
Achille Léonce Victor Charles, 3rd Duke of Broglie (28 November 1785 – 25 January 1870), fully Victor de Broglie, was a French peer, statesman, and diplomat.
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Victor Hugo
Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement.
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Volley gun
A volley gun is a gun with several barrels for firing a number of shots, either simultaneously or in succession.
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Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on Christianity as a whole, especially the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state.
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Weybridge
Weybridge is a town by the River Wey in the Elmbridge district of Surrey.
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Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.
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Zürich
Zürich or Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich.
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Zug
Zug (Zug,; Zoug; Zugo; Zug; Neo-Latin Tugiumnamed in the 16th century), is an affluent municipality and town in Switzerland.
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14th King's Hussars
The 14th King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment in the British Army, first raised in 1715.
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Redirects here:
King Louis Philippe, King Louis Philippe I of France, King Louis-Philippe, King Louis-Philippe of France, Last king of France, Louis Philippe, Louis Philippe (France), Louis Philippe I d'Orléans, Louis Philippe I of France, Louis Philippe I of the French, Louis Philippe I, King of the French, Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Louis Philippe of France, Louis Philippe, King of the French, Louis Phillipe, Louis Phillippe, Louis Phillippe Orleans, Louis-Philip I of France, Louis-Philippe, Louis-Philippe (France), Louis-Philippe I, Louis-Philippe I of France, Louis-Philippe I of the French, Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, Louis-Philippe Ier, Louis-Philippe King of the French (1830-1848), Louis-Philippe d'Orleans, Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, King of the French, Louis-Philippe of France, Louis-Philippe of the French, Louis-Phillipe, The Citizen King.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I
