Communication

320 relations: A18 autostrada (Poland), A4 autostrada (Poland), Abies alba, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ajuga, Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, Alnus glutinosa, Anatolia, Armillaria, Arnica montana, Austria, Austrian Silesia, Ścinawa, Śląsk Wrocław, Ślęża, Ślęza, Świdnica, Świebodzin, Świebodzin County, Żagań County, Bark (botany), Barycz (river), Bautzen (district), Bavarian Geographer, Bóbr, Bearberry, Beech, Bielawa, Biological specimen, Bohemia, Bolesław I the Brave, Bolesław I the Tall, Bolesławiec, Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, Brandenburg, Bronze Age, Bruntál District, Brzeg, Brzeg County, Bystrzyca Łomnicka, Caltha palustris, Cardamine pratensis, Celts, Central Sudetes, Cephalanthera longifolia, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Chojnik Castle, Chrobry fortified village in Szprotawa, Churches of Peace, ..., Clay, Congress of Gniezno, Copernicus Airport Wrocław, Cranberry, Czarna Woda, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Czechs, Czocha Castle, Daphne 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A18 autostrada (Poland)

Autostrada A18 is a short, planned motorway in southwestern Poland which is to run from the Polish/German border at Olszyna/Forst-Bademeusel and the German Bundesautobahn 15 to the Polish Autostrada A4.

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A4 autostrada (Poland)

The autostrada A4 in Poland is a long east-west motorway that runs through southern Poland, along the north side the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains, from the Polish-German border at Zgorzelec-Görlitz (connecting to the German A4 autobahn), bypassing Wrocław, Opole, Strzelce Opolskie, Gliwice, Katowice, Kraków, Tarnów, Dębica and Rzeszów to the Polish-Ukrainian border at Korczowa-Krakovets.

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Abies alba

Abies alba, the European silver fir or silver fir, is a fir native to the mountains of Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Normandy, east to the Alps and the Carpathians, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and south to Italy, Bulgaria and northern Greece.

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Acer pseudoplatanus

Acer pseudoplatanus, known as the sycamore in the United Kingdom and the sycamore maple in the United States, is a flowering plant species in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae.

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Ajuga

Ajuga, also known as bugleweed,Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium.

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Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg

Albert III (Albrecht III.) (9 November 141411 March 1486) was Elector of Brandenburg from 1471 until his death, the third from the House of Hohenzollern.

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Alnus glutinosa

Alnus glutinosa, the common alder, black alder, European alder or just alder, is a species of tree in the family Betulaceae, native to most of Europe, southwest Asia and northern Africa.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.

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Armillaria

Armillaria, is a genus of parasitic fungi that includes the A. mellea species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs.

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Arnica montana

Arnica montana, also known as wolf's bane, leopard's bane, mountain tobacco and mountain arnica, is a moderately toxic ethnobotanical European flowering plant in the sunflower family.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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Austrian Silesia

Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch-Schlesien (historically also Oesterreichisch-Schlesien, Oesterreichisch Schlesien, österreichisch Schlesien); Rakouské Slezsko; Śląsk Austriacki), officially the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (Herzogtum Ober- und Niederschlesien (historically Herzogthum Ober- und Niederschlesien); Vévodství Horní a Dolní Slezsko), was an autonomous region of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Austrian Empire, from 1867 a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary.

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Ścinawa

Ścinawa (Steinau an der Oder) is a town and municipality on the Oder river in the Lower Silesian region of Poland.

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Śląsk Wrocław

Wrocławski Klub Sportowy Śląsk Wrocław Spółka Akcyjna, commonly known as WKS Śląsk Wrocław, Śląsk Wrocław or simply Śląsk, is a Polish football club based in Wrocław that plays in Ekstraklasa, the highest level of the Polish football league system.

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Ślęża

The Ślęża (Zobten or Zobtenberg, later also Siling) is a mountain in the Sudeten Foreland (Polish: Przedgórze Sudeckie) in Lower Silesia, from Wrocław, southern Poland.

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Ślęza

Ślęza (Polish; German Lohe) is a 78.6 km long river in Lower Silesia, southern Poland, a left tributary of the Oder.

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Świdnica

Świdnica (Schweidnitz; Svídnice) is a city in southwestern Poland in the region of Silesia.

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Świebodzin

Świebodzin (Schwiebus) is a town in western Poland with 21,757 inhabitants (2004).

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Świebodzin County

Świebodzin County (powiat świebodziński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland.

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Żagań County

Żagań County (powiat żagański) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland.

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Bark (botany)

Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants.

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Barycz (river)

The Barycz (Bartsch) is a river in Greater Poland and Lower Silesian Voivodeships in western Poland.

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Bautzen (district)

The district of Bautzen ('Landkreis Bautzen', 'Wokrjes Budyšin') is a district in the state of Saxony in Germany.

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Bavarian Geographer

The epithet "Bavarian Geographer" (Geographus Bavarus) is the conventional name for the anonymous author of a Latin medieval text containing a list of the tribes in central-eastern Europe, headed Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii.

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Bóbr

Bóbr (Bobr, Bober) is a river which runs through the north of the Czech Republic and the southwest of Poland, a left tributary of the Oder.

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Bearberry

Bearberries are three species of dwarf shrubs in the genus Arctostaphylos.

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Beech

Beech (Fagus) is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America.

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Bielawa

Bielawa (Langenbielau; Bjelawa), population 31,988 (2010), is a town in southwestern Poland.

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Biological specimen

A biological specimen (also called a biospecimen) is a biological laboratory specimen held by a biorepository for research.

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Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy;; Czechy; Bohême; Bohemia; Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic.

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Bolesław I the Brave

Bolesław I the Brave (Bolesław I Chrobry, Boleslav Chrabrý; 967 – 17 June 1025), less often known as Bolesław I the Great (Bolesław I Wielki), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025.

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Bolesław I the Tall

Bolesław I the Tall (Bolesław I Wysoki) (b. 1127 – d. Leśnica, 7 or 8 December 1201) was a Duke of Wroclaw from 1163 until his death in 1201.

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Bolesławiec

Bolesławiec (Bunzlau; Bolesławjec) is a town located on the Bóbr River in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southwestern Poland, with 40,837 inhabitants (2006).

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Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

Boleslaus I the Cruel, also called Boleslav I (Boleslav I. Ukrutný) (– 15 July, 967 or 972), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was ruler (kníže, "duke" or "prince") of the Duchy of Bohemia from 935 to his death.

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Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia

Boleslaus II the Pious (Boleslav II.; - 7 February 999), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 972 until his death.

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Brandenburg

Brandenburg (Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska, Braniborsko) is one of the sixteen federated states of Germany.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze, and in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization.

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Bruntál District

Bruntál District (Okres Bruntál, Bezirk Freudenthal) is a district (okres) within Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Brzeg

Brzeg (Latin: Alta Ripa, former German name: Brieg) is a town in southwestern Poland with 36,381 inhabitants (2016) and the capital of Brzeg County.

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Brzeg County

Brzeg County (powiat brzeski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland.

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Bystrzyca Łomnicka

Bystrzyca Łomnicka is a river in south-western Poland.

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Caltha palustris

Caltha palustris, known as marsh-marigold and kingcup, is a small to medium size perennial herbaceous plant of the family Ranunculaceae, native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

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Cardamine pratensis

Cardamine pratensis (cuckooflower, lady's smock, mayflower, or milkmaids), is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia.

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Celts

The Celts (see pronunciation of ''Celt'' for different usages) were an Indo-European people in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had cultural similarities, although the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remains uncertain and controversial.

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Central Sudetes

The Central Sudetes (Orlická oblast or Střední Sudety, Sudety Środkowe, Mittelsudeten) are the central part of the Sudetes mountain range on the border of the Czech Republic and Poland.

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Cephalanthera longifolia

Cephalanthera longifolia, known by the common names Narrow-leaved Helleborine or Sword-leaved Helleborine, is an herbaceous perennial plant with rhizome belonging to the family Orchidaceae.

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Chamaenerion angustifolium

Chamaenerion angustifolium, commonly known in North America as fireweed, in some parts of Canada as great willowherb, and in Britain as rosebay willowherb, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae.

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Chojnik Castle

Chojnik Castle (Kynast, 1945–1948 Chojnasty) is a castle located above the town of Sobieszów, today part of Jelenia Góra in southwestern Poland.

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Chrobry fortified village in Szprotawa

The Chrobry fortified village (Polish: Gród Chrobry, German: Wallburg Chrobry), named for the Polish first crowned king Boleslaw Chrobry, and located in the town of Szprotawa (Sprottau), is an archaeological earthwork and a historical monument in the province of Lower Silesia, one of the largest of its kind in Poland.

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Churches of Peace

The Churches of Peace (Kościoły Pokoju, Friedenskirchen) in Jawor (German: Jauer) and Świdnica (German: Schweidnitz) in Silesia were named after the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.

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Clay

Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.

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Congress of Gniezno

The Congress of Gniezno (Zjazd gnieźnieński, Akt von Gnesen or Gnesener Übereinkunft) was an amical meeting between the Polish Duke Bolesław I the Brave and Emperor Otto III, which took place at Gniezno on March 11, 1000.

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Copernicus Airport Wrocław

Copernicus Airport Wrocław (Port Lotniczy Wrocław im. is an international commercial airport in Wrocław in southwestern Poland. The airport is located southwest of the city centre. It has one runway, two passenger terminals and one cargo terminal.

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Cranberry

Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium.

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Czarna Woda

Czarna Woda (Schwarzwasser) is a town in Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,223 inhabitants (2004).

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Czech Republic

The Czech Republic (Česká republika), also known by its short-form name Czechia (Česko), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast.

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Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia, or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko), was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the:Czech Republic and:Slovakia on 1 January 1993.

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Czechs

The Czechs (Češi,; singular masculine: Čech, singular feminine: Češka) or the Czech people (Český národ), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and Czech language.

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Czocha Castle

Czocha Castle (Tzschocha, Caychow) is a defensive castle in the village of Czocha (Gmina Lesna), Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland.

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Daphne mezereum

Daphne mezereum, commonly known as February daphne, mezereon, mezereum, spurge laurel or spurge olive, is a species of Daphne in the flowering plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to most of Europe and Western Asia, north to northern Scandinavia and Russia.

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Deciduous

In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous (/dɪˈsɪdʒuəs/) means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, after flowering; and to the shedding of ripe fruit.

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Deforestation

Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.

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Digitalis

Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and biennials commonly called foxgloves.

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Diocese

The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning "administration".

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Duchy

A duchy is a country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess.

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Duchy of Żagań

The Duchy of Żagań (Księstwo Żagańskie, Zaháňské knížectví) or Duchy of Sagan (Herzogtum Sagan) was one of the duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts.

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Duchy of Bernstadt

The Duchy of Bernstadt (Herzogtum Bernstadt, Księstwo bierutowskie, Bernštatské knížectví) was a Silesian duchy centred on the city of Bernstadt (present-day Bierutów) in Lower Silesia (now in Poland) and formed by separation from the Duchy of Oels (Oleśnica).

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Duchy of Brzeg

The Duchy of Brzeg (Księstwo Brzeskie) or Duchy of Brieg (Herzogtum Brieg), (Knížectví Břežské) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, created in 1311 during the fragmentation of the Duchy of Wrocław.

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Duchy of Głogów

The Duchy of Głogów (Księstwo głogowskie, Hlohovské knížectví) or Duchy of Glogau (Herzogtum Glogau) was one of the Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts.

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Duchy of Jawor

Duchy of Jawor (Księstwo Jaworskie) was one of the Duchies of Silesia established in 1274 as a subdivision of the Duchy of Legnica.

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Duchy of Legnica

The Duchy of Legnica (Księstwo Legnickie, Lehnické knížectví) or Duchy of Liegnitz (Herzogtum Liegnitz) was one of the Duchies of Silesia.

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Duchy of Münsterberg

The Duchy of Münsterberg (Herzogtum Münsterberg) or Duchy of Ziębice (Księstwo Ziębickie, Minstrberské knížectví) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, with a capital in Münsterberg (Ziębice).

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Duchy of Nysa

The Duchy of Nysa (Księstwo Nyskie, Niské knížectví) or Duchy of Neisse (Herzogtum Neisse) was one of the duchies of Silesia with its capital at Nysa in Lower Silesia.

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Duchy of Oels

The Duchy of Oels (Herzogtum Oels) or Duchy of Oleśnica (Księstwo Oleśnickie, Ducatus Olsnensis) was one of the duchies of Silesia with its capital in Oleśnica in Lower Silesia, Poland.

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Duchy of Silesia

The Duchy of Silesia (Księstwo śląskie, Herzogtum Schlesien) with its capital at Wrocław was a medieval duchy located in the historic Silesian region of Poland.

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Dzierżoniów

Dzierżoniów (Reichenbach im Eulengebirge; from 1945-1946 Rychbach, Drobniszew) is a town located at the foot of the Owl Mountains in southwestern Poland, within the Lower Silesian Voivodeship (from 1975–1998 in the former Wałbrzych Voivodeship).

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East Germany

East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.

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Eastern Neisse

The Eastern Neisse, also known by its Polish name of Nysa Kłodzka (Glatzer Neiße, Kladská Nisa), is a river in southwestern Poland, a left tributary of the Oder, with a length of 188 km (21st longest) and a basin area of 4,570 km² (3,742 in Poland).

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Eastern Sudetes

The Eastern Sudetes (Sudety Wschodnie, Východní Sudety or Jesenická oblast) are the Eastern part of the Sudetes mountains on the border of the Czech Republic and Poland.

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Empetrum nigrum

Empetrum nigrum, crowberry, black crowberry, or, in western Alaska, blackberry, is a flowering plant species in the heather family Ericaceae with a near circumboreal distribution in the northern hemisphere.

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Euonymus

Euonymus is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae.

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Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia

The Evangelical Church Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (Evangelische Kirche Berlin-Brandenburg-schlesische Oberlausitz - EKBO) is a United Protestant church body in the German states of Brandenburg, Berlin and a part of Saxony (historical region of Silesian Upper Lusatia).

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Festival of Good Beer

Festival of Good Beer (Polish language: Festiwal Dobrego Piwa) is an international beer festival in Wrocław, Poland.

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Fir

Firs (Abies) are a genus of 48–56 species of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae.

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Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)

During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, German citizens and people of German ancestry fled or were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries and sent to the remaining territory of Germany and Austria.

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Frederick II of Legnica

Frederick II, Duke of Legnica (Fryderyk II Legnicki) (12 February 1480 – 17 September 1547), also known as the Great of Legnica (Legnicki Wielki), was a Duke of Legnica from 1488 (until 1495 and 1505 with his brothers), of Brzeg from 1521.

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Free State of Prussia

The Free State of Prussia (Freistaat Preußen) was a German state formed after the abolition of the Kingdom of Prussia in the aftermath of the First World War.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Galium odoratum

Galium odoratum, the sweetscented bedstraw, is a flowering perennial plant in the family Rubiaceae, native to much of Europe from Spain and Ireland to Russia, as well as Western Siberia, Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, China and Japan.

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Görlitz

Görlitz (Upper Lusatian dialect: Gerlz, Gerltz, and Gerltsch, Zgorzelec, Zhorjelc, Zgórjelc, Zhořelec) is a town in the German federal state of Saxony.

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Görlitz (district)

Görlitz (Landkreis Görlitz; Upper Sorbian: Wokrjes Zhorjelc; Zemský okres Zhorelec) is a district (Kreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

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Główny Szlak Sudecki

Główny Szlak Sudecki (full name Główny Szlak Sudecki im. Mieczysława Orłowicza, which means Mieczysław Orłowicz Main Sudetes Trail in Polish) is a public hiking trail in Poland running along the Sudetes.

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Głogów

Głogów (Glogau, rarely Groß-Glogau, Hlohov) is a town in southwestern Poland.

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Gentiana asclepiadea

Gentiana asclepiadea, the willow gentian, is a species of flowering plant of the genus Gentiana in the family Gentianaceae, native to central and eastern Europe from primarily mountain (montane) woodland though it does occur in less wooded open pasture in some areas, perhaps persisting after woodland clearance.

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German Empire

The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.

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Germania

"Germania" was the Roman term for the geographical region in north-central Europe inhabited mainly by Germanic peoples.

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Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.

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Germans

Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

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Geum montanum

Geum montanum, Alpine avens, is a flowering plant species native to Europe.

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Glacial period

A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.

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Gniezno

Gniezno (Gnesen) is a city in central-western Poland, about east of Poznań, with about 70,000 inhabitants.

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Gola Dzierżoniowska Castle

The Gola Dzierżoniowska Castle (Schloss Guhlau) erected in the second half of the 16th century is situated in the village of Gola Dzierżoniowska (Dzierżoniów County), in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland.

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Golden Mountains (Sudetes)

The Golden Mountains (Góry Złote; Rychlebské hory; Reichensteiner Gebirge) are a mountain range in the Eastern Sudetes on the border between Poland and the Czech Republic.

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Great Moravia

Great Moravia (Regnum Marahensium; Μεγάλη Μοραβία, Megálī Moravía; Velká Morava; Veľká Morava; Wielkie Morawy), the Great Moravian Empire, or simply Moravia, was the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, chiefly on what is now the territory of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland (including Silesia), and Hungary.

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Greater Poland

Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska (Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior), is a historical region of west-central Poland.

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Grodków

Grodków is a town in Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship in Poland, the administrative seat of Gmina Grodków.

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Grodziec castle

Grodziec Castle (German: Gröditzburg or Gröditzberg) has a history dating back to 1155 and is located in the Silesia region of Poland.

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Habsburg Monarchy

The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.

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Hazel

The hazel (Corylus) is a genus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

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Heřmanovice

Heřmanovice (Hermannstadt) is a village and municipality in Bruntál District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Henryków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Henryków (Heinrichau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ziębice, within Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Hepatica nobilis

Hepatica nobilis, liverleaf, is a species of flowering plant, a herbaceous perennial in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae.

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High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that commenced around 1000 AD and lasted until around 1250 AD.

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History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation.

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Homogyne alpina

Homogyne alpina, Alpine coltsfoot or purple colt's-foot, is a rhizomatous herb in the Asteraceae family, which is often used as an ornamental plant.

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Hornbeam

Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the flowering plant genus Carpinus in the birch family Betulaceae.

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Hoyerswerda

Hoyerswerda (Wojerecy) is a major district town in the district of Bautzen in the German state of Saxony.

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Hrubý Jeseník

Hrubý Jeseník is a mountain range of Eastern Sudetes in northern Moravia and Czech Silesia.

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Ice age

An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Insect

Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.

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Isoetes lacustris

Isoetes lacustris (lake quillwort or Merlin's grass) is a boreal quillwort native on both sides of the northern Atlantic Ocean.

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Izera railway

Izera railway (Kolej Izerska, Zackenbahn) is a line connecting the Polish town of Jelenia Góra (Hirschberg) with Szklarska Poręba (Schreiberhau).

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Jaromír, Bishop of Prague

Jaromír (after 1035 – 26 June 1090) was the Bishop of Prague from 1068, when he was appointed by his brother, Vratislaus II of Bohemia.

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Jawor

Jawor (Jauer) is a town in south-western Poland with 24,347 inhabitants (2006).

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Jelenia Góra

Jelenia Góra (Hirschberg im Riesengebirge; Exonym: Deer Mountain) is a city in Lower Silesia, south-western Poland.

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Jelenia Góra Valley

Jelenia Góra Valley (Kotlina Jeleniogórska; Hirschberger Tal; Literally "Deer Mountain Valley") in Poland is a big valley at the Silesian northern side of the Western Sudetes and next to Kłodzko Valley the largest intramontane basin of the Sudetes.

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Jelenia Góra Voivodeship

Jelenia Gora Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by the Lower Silesian Voivodeship.

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Jeseník District

Jeseník District (Okres Jeseník) is a district (okres) in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic.

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Jizera Mountains

Jizera Mountains (Jizerské hory) or Izera Mountains (Góry Izerskie; Isergebirge) are part of the Western Sudetes on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland.

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Jordanów Śląski

Jordanów Śląski (Jordansmühl) is a village in Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Kaczawa

The Kaczawa is a river in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.

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Kaczawskie Mountains

The Katzbach Mountains or Kaczawskie Mountains (Góry Kaczawskie; Katzbachgebirge) are a mountain range, roughly 30 kilometres long, in the Western Sudetes in Poland.

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Kamienna Góra

Kamienna Góra (Landeshut, Lanžhot, Kamenná Hora) is a town in south-western Poland with 21,440 inhabitants (2006).

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Kłodzko

Kłodzko (Kladsko; Glatz; Glacio) is a town in south-western Poland, in the region of Lower Silesia.

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Kłodzko County

Kłodzko County (powiat kłodzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland.

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Kłodzko Fortress

Kłodzko Fortress (Twierdza Kłodzko, Festung Glatz) is a unique fortification complex of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southwestern Poland.

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Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia, sometimes in English literature referred to as the Czech Kingdom (České království; Königreich Böhmen; Regnum Bohemiae, sometimes Regnum Czechorum), was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, the predecessor of the modern Czech Republic.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Kingdom of Saxony

The Kingdom of Saxony (Königreich Sachsen), lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany.

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Koleje Dolnośląskie

Koleje Dolnośląskie (Polish for Lower Silesian Railways; KD) is a regional rail operator in the Lower Silesian Voivodship of Poland.

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Krauschwitz

Krauschwitz (Krušwica) is a municipality in the Görlitz district of Saxony, Germany at the border with Poland.

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Králický Sněžník

Králický Sněžník or Śnieżnik Kłodzki (Polish) is a mountain in the Eastern Bohemia, located on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland.

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Kresy

Kresy Wschodnie or Kresy (Eastern Borderlands, or Borderlands) was the Eastern part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period constituting nearly half of the territory of the state.

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Krkonoše

The Krkonoše (Czech), Karkonosze (Polish), Riesengebirge (German), Riesageberge (Silesian German) or Giant Mountains, are a mountain range located in the north of the Czech Republic and the south-west of Poland, part of the Sudetes mountain system (part of the Bohemian Massif).

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Krosno Odrzańskie

Krosno Odrzańskie (Crossen an der Oder) is a city on the east bank of Oder River, at the confluence with the Bóbr.

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Krosno Odrzańskie County

Krosno Odrzańskie County (powiat krośnieński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland, on the German border.

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Krzeszów Abbey

Krzeszów Abbey, formerly known as Grüssau Abbey (Klasztor w Krzeszowie, Kloster Grüssau) refers to a historical Cistercian monastery in Grüssau, Lower Silesia, after 1945 Krzeszów, Poland.

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Książ

Książ (Zamek Książ, Schloss Fürstenstein) is the largest castle in the Silesia region, located north of Wałbrzych in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Kwisa

The Kwisa (Queis) is a river in south-western Poland, a left tributary of the Bóbr, which itself is a left tributary of the Oder river.

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La Tène culture

The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland, where thousands of objects had been deposited in the lake, as was discovered after the water level dropped in 1857.

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Lamium galeobdolon

Lamium galeobdolon, commonly known as yellow archangel, artillery plant, or aluminium plant, is a widespread wildflower in Europe, and has been introduced elsewhere as a garden plant.

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Larch

Larches are conifers in the genus Larix, of the family Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae).

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Larix decidua

Larix decidua, the European larch, is a species of larch native to the mountains of central Europe, in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains as well as the Pyrenees, with disjunct lowland populations in northern Poland and southern Lithuania.

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Lądek-Zdrój

Lądek-Zdrój (Bad Landeck; Landek) is a town in Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Legnica

Legnica (archaic Polish: Lignica, Liegnitz, Lehnice, Lignitium) is a city in southwestern Poland, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the Kaczawa River (left tributary of the Oder) and the Czarna Woda.

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Legnica Voivodeship

Legnica Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by Lower Silesian Voivodeship.

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Legnickie Pole

Legnickie Pole (in 1945-1948 Dobre Pole, Wahlstatt) is a village in Legnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Lily of the valley

Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), sometimes written lily-of-the-valley, is a sweetly scented, highly poisonous woodland flowering plant that is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe.

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Lime (fruit)

A lime (from French lime, from Arabic līma, from Persian līmū, "lemon") is a hybrid citrus fruit, which is typically round, lime green, in diameter, and contains acidic juice vesicles.

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Lindenau, Germany

http://www.lindenau-ol.de/ Lindenau is a municipality in the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district, in southern Brandenburg, Germany.

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List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes

This is a list of Slavic tribes reported in the Middle Ages, that is, before the year AD 1500.

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List of Bohemian monarchs

This is a list of Bohemian monarchs now also referred to as list of Czech monarchs who ruled as Dukes and Kings of Bohemia.

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List of castles and palaces in Jelenia Góra valley

This is a list of castles, palaces and manors in Jelenia Góra valley and the surrounding area.

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Louis II of Hungary

Louis II (Ludvík, Ludovik, Lajos, 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526.

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Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Lower Silesian Voivodeship, or Lower Silesia Province (''Polish'': województwo dolnośląskie), in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided.

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Lubań

Lubań (Lauban) is a town in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southwest Poland.

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Lubań County

Lubań County (powiat lubański) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland.

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Lubiąż

Lubiąż (Leubus) is a village on the east bank of the Odra (Oder) River, in the administrative district of Gmina Wołów, within Wołów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Lubiąż Abbey

Lubiąż Abbey (Kloster Leubus; Opactwo cystersów w Lubiążu), also commonly known in English as Leubus Abbey, is a former Cistercian monastery in Lubiąż, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship of southwestern Poland, located about northwest of Wrocław.

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Lubin

Lubin, (Lüben) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in south-western Poland.

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Lubusz Voivodeship

Lubusz Voivodeship, or Lubusz Province (in Polish, województwo lubuskie), is a voivodeship (province) in western Poland.

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Lugii

The Lugii (or Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, or Lougoi) were a large tribal confederation mentioned by Roman authors living in ca.

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Lumber

Lumber (American English; used only in North America) or timber (used in the rest of the English speaking world) is a type of wood that has been processed into beams and planks, a stage in the process of wood production.

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Lusatia

Lusatia (Lausitz, Łužica, Łužyca, Łużyce, Lužice) is a region in Central Europe.

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Lusatian Highlands

The Lusatian Highlands at www.silvaportal.info.

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Lusatian Neisse

The Lusatian Neisse (Lužická Nisa; Lausitzer Neiße; Nysa Łużycka; Upper Sorbian: Łužiska Nysa; Lower Sorbian: Łužyska Nysa), or Western Neisse, is a long river in Central Europe.

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Maple

Acer is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple.

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Margraviate of Brandenburg

The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that played a pivotal role in the history of Germany and Central Europe.

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Melampyrum pratense

Melampyrum pratense, common cow-wheat, is a plant species in the family Orobanchaceae.

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Mesolithic

In Old World archaeology, Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos "middle"; λίθος, lithos "stone") is the period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

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Micranthes nivalis

Micranthes nivalis is a plant species in the saxifrage family.

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Middle Silesia

Middle Silesia (Śląsk środkowy, Mittelschlesien) was a colloquial designation for the Regierungsbezirk Breslau subdivision in the Prussian province of Silesia from 1813 to 1945.

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Mieszko I of Poland

Mieszko I (– 25 May 992) was the ruler of the Polans from about 960 until his death.

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Mieszko I Tanglefoot

Mieszko IV Tanglefoot (Mieszko IV Plątonogi) (ca. 1130 – 16 May 1211) was Duke of Kraków and High Duke of Poland from 1202 and from 9 June 1210 until his death.

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Migration Period

The Migration Period was a period during the decline of the Roman Empire around the 4th to 6th centuries AD in which there were widespread migrations of peoples within or into Europe, mostly into Roman territory, notably the Germanic tribes and the Huns.

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Milicz

Milicz (Militsch) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Montane ecosystems

Montane ecosystems refers to any ecosystem found in mountains.

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Moravian Gate

The Moravian Gate (Moravská brána, Brama Morawska, Mährische Pforte, Moravská brána) is a geomorphological feature in the Moravian region of the Czech Republic.

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Mountain range

A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills ranged in a line and connected by high ground.

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Namysłów

Namysłów (Namslau) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology, in some parts of Western Asia, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC.

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Niemcza

Niemcza (Nimptsch) is a town in Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Niesky

Niesky (-German, Sorbian/Polish: Niska) is a small town in Upper Lusatia in eastern the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

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Nowa Ruda

Nowa Ruda (Neurode) is a town in south-western Poland near the Czech border, lying on the Włodzica river in the central Sudetes mountain range.

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Nowa Sól County

Nowa Sól County (powiat nowosolski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland.

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Nysa County

Nysa County (powiat nyski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland, on the Czech border.

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Nysa, Poland

Nysa (Neisse or Neiße) is a town in southwestern Poland on the Nysa Kłodzka river, situated in the Opole Voivodeship.

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Oak

An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus (Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae.

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Oława

Oława is a town in south-western Poland with 32,674 inhabitants (2016).

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Oberspreewald-Lausitz

Oberspreewald-Lausitz (Wokrejs Górne Błota-Łužyca, Wokrjes Hornje Błóta-Łužica) is a Kreis (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

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Oder

The Oder (Czech, Lower Sorbian and Odra, Oder, Upper Sorbian: Wódra) is a river in Central Europe.

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Oder–Neisse line

The Oder–Neisse line (granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej, Oder-Neiße-Grenze) is the international border between Germany and Poland.

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Oleśnica

Oleśnica (Oels) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Oleśnica County

Oleśnica County (powiat oleśnicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland.

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Oleśnica Mała

Oleśnica Mała (Klein Öls) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oława, within Oława County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Opolans

Opolans (Opolanie; Opolané; Opolanen) were the West Slavic tribe that lived in the region of upper Odra.

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Opole

Opole (Oppeln, Silesian German: Uppeln, Uopole, Opolí) is a city located in southern Poland on the Oder River and the historical capital of Upper Silesia.

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Opole Voivodeship

Opole Voivodeship, or Opole Province (województwo opolskie, Woiwodschaft Oppeln), is the smallest and least populated voivodeship (province) of Poland.

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Orlické hory

The Orlické Mountains (Orlické hory, Góry Orlickie, Adlergebirge) or Eagle Mountains are a mountain range located mainly in northeastern Bohemia in the Czech Republic, forming a subgroup of the Central Sudetes.

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Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto II (955 – December 7, 983), called the Red (Rufus), was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983.

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Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto III (June/July 980 – 23 January 1002) was Holy Roman Emperor from 996 until his early death in 1002.

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Owl Mountains

The Owl Mountains (Góry Sowie, Soví hory, Eulengebirge) are a mountain range of the Central Sudetes in southwestern Poland.

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Oxalis

Oxalis is a large genus of flowering plants in the wood-sorrel family Oxalidaceae comprising about 570 species.

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Paleozoic

The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era (from the Greek palaios (παλαιός), "old" and zoe (ζωή), "life", meaning "ancient life") is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.

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Paris quadrifolia

Paris quadrifolia, the herb-paris or true lover's knot, is a Eurasian species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae, although authorities formerly regarded it as part of the Liliaceae family.

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Přemyslid dynasty

The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemyslid (Přemyslovci, Premysliden, Przemyślidzi) was a Czech royal dynasty which reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century–1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary, and Austria.

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Pedicularis sudetica

Pedicularis sudetica, common names of which are fernweed, Sudeten lousewort, Sedetic lousewort, and Sudetic lousewort is a species of flowering plant from the order of Lamiales which is native to Northern Europe but can now be found in such US states as Alaska, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Canada since it was introduced there.

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Petasites

Petasites is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, that are commonly referred to as butterburs and coltsfoots.

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Piast dynasty

The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland.

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Pine

A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus,, of the family Pinaceae.

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Pinus mugo

Pinus mugo, known as creeping pine, dwarf mountainpine, mugo pine, mountain pine, scrub mountain pine or Swiss mountain pine, is a species of conifer, native to high elevation habitats from southwestern to Central Europe.

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Platanthera bifolia

Platanthera bifolia, commonly known as the lesser butterfly-orchid, is a species of orchid in the genus Platanthera, having certain relations with the genus Orchis, where it was previously included and also with the genus Habenaria.

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Polans (western)

The Polans (also known as Polanes, Polanians;, derived from Old Slavic pole, "field" or "plain", see polje) were a West Slavic tribe, part of the Lechitic group, inhabiting the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Polish language

Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.

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Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1990 under the Soviet-backed socialist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II.

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Polkowice

Polkowice (Polkwitz) is a town in south-western Poland.

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Polypore

Polypores are a group of fungi that form fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions).

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Potsdam Agreement

The Potsdam Agreement (Potsdamer Abkommen) was the August 1945 agreement between three of the Allies of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union.

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Praděd

Praděd (Altvater; Pradziad; "Grandfather") (1,491.5 metres) is the highest mountain of Hrubý Jeseník mountains, Moravia, Czech Silesia and Upper Silesia and is fifth-highest mountain of Czech Republic.

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Project Riese

Riese (German for "giant") is the code name for a construction project of Nazi Germany in 1943–1945, consisting of seven underground structures located in the Owl Mountains and Książ Castle in Lower Silesia, previously Germany, now a territory of Poland.

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Province of Lower Silesia

The Province of Lower Silesia (Provinz Niederschlesien; Silesian German: Provinz Niederschläsing; Prowincja Dolny Śląsk; Prowincyjŏ Dolny Ślůnsk) was a province of the Free State of Prussia from 1919 to 1945.

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Province of Silesia

The Province of Silesia (Provinz Schlesien; Prowincja Śląska; Silesian: Prowincyjŏ Ślōnskŏ) was a province of the German Kingdom of Prussia, existing from 1815 to 1919, when it was divided into the Upper and Lower Silesia provinces, and briefly again from 1938 to 1941.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Przedmoście, Głogów County

Przedmoście (Priedemost) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głogów, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Quercus petraea

Quercus petraea, commonly known as the sessile oak, Cornish oak, or durmast oak, is a species of oak tree native to most of Europe and into Anatolia and Iran.

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Racibórz

Racibórz (Ratibor, Ratiboř, Raćibůrz) is a town in Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland.

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Raging Neisse

The Raging Neisse (Nysa Szalona, or Jauersche Neiße) is a river in Poland.

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Recovered Territories

Recovered Territories (Ziemie Odzyskane, literally "Regained Lands") was an official term used by the People's Republic of Poland to describe the territory of the former Free City of Danzig and the parts of pre-war Germany that became part of Poland after World War II.

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Regierungsbezirk

A German Regierungsbezirk (often abbreviated to Reg.-Bez.; administrative district) is an administrative district of one of the nation's federal states.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno

The Archdiocese of Gniezno (Archidioecesis Gnesnensis, Archidiecezja Gnieźnieńska) is the oldest Latin Catholic archdiocese in Poland, located in the city of Gniezno.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków

The Archdiocese of Kraków (Cracovien(sis), Archidiecezja krakowska) is an archdiocese located in the city of Kraków in Poland.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław

The Archdiocese of Wrocław (Archidiecezja wrocławska; Erzbistum Breslau; Arcidiecéze vratislavská; Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis) is a Latin Rite archdiocese of the Catholic Church named after its capital Wrocław in Poland.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg (Coslinen(sis) – Colubregan(us)) is a Latin rite suffragan diocese in the Ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień in northwestern Poland.

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Rothenburg, Oberlausitz

Rothenburg/Oberlausitz (Upper Sorbian Rózbork) is a small Lusatian town in eastern Saxony, Germany on the Neisse river on the German-Polish border.

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Rubus chamaemorus

Rubus chamaemorus is a rhizomatous herb native to cool temperate, alpine, arctic tundra and boreal forest, producing amber-colored edible fruit similar to the raspberry or blackberry.

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Rudawy Janowickie

The Rudawy Janowickie or Landeshut Ridge (Landeshuter Kamm, Janovické rudohoří) is a mountain range in Sudetes in Poland.

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Salix herbacea

Salix herbacea, the dwarf willow, least willow or snowbed willow, is a species of tiny creeping willow (family Salicaceae) adapted to survive in harsh arctic and subarctic environments.

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Salix lapponum

Salix lapponum, the downy willow, is a low, much branched shrub (to 1.5 metres) having a wide distribution in Northern Europe, eastwards to the Altai and western Siberia, and is found as far south as the Pyrenees and Bulgaria.

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Sambucus racemosa

Sambucus racemosa is a species of elderberry known by the common names red elderberry and red-berried elder.

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Sand

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.

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Sarmatians

The Sarmatians (Sarmatae, Sauromatae; Greek: Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were a large Iranian confederation that existed in classical antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.

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Saxony

The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen; Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked federal state of Germany, bordering the federal states of Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland (Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Liberec, and Ústí nad Labem Regions).

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Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).

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Senecio vulgaris

Senecio vulgaris, often known by the common names groundsel and old-man-in-the-Spring, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae.

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Serpentinite

Serpentinite is a rock composed of one or more serpentine group minerals, the name originating from the similarity of the texture of the rock to that of the skin of a snake.

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Silesia

Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Silesian German

Silesian German (Silesian German: Schläsche Sproache or Schläs'sche Sproche, Schlesisch) or Lower Silesian is a nearly extinct German dialect spoken in Silesia.

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Silesian Lowlands

Silesian Lowlands (or Silesian Plains, Nizina Śląska, Slezská nížina, German: Schlesische Niederung, Schlesische Tiefebene, Schlesische Bucht or Oderebene) are lowlands located in Silesia, Poland in Central Europe.

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Silesian Piasts

The Silesian Piasts were the elder of four lines of the Polish Piast dynasty beginning with Władysław II the Exile (1105–1159), eldest son of Duke Bolesław III of Poland.

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Silesian Walls

The Silesian Walls (Wały Śląskie, Dreigräben) are a line of three (or sometimes fewer) parallel earthen ramparts and ditches that run through Lower Silesia in Poland, by the towns Szprotawa and Kożuchów.

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Silesian Wars

The Silesian Wars (Schlesische Kriege) were a series of three wars fought in the mid-18th century between Prussia (under King Frederick the Great) and Austria (under Empress Maria Theresa) for control of Silesia, all three of which ended in Prussian victory.

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Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands

Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands (or Silesian-Lusatian Uplands, Nizina Śląsko-Łużycka) are lowlands located in Silesia, Poland and Germany.

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Silesians (tribe)

Silesians (Ślężanie) were a tribe of West Slavs, specifically of the Lechitic/Polish group, inhabiting territories of Lower Silesia, near Ślęża mountain and Ślęza river, on the both banks of the Oder, up to the area of modern city of Wrocław.

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Silingi

The Silings or Silingi (Latin: Silingae, Ancient Greek Σιλίγγαι – Silingai) were a Germanic tribe, part of the larger Vandal group.

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Skalnik, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Skalnik (Скальник, Skal’nyk) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Żmigród, within Jasło County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

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Smrk (Jizera Mountains)

Smrk (Smrek; Tafelfichte) is the highest mountain in the Czech part of the Jizera Mountains.

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Sněžka

Sněžka or Śnieżka (in Czech and Polish) is a mountain on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland, the most prominent point of the Silesian Ridge in the Krkonoše mountains.

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Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia

Spytihněv I (c. 875 – 915), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 894 or 895 until his death.

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Srebrna Góra, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Srebrna Góra (Silberberg) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stoszowice, within Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Stołowe Mountains

Stołowe Mountains; also known as the Table Mountains (Góry Stołowe, Stolové hory, Heuscheuergebirge) are a -long mountain range in Poland and the Czech Republic, part of the Sudetes.

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Stobrawa Landscape Park

Stobrawa Landscape Park (Stobrawski Park Krajobrazowy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in south-western Poland, established in 1999, covering an area of in the region of the Stobrawa river.

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Stone Mountains

The Stone Mountains are a mountain range in the Central Sudetes on the border of the Czech Republic and Poland.

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Strzegomka

Strzegomka is a river of Poland, a tributary of the Bystrzyca in Samotwór.

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Strzelin

Strzelin (Strehlen, Střelín) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in south-western Poland.

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Sudetes

The Sudetes (also known as the Sudeten after their German name; Czech: Krkonošsko-jesenická subprovincie, Sudetská subprovincie, subprovincie Sudety, Sudetská pohoří, Sudetské pohoří, Sudety; Polish: Sudety) are a mountain range in Central Europe.

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Svatopluk I of Moravia

Svatopluk I or Svätopluk I, also known as Svatopluk the Great (Latin: Zuentepulc, Zuentibald, Sventopulch, Old Church Slavic Свѧтопълкъ and transliterated Svętopъłkъ, Polish: Świętopełk, Greek: Sphendoplokos) was a ruler of Great Moravia, which attained its maximum territorial expansion during his reign (870–871, 871–894).

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Syców

Syców (Groß Wartenberg, until 1888 Polnisch Wartenberg) is a town in Oleśnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Szprotawa

Szprotawa (Sprottau) is a town in Poland, in Lubusz Voivodeship, in Żagań County.

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Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union

17 days after the German invasion of Poland in 1939, which marked the beginning of World War II, the Soviet Union invaded the eastern regions of the Second Polish Republic, which Poland re-established during the Polish–Soviet War and referred to as the "Kresy", and annexed territories totaling with a population of 13,299,000 inhabitants including Lithuanians,Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Czechs and others.

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Tertiary

Tertiary is the former term for the geologic period from 65 million to 2.58 million years ago, a timespan that occurs between the superseded Secondary period and the Quaternary.

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Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth

The last will and testament of the Piast duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, established rules for governance of the Polish kingdom by his four surviving sons after his death.

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The Gravels

The Gravels is a settlement located south of Port au Port, Newfoundland and Labrador.

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Treaty of Breslau

The Treaty of Breslau was a preliminary peace agreement signed on 11 June 1742 following long negotiations at the Silesian capital Wrocław (Breslau) by emissaries of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria and King Frederick II of Prussia ending the First Silesian War.

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Treaty of Namslau

The Treaty of Namslau or Namysłów, also known as the Peace of Namslau, was a peace treaty between King Charles IV of Bohemia and King Casimir III of Poland.

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Treaty of Trentschin

The Treaty of Trentschin was concluded on 24 August 1335 between King Casimir III of Poland and King John of Bohemia as well as his son Margrave Charles IV.

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Trientalis europaea

Trientalis europaea is a flowering plant in the primrose family Primulaceae, called by the common name chickweed-wintergreen or arctic starflower.

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Trzciniec culture

The Trzciniec culture is a Bronze-Age archaeological culture in Eastern Europe (c. 1900 – 1200 BC).

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Tyniec

Tyniec is a historic village in Poland on the Vistula river, since 1973 a part of the city of Kraków (currently in the district of Dębniki).

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Unetice culture

The Únětice culture (Czech Únětická kultura, German Aunjetitzer Kultur, Polish Kultura unietycka) is an archaeological culture at the start of the Central European Bronze Age, dated roughly to about 2300–1600BC.

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Upper Lusatia

Upper Lusatia (Oberlausitz; Hornja Łužica; Górna Łužyca; Łużyce Górne or Milsko; Horní Lužice) is a historical region in Germany and Poland.

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Upper Paleolithic

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic, Late Stone Age) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

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Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk; Silesian Polish: Gůrny Ślůnsk; Horní Slezsko; Oberschlesien; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic.

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Vandals

The Vandals were a large East Germanic tribe or group of tribes that first appear in history inhabiting present-day southern Poland.

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Vang stave church

Vang stave church (Świątynia Wang; Vang stavkyrkje; Stabkirche Wang) is a stave church which was bought by King Frederick William IV of Prussia and transferred from Vang in the Valdres region of Norway and re-erected in 1842 in Brückenberg near Krummhübel in Silesia, now Karpacz in the Karkonosze mountains of Poland.

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Voivodeship

A voivodeship is the area administered by a voivode (Governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe.

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Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia

Vratislaus (or Wratislaus) I (Vratislav I.; – 13 February 921), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 915 until his death.

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Vrbno pod Pradědem

Vrbno pod Pradědem (Würbenthal) is a town in the Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Wałbrzych

Wałbrzych (German: Waldenburg; Lower Silesian: Walmbrig or Walmbrich; Valbřich or Valdenburk) is a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southwestern Poland.

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Wałbrzych Voivodeship

Walbrzych Voivodeship (województwo wałbrzyskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by the Lower Silesian Voivodeship.

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Wambierzyce

Wambierzyce (Albendorf, Vambeřice), the "Silesian Jerusalem", is one of the most popular pilgrimage sites in southern Poland.

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Władysław II the Exile

Vladislaus II the Exile (Władysław II Wygnaniec) (1105 – 30 May 1159) was a High Duke of Poland and Duke of Silesia from 1138 until his expulsion in 1146.

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Weißwasser

Weißwasser (Běła Woda) is a town in Upper Lusatia in eastern Saxony, Germany.

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Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik) is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state during the years 1919 to 1933.

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Western Sudetes

The Western Sudetes (Krkonošská oblast; Westsudeten) are the western part of the Sudetes range system on the borders of the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany.

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Wicker

Wicker is a technique for making products woven from any one of a variety of cane-like materials, a generic name for the materials used in such manufacture, and a term for the items so produced.

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Widawa

The Widawa is a river in Poland, a right-bank tributary of the Oder River.

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Wielka Sowa

Wielka Sowa ("Great Owl", Hohe Eule) with a height of is the highest peak of the Owl Mountains, a range of the Central Sudetes.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.

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Wrocław Voivodeship (1975–98)

Wroclaw Voivodeship (województwo wrocławskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975–1998, superseded by Lower Silesian Voivodeship.

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Zabór

Zabór (Saabor, 1936-45: Fürsteneich) is a village in Zielona Góra County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

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Złoty Stok

Złoty Stok (Reichenstein, Rychleby, "Richstone") is a town in Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Zgorzelec

Zgorzelec (Görlitz, Zhorjelc, Zhořelec) is a town in south-western Poland with 32,322 inhabitants (2012).

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Zgorzelec County

Zgorzelec County (powiat zgorzelecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Zielona Góra

Zielona Góra (Grünberg in Schlesien) is the largest city in Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland, with 138,512 inhabitants (2015).

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Zielona Góra County

Zielona Góra County (powiat zielonogórski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland.

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Zwierzyniec

Zwierzyniec is a town on the Wieprz river in the Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland.

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Redirects here:

Dolny Ślůnsk, Niederschlesien.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesia

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