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Table of Contents

1. 409 relations: Acetylcholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Action potential, Activities of daily living, Adenosine A2A receptor, Adenosine receptor, Ageing Research Reviews, Albert Londe, Aldehyde dehydrogenase, Alim Louis Benabid, Alpha-synuclein, Aluminium, Amantadine, American Parkinson Disease Association, Amyloid plaques, Anatomical terms of location, Ancient Egypt, Anhedonia, Animal disease model, Anosmia, Antigen, Antioxidant, Antipsychotic, Anxiety disorder, Apomorphine, Apraxia, Argonne National Laboratory, Armand Trousseau, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, Arthralgia, Arthritis, Arvid Carlsson, Aspiration pneumonia, Aspirin, ATM serine/threonine kinase, Auguste François Chomel, Autoimmune disease, Autonomic nervous system, Autopsy, Axon terminal, Ayurveda, Balance disorder, Basal ganglia, Basal ganglia disease, Behavior change (individual), Benomyl, Benserazide, Biomarker (medicine), Blood pressure, Blood–brain barrier, ... Expand index (359 more) » « Shrink index

2. Aging-associated diseases
3. Cytoskeletal defects

Acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; systematic name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase), also known as AChE, AChase or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body.

See Parkinson's disease and Acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) also often called cholinesterase inhibitors, inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions, which are rich in acetylcholine receptors.

See Parkinson's disease and Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Action potential

An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls.

See Parkinson's disease and Action potential

Activities of daily living

Activities of daily living (ADLs) is a term used in healthcare to refer to an individual's daily self-care activities.

See Parkinson's disease and Activities of daily living

Adenosine A2A receptor

The adenosine A2A receptor, also known as ADORA2A, is an adenosine receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.

See Parkinson's disease and Adenosine A2A receptor

Adenosine receptor

The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as the endogenous ligand.

See Parkinson's disease and Adenosine receptor

Ageing Research Reviews

Ageing Research Reviews is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing review articles covering research on ageing, aging-associated diseases, and human life expectancy.

See Parkinson's disease and Ageing Research Reviews

Albert Londe

Albert Londe (26 November 1858 – 11 September 1917) was a French photographer, medical researcher and chronophotographer.

See Parkinson's disease and Albert Londe

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a group of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of aldehydes.

See Parkinson's disease and Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Alim Louis Benabid

Alim Louis Benabid is a French-Algerian emeritus professor, neurosurgeon and member of the French Academy of Sciences, who has had a global impact in the development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Alim Louis Benabid

Alpha-synuclein

Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SNCA gene.

See Parkinson's disease and Alpha-synuclein

Aluminium

Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.

See Parkinson's disease and Aluminium

Amantadine

Amantadine, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended because of widespread drug resistance.

See Parkinson's disease and Amantadine

American Parkinson Disease Association

The American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA) is a grassroots advocacy organization for people with Parkinson's disease and their families.

See Parkinson's disease and American Parkinson Disease Association

Amyloid plaques

Amyloid plaques (also known as neuritic plaques, amyloid beta plaques or senile plaques) are extracellular deposits of the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein mainly in the grey matter of the brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Amyloid plaques

Anatomical terms of location

Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans.

See Parkinson's disease and Anatomical terms of location

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

See Parkinson's disease and Ancient Egypt

Anhedonia

Anhedonia is a diverse array of deficits in hedonic function, including reduced motivation or ability to experience pleasure.

See Parkinson's disease and Anhedonia

Animal disease model

An animal model (short for animal disease model) is a living, non-human, often genetic-engineered animal used during the research and investigation of human disease, for the purpose of better understanding the disease process without the risk of harming a human.

See Parkinson's disease and Animal disease model

Anosmia

Anosmia, also known as smell blindness, is the loss of the ability to detect one or more smells.

See Parkinson's disease and Anosmia

Antigen

In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor.

See Parkinson's disease and Antigen

Antioxidant

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.

See Parkinson's disease and Antioxidant

Antipsychotic

Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics and major tranquilizers, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Antipsychotic

Anxiety disorder

Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety and fear such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired.

See Parkinson's disease and Anxiety disorder

Apomorphine

Apomorphine, sold under the brand name Apokyn among others, is a type of aporphine having activity as a non-selective dopamine agonist which activates both D2-like and, to a much lesser extent, D1-like receptors.

See Parkinson's disease and Apomorphine

Apraxia

Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain (specifically the posterior parietal cortex or corpus callosum), which causes difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements.

See Parkinson's disease and Apraxia

Argonne National Laboratory

Argonne National Laboratory is a federally funded research and development center in Lemont, Illinois, United States.

See Parkinson's disease and Argonne National Laboratory

Armand Trousseau

Armand Trousseau (14 October 1801 – 23 June 1867) was a French internist.

See Parkinson's disease and Armand Trousseau

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor

An aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, Extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor, DDCI and AAADI) is a medication of type enzyme inhibitor which inhibits the synthesis of dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, AAAD, or DOPA decarboxylase).

See Parkinson's disease and Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor

Arthralgia

Arthralgia literally means 'joint pain'.

See Parkinson's disease and Arthralgia

Arthritis

Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Parkinson's disease and Arthritis are aging-associated diseases.

See Parkinson's disease and Arthritis

Arvid Carlsson

Arvid Carlsson (25 January 1923 – 29 June 2018) was a Swedish neuropharmacologist who is best known for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects in Parkinson's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Arvid Carlsson

Aspiration pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia is a type of lung infection that is due to a relatively large amount of material from the stomach or mouth entering the lungs.

See Parkinson's disease and Aspiration pneumonia

Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic.

See Parkinson's disease and Aspirin

ATM serine/threonine kinase

ATM serine/threonine kinase or Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, symbol ATM, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks (canonical pathway), oxidative stress, topoisomerase cleavage complexes, splicing intermediates, R-loops and in some cases by single-strand DNA breaks.

See Parkinson's disease and ATM serine/threonine kinase

Auguste François Chomel

Auguste François Chomel (13 April 1788 in Paris – 9 April 1858 in Morsang-sur-Orge) was a French pathologist.

See Parkinson's disease and Auguste François Chomel

Autoimmune disease

An autoimmune disease is a condition that results from an anomalous response of the adaptive immune system, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy, functioning parts of the body as if they were foreign organisms.

See Parkinson's disease and Autoimmune disease

Autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system (ANS), sometimes called the visceral nervous system and formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the nervous system that operates internal organs, smooth muscle and glands.

See Parkinson's disease and Autonomic nervous system

Autopsy

An autopsy (also referred to as post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death; or the exam may be performed to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.

See Parkinson's disease and Autopsy

Axon terminal

Axon terminals (also called synaptic boutons, or presynaptic terminals) are distal terminations of the branches of an axon.

See Parkinson's disease and Axon terminal

Ayurveda

Ayurveda is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.

See Parkinson's disease and Ayurveda

Balance disorder

A balance disorder is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, for example when standing or walking.

See Parkinson's disease and Balance disorder

Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates.

See Parkinson's disease and Basal ganglia

Basal ganglia disease

Basal ganglia disease is a group of physical problems that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ganglia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor neuron circuits to initiate motor function.

See Parkinson's disease and Basal ganglia disease

Behavior change (individual)

A behavioral change can be a temporary or permanent effect that is considered a change in an individual's behavior when compared to previous behavior.

See Parkinson's disease and Behavior change (individual)

Benomyl

Benomyl (also marketed as Benlate) is a fungicide introduced in 1968 by DuPont.

See Parkinson's disease and Benomyl

Benserazide

Benserazide is a peripherally acting aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, which is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier.

See Parkinson's disease and Benserazide

Biomarker (medicine)

In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state.

See Parkinson's disease and Biomarker (medicine)

Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.

See Parkinson's disease and Blood pressure

Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.

See Parkinson's disease and Blood–brain barrier

Braak staging

Braak staging refers to two methods used to classify the degree of pathology in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Braak staging

Bradyphrenia

Bradyphrenia is the slowness of thought common to many disorders of the brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Bradyphrenia

Brain ischemia

Brain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand.

See Parkinson's disease and Brain ischemia

Brainstem

The brainstem (or brain stem) is the stalk-like part of the brain that connects the forebrain (the cerebrum and diencephalon) with the spinal cord.

See Parkinson's disease and Brainstem

Bromocriptine

Bromocriptine, originally marketed as Parlodel and subsequently under many brand names, is an ergoline derivative and dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease, hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and, as an adjunct, type 2 diabetes.

See Parkinson's disease and Bromocriptine

Bullous pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid (a type of pemphigoid) is an autoimmune pruritic skin disease that typically occurs in people aged over 60, that may involve the formation of blisters (bullae) in the space between the epidermal and dermal skin layers.

See Parkinson's disease and Bullous pemphigoid

C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped) pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation.

See Parkinson's disease and C-reactive protein

Cabergoline

Cabergoline, sold under the brand name Dostinex among others, is a dopaminergic medication used in the treatment of high prolactin levels, prolactinomas, Parkinson's disease, and for other indications.

See Parkinson's disease and Cabergoline

Cadmium

Cadmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cd and atomic number 48.

See Parkinson's disease and Cadmium

Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.

See Parkinson's disease and Caffeine

Calcium channel blocker

Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are a group of medications that disrupt the movement of calcium through calcium channels.

See Parkinson's disease and Calcium channel blocker

Camptocormia

Camptocormia, also known as bent spine syndrome (BSS), is a symptom of a multitude of diseases that is most commonly seen in the elderly. Parkinson's disease and Camptocormia are aging-associated diseases.

See Parkinson's disease and Camptocormia

Carbidopa

Carbidopa (Lodosyn) is a drug given to people with Parkinson's disease in order to inhibit peripheral metabolism of levodopa.

See Parkinson's disease and Carbidopa

Cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle (also called heart muscle or myocardium) is one of three types of vertebrate muscle tissues, with the other two being skeletal muscle and smooth muscle.

See Parkinson's disease and Cardiac muscle

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure consisting of chest compressions often combined with artificial ventilation, or mouth to mouth in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.

See Parkinson's disease and Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Caregiver

A caregiver, carer or support worker is a paid or unpaid person who helps an individual with activities of daily living.

See Parkinson's disease and Caregiver

Casimir Funk

Casimir Funk (Kazimierz Funk; February 23, 1884 – November 19, 1967) was a Polish biochemist generally credited with being among the first to formulate the concept of vitamins after publishing a landmark medical writing in 1912.

See Parkinson's disease and Casimir Funk

Catechol-O-methyltransferase

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure.

See Parkinson's disease and Catechol-O-methyltransferase

Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor

A catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor is a drug that inhibits the enzyme catechol-''O''-methyltransferase.

See Parkinson's disease and Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor

Causality

Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause.

See Parkinson's disease and Causality

Cell death

Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions.

See Parkinson's disease and Cell death

Cell nucleus

The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

See Parkinson's disease and Cell nucleus

Cell potency

Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types.

See Parkinson's disease and Cell potency

Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.

See Parkinson's disease and Central nervous system

Cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.

See Parkinson's disease and Cerebral cortex

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease linked to repeated trauma to the head.

See Parkinson's disease and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Circadian rhythm

A circadian rhythm, or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours.

See Parkinson's disease and Circadian rhythm

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland Clinic is an American nonprofit academic medical center based in Cleveland, Ohio.

See Parkinson's disease and Cleveland Clinic

Compulsive behavior

Compulsive behavior (or compulsion) is defined as performing an action persistently and repetitively.

See Parkinson's disease and Compulsive behavior

Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop

The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop (CBGTC loop) is a system of neural circuits in the brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop

Corticobasal syndrome

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a rare, progressive atypical Parkinsonism syndrome and is a tauopathy related to frontotemporal dementia. Parkinson's disease and Corticobasal syndrome are neurodegenerative disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Corticobasal syndrome

Corticobulbar tract

In neuroanatomy, the corticobulbar (or corticonuclear) tract is a two-neuron white matter motor pathway connecting the motor cortex in the cerebral cortex to the medullary pyramids, which are part of the brainstem's medulla oblongata (also called "bulbar") region, and are primarily involved in carrying the motor function of the non-oculomotor cranial nerves.

See Parkinson's disease and Corticobulbar tract

Corticospinal tract

The corticospinal tract is a white matter motor pathway starting at the cerebral cortex that terminates on lower motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord, controlling movements of the limbs and trunk.

See Parkinson's disease and Corticospinal tract

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), also known as subacute spongiform encephalopathy or neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Parkinson's disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease are neurodegenerative disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

CT scan

A computed tomography scan (CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body.

See Parkinson's disease and CT scan

Cultivar

A cultivar is a kind of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and which retains those traits when propagated.

See Parkinson's disease and Cultivar

Cytotoxicity

Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.

See Parkinson's disease and Cytotoxicity

Damage-associated molecular pattern

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules within cells that are a component of the innate immune response released from damaged or dying cells due to trauma or an infection by a pathogen.

See Parkinson's disease and Damage-associated molecular pattern

Davis Phinney

Davis Phinney (born July 10, 1959) is a retired professional road bicycle racer from the United States.

See Parkinson's disease and Davis Phinney

Davis Phinney Foundation

The Davis Phinney Foundation is a non-profit to help people with Parkinson's live well with the disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Davis Phinney Foundation

Deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that implants a neurostimulator and electrodes which sends electrical impulses to specified targets in the brain responsible for movement control.

See Parkinson's disease and Deep brain stimulation

Dehydration

In physiology, dehydration is a lack of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.

See Parkinson's disease and Dehydration

Delusion

A delusion is a false fixed belief that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence.

See Parkinson's disease and Delusion

Dementia with Lewy bodies

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia characterized by changes in sleep, behavior, cognition, movement, and regulation of automatic bodily functions. Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are aging-associated diseases, Ailments of unknown cause and Geriatrics.

See Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies

Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989.

See Parkinson's disease and Deng Xiaoping

Depression (mood)

Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity.

See Parkinson's disease and Depression (mood)

Diaphragmatic breathing

Diaphragmatic breathing, abdominal breathing, belly breathing, or deep breathing, is breathing that is done by contracting the diaphragm, a muscle located horizontally between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.

See Parkinson's disease and Diaphragmatic breathing

Diastole

Diastole is the relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle when the chambers of the heart are refilling with blood.

See Parkinson's disease and Diastole

Diffusion MRI

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI or DW-MRI) is the use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images from the resulting data that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images.

See Parkinson's disease and Diffusion MRI

Direct pathway

The direct pathway, sometimes known as the direct pathway of movement, is a neural pathway within the central nervous system (CNS) through the basal ganglia which facilitates the initiation and execution of voluntary movement.

See Parkinson's disease and Direct pathway

Disease-modifying treatment

A disease-modifying treatment, disease-modifying drug, or disease-modifying therapy is a treatment that delays, slows or reverses the progression of a disease by targeting its underlying cause.

See Parkinson's disease and Disease-modifying treatment

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

See Parkinson's disease and DNA

DNA damage (naturally occurring)

DNA damage is an alteration in the chemical structure of DNA, such as a break in a strand of DNA, a nucleobase missing from the backbone of DNA, or a chemically changed base such as 8-OHdG.

See Parkinson's disease and DNA damage (naturally occurring)

DNA repair

DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

See Parkinson's disease and DNA repair

Dominance (genetics)

In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome.

See Parkinson's disease and Dominance (genetics)

Dopamine

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells.

See Parkinson's disease and Dopamine

Dopamine agonist

A dopamine agonist is a compound that activates dopamine receptors.

See Parkinson's disease and Dopamine agonist

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) is a dysfunction of the reward system observed in some individuals taking dopaminergic medications for an extended length of time. Parkinson's disease and dopamine dysregulation syndrome are aging-associated diseases.

See Parkinson's disease and Dopamine dysregulation syndrome

Dopamine transporter

The dopamine transporter (DAT, also sodium-dependent dopamine transporter) is a membrane-spanning protein coded for in humans by the SLC6A3 gene (also known as DAT1), that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol.

See Parkinson's disease and Dopamine transporter

Dopamine-responsive dystonia

Dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD) also known as Segawa syndrome (SS), is a genetic movement disorder which usually manifests itself during early childhood at around ages 5–8 years (variable start age).

See Parkinson's disease and Dopamine-responsive dystonia

Dopaminergic cell groups

Dopaminergic cell groups, DA cell groups, or dopaminergic nuclei are collections of neurons in the central nervous system that synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine.

See Parkinson's disease and Dopaminergic cell groups

Dopaminergic pathways

Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control.

See Parkinson's disease and Dopaminergic pathways

Dysarthria

Dysarthria is a speech sound disorder resulting from neurological injury of the motor component of the motor–speech system and is characterized by poor articulation of phonemes.

See Parkinson's disease and Dysarthria

Dysautonomia

Dysautonomia, autonomic failure, or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly.

See Parkinson's disease and Dysautonomia

Dyskinesia

Dyskinesia refers to a category of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary muscle movements, including movements similar to tics or chorea and diminished voluntary movements.

See Parkinson's disease and Dyskinesia

Dysphagia

Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing.

See Parkinson's disease and Dysphagia

Dystonia

Dystonia is a neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions occur involuntarily, resulting in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures.

See Parkinson's disease and Dystonia

Electrochemical skin conductance

Electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) is an objective, non-invasive and quantitative electrophysiological measure of skin conductance through the application of a pulsating direct current on the skin.

See Parkinson's disease and Electrochemical skin conductance

Electron transport chain

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.

See Parkinson's disease and Electron transport chain

Encephalitis

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Encephalitis

Entacapone

Entacapone, sold under the brand name Comtan among others, is a medication commonly used in combination with other medications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Entacapone

Enteral administration

Enteral administration is food or drug administration via the human gastrointestinal tract.

See Parkinson's disease and Enteral administration

Environmental factor

An environmental factor, ecological factor or eco factor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms.

See Parkinson's disease and Environmental factor

Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also referred to as impotence, is a form of sexual dysfunction in males characterized by the persistent or recurring inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection with sufficient rigidity and duration for satisfactory sexual activity.

See Parkinson's disease and Erectile dysfunction

Essential tremor

Essential tremor (ET), also called benign tremor, familial tremor, and idiopathic tremor, is a medical condition characterized by involuntary rhythmic contractions and relaxations (oscillations or twitching movements) of certain muscle groups in one or more body parts of unknown cause.

See Parkinson's disease and Essential tremor

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is characterized by persistent sleepiness and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep.

See Parkinson's disease and Excessive daytime sleepiness

Executive dysfunction

In psychology and neuroscience, executive dysfunction, or executive function deficit, is a disruption to the efficacy of the executive functions, which is a group of cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes.

See Parkinson's disease and Executive dysfunction

Exercise

Exercise is physical activity that enhances or maintains fitness and overall health.

See Parkinson's disease and Exercise

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis).

See Parkinson's disease and Exocytosis

Expressive aphasia

Expressive aphasia (also known as Broca's aphasia) is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.

See Parkinson's disease and Expressive aphasia

Face perception

Facial perception is an individual's understanding and interpretation of the face.

See Parkinson's disease and Face perception

Facial muscles

The facial muscles are a group of striated skeletal muscles supplied by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) that, among other things, control facial expression.

See Parkinson's disease and Facial muscles

Falls in older adults

Falls in older adults are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and are a major class of preventable injuries. Parkinson's disease and Falls in older adults are Geriatrics.

See Parkinson's disease and Falls in older adults

Family history (medicine)

In medicine, a family history (FH or FHx) consists of information about disorders of direct blood relatives of the patient.

See Parkinson's disease and Family history (medicine)

Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

See Parkinson's disease and Fatty acid

Feeding tube

A feeding tube is a medical device used to provide nutrition to people who cannot obtain nutrition by mouth, are unable to swallow safely, or need nutritional supplementation.

See Parkinson's disease and Feeding tube

Ferroptosis

Oxytosis/ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides, and is genetically and biochemically distinct from other forms of regulated cell death such as apoptosis.

See Parkinson's disease and Ferroptosis

Fine motor skill

Fine motor skill (or dexterity) is the coordination of small muscles in movement with the eyes, hands and fingers.

See Parkinson's disease and Fine motor skill

Focused ultrasound

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), or MR-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery is an incision-less therapeutic technique that uses non-ionizing ultrasonic waves to heat or ablate tissue.

See Parkinson's disease and Focused ultrasound

Food and Drug Administration

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.

See Parkinson's disease and Food and Drug Administration

Forebrain

In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the forebrain or prosencephalon is the rostral (forward-most) portion of the brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Forebrain

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder most frequently seen in male premutation carriers of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) over the age of 50. Parkinson's disease and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome are neurodegenerative disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome

Franciscus Sylvius

Franciscus Sylvius (born Franz de le Boë; 15 March 1614 – 19 November 1672) was a Dutch physician and scientist (chemist, physiologist and anatomist) who was an early champion of Descartes', Van Helmont's and William Harvey's work and theories.

See Parkinson's disease and Franciscus Sylvius

Frederic Lewy

Fritz Heinrich Lewy (January 28, 1885 – October 5, 1950), known in his later years as Frederic Henry Lewey, was a German-born American neurologist.

See Parkinson's disease and Frederic Lewy

Frontal eye fields

The frontal eye fields (FEF) are a region located in the frontal cortex, more specifically in Brodmann area 8 or BA8, of the primate brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Frontal eye fields

Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17

Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative tauopathy and Parkinson plus syndrome. Parkinson's disease and Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 are neurodegenerative disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17

Functional disorder

Functional disorders are a group of recognisable medical conditions which are due to changes to the functioning of the systems of the body rather than due to a disease affecting the structure of the body.

See Parkinson's disease and Functional disorder

GABA

GABA (gamma Aminobutyric acid, γ-Aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system.

See Parkinson's disease and GABA

Galen

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher.

See Parkinson's disease and Galen

Gastrointestinal disease

Gastrointestinal diseases (abbrev. GI diseases or GI illnesses) refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum; and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

See Parkinson's disease and Gastrointestinal disease

Gastroparesis

Gastroparesis (gastro- from Ancient Greek – gaster, "stomach"; and -paresis, πάρεσις – "partial paralysis"), also called delayed gastric emptying, is a medical disorder consisting of weak muscular contractions (peristalsis) of the stomach, resulting in food and liquid remaining in the stomach for a prolonged period of time.

See Parkinson's disease and Gastroparesis

Gastrostomy

A gastrostomy is the creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastric decompression.

See Parkinson's disease and Gastrostomy

Gaucher's disease

Gaucher's disease or Gaucher disease (GD) is a genetic disorder in which glucocerebroside (a sphingolipid, also known as glucosylceramide) accumulates in cells and certain organs. Parkinson's disease and Gaucher's disease are diseases named for discoverer.

See Parkinson's disease and Gaucher's disease

GDNF family of ligands

The GDNF family of ligands (GFL) consists of four neurotrophic factors: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN).

See Parkinson's disease and GDNF family of ligands

Gene

In biology, the word gene has two meanings.

See Parkinson's disease and Gene

Gene therapy

Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells.

See Parkinson's disease and Gene therapy

General anaesthesia

General anaesthesia (UK) or general anesthesia (US) is a method of medically inducing loss of consciousness that renders a patient unarousable even with painful stimuli.

See Parkinson's disease and General anaesthesia

Generalized anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities.

See Parkinson's disease and Generalized anxiety disorder

Genetic disorder

A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.

See Parkinson's disease and Genetic disorder

Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.

See Parkinson's disease and Genetics

Globus pallidus

The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Globus pallidus

Glutamate decarboxylase

Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon dioxide.

See Parkinson's disease and Glutamate decarboxylase

Glyphosate

Glyphosate (IUPAC name: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant.

See Parkinson's disease and Glyphosate

Grenoble

Grenoble (or Grainóvol; Graçanòbol) is the prefecture and largest city of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France.

See Parkinson's disease and Grenoble

Gut microbiota

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals.

See Parkinson's disease and Gut microbiota

Gut–brain axis

The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS).

See Parkinson's disease and Gut–brain axis

Hallucination

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality.

See Parkinson's disease and Hallucination

Head injury

A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Head injury

Heavy metals

pp.

See Parkinson's disease and Heavy metals

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacterium.

See Parkinson's disease and Helicobacter pylori

Herpes

Herpes simplex, often known simply as herpes, is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus.

See Parkinson's disease and Herpes

Hertz

The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second.

See Parkinson's disease and Hertz

Hieronymus David Gaubius

Hieronymus David Gaubius (24 February 1705 – 29 November 1780) was a German physician and chemist.

See Parkinson's disease and Hieronymus David Gaubius

Hoehn and Yahr scale

The Hoehn and Yahr scale is a commonly used system for describing how the symptoms of Parkinson's disease progress.

See Parkinson's disease and Hoehn and Yahr scale

Hospice

Hospice care is a type of health care that focuses on the palliation of a terminally ill patient's pain and symptoms and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs at the end of life.

See Parkinson's disease and Hospice

Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited. Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are diseases named for discoverer.

See Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Hydrocephalus

Hypersalivation

Hypersalivation or hypersialosis is the excessive production of saliva.

See Parkinson's disease and Hypersalivation

Hypokinesia

Hypokinesia is one of the classifications of movement disorders, and refers to decreased bodily movement.

See Parkinson's disease and Hypokinesia

Hypomimia

Hypomimia (masked faces, masking of faces, mask-like facial expression), a medical sign, is a reduced degree of facial expression.

See Parkinson's disease and Hypomimia

Hypotension

Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, is a cardiovascular condition characterized by abnormally reduced blood pressure.

See Parkinson's disease and Hypotension

Hypouricemia

Hypouricemia or hypouricaemia is a level of uric acid in blood serum that is below normal.

See Parkinson's disease and Hypouricemia

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation.

See Parkinson's disease and Ibuprofen

Illusion

An illusion is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the mind normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation.

See Parkinson's disease and Illusion

Impulse-control disorder

Impulse-control disorder (ICD) is a class of psychiatric disorders characterized by impulsivity – failure to resist a temptation, an urge, or an impulse; or having the inability to not speak on a thought.

See Parkinson's disease and Impulse-control disorder

Impulsivity

In psychology, impulsivity (or impulsiveness) is a tendency to act on a whim, displaying behavior characterized by little or no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences.

See Parkinson's disease and Impulsivity

Incidence (epidemiology)

In epidemiology, incidence reflects the number of new cases of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.

See Parkinson's disease and Incidence (epidemiology)

Inclusion bodies

Inclusion bodies are aggregates of specific types of protein found in neurons, and a number of tissue cells including red blood cells, bacteria, viruses, and plants.

See Parkinson's disease and Inclusion bodies

Indigestion

Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia or upset stomach, is a condition of impaired digestion.

See Parkinson's disease and Indigestion

Induced pluripotent stem cell

Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell.

See Parkinson's disease and Induced pluripotent stem cell

Inflammasome

Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes of the innate immune system responsible for the activation of inflammatory responses and cell death.

See Parkinson's disease and Inflammasome

Inflammation

Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.

See Parkinson's disease and Inflammation

Inflammatory cytokine

An inflammatory cytokine or proinflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation.

See Parkinson's disease and Inflammatory cytokine

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.

See Parkinson's disease and Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Inpatient care

Inpatient care is the care of patients whose condition requires admission to a hospital.

See Parkinson's disease and Inpatient care

Insomnia

Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.

See Parkinson's disease and Insomnia

Intracellular transport

Intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell.

See Parkinson's disease and Intracellular transport

Iron

Iron is a chemical element.

See Parkinson's disease and Iron

Istradefylline

Istradefylline, sold under the brand name Nourianz, is a medication used as an add-on treatment to levodopa/carbidopa in adults with Parkinson's disease (PD) experiencing "off" episodes.

See Parkinson's disease and Istradefylline

James Parkinson

James Parkinson (11 April 1755 – 21 December 1824) was an English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist and political activist.

See Parkinson's disease and James Parkinson

Jean-Martin Charcot

Jean-Martin Charcot (29 November 1825 – 16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology.

See Parkinson's disease and Jean-Martin Charcot

John Hunter (surgeon)

John Hunter (13 February 1728 – 16 October 1793) was a Scottish surgeon, one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day.

See Parkinson's disease and John Hunter (surgeon)

John Q. Trojanowski

John Quinn Trojanowski (December 17, 1946 – February 8, 2022) was an American academic research neuroscientist specializing in neurodegeneration.

See Parkinson's disease and John Q. Trojanowski

Kinase

In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.

See Parkinson's disease and Kinase

Konstantin Tretiakoff

Konstantin Nikolaevitch Tretiakoff (December 26, 1892 – 1958) was a Russian neuropathologist.

See Parkinson's disease and Konstantin Tretiakoff

L-DOPA

-DOPA, also known as levodopa and -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants and animals, including humans.

See Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA

Lead

Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

See Parkinson's disease and Lead

Lee Silverman voice treatment

The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment – LOUD (LSVT LOUD) is a treatment for speech disorders associated with Parkinson's disease (PD).

See Parkinson's disease and Lee Silverman voice treatment

Lewy body

Lewy bodies are the inclusion bodies — abnormal aggregations of protein — that develop inside neurons affected by Parkinson's disease (PD), the Lewy body dementias (Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)), and some other disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Lewy body

Lewy body dementia

Lewy body dementia (LBD) is an umbrella term for two similar and common subtypes of dementia: dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD).

See Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia

Lewy Body Dementia Association

The Lewy Body Dementia Association (LBDA) is a US nonprofit organization based in Lilburn, Georgia, and "dedicated to raising awareness of the Lewy body dementias (LBD), supporting people with LBD, their families and caregivers and promoting scientific advances".

See Parkinson's disease and Lewy Body Dementia Association

Life expectancy

Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age.

See Parkinson's disease and Life expectancy

Lightheadedness

Lightheadedness is a common and typically unpleasant sensation of dizziness or a feeling that one may faint.

See Parkinson's disease and Lightheadedness

Limbic system

The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.

See Parkinson's disease and Limbic system

Lipid

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.

See Parkinson's disease and Lipid

Lipid peroxidation

Lipid peroxidation, or lipid oxidation, is a complex chemical process that leads to oxidative degradation of lipids, resulting in the formation of peroxide and hydroperoxide derivatives.

See Parkinson's disease and Lipid peroxidation

Lisuride

Lisuride, sold under the brand name Dopergin among others, is a monoaminergic medication of the ergoline class which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, migraine, and high prolactin levels.

See Parkinson's disease and Lisuride

Locus coeruleus

The locus coeruleus (LC), also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus, is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.

See Parkinson's disease and Locus coeruleus

LRRK2

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), also known as dardarin (from the Basque word "dardara" which means trembling) and PARK8 (from early identified association with Parkinson's disease), is a large, multifunctional kinase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LRRK2 gene.

See Parkinson's disease and LRRK2

Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.

See Parkinson's disease and Magnesium

Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

See Parkinson's disease and Major depressive disorder

Major histocompatibility complex

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large locus on vertebrate DNA containing a set of closely linked polymorphic genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system.

See Parkinson's disease and Major histocompatibility complex

Mancozeb

Mancozeb is a dithiocarbamate non-systemic agricultural fungicide with multi-site, protective action on contact.

See Parkinson's disease and Mancozeb

Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element; it has symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

See Parkinson's disease and Manganese

Maria Grazia Spillantini

Maria Grazia Spillantini, is Professor of Molecular Neurology in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Cambridge.

See Parkinson's disease and Maria Grazia Spillantini

Medical history

The medical history, case history, or anamnesis (from Greek: ἀνά, aná, "open", and μνήσις, mnesis, "memory") of a patient is a set of information the physicians collect over medical interviews.

See Parkinson's disease and Medical history

Medical imaging

Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).

See Parkinson's disease and Medical imaging

Meditation

Meditation is a practice in which an individual uses a technique to train attention and awareness and detach from reflexive, "discursive thinking," achieving a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state, while not judging the meditation process itself.

See Parkinson's disease and Meditation

Mediterranean diet

The Mediterranean diet is a diet inspired by the eating habits and traditional food typical of southern Spain, southern Italy, and Crete, and formulated in the early 1960s.

See Parkinson's disease and Mediterranean diet

Medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata or simply medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the brainstem.

See Parkinson's disease and Medulla oblongata

Melanoma

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes.

See Parkinson's disease and Melanoma

Mental disorder

A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness, a mental health condition, or a psychiatric disability, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.

See Parkinson's disease and Mental disorder

Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element; it has symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

See Parkinson's disease and Mercury (element)

Meta-analysis

Meta-analysis is the statistical combination of the results of multiple studies addressing a similar research question.

See Parkinson's disease and Meta-analysis

Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

See Parkinson's disease and Metabolism

MHC class I

MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates.

See Parkinson's disease and MHC class I

MHC class II

MHC Class II molecules are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules normally found only on professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells.

See Parkinson's disease and MHC class II

Michael J. Fox

Michael Andrew Fox (born June 9, 1961), known professionally as Michael J. Fox, is a Canadian and American activist and retired actor.

See Parkinson's disease and Michael J. Fox

Michel Goedert

Michel Goedert FRS, FMedSci is a Luxembourgish-British neuroscientist and former Head of Neurobiology, at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

See Parkinson's disease and Michel Goedert

Microglia

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.

See Parkinson's disease and Microglia

Micrographia (handwriting)

Micrographia is an acquired disorder characterized by abnormally small, cramped handwriting.

See Parkinson's disease and Micrographia (handwriting)

Midbrain

The midbrain or mesencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brainstem connecting the diencephalon and cerebrum with the pons. It consists of the cerebral peduncles, tegmentum, and tectum.

See Parkinson's disease and Midbrain

Mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a neurocognitive disorder which involves cognitive impairments beyond those expected based on an individual's age and education but which are not significant enough to interfere with instrumental activities of daily living.

See Parkinson's disease and Mild cognitive impairment

Mitochondrion

A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.

See Parkinson's disease and Mitochondrion

Modafinil

Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a wakefulness-promoting medication used primarily to treat narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

See Parkinson's disease and Modafinil

Monoamine oxidase B

Monoamine oxidase B, also known as MAO-B, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOB gene.

See Parkinson's disease and Monoamine oxidase B

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B).

See Parkinson's disease and Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Monocyte

Monocytes are a type of leukocyte or white blood cell.

See Parkinson's disease and Monocyte

Mood (psychology)

In psychology, a mood is an affective state.

See Parkinson's disease and Mood (psychology)

Mood disorder

A mood disorder, also known as an affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder where a disturbance in the person's mood is the main underlying feature.

See Parkinson's disease and Mood disorder

Mood swing

A mood swing is an extreme or sudden change of mood.

See Parkinson's disease and Mood swing

Motor control

Motor control is the regulation of movements in organisms that possess a nervous system.

See Parkinson's disease and Motor control

Motor cortex

The motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.

See Parkinson's disease and Motor cortex

Motor planning

In psychology and neuroscience, motor planning is a set of processes related to the preparation of a movement that occurs during the reaction time (the time between the presentation of a stimulus to a person and that person's initiation of a motor response). Parkinson's disease and motor planning are Cytoskeletal defects and Geriatrics.

See Parkinson's disease and Motor planning

Motor system

The motor system is the set of central and peripheral structures in the nervous system that support motor functions, i.e. movement.

See Parkinson's disease and Motor system

MPTP

MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is an organic compound.

See Parkinson's disease and MPTP

MRI pulse sequence

An MRI pulse sequence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance.

See Parkinson's disease and MRI pulse sequence

Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist.

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Multiple system atrophy

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, slow movement, muscle rigidity, and postural instability (collectively known as parkinsonism), autonomic dysfunction and ataxia. Parkinson's disease and Multiple system atrophy are neurodegenerative disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Multiple system atrophy

Mutation

In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

See Parkinson's disease and Mutation

Myalgia

Myalgia or muscle pain is a painful sensation evolving from muscle tissue.

See Parkinson's disease and Myalgia

Myoclonus

Myoclonus is a brief, involuntary, irregular (lacking rhythm) twitching of a muscle, a joint, or a group of muscles, different from clonus, which is rhythmic or regular.

See Parkinson's disease and Myoclonus

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH).

See Parkinson's disease and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Nausea

Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit.

See Parkinson's disease and Nausea

Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.

See Parkinson's disease and Necrosis

Neocortex

The neocortex, also called the neopallium, isocortex, or the six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.

See Parkinson's disease and Neocortex

Neoplasm

A neoplasm is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.

See Parkinson's disease and Neoplasm

Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system.

See Parkinson's disease and Nervous tissue

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation is a heterogenous group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases, still under research, in which iron accumulates in the basal ganglia, either resulting in progressive dystonia, parkinsonism, spasticity, optic atrophy, retinal degeneration, neuropsychiatric, or diverse neurologic abnormalities.

See Parkinson's disease and Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation

Neurodegenerative disease

A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration. Parkinson's disease and neurodegenerative disease are neurodegenerative disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Neurodegenerative disease

Neurofibrillary tangle

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary biomarker of Alzheimer's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Neurofibrillary tangle

Neuroimmune system

The neuroimmune system is a system of structures and processes involving the biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the nervous system and immune system which protect neurons from pathogens.

See Parkinson's disease and Neuroimmune system

Neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the nervous tissue.

See Parkinson's disease and Neuroinflammation

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications.

See Parkinson's disease and Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Neurological examination

A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired.

See Parkinson's disease and Neurological examination

Neurology (journal)

Neurology is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in neurology.

See Parkinson's disease and Neurology (journal)

Neuromelanin

Neuromelanin (NM) is a dark pigment found in the brain which is structurally related to melanin.

See Parkinson's disease and Neuromelanin

Neuron

A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.

See Parkinson's disease and Neuron

Neuroprotection

Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.

See Parkinson's disease and Neuroprotection

Neuropsychiatry

Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors.

See Parkinson's disease and Neuropsychiatry

Neurostimulation

Neurostimulation is the purposeful modulation of the nervous system's activity using invasive (e.g. microelectrodes) or non-invasive means (e.g. transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial electric stimulation, tES, such as tDCS or transcranial alternating current stimulation, tACS).

See Parkinson's disease and Neurostimulation

Neurotransmitter

A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.

See Parkinson's disease and Neurotransmitter

Neurturin

Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene.

See Parkinson's disease and Neurturin

Nicotine

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic.

See Parkinson's disease and Nicotine

Nigrostriatal pathway

The nigrostriatal pathway is a bilateral dopaminergic pathway in the brain that connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in the midbrain with the dorsal striatum (i.e., the caudate nucleus and putamen) in the forebrain.

See Parkinson's disease and Nigrostriatal pathway

Non-homologous end joining

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA.

See Parkinson's disease and Non-homologous end joining

Non-invasive ventilation

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the use of breathing support administered through a face mask, nasal mask, or a helmet.

See Parkinson's disease and Non-invasive ventilation

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever, and prevents blood clots.

See Parkinson's disease and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the ventricles, leading to normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Parkinson's disease and normal pressure hydrocephalus are Geriatrics.

See Parkinson's disease and Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Nursing home

A nursing home is a facility for the residential care of older people, senior citizens, or disabled people.

See Parkinson's disease and Nursing home

Occupational therapy

Occupational therapy (OT) is a healthcare profession that involves the use of assessment, intervention, consultation, and coaching to develop, recover, or maintain meaningful occupations of individuals, groups, or communities.

See Parkinson's disease and Occupational therapy

Oleh Hornykiewicz

Oleh Hornykiewicz (17 November 1926 – 26 May 2020) was an Austrian biochemist.

See Parkinson's disease and Oleh Hornykiewicz

Olfactory bulb

The olfactory bulb (Latin: bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell.

See Parkinson's disease and Olfactory bulb

Oligomer

In chemistry and biochemistry, an oligomer is a molecule that consists of a few repeating units which could be derived, actually or conceptually, from smaller molecules, monomers.

See Parkinson's disease and Oligomer

Opicapone

Opicapone, sold under the brand name Ongentys, is a medication which is administered together with levodopa in people with Parkinson's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Opicapone

Orbitofrontal cortex

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive process of decision-making.

See Parkinson's disease and Orbitofrontal cortex

Orientation (geometry)

In geometry, the orientation, attitude, bearing, direction, or angular position of an object – such as a line, plane or rigid body – is part of the description of how it is placed in the space it occupies.

See Parkinson's disease and Orientation (geometry)

Orthostatic hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a medical condition wherein a person's blood pressure drops when standing up or sitting down.

See Parkinson's disease and Orthostatic hypotension

Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.

See Parkinson's disease and Oxidative stress

Palliative care

Palliative care (derived from the Latin root, or 'to cloak') is an interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed at optimizing quality of life and mitigating suffering among people with serious, complex, and often terminal illnesses.

See Parkinson's disease and Palliative care

Pallidotomy

Pallidotomy is a neurosurgical procedure.

See Parkinson's disease and Pallidotomy

Panic disorder

Panic disorder is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks.

See Parkinson's disease and Panic disorder

Papyrus

Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface.

See Parkinson's disease and Papyrus

Paraquat

Paraquat (trivial name), or N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (systematic name), also known as methyl viologen, is an organic compound with the chemical formula Cl2.

See Parkinson's disease and Paraquat

Paresthesia

Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause.

See Parkinson's disease and Paresthesia

Parkin (protein)

Parkin is a 465-amino acid residue E3 ubiquitin ligase, a protein that in humans and mice is encoded by the PARK2 gene.

See Parkinson's disease and Parkin (protein)

Parkinson's disease dementia

Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is dementia that is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD).

See Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia

Parkinson's disease in South Asians

Epidemiological studies have shown lower age-related prevalence of Parkinson's disease in South Asians, with the rate of prevalence being around 52.7 per 100,000 as compared to a higher prevalence rate observed in populations with European origin, 108-257 per 100,000.

See Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease in South Asians

Parkinson's Foundation

The Parkinson's Foundation is a national organization that funds research and provides educational resources to Parkinson's disease patients and caregivers.

See Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's Foundation

Parkinson-plus syndrome

Parkinson-plus syndromes (PPS) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases featuring the classical features of Parkinson's disease (tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, and postural instability) with additional features that distinguish them from simple idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD).

See Parkinson's disease and Parkinson-plus syndrome

Parkinsonian gait

Parkinsonian gait (or festinating gait, from Latin festinare) is the type of gait exhibited by patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

See Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian gait

Parkinsonism

Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism are Geriatrics.

See Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism

Pars compacta

The pars compacta (SNpc) is one of two subdivisions of the substantia nigra of the midbrain (the other being the pars reticulata); it is situated medial to the pars reticulata.

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Pedunculopontine nucleus

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem.

See Parkinson's disease and Pedunculopontine nucleus

Pergolide

Pergolide, sold under the brand name Permax and Prascend (veterinary) among others, is an ergoline-based dopamine receptor agonist used in some countries for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Pergolide

Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy, often shortened to neuropathy, refers to damage or disease affecting the nerves.

See Parkinson's disease and Peripheral neuropathy

Pesticide

Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests.

See Parkinson's disease and Pesticide

Physical therapy

Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is a healthcare profession, as well as the care provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through patient education, physical intervention, disease prevention, and health promotion.

See Parkinson's disease and Physical therapy

Pimavanserin

Pimavanserin, sold under the brand name Nuplazid, is an atypical antipsychotic which is approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis and is also being studied for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease psychosis, schizophrenia, agitation, and major depressive disorder.

See Parkinson's disease and Pimavanserin

Piribedil

Piribedil (trade names Pronoran, Trivastal Retard, Trastal, Trivastan, Clarium and others) is an antiparkinsonian agent and piperazine derivative which acts as a D2 and D3 receptor agonist.

See Parkinson's disease and Piribedil

Plantar reflex

The plantar reflex is a reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument.

See Parkinson's disease and Plantar reflex

Pontine tegmentum

The pontine tegmentum, or dorsal pons, is located within the brainstem, and is one of two parts of the pons, the other being the ventral pons or basilar part of the pons.

See Parkinson's disease and Pontine tegmentum

Positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.

See Parkinson's disease and Positron emission tomography

Pramipexole

Pramipexole, sold under the brand Mirapex among others, is a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS).

See Parkinson's disease and Pramipexole

Precursor (chemistry)

In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.

See Parkinson's disease and Precursor (chemistry)

Prevalence

In epidemiology, prevalence is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seatbelt use) at a specific time.

See Parkinson's disease and Prevalence

Prodrome

In medicine, a prodrome is an early sign or symptom (or set of signs and symptoms, referred to as prodromal symptoms) that often indicates the onset of a disease before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop.

See Parkinson's disease and Prodrome

Progressive supranuclear palsy

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain.

See Parkinson's disease and Progressive supranuclear palsy

Proteasome

Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade ubiquitin-tagged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.

See Parkinson's disease and Proteasome

Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

See Parkinson's disease and Protein

Protein aggregation

In molecular biology, protein aggregation is a phenomenon in which intrinsically-disordered or mis-folded proteins aggregate (i.e., accumulate and clump together) either intra- or extracellularly. Parkinson's disease and protein aggregation are neurodegenerative disorders.

See Parkinson's disease and Protein aggregation

Protein folding

Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure.

See Parkinson's disease and Protein folding

Psychomotor retardation

Psychomotor retardation involves a slowing down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual.

See Parkinson's disease and Psychomotor retardation

Psychosis

Psychosis is a condition of the mind or psyche that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not real.

See Parkinson's disease and Psychosis

Putamen

The putamen (from Latin, meaning "nutshell") is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon).

See Parkinson's disease and Putamen

Pyramidal tracts

The pyramidal tracts include both the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract.

See Parkinson's disease and Pyramidal tracts

Quality of life

Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns".

See Parkinson's disease and Quality of life

Quetiapine

Quetiapine, sold under the brand name Seroquel among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

See Parkinson's disease and Quetiapine

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder or REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder in which people act out their dreams.

See Parkinson's disease and Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Rasagiline

Rasagiline, sold under the brand name Azilect among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Rasagiline

Reactive oxygen species

In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.

See Parkinson's disease and Reactive oxygen species

Restless legs syndrome

Restless legs syndrome, also known as restless leg syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis–Ekbom disease (WED), is a neurological disorder, usually chronic, that causes an overwhelming urge to move one's legs.

See Parkinson's disease and Restless legs syndrome

Risk factor

In epidemiology, a risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.

See Parkinson's disease and Risk factor

Robin Williams

Robin McLaurin Williams (July 21, 1951August 11, 2014) was an American actor and comedian.

See Parkinson's disease and Robin Williams

Rolf Hassler

Rolf Hassler (1914–1984) was a German pathologist who made important discoveries on the pathophysiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD).

See Parkinson's disease and Rolf Hassler

Ropinirole

Ropinirole, sold under the brand name Requip among others, is a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS).

See Parkinson's disease and Ropinirole

Rosacea

Rosacea is a long-term skin condition that typically affects the face.

See Parkinson's disease and Rosacea

Rotenone

Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide.

See Parkinson's disease and Rotenone

Rotigotine

Rotigotine, sold under the brand name Neupro among others, is a dopamine agonist of the non-ergoline class of medications indicated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome.

See Parkinson's disease and Rotigotine

Safinamide

Safinamide (INN; brand name Xadago) is a drug used as an add-on treatment for Parkinson's disease with "off" episodes; it has multiple modes of action, including the inhibition of monoamine oxidase B. See for updates.

See Parkinson's disease and Safinamide

Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson

Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (December 6, 1878 – May 12, 1937) was an American-born British neurologist.

See Parkinson's disease and Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson

Scintigraphy

Scintigraphy (from Latin scintilla, "spark"), also known as a gamma scan, is a diagnostic test in nuclear medicine, where radioisotopes attached to drugs that travel to a specific organ or tissue (radiopharmaceuticals) are taken internally and the emitted gamma radiation is captured by gamma cameras, which are external detectors that form two-dimensional images in a process similar to the capture of x-ray images.

See Parkinson's disease and Scintigraphy

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a long-term skin disorder.

See Parkinson's disease and Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Selegiline

Selegiline, also known as L-deprenyl and sold under the brand names Eldepryl, Zelapar, and Emsam among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and major depressive disorder.

See Parkinson's disease and Selegiline

Sensorium

A sensorium (/sɛnˈsɔːrɪəm/) (sensoria) is the apparatus of an organism's perception considered as a whole.

See Parkinson's disease and Sensorium

Sensory nervous system

The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.

See Parkinson's disease and Sensory nervous system

Serotonin syndrome

Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a group of symptoms that may occur with the use of certain serotonergic medications or drugs.

See Parkinson's disease and Serotonin syndrome

Sexual dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or partners during any stage of normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal, or orgasm.

See Parkinson's disease and Sexual dysfunction

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition.

See Parkinson's disease and Signs and symptoms

Single-photon emission computed tomography

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays.

See Parkinson's disease and Single-photon emission computed tomography

Skin condition

A skin condition, also known as cutaneous condition, is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, nails, and related muscle and glands.

See Parkinson's disease and Skin condition

Sleep and breathing

When we sleep, our breathing changes due to normal biological processes that affect both our respiratory and muscular systems.

See Parkinson's disease and Sleep and breathing

Sleep disorder

A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of an individual's sleep patterns.

See Parkinson's disease and Sleep disorder

Social anxiety disorder

Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by sentiments of fear and anxiety in social situations, causing considerable distress and impairing ability to function in at least some aspects of daily life.

See Parkinson's disease and Social anxiety disorder

Spasticity

Spasticity is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia.

See Parkinson's disease and Spasticity

Speech–language pathology

Speech–language pathology (a.k.a. speech and language pathology or logopedics) is a healthcare and academic discipline concerning the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of communication disorders, including expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders, voice disorders, speech sound disorders, speech disfluency, pragmatic language impairments, and social communication difficulties, as well as swallowing disorders across the lifespan.

See Parkinson's disease and Speech–language pathology

Sporadic disease

In infectious disease epidemiology, a sporadic disease is an infectious disease which occurs only infrequently, haphazardly, irregularly, or occasionally, from time to time in a few isolated places, with no discernible temporal or spatial pattern, as opposed to a recognizable epidemic outbreak or endemic pattern.

See Parkinson's disease and Sporadic disease

Standardized mortality ratio

In epidemiology, the standardized mortality ratio or SMR, is a quantity, expressed as either a ratio or percentage quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study cohort with respect to the general population.

See Parkinson's disease and Standardized mortality ratio

Stem cell

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.

See Parkinson's disease and Stem cell

Strength training

Strength training, also known as weight training or resistance training, involves the performance of physical exercises that are designed to improve strength and endurance.

See Parkinson's disease and Strength training

Striatum

The striatum (striata) or corpus striatum is a cluster of interconnected nuclei that make up the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia.

See Parkinson's disease and Striatum

Stroke

Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. Parkinson's disease and Stroke are aging-associated diseases.

See Parkinson's disease and Stroke

Subcutaneous administration

Subcutaneous administration is the insertion of medications beneath the skin either by injection or infusion.

See Parkinson's disease and Subcutaneous administration

Substantia nigra

The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.

See Parkinson's disease and Substantia nigra

Subthalamic nucleus

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basal ganglia system.

See Parkinson's disease and Subthalamic nucleus

Sudomotor

Sudomotor function refers to the autonomic nervous system control of sweat gland activity in response to various environmental and individual factors.

See Parkinson's disease and Sudomotor

Suicidal ideation

Suicidal ideation, or suicidal thoughts, is the thought process of having ideas, or ruminations about the possibility of completing suicide.

See Parkinson's disease and Suicidal ideation

Susceptibility weighted imaging

Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), originally called BOLD venographic imaging, is an MRI sequence that is exquisitely sensitive to venous blood, hemorrhage and iron storage.

See Parkinson's disease and Susceptibility weighted imaging

Synaptic vesicle

In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.

See Parkinson's disease and Synaptic vesicle

Synucleinopathy

Synucleinopathies (also called α-Synucleinopathies) are neurodegenerative diseases characterised by the abnormal accumulation of aggregates of alpha-synuclein protein in neurons, nerve fibres or glial cells.

See Parkinson's disease and Synucleinopathy

Systole

Systole is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart contract after refilling with blood.

See Parkinson's disease and Systole

T helper cell

The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system.

See Parkinson's disease and T helper cell

Tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder that results in involuntary repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips.

See Parkinson's disease and Tardive dyskinesia

Tau protein

The tau proteins (abbreviated from tubulin associated unit) form a group of six highly soluble protein isoforms produced by alternative splicing from the gene MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau).

See Parkinson's disease and Tau protein

Thalamus

The thalamus (thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral walls of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain).

See Parkinson's disease and Thalamus

The Michael J. Fox Foundation

The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research is a US non-profit organization founded in 2000 by Canadian-American actor Michael J. Fox to find a cure for Parkinson's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and The Michael J. Fox Foundation

Thickening agent

A thickening agent or thickener is a substance which can increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties.

See Parkinson's disease and Thickening agent

Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

See Parkinson's disease and Time (magazine)

Tolcapone

Tolcapone, sold under the brand name Tasmar, is a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD).

See Parkinson's disease and Tolcapone

Tracheotomy

Tracheotomy, or tracheostomy, is a surgical airway management procedure which consists of making an incision (cut) on the anterior aspect (front) of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe).

See Parkinson's disease and Tracheotomy

Trade-off

A trade-off (or tradeoff) is a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing on quality, quantity, or property of a set or design in return for gains in other aspects.

See Parkinson's disease and Trade-off

Traumatic brain injury

A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force.

See Parkinson's disease and Traumatic brain injury

Tremor

A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts.

See Parkinson's disease and Tremor

Trichloroethylene

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halocarbon with the formula C2HCl3, commonly used as an industrial degreasing solvent.

See Parkinson's disease and Trichloroethylene

Ubiquitin

Ubiquitin is a small (8.6 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e., it is found ''ubiquitously''.

See Parkinson's disease and Ubiquitin

Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale

The unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) is used to follow the longitudinal course of Parkinson's disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale

United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

See Parkinson's disease and United States Congress

Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine. Parkinson's disease and Urinary incontinence are aging-associated diseases.

See Parkinson's disease and Urinary incontinence

Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease.

See Parkinson's disease and Vaccine

Vagus nerve

The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, cranial nerve X, or simply CN X, is a cranial nerve that carries sensory fibers that create a pathway that interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.

See Parkinson's disease and Vagus nerve

Vasodilation

Vasodilation, also known as vasorelaxation, is the widening of blood vessels.

See Parkinson's disease and Vasodilation

Visual impairment

Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception.

See Parkinson's disease and Visual impairment

Visuospatial function

In cognitive psychology, visuospatial function refers to cognitive processes necessary to "identify, integrate, and analyze space and visual form, details, structure and spatial relations" in more than one dimension.

See Parkinson's disease and Visuospatial function

Vitamin C

Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits, berries and vegetables.

See Parkinson's disease and Vitamin C

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a group of eight fat soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.

See Parkinson's disease and Vitamin E

Walking

Walking (also known as ambulation) is one of the main gaits of terrestrial locomotion among legged animals.

See Parkinson's disease and Walking

Wilhelm Heinrich Erb

Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (30 November 1840 – 29 October 1921) was a German neurologist.

See Parkinson's disease and Wilhelm Heinrich Erb

William Gowers (neurologist)

Sir William Richard Gowers (20 March 1845 – 4 May 1915) was a British neurologist, described by Macdonald Critchley in 1949 as "probably the greatest clinical neurologist of all time".

See Parkinson's disease and William Gowers (neurologist)

Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease (also called Hepatolenticular degeneration) is a genetic disorder characterized by the excess build-up of copper in the body.

See Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease

See also

Aging-associated diseases

• Aging-associated diseases
• Alzheimer's disease
• Arthritis
• Atrophic gastritis
• Bone health
• Camptocormia
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular disease
• Cardiovascular disease in Nepal
• Cataract
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Collagen loss
• Coronary artery disease
• Dementia
• Dementia with Lewy bodies
• Diagnosis of myocardial infarction
• Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
• Glioblastoma
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Heart failure
• Invasive urothelial carcinoma
• Ketosis-prone diabetes
• Knee arthritis
• Late life depression
• Management of acute coronary syndrome
• Myocardial infarction
• Myocardial infarction complications
• NINCDS-ADRDA Alzheimer's Criteria
• Osteopenia
• Osteoporosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Pleurothotonus
• Posterior cortical atrophy
• Postmenopausal confusion
• Progeroid syndromes
• Pseudodementia
• Sarcopenia
• Sarcopenic obesity
• Senile osteoporosis
• Simulated presence therapy
• Stroke
• Subcortical dementia
• Type 2 diabetes
• Urinary incontinence
• Validation therapy

Cytoskeletal defects

• ALS
• Alexander disease
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia
• Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia
• Barraquer–Simons syndrome
• Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome
• Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
• Cohen–Gibson syndrome
• Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Elejalde syndrome
• Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
• Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
• Familial cirrhosis
• Fechtner syndrome
• Giant axonal neuropathy
• Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis
• Hereditary spastic paraplegia
• Hereditary spherocytosis
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
• Ichthyosis hystrix
• Keratin disease
• Laminopathy
• Long QT syndrome
• MASS syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• May–Hegglin anomaly
• Monilethrix
• Motor planning
• Osteopoikilosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Pelger–Huët anomaly
• Primary ciliary dyskinesia
• Spastin
• Spinocerebellar ataxia
• Steatocystoma multiplex
• Stodtmeister cell
• Tauopathy
• Usher syndrome
• Weill–Marchesani syndrome
• White sponge nevus
• Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
• X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson's_disease

Also known as Antiparkinsonism, Classification of parkinson's disease, Diagnosis of parkinson's disease, Epidemiology of parkinson's disease, Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease, Genetic causes of parkinson's disease, Genetics of Parkinson's disease, History of parkinson's disease, Hypokinetic rigid syndrome, Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, Morbus Parkinson, Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, Motor symptoms parkinson's disease, Neuropsychiatric symptoms of parkinson's disease, Notable sufferers of parkinson's disease, Pakinson's Disease, Paralysis agitans, Parkinson Disease, Parkinson facies, Parkinson's, Parkinson's detection by body odor, Parkinson's detection by body odour, Parkinson's detection by body scent, Parkinson's detection by body smell, Parkinson's disease and Diet, Parkinson's disease research directions, Parkinson's smell, Parkinsonian tremor, Parkinsonian tremors, Parkinsonians, Parkinsonism, primary, Parkinsons, Parkinsons Disease, Parkinsons' Disease, Parkinston's disease, Pathophysiology of parkinson's disease, Prevention of Parkinson's disease, Prognosis of parkinson's disease, Research directions in parkinson's disease, Research directions of parkinson's disease, Secondary Parkinson disease, Shaking Palsy, Signs of parkinson's disease, Symptoms of parkinson's disease, Traumatic Parkinson's, World Parkinson's Day, YOPD.

, Braak staging, Bradyphrenia, Brain ischemia, Brainstem, Bromocriptine, Bullous pemphigoid, C-reactive protein, Cabergoline, Cadmium, Caffeine, Calcium channel blocker, Camptocormia, Carbidopa, Cardiac muscle, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Caregiver, Casimir Funk, Catechol-O-methyltransferase, Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, Causality, Cell death, Cell nucleus, Cell potency, Central nervous system, Cerebral cortex, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Circadian rhythm, Cleveland Clinic, Compulsive behavior, Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop, Corticobasal syndrome, Corticobulbar tract, Corticospinal tract, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, CT scan, Cultivar, Cytotoxicity, Damage-associated molecular pattern, Davis Phinney, Davis Phinney Foundation, Deep brain stimulation, Dehydration, Delusion, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Deng Xiaoping, Depression (mood), Diaphragmatic breathing, Diastole, Diffusion MRI, Direct pathway, Disease-modifying treatment, DNA, DNA damage (naturally occurring), DNA repair, Dominance (genetics), Dopamine, Dopamine agonist, Dopamine dysregulation syndrome, Dopamine transporter, Dopamine-responsive dystonia, Dopaminergic cell groups, Dopaminergic pathways, Dysarthria, Dysautonomia, Dyskinesia, Dysphagia, Dystonia, Electrochemical skin conductance, Electron transport chain, Encephalitis, Entacapone, Enteral administration, Environmental factor, Erectile dysfunction, Essential tremor, Excessive daytime sleepiness, Executive dysfunction, Exercise, Exocytosis, Expressive aphasia, Face perception, Facial muscles, Falls in older adults, Family history (medicine), Fatty acid, Feeding tube, Ferroptosis, Fine motor skill, Focused ultrasound, Food and Drug Administration, Forebrain, Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, Franciscus Sylvius, Frederic Lewy, Frontal eye fields, Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, Functional disorder, GABA, Galen, Gastrointestinal disease, Gastroparesis, Gastrostomy, Gaucher's disease, GDNF family of ligands, Gene, Gene therapy, General anaesthesia, Generalized anxiety disorder, Genetic disorder, Genetics, Globus pallidus, Glutamate decarboxylase, Glyphosate, Grenoble, Gut microbiota, Gut–brain axis, Hallucination, Head injury, Heavy metals, Helicobacter pylori, Herpes, Hertz, Hieronymus David Gaubius, Hoehn and Yahr scale, Hospice, Huntington's disease, Hydrocephalus, Hypersalivation, Hypokinesia, Hypomimia, Hypotension, Hypouricemia, Ibuprofen, Illusion, Impulse-control disorder, Impulsivity, Incidence (epidemiology), Inclusion bodies, Indigestion, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Inflammasome, Inflammation, Inflammatory cytokine, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Inpatient care, Insomnia, Intracellular transport, Iron, Istradefylline, James Parkinson, Jean-Martin Charcot, John Hunter (surgeon), John Q. 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