Communication

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A&E Networks

A&E Networks (branded as A+E Networks) is a US media company that owns a group of television channels available via cable & satellite in the U.S. and abroad.

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Abdominal aorta

The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity.

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Abortion

Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus.

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Abrahamic religions

The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic-originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham.

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Abruzzo

Abruzzo (Aquiliano: Abbrùzzu) is a region of Southern Italy, with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.2 million.

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Achille Silvestrini

Achille Silvestrini (born 25 October 1923) is an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Ad tuendam fidem

Ad tuendam fidem (To Protect the Faith) is an apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II issued motu proprio on May 18, 1998.

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Adam Stefan Sapieha

Prince Adam Stefan Stanisław Bonifacy Józef Sapieha (14 May 1867 – 23 July 1951) was a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Kraków.

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Advent

Advent is a season observed in many Christian churches as a time of expectant waiting and preparation for the celebration of the Nativity of Jesus at Christmas as well as the return of Jesus at the second coming.

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Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic

The Gemelli University Hospital (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli) is a large general hospital in Rome, Italy.

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Agrigento

Agrigento (Sicilian: Girgenti or Giurgenti) is a city on the southern coast of Sicily, Italy and capital of the province of Agrigento.

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AIJAC

The Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council (AIJAC), is an organisation headquartered in Melbourne, Australia.

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Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda (القاعدة,, translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988.

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Alan Basil de Lastic

Alan Basil de Lastic (24 September 1929 – 20 June 2000) was a prominent Catholic (Latin Rite) clergyman in India who was installed as the fourth Archbishop of Delhi in November 1990.

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Albin Małysiak

Albin Małysiak, C.M. (12 June 1917 – 16 July 2011) was a Polish bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Alcove (architecture)

In architecture, an alcove is a recessed area open from a larger room but enclosed by walls, pillars, or other architectural elements.

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Alejandro Goić (Chilean bishop)

Alejandro Goić Karmelić (born 7 March 1940) is a Chilean bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.

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Alfons Maria Stickler

Alfons Maria Stickler (23 August 1910 – 12 December 2007) was an Austrian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Alfonso Portillo

Alfonso Antonio Portillo Cabrera (born September 24, 1951) is a Guatemalan politician who served as President of Guatemala from 2000 to 2004.

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Alfredo Stroessner

Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda (November 3, 1912 – August 16, 2006) was a Paraguayan military officer who served as President of Paraguay from 1954 to 1989.

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All Saints' Day

All Saints' Day, also known as All Hallows' Day, Hallowmas, Feast of All Saints, or Solemnity of All Saints, is a Christian festival celebrated in honour of all the saints, known and unknown.

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Aloysius Balina

Aloysius Balina (January 21, 1945 – November 6, 2012) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shinyanga, Tanzania.

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America (magazine)

America is a national weekly magazine published by the Jesuits of the United States and headquartered in midtown Manhattan.

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American Cardinals Dinner

The American Cardinals Dinner is an annual fundraiser that benefits The Catholic University of America (CUA).

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Andrea Riccardi

Andrea Riccardi (born 16 January 1950 in Rome) is an Italian historian, professor, politician and activist, founder of the Community of Sant'Egidio.

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Angelo Sodano

Angelo Raffaele Sodano, GCC (born 23 November 1927) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, a Cardinal since 1991, who has served as Dean of the College of Cardinals since 2005.

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Anglican Communion

The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion with 85 million members, founded in 1867 in London, England.

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Anglican Use

The Anglican Use refers to the form of liturgy found in the Book of Divine Worship and its successor, Divine Worship: The Missal, used by the parishes of the Pastoral Provision in the United States and the personal ordinariates founded by former members of the Anglican Communion who joined the Catholic Church while wishing to maintain some features of Anglican tradition.

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Animism

Animism (from Latin anima, "breath, spirit, life") is the religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

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Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka

Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (February 28, 1923 – June 7, 2014) was a Polish, later American philosopher, phenomenologist, founder and president of The World Phenomenology Institute, and editor (since its inception in the late 1960s) of the book series Analecta Husserliana.

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Anointing of the sick

Anointing of the sick, known also by other names, is a form of religious anointing or "unction" (an older term with the same meaning) for the benefit of a sick person.

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Antônio de Castro Mayer

Antônio de Castro Mayer (20 June 1904 – 25 April 1991) was a Brazilian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Anthony Michael Milone

Anthony Michael Milone (September 24, 1932 – May 17, 2018) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Great Falls-Billings, Montana, from 1988 to 2006.

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Anti-Defamation League

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL; formerly known as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith) is an international Jewish non-governmental organization based in the United States.

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Antichrist

In Christianity, antichrist is a term found solely in the First Epistle of John and Second Epistle of John, and often lowercased in Bible translations, in accordance with its introductory appearance: "Children, it is the last hour! As you heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come".

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Apartheid

Apartheid started in 1948 in theUnion of South Africa |year_start.

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Apostolic Administrator

An apostolic administrator in the Catholic Church is a prelate appointed by the Pope to serve as the ordinary for an apostolic administration.

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Apostolic constitution

An apostolic constitution (constitutio apostolica) is the highest level of decree issued by the Pope.

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Apostolic exhortation

An apostolic exhortation is a type of communication from the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Apostolic Nunciature to the United States

The Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the United States is the diplomatic mission of the Holy See to the United States.

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Apostolic Palace

The Apostolic Palace (Palatium Apostolicum; Palazzo Apostolico) is the official residence of the Roman Catholic Pope and Bishop of Rome, which is located in Vatican City.

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Archbishop

In Christianity, an archbishop (via Latin archiepiscopus, from Greek αρχιεπίσκοπος, from αρχι-, 'chief', and επίσκοπος, 'bishop') is a bishop of higher rank or office.

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Archbishop of Canterbury

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury.

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Archbishop of Kraków

The Archbishop of Kraków is the head of the archdiocese of Kraków.

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Archbishop of Vienna

The Archbishop of Vienna is the prelate of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna who is concurrently the metropolitan bishop of its ecclesiastical province which includes the dioceses of Eisenstadt, Linz and St. Pölten.

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Armenia

Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of the Armenian people.

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Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.

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Assisi

Assisi (from the Asisium) is a town and comune of Italy in the Province of Perugia in the Umbria region, on the western flank of Monte Subasio. It is generally regarded as the birthplace of the Latin poet Propertius, born around 50–45 BC. It is the birthplace of St. Francis, who founded the Franciscan religious order in the town in 1208, and St. Clare (Chiara d'Offreducci), the founder of the Poor Sisters, which later became the Order of Poor Clares after her death. The 19th-century Saint Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows was also born in Assisi.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Association football

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball.

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Athens

Athens (Αθήνα, Athína; Ἀθῆναι, Athênai) is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Atonement Academy

The Atonement Academy is a parochial, Catholic school in the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter in San Antonio, Texas.

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Attila

Attila (fl. circa 406–453), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in March 453.

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Audrys Bačkis

Audrys Juozas Bačkis (born 1 February 1937) is a Lithuanian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Augustinians

The term Augustinians, named after Augustine of Hippo (354–430), applies to two distinct types of Catholic religious orders, dating back to the first millennium but formally created in the 13th century, and some Anglican religious orders, created in the 19th century, though technically there is no "Order of St.

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Augusto Pinochet

Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general, politician and the dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990 who remained the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 1998 and was also President of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 and 1981.

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Auschwitz concentration camp

Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.

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Australian Broadcasting Corporation

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) founded in 1929 is Australia's national broadcaster, funded by the Australian Federal Government but specifically independent of Government and politics in the Commonwealth.

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Auxiliary bishop

An auxiliary bishop is a bishop assigned to assist the diocesan bishop in meeting the pastoral and administrative needs of the diocese.

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Álvaro del Portillo

Blessed Álvaro del Portillo y Diez de Sollano (11 March 1914 – 23 March 1994) was a Spanish engineer and Roman Catholic bishop.

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Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri

Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri (born July 16, 1947) is a bishop of the Catholic Church in Guatemala.

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Óscar Romero

Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez (15 August 1917 – 24 March 1980) was a prelate of the Catholic Church in El Salvador, who served as the fourth Archbishop of San Salvador.

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Þingvellir

Þingvellir, anglicised as Thingvellir,The spelling Pingvellir is incorrect, as the letter “p” should never be used to represent the letter “þ” (thorn), which is pronounced as "th".

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Świdnica

Świdnica (Schweidnitz; Svídnice) is a city in southwestern Poland in the region of Silesia.

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B'nai B'rith

B'nai B'rith International (from בני ברית b'né brit, "Children of the Covenant") is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world.

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Ballot

A ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election, and may be a piece of paper or a small ball used in secret voting.

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Banco Ambrosiano

Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982.

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Bank of Italy

Headquarters in Rome The Bank of Italy, known in Italian as Banca d'Italia, also known as Bankitalia, is the central bank of Italy and part of the European System of Central Banks.

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Basic ecclesial community

Basic ecclesial communities, also called basic Christian communities, small Christian communities is a Christian movement.

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Bayonet

A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a knife, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of a rifles muzzle, allowing it to be used as a pike.

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BBC Northern Ireland

BBC Northern Ireland (BBC Thuaisceart Éireann; Ulster-Scots: BBC Norlin Airlan) is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland.

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Beatification

Beatification (from Latin beatus, "blessed" and facere, "to make") is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a dead person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in his or her name.

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Beatification of Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II reigned as pope of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State for 26 years from October 1978.

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Belgian Pontifical College

The Belgian Pontifical College (Belgisch Pauselijk College, Collège ecclésiastique belge, Pontificio Collegio Belga) in Rome is a Belgian Catholic educational institution.

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Benin

Benin (Bénin), officially the Republic of Benin (République du Bénin) and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.

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Benjamin Blech

Benjamin Blech, born in Zurich in 1933, is an Orthodox rabbi who now lives in New York City.

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Bernard Francis Law

Bernard Francis Law (November 4, 1931 – December 20, 2017) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Bernard Patrick Devlin

Bernard Patrick Devlin, KC*HS, CMG, GMH (10 March 1921, Youghal — 15 December 2010, Gibraltar) was an Irish clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Billy Graham

William Franklin Graham Jr. (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, a prominent evangelical Christian figure, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well known internationally in the late 1940s.

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Birth control

Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy.

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Bishop's Palace, Kraków

The Bishop's Palace in Kraków (Pałac Biskupi w Krakowie) is the seat of Kraków metropolitan Curia, Poland, and the traditional residence of Kraków bishops since the late 14th century.

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Blackfriars Bridge

Blackfriars Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge over the River Thames in London, between Waterloo Bridge and Blackfriars Railway Bridge, carrying the A201 road.

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Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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Bloomsbury Publishing

Bloomsbury Publishing plc (formerly M.B.N.1 Limited and Bloomsbury Publishing Company Limited) is a British independent, worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.

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Bob Geldof

Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof, (born 5 October 1951) is an Irish singer-songwriter, author, political activist and occasional actor.

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Bojinka plot

The Bojinka plot (بوجينكا; Oplan Bojinka) was a large-scale, three-phase attack planned by terrorists Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed for January 1995.

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Bolesław Kominek

Bolesław Kominek (23 December 1903 – 10 March 1974) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Bolesław Taborski

Bolesław Taborski (7 May 1927 – 6 December 2010) was a Polish poet, literary and drama theoretician, essayist, prolific translator of English and Polish, and a long serving BBC Polish Section editor and presenter.

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Bono

Paul David Hewson, KBE OL (born 10 May 1960), known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist.

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Book of Common Prayer

The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) is the short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion, as well as by the Continuing Anglican, Anglican realignment and other Anglican Christian churches.

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Browning Hi-Power

The Browning Hi Power is a single-action, semi-automatic handgun available in the 9mm and.40 S&W calibers.

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Bruno Bertagna

Bruno Bertagna (12 October 1935 − 31 October 2013) was an Italian Roman Catholic archbishop.

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Burundi

Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi (Republika y'Uburundi,; République du Burundi, or), is a landlocked country in the African Great Lakes region of East Africa, bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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C-SPAN

C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service.

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Cabinet of Israel

The Government of Israel (officially: ממשלת ישראל Memshelet Yisrael) exercises executive authority in the State of Israel.

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CAFOD

The Catholic Agency For Overseas Development (CAFOD), previously known as the Catholic Fund for Overseas Development, is the Catholic aid agency for England and Wales.

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Calendar of saints

The calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint.

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Camillo Ruini

Camillo Ruini (born 19 February 1931) is an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Canon law of the Catholic Church

The canon law of the Catholic Church is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

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Canonization

Canonization is the act by which a Christian church declares that a person who has died was a saint, upon which declaration the person is included in the "canon", or list, of recognized saints.

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Canterbury Cathedral

Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England.

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Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.

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Cardinal (Catholic Church)

A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, considered a Prince of the Church, and usually an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Cardinal Vicar

Cardinal Vicar (Cardinale Vicario) is a title commonly given to the vicar general of the Diocese of Rome for the portion of the diocese within Italy (i.e. excluding the portion within Vatican City).

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Cardinals created by John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (r. 1978–2005) created 231 cardinals in nine consistories.

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Carl Bernstein

Carl Bernstein (born February 14, 1944) is an American investigative journalist and author.

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Carlo Maria Martini

Carlo Maria Martini, S.J. (15 February 1927 – 31 August 2012) was an Italian Jesuit and cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Carlos Camus

Bishop Carlos Marcio Camus Larenas (14 January 1927 – 16 March 2014) emeritus (retired) bishop of the Linares, Chile and human rights advocate.

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Carmen Gloria Quintana

Carmen Gloria Quintana Arancibia (born c. 1968) is a Chilean woman who suffered severe burns in an incident where she and other young people were detained by an army patrol during a street demonstration against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.

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Cassock

The white or black cassock, or soutane, is an item of Christian clerical clothing used by the clergy of Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran, and Reformed churches, among others.

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Catania

Catania is the second largest city of Sicily after Palermo located on the east coast facing the Ionian Sea.

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Catechism of the Catholic Church

The Catechism of the Catholic Church (Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae; commonly called the Catechism or the CCC) is a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Catholic Church and capital punishment

The Catholic Church's position on capital punishment has varied throughout the centuries following the Church's establishment, evolving from somewhat supportive to largely apathetic to mostly anti-capital punishment.

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Catholic Church and Judaism

Relations between Catholicism and Judaism deals with the current attitude of the Catholic Church towards Judaism and Jews, the attitude of Jews toward Catholicism and Catholics, and the changes in the relationship since World War II.

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Catholic Church response to the Medjugorje apparitions

Medjugorje (Međugorje), a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina, has been the site of apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary since 24 June 1981.

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Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Cases of child sexual abuse by Catholic priests, nuns and members of religious orders, and subsequent cover-ups, in the 20th and 21st centuries have led to numerous allegations, investigations, trials and convictions.

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Catholic epistles

The catholic epistles (also called the universal epistles or general epistles) are epistles of the New Testament.

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Catholic News Agency

The Catholic News Agency (CNA) is an institution of EWTN that provides news related to the Catholic Church to the global anglophone audience.

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Catholic News Service

Catholic News Service (CNS) is an American news agency that reports on the Roman Catholic Church.

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Catholic social teaching

Catholic social teaching is the Catholic doctrines on matters of human dignity and common good in society.

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Catholicos of All Armenians

The Catholicos of All Armenians (plural Catholicoi, due to its Greek origin) (Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս) is the chief bishop and spiritual leader of Armenia's national church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, and the worldwide Armenian diaspora.

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Centesimus annus

Centesimus annus (Latin for "hundredth year") is an encyclical which was written by Pope John Paul II in 1991 on the hundredth anniversary of Rerum novarum, an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891.

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Central European Summer Time

Central European Summer Time (CEST), sometime referred also as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (UTC+1) during the other part of the year.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Charismatic Movement

The Charismatic Movement is the international trend of historically mainstream Christian congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostalism.

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Charles Louis Joseph Vandame

Charles Louis Joseph Vandame (born 4 June 1928) is a French Jesuit, ordained into priesthood on 7 September 1960.

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Chicago Tribune

The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by Tronc, Inc., formerly Tribune Publishing.

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Christian Broadcasting Network

The Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) is an American Christian-oriented religious television network and production company.

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Christian Church

"Christian Church" is an ecclesiological term generally used by Protestants to refer to the whole group of people belonging to Christianity throughout the history of Christianity.

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Christian denomination

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organisation, leadership and doctrine.

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Christian Tumi

Christian Wiyghan Tumi (born 15 October 1930) is a Cardinal Priest and the Archbishop Emeritus of Douala in the Catholic Church.

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Christian–Jewish reconciliation

Christian−Jewish reconciliation refers to the efforts that are being made to improve understanding and acceptance by Christians of the Jewish people and Judaism and to eliminate Christian antisemitism and anti-Judaism.

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Christmas

Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ,Martindale, Cyril Charles.

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Christodoulos of Athens

Christodoulos (17 January 1939 – 28 January 2008) (Χριστόδουλος, born Christos Paraskevaidis, Χρήστος Παρασκευαΐδης) was Archbishop of Athens and All Greece and as such the primate of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Greece, from 1998 until his death, in 2008.

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Christuskirche, Rome

The Christuskirche is a Lutheran Evangelical church in Rome.

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Church of England

The Church of England (C of E) is the state church of England.

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Church of Greece

The Church of Greece (Ἐκκλησία τῆς Ἑλλάδος, Ekklisía tis Elládos), part of the wider Greek Orthodox Church, is one of the autocephalous churches which make up the communion of Orthodox Christianity.

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Church of the Assumption, Kłodzko

The Church of the Assumption is the old parish church of the city of Klodzko Glatz, Kladsko, Poland.

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Circulatory collapse

A circulatory collapse is defined as a general or specific failure of the circulation, either cardiac or peripheral in nature.

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Clementine Hall

The Clementine Hall, called the Sala Clementina (The Clementine Salon) is a hall of the Apostolic Palace near St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.

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Clergy

Clergy are some of the main and important formal leaders within certain religions.

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Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches

The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (Latin: Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium, abbreviated CCEO) is the title of the 1990 codification of the common portions of the Canon Law for the 23 Eastern Catholic churches in the Catholic Church.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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College of Cardinals

The College of Cardinals, formerly styled the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.

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Colonialism

Colonialism is the policy of a polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of developing or exploiting them to the benefit of the colonizing country and of helping the colonies modernize in terms defined by the colonizers, especially in economics, religion and health.

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Colostomy

A colostomy is a surgical procedure in which an opening (stoma) is formed by drawing the healthy end of the large intestine or colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place.

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Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church

The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church was published in 2004 by the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace at the request of John Paul II.

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Concussion

Concussion, also known as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is typically defined as a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning.

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Congregation for the Causes of Saints

The Congregation for the Causes of Saints is the congregation of the Roman Curia that oversees the complex process that leads to the canonization of saints, passing through the steps of a declaration of "heroic virtues" and beatification.

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Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei; CDF) is the oldest among the nine congregations of the Roman Curia.

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Conscription

Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.

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Coordinated Universal Time

No description.

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Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (Coptic: Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ̀ⲛⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ, ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos, literally: the Egyptian Orthodox Church) is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church based in Egypt, Northeast Africa and the Middle East.

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Corriere della Sera

The Corriere della Sera (English: Evening Courier) is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average daily circulation of 410,242 copies in December 2015.

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Council of Economic Advisers

The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) is a United States agency within the Executive Office of the President established in 1946, which advises the President of the United States on economic policy.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

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Crime against peace

A crime against peace, in international law, is "planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of wars of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing".

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Cristina Odone

Cristina Patricia Odone (born 11 November 1960) is an Italian-British journalist, editor, and writer.

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Crossing the Threshold of Hope

Crossing the Threshold of Hope was written in 1994 by Pope John Paul II.

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos.

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Culture of life

The phrase "culture of life" is a term used in discussion of moral theology, especially that of the Catholic Church.

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Culture.pl

Culture.pl is a large web portal devoted to Polish culture.

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Częstochowa

Częstochowa,, is a city in southern Poland on the Warta River with 240,027 inhabitants as of June 2009.

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Damascus

Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.

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David Willey (journalist)

David Willey (born) is a BBC reporter based in Rome.

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Davleia

Davleia (Greek: Δαύλεια) is a village and a former municipality in Boeotia, Greece.

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Day of Prayer

A Day of Prayer is a day allocated to prayer, either by leaders of religions or the general public, for a specific purpose.

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Dean of the College of Cardinals

The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals (Decanus Sacri Collegii) is the dean (president) of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church.

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Death by burning

Deliberately causing death through the effects of combustion, or effects of exposure to extreme heat, has a long history as a form of capital punishment.

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Death row

Death row is a special section of a prison that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of capital crimes.

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Death squad

A death squad is an armed group that conducts extrajudicial killings or forced disappearances of persons for the purposes of political repression, genocide, or revolutionary terror.

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Debt relief

Debt relief or debt cancellation is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations.

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Democratic Unionist Party

The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is a unionist political party in Northern Ireland.

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Denver

Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado.

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Deseret News

The Deseret News is a newspaper published in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

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Desmond Tutu

Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African Anglican cleric and theologian known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist.

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Dhammapada

The Dhammapada (Pāli; धम्मपद Dhammapada) is a collection of sayings of the Buddha in verse form and one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures.

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Dicastery

A dicastery (from Greek δικαστήριον, law-court, from ''δικαστής'', judge/juror) is a department of the Roman Curia, the administration of the Holy See through which the pope directs the Roman Catholic Church.

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Dignitatis humanae

Dignitatis humanae (Of the Dignity of the Human Person) is the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Freedom.

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Dignity

Dignity is the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically.

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Dino Monduzzi

Dino Monduzzi, ComC • GCIH • ComIH (2 April 1922 – 13 October 2006) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church.

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Dives in misericordia

Dives in misericordia (Latin: Rich in Mercy) is the name of the second encyclical written by Pope John Paul II.

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Divine Mercy

The Divine Mercy of Jesus, also known as the Divine Mercy, is a Roman Catholic devotion to Jesus Christ associated with the reputed apparitions of Jesus revealed to Saint Faustina Kowalska.

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Divine Mercy Sunday

Divine Mercy Sunday (also known as the Feast of the Divine Mercy) is celebrated on the Sunday after Easter, the Octave Day of Easter.

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Doctor of Sacred Theology

Doctor of Sacred Theology (Sacrae Theologiae Doctor; formerly Professor of Sacred Theology, Sacrae Theologiae Professor) is the final theological degree in the pontifical university system of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Doctrine

Doctrine (from doctrina, meaning "teaching", "instruction" or "doctrine") is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a belief system.

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Domenico Pecile

Domenico Pecile (October 9, 1922 – June 29, 2011) was an Italian Prelate of Roman Catholic Church.

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Donald Wuerl

Donald William Wuerl (born November 12, 1940) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church.

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Drug rehabilitation

Drug rehabilitation (often drug rehab or just rehab) is the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines.

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Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat

Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat (Daily Poland-Europe-World) was a Polish nationwide daily newspaper published by Ringier Axel Springer, a joint venture between Germany's Axel Springer Verlag publishing company and Swiss media company Ringier.

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Early life of Pope John Paul II

The early life of Pope John Paul II covers the period in his life from his birth in 1920 to his ordination to the priesthood in 1946.

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East–West Schism

The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.

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Eastern Catholic Churches

The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-rite Catholic Churches, and in some historical cases Uniate Churches, are twenty-three Eastern Christian particular churches sui iuris in full communion with the Pope in Rome, as part of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Ecclesia de Eucharistia

Ecclesia de Eucharistia is an encyclical by Pope John Paul II published on April 17, 2003.

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Ecumenism

Ecumenism refers to efforts by Christians of different Church traditions to develop closer relationships and better understandings.

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Education in Poland during World War II

World War II saw the cultivation of underground education in Poland (Tajne szkolnictwo, or tajne komplety).

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Edward N. Peters

Edward N. Peters, JD, JCD, Ref. Sig. Ap. (1957) is an American canonist and Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura (an advisor/consultant to the Holy See's top tribunal).

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Edward Nowak

Edward Nowak (born 21 February 1940) is a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Efraín Ríos Montt

José Efraín Ríos Montt (June 16, 1926 – April 1, 2018) was a Guatemalan general and politician who was born in Huehuetenango.

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Elio Toaff

Elio Toaff (30 April 1915 – 19 April 2015) was the Chief Rabbi of Rome from 1951 to 2002.

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Emil Constantinescu

Emil Constantinescu (born 19 November 1939) is a Romanian professor and politician, who served as the third President of Romania, from 1996 to 2000.

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Encyclical

An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

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Episcopal Church (United States)

The Episcopal Church is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

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Episcopal Conference of Latin America

The Latin American Episcopal Council (Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano), better known as CELAM, is a council of the Roman Catholic bishops of Latin America, created in 1955 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Ernest Kombo

Ernest Kombo, S.J. (March 27, 1941 – October 22, 2008) was the second bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Owando, in the Republic of the Congo, Africa.

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Ernesto Cardenal

Ernesto Cardenal Martínez (born 20 January 1925) is a Nicaraguan former Catholic priest, poet, and politician.

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Esperanto

Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.

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Eugeniusz Baziak

Eugeniusz Baziak (8 March 1890 in Tarnopol – 15 June 1962 in Warsaw, Poland) was Archbishop of Lwów and Apostolic Administrator of Kraków.

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EUobserver

EUobserver is a European online newspaper, launched in 2000 by the Brussels-based organisation EUobserver.com ASBL.

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European integration

European integration is the process of industrial, political, legal, economic, social and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe.

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European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU).

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Euthanasia

Euthanasia (from εὐθανασία; "good death": εὖ, eu; "well" or "good" – θάνατος, thanatos; "death") is the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering.

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Evangelical Church in Germany

The Evangelical Church in Germany (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, abbreviated EKD) is a federation of twenty Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist) and United (Prussian Union) Protestant regional churches and denominations in Germany, which collectively encompasses the vast majority of Protestants in that country.

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Evangelium vitae

Evangelium vitae, translated in English to "The Gospel of Life", is a papal encyclical promulgated on 25 March 1995 by Pope John Paul II.

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Excommunication

Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular receiving of the sacraments.

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Faith and rationality

Faith and rationality are two ideologies that exist in varying degrees of conflict or compatibility.

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Fátima, Portugal

Fátima is a civil parish in the municipality of Ourém, in the Portuguese Santarém District, Beira Litoral Province.

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Federico Lombardi

Federico Lombardi, S.J. (born 29 August 1942) is an Italian Catholic priest and the former director of the Holy See Press Office.

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Felipe González González

Felipe González González (born January 28, 1947 in Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes) is a Mexican politician and entrepreneur.

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Fernando Sáenz Lacalle

Fernando Sáenz Lacalle (born 16 November 1932) was the tenth Bishop and sixth Archbishop of San Salvador, El Salvador.

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Feud

A feud, referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, beef, clan war, gang war, or private war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans.

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Fides et ratio

Fides et ratio (Faith and Reason) is an encyclical promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 14 September 1998.

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Filippo Giannini

Filippo Giannini (9 May 1923 – 10 February 2012) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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First Things

First Things is an ecumenical, conservative and, in some views, neoconservative religious journal aimed at "advanc a religiously informed public philosophy for the ordering of society".

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First Vatican Council

The First Vatican Council (Concilium Vaticanum Primum) was convoked by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1868, after a period of planning and preparation that began on 6 December 1864.

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Flatline

A flatline is an electrical time sequence measurement that shows no activity and therefore, when represented, shows a flat line instead of a moving one.

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Forza Italia

Forza ItaliaThe name is not usually translated into English: forza is the second-person singular imperative of ''forzare'', in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Italy" or "Go, Italy!".

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Francesco Marchisano

Francesco Marchisano (25 June 1929 – 27 July 2014) was an Italian Cardinal who worked in the Roman Curia from 1956 until his death.

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Francesco Monterisi

Francesco Marco Nicola Monterisi (born 28 May 1934) is an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa

Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa (born 5 September 1933) is a Chilean prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Santiago from 1998 to 2010.

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Francisco José Arnáiz Zarandona

Francisco José Aráiz Zarandona (March 9, 1925 – February 14, 2014) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

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Franciszek Macharski

Franciszek Macharski (20 May 1927 – 2 August 2016) was a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Franjo Komarica

Dr Franjo Komarica (born 3 February 1946) is a Bosnian Croat Roman Catholic prelate, the Bishop of Banja Luka and president of the Bishops' Conference of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Franz König

Franz König (3 August 1905 – 13 March 2004) was an Austrian Cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster

The Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster is a Christian denomination founded by Ian Paisley in 1951.

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Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Funeral of Pope John Paul II

The funeral of Pope John Paul II was held on 8 April 2005, six days after his death on 2 April.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.

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Gardens of Vatican City

The Gardens of Vatican City (Horti Civitatis Vaticanae) also informally known as the Vatican Gardens (Giardini Vaticani) in Vatican City are private urban gardens and parks which cover more than half of the country, located in the west of the territory and owned by the Pope.

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Gaudium et spes

Gaudium et spes (Joy and Hope), the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, was one of the four constitutions resulting from the Second Vatican Council.

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Gazeta Wyborcza

Gazeta Wyborcza (meaning Electoral Newspaper in English) is a newspaper published in Warsaw, Poland.

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Gdańsk

Gdańsk (Danzig) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast.

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General Roman Calendar

The General Roman Calendar is the liturgical calendar that indicates the dates of celebrations of saints and mysteries of the Lord (Jesus Christ) in the Roman Rite, wherever this liturgical rite is in use.

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Gentile

Gentile (from Latin gentilis, by the French gentil, feminine: gentille, meaning of or belonging to a clan or a tribe) is an ethnonym that commonly means non-Jew.

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George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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George Weigel

George Weigel (born 1951) is an American author, political analyst, and social activist.

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German language

German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.

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Gestapo

The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.

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Giacinto Berloco

Giacinto Berloco (born 31 August 1941) is an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Gilbert Levine

Sir Gilbert Levine, GCSG (born January 22, 1948) is an American conductor.

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Gilberto Agustoni

Gilberto Agustoni (26 July 1922 – 13 January 2017) was a Swiss prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Giovanni Battista Re

Giovanni Battista Re (born 30 January 1934) is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church whose service has been primarily in the Roman Curia.

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Giovanni Benelli

Giovanni Benelli (12 May 1921 – 26 October 1982) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Giovanni Colombo

Giovanni Colombo (6 December 1902 – 20 May 1992) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Giovanni Coppa

Giovanni Coppa (9 November 1925 – 16 May 2016) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Giovanni Franzoni

Giovanni Battista Franzoni (8 November 1928, Varna, Bulgaria – 13 July 2017, Canneto Sabino, Fara in Sabina, Italy) was an Italian Christian communist and dissident Catholic theologian.

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Giovanni Tonucci

Monsignor Giovanni Tonucci (born December 4, 1941 in Fano, PU, Italy) is a Latin Rite Italian archbishop of the Catholic Church.

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Giuseppe Siri

Giuseppe Siri (20 May 1906 – 2 May 1989) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Genoa from 1946 to 1987, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.

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Goalkeeper

In many team sports which involve scoring goals, the goalkeeper (termed goaltender, netminder, goalie or keeper in some sports) is a designated player charged with directly preventing the opposing team from scoring by intercepting shots at goal.

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God

In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.

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Governor (United States)

In the United States, a governor serves as the chief executive officer and commander-in-chief in each of the fifty states and in the five permanently inhabited territories, functioning as both head of state and head of government therein.

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century up to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria.

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Great Synagogue of Rome

The Great Synagogue of Rome (Tempio Maggiore di Roma) is the largest synagogue in Rome.

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Greece

No description.

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Gregorian chant

Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Gregory the Illuminator

Saint Gregory the Illuminator (classical reformed: Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ; Grigor Lusavorich) (&ndash) is the patron saint and first official head of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

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Grey Wolves (organization)

The Grey Wolves (Bozkurtlar), officially known as Ülkü Ocakları ("Idealist Clubs/Hearths"), is a Turkish ultranationalist organization.

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Grotto

A grotto (Italian grotta and French grotte) is a natural or artificial cave used by humans in both modern times and antiquity, and historically or prehistorically.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala (República de Guatemala), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast.

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Gujarat

Gujarat is a state in Western India and Northwest India with an area of, a coastline of – most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula – and a population in excess of 60 million.

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Gulf War

The Gulf War (2 August 199028 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 199017 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 199128 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

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Gunshot wound

A gunshot wound (GSW), also known as ballistic trauma, is a form of physical trauma sustained from the discharge of arms or munitions.

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Haaretz

Haaretz (הארץ) (lit. "The Land ", originally Ḥadashot Ha'aretz – חדשות הארץ, – "News of the Land ") is an Israeli newspaper.

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Haiti

Haiti (Haïti; Ayiti), officially the Republic of Haiti and formerly called Hayti, is a sovereign state located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea.

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Haitian Creole

Haitian Creole (kreyòl ayisyen,; créole haïtien) is a French-based creole language spoken by 9.6–12million people worldwide, and the only language of most Haitians.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Head of state

A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state.

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Hearing

Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear.

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Hendrik S. Houthakker

Hendrik Samuel Houthakker (December 31, 1924 – April 15, 2008) was a prominent American economist.

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Heraldo Muñoz

Heraldo Muñoz Valenzuela (born July 22, 1948) is a Chilean politician and diplomat, the former Chilean Ambassador to the United Nations, to Brazil, and to the Organization of American States, former Assistant Secretary General, Assistant Administrator, and Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations Development Programme, and current Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile under President Michelle Bachelet.

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His Holiness

His Holiness is a style and form of address (in the variant form Your Holiness) for some supreme religious leaders.

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History of Christianity

The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, Christendom, and the Church with its various denominations, from the 1st century to the present.

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History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.

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History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)

The history of the People's Republic of China is often divided distinctly by historians into the "Mao era" and the "post-Mao era".

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History of the world

The history of the world is the history of humanity (or human history), as determined from archaeology, anthropology, genetics, linguistics, and other disciplines; and, for periods since the invention of writing, from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies.

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Holy Land

The Holy Land (Hebrew: אֶרֶץ הַקּוֹדֶשׁ, Terra Sancta; Arabic: الأرض المقدسة) is an area roughly located between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea that also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River.

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Holy See

The Holy See (Santa Sede; Sancta Sedes), also called the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity.

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Holy See Press Office

The Holy See Press Office (Sala Stampa della Santa Sede) publishes the official news of the activities of the Pope and of the various departments of the Roman Curia.

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Homily

A homily is a commentary that follows a reading of scripture.

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Huila Department

Huila is one of the departments of Colombia.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.

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Human sexuality

Human sexuality is the way people experience and express themselves sexually.

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Humanae vitae

Humanae vitae (Latin: Of Human Life) is an encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and dated 25 July 1968.

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Hutu

The Hutu, also known as the Abahutu, are a Bantu ethnic group native to African Great Lakes region of Africa, primarily area now under Burundi and Rwanda.

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Hypotension

Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.

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Ian Paisley

Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside, (6 April 1926 – 12 September 2014), was a loyalist politician and Protestant religious leader from Northern Ireland.

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Ife

Ife (Ifè, also Ilé-Ifẹ̀) is an ancient Yoruba city in south-western Nigeria.

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Ignacio Velasco

Ignacio Antonio Velasco García, S.D.B. (January 17, 1929, Acarigua, Venezuela – July 6, 2003) was a cardinal and the Archbishop of Caracas.

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Ignazio Bedini

Ignazio Bedini, S.D.B., is the current Roman Catholic archbishop of Ispahan (Isfahan), Iran.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Indifferentism

Indifferentism, in the Roman Catholic faith, is the belief held by some that no one religion or philosophy is superior to another.

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Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.

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Institute for the Works of Religion

The Institute for the Works of Religion (Istituto per le Opere di Religione – IOR; Institutum pro Operibus Religionis), commonly known as the Vatican Bank, is a private bank situated inside Vatican City and run by a Board of Superintendence which reports to a Supervisory Commission of Cardinals and the Pope.

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International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (abbreviated ICJ; commonly referred to as the World Court) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).

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International law

International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.

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Intracranial aneurysm

Intracranial aneurysm, also known as brain aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel.

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Investiture

Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, "dress" from vestis "robe"), is the formal installation of an incumbent.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Irish Independent

The Irish Independent is Ireland's largest-selling daily newspaper, published by Independent News & Media (INM).

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Iron Curtain

The Iron Curtain was the name for the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Italian language

Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Jagiellonian University

The Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński; Latin: Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis, also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.

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Jainism

Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion.

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Jan Pieter Schotte

Jan Pieter Schotte (29 April 1928 – 10 January 2005) was a Belgian cardinal and an official of the Roman Curia.

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Janusz Bolonek

Janusz (Januariusz Mikołaj) Bolonek (6 December 1938 – 2 March 2016) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

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Jaroslav Škarvada

Jaroslav Škarvada (September 14, 1924 in Královské Vinohrady – June 14, 2010 in Prague) was the Roman Catholic titular bishop of Litomyšl and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague, Czech Republic.

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Józef Kowalczyk

Józef Kowalczyk (born 28 August 1938) is a Polish Roman Catholic clergyman, canon lawyer and diplomat who, from 1989 to 2010, served as the first apostolic nuncio to Poland since World War II.

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Józef Michalik

Józef Michalik (born April 20, 1941 in Zambrów) is a Polish Roman Catholic bishop, the diocesan Bishop of the Zielona Góra-Gorzów diocese in 1986-1993 (to 1992 of Gorzów), Archbishop of Przemyśl in 1993-2016, and the President of the Polish Episcopal Conference in 2004-2014.

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Jean-Claude Duvalier

Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed “Baby Doc” (Bebe Dòk) (3 July 19514 October 2014), was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986.

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Jean-Louis Tauran

Jean-Louis Pierre Tauran (born 5 April 1943) is a French cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Jerzy Dudek

Jerzy Dudek (born 23 March 1973) is a Polish former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

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Jerzy Popiełuszko

Blessed Jerzy Popiełuszko (14 September 1947 – 19 October 1984) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest who became associated with the opposition Solidarity trade union in communist Poland.

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Jewish Telegraph

The Jewish Telegraph is a British Jewish newspaper.

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Jimmy Carter

James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981.

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Joaquín Navarro-Valls

Joaquín Navarro-Valls, M.D. (November 16, 1936 – July 5, 2017) was a Spanish journalist, physician and academic who served as the Director of the Holy See Press Office from 1984 to 2006.

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John Bosco Manat Chuabsamai

John Bosco Manat Chuabsamai (มนัส จวบสมัย;; 31 October 1935 – 20 October 2011) was the Catholic bishop of Ratchaburi from 1986 to 2003.

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John Bulaitis

John Bulaitis (26 June 1933 – 25 December 2010) was the Roman Catholic Apostolic Nuncio to Albania.

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John Krol

John Joseph Krol (October 26, 1910 – March 3, 1996) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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John Lewis Gaddis

John Lewis Gaddis (born 1941) is the Robert A. Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History at Yale University.

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John Magee (bishop)

John Magee SPS (born 24 September 1936) is a Roman Catholic bishop emeritus in Ireland.

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John O'Connor (cardinal)

John Joseph O'Connor (January 15, 1920 – May 3, 2000) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church.

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John of the Cross

John of the Cross (San Juan de la Cruz; 1542 – 14 December 1591) was a major figure of the Counter-Reformation, a Spanish mystic, a Roman Catholic saint, a Carmelite friar and a priest, who was born at Fontiveros, Old Castile.

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John Onaiyekan

John Olorunfemi Onaiyekan (born 29 January 1944) is a Nigerian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin

Catholic University of Lublin (in Polish Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, or KUL) is located in Lublin, Poland.

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John Paul the Great Catholic University

John Paul the Great Catholic University (nicknamed "JPCatholic") is located in Escondido, California, United States.

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John the Baptist

John the Baptist (יוחנן המטביל Yokhanan HaMatbil, Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής, Iōánnēs ho baptistḗs or Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτίζων, Iōánnēs ho baptízōn,Lang, Bernhard (2009) International Review of Biblical Studies Brill Academic Pub p. 380 – "33/34 CE Herod Antipas's marriage to Herodias (and beginning of the ministry of Jesus in a sabbatical year); 35 CE – death of John the Baptist" ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ or ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ ⲡⲓⲣϥϯⲱⲙⲥ, يوحنا المعمدان) was a Jewish itinerant preacherCross, F. L. (ed.) (2005) Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed.

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John Vianney

Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, T.O.S.F. (8 May 1786 – 4 August 1859), commonly known in English as St.

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Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification

The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ) is a document created, and agreed to, by the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (PCPCU) and the Lutheran World Federation in 1999, as a result of extensive ecumenical dialogue.

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Jorge Medina

Jorge Arturo Agustín Medina Estévez (born 23 December 1926) is a Chilean Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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José Cardoso Sobrinho

José Cardoso Sobrinho (born June 30, 1933 in Caruaru) is the Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olinda e Recife in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco.

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Josemaría Escrivá

Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer y Albás (9 January 1902 – 26 June 1975) was a Roman Catholic priest from Spain who initiated Opus Dei, an organization of laypeople and priests dedicated to the teaching that everyone is called to holiness by God and that ordinary life can result in sanctity.

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Joseph H. H. Weiler

Joseph Halevi Horowitz Weiler (born 2 September 1951) is a South African-American academic, currently serving as European Union Jean Monnet Chair at New York University Law School and Senior Fellow of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard.

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Joseph Nduhirubusa

Joseph Nduhirubusa (April 24, 1938 – July 16, 2012) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ruyigi, Burundi.

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Joseph Nye

Joseph Samuel Nye Jr. (born January 19, 1937) is an American political scientist.

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Jozef Tomko

Jozef Tomko (born 11 March 1924) is a Slovak Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Juan María Fernández y Krohn

Juan María Fernández Krohn (born c. 1948 in Madrid, Spain) is a former Traditionalist Catholic priest, ex-scholar, and currently a journalist and Spanish lawyer who tried to assassinate Pope John Paul II in 1982.

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Jubilee 2000

Jubilee 2000 was an international coalition movement in over 40 countries that called for cancellation of third world debt by the year 2000.

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Judaism

Judaism (originally from Hebrew, Yehudah, "Judah"; via Latin and Greek) is the religion of the Jewish people.

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Julián Herranz Casado

Julián Herranz Casado (born 31 March 1930) is a Spanish Cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Juliusz Paetz

Juliusz Paetz (2 February 1935 in Poznań) is a Polish bishop of the Catholic Church.

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Justin Francis Rigali

Justin Francis Rigali (born April 19, 1935) is an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Karekin II

Catholicos Karekin II (Գարեգին Բ) (born August 21, 1951) is the current Catholicos of All Armenians, the supreme head of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

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Kayak

A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle.

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Kenya

Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.

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KGB

The KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (p), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.

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Kiev

Kiev or Kyiv (Kyiv; Kiyev; Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper.

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Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)

The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania joined in a personal union established by the Union of Krewo (1385).

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Kom Ombo

Kom Ombo (كوم أمبو, Ⲉⲙⲃⲱ Embo, Ὄμβοι Omboi, Ptol. iv. 5. § 73; Steph. B. s. v.; It. Anton. p. 165) or Ombos (Juv. xv. 35) or Latin: Ambo (Not. Imp. sect. 20) and Ombi – is an agricultural town in Egypt famous for the Temple of Kom Ombo.

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Konstanty Michalski

Konstanty Michalski (1879–1947) was a Polish Catholic theologian and philosopher.

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Kraków Uprising (1944)

The Kraków Uprising was a planned but never realized uprising of the Polish Resistance against the German occupation in the city of Kraków during World War II.

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Kurds

The Kurds (rtl, Kurd) or the Kurdish people (rtl, Gelî kurd), are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan).

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Kuwait

Kuwait (الكويت, or), officially the State of Kuwait (دولة الكويت), is a country in Western Asia.

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L'Aquila

L'Aquila (meaning "The Eagle") is a city and comune in Southern Italy, both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila.

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L'Osservatore Romano

L'Osservatore Romano (Italian for "The Roman Observer") is the daily newspaper of Vatican City State which carries the Pope’s discourses and reports on the activities of the Holy See, reports on events taking place in the Church and the world, and many cultural articles.

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Labor camp

A labor camp (or labour, see spelling differences) or work camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment under the criminal code.

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Laborem exercens

Laborem exercens (Latin: Through Work) is an encyclical written by Pope John Paul II in 1981, on human work.

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Ladislau Biernaski

Ladislau Biernaski (24 October 1937 – 13 February 2012) was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of São José dos Pinhais in Brazil.

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Large intestine

The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Latin America

Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Spanish, French and Portuguese are spoken; it is broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America.

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Latin Church

The Latin Church, sometimes called the Western Church, is the largest particular church sui iuris in full communion with the Pope and the rest of the Catholic Church, tracing its history to the earliest days of Christianity.

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Latin liturgical rites

Latin liturgical rites are Christian liturgical rites of Latin tradition, used mainly by the Catholic Church as liturgical rites within the Latin Church, that originated in the area where the Latin language once dominated.

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Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya

Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya (born 7 October 1939) is the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kinshasa and de facto primate of the Democratic Republic of Congo since his appointment by Pope Benedict XVI in 2007.

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Lech Wałęsa

Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist.

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Legion of Christ

The Legion of Christ (LC) is a Roman Catholic religious institute, made up of priests and seminarians studying for the priesthood.

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Leixlip

Leixlip is a town in north-east County Kildare, Ireland.

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Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops

The Pastoral Letter of the Polish Bishops to their German Brothers (Orędzie biskupów polskich do ich niemieckich braci w Chrystusowym urzędzie pasterskim; Hirtenbrief der polnischen Bischöfe an ihre deutschen Amtsbrüder) was a pastoral letter sent on 18 November 1965 by Polish bishops of the Roman Catholic Church to their German counterparts.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.

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Liberation theology

Liberation theology is a synthesis of Christian theology and Marxist socio-economic analyses that emphasizes social concern for the poor and the political liberation for oppressed peoples.

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Library of Congress

The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States.

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Licentiate of Sacred Theology

Licentiate of Sacred Theology (STL) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology.

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Life imprisonment

Life imprisonment (also known as imprisonment for life, life in prison, a life sentence, a life term, lifelong incarceration, life incarceration or simply life) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled.

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List of Catholic saints

This is an incomplete list of people and angels whom the Catholic Church has canonized as saints.

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List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II

This is a list of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II.

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List of extant papal tombs

A pope is the Bishop of Rome and the leader of the Catholic Church.

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List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria

The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria has the title Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa. The following list contains all the incumbents of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria.

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List of heirs to the Austrian throne

This is a list of people who were heir apparent or heir presumptive to the Archduchy of Austria from when Charles III succeeded to the throne in 1711 to the end of the monarchy in Austria-Hungary in 1918.

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List of meetings between the Pope and the President of the United States

This is the list of meetings between the Pope and the President of the United States.

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List of peace activists

This list of peace activists includes people who have proactively advocated diplomatic, philosophical, and non-military resolution of major territorial or ideological disputes through nonviolent means and methods.

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List of people beatified by Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II beatified 1,327 people.

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List of people who survived assassination attempts

List of survivors of unsuccessful assassination attempts, listed chronologically.

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List of places named after Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II was celebrated during his lifetime and later posthumously with several honours and as the namesake of several places and institutions.

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List of popes

This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.

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Literature

Literature, most generically, is any body of written works.

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Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football.

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Loggia

A loggia is an architectural feature which is a covered exterior gallery or corridor usually on an upper level, or sometimes ground level.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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London Philharmonic Choir

The London Philharmonic Choir (LPC) is one of the leading independent British choirs in the United Kingdom based in London.

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Lord's Prayer

The Lord's Prayer (also called the Our Father, Pater Noster, or the Model Prayer) is a venerated Christian prayer which, according to the New Testament, Jesus taught as the way to pray: Two versions of this prayer are recorded in the gospels: a longer form within the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew, and a shorter form in the Gospel of Luke when "one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'" Lutheran theologian Harold Buls suggested that both were original, the Matthaen version spoken by Jesus early in his ministry in Galilee, and the Lucan version one year later, "very likely in Judea".

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Love and Responsibility

Love and Responsibility is a book written by Karol Wojtyła before he became Pope John Paul II and was originally published in Polish in 1960 and in English in 1981.

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Luigi del Gallo Roccagiovine

Luigi del Gallo marquess di Roccagiovine (12 July 1922 – 12 May 2011) was an Italian Prelate of Catholic Church.

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Lutheran World Federation

The Lutheran World Federation (LWF; Lutherischer Weltbund) is a global communion of national and regional Lutheran churches headquartered in the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.

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Lviv

Lviv (Львів; Львов; Lwów; Lemberg; Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016.

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Magisterium

The magisterium of the Catholic Church is the church's authority or office to establish teachings.

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Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule.

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Main Intelligence Directorate

Main Intelligence Directorate (p), abbreviated GRU (p), is the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union).

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Mainz

Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden Mainz (Mogontiacum, Mayence) is the capital and largest city of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.

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Makati

Makati, officially the City of Makati (Lungsod ng Makati, Siyudad ng Makati), in the Philippines, is one of the sixteen cities that make up Metro Manila.

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Managua

Managua is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua, and the center of eponymous department.

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Manila

Manila (Maynilà, or), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynilà), is the capital of the Philippines and the most densely populated city proper in the world.

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Marcel Lefebvre

Marcel François Marie Joseph Lefebvre (29 November 1905 – 25 March 1991) was a French Roman Catholic archbishop.

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Marcello Costalunga

Marcello Costalunga (5 January 1925 – 5 May 2010) was the Roman Catholic Titular Archbishop of Aquileia and an official of the Roman Curia.

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Marcial Maciel

Marcial Maciel Degollado (March 10, 1920 – January 30, 2008) was a Mexican Catholic priest who founded the Legion of Christ and the Regnum Christi movement, serving as general director of the legion from 1941 to 2005.

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Martin Luther

Martin Luther, (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.

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Martino Scarafile

Martino Scarafile (July 1, 1927 – December 27, 2011) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Castellaneta, Italy.

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Masonic lodge

A Masonic lodge, often termed a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry.

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Mass

Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied.

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Mass (liturgy)

Mass is a term used to describe the main eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity.

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Mass in the Catholic Church

The Mass or Eucharistic Celebration is the central liturgical ritual in the Catholic Church where the Eucharist (Communion) is consecrated.

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Matthew H. Clark

Matthew Harvey Clark (born July 15, 1937) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Max Scheler

Max Ferdinand Scheler (22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology.

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Maximilien de Furstenberg

Maximilien Louis Hubert Egon Vincent Marie Joseph, Freiherr (Baron) von Fürstenberg-Stammheim also Maximilian Kardinal von Fürstenberg (23 October 1904 – 22 September 1988) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and was Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.

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Medjugorje

Međugorje, or Medjugorje, is a town located in the Herzegovina region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, around southwest of Mostar and close to the border of Croatia.

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Mehmet Ali Ağca

Mehmet Ali Ağca (born 9 January 1958) is a Turkish assassin and Grey Wolves member who murdered left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi on 1 February 1979, and later shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on 13 May 1981, after escaping from a Turkish prison.

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Mel Carnahan

No description.

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Member of the European Parliament

A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament.

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Memory and Identity

Memory and Identity is the last book written by Pope John Paul II.

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Mental disorder

A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.

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Miami Herald

The Miami Herald is a daily newspaper owned by the McClatchy Company and headquartered in Doral, Florida, a city in western Miami-Dade County and the Miami metropolitan area, several miles west of downtown Miami.

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Michael Hughes Kenny

Michael Hughes Kenny (June 26, 1937 – February 19, 1995) was a 20th-century bishop in the Catholic Church in the United States.

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Michael Ledeen

Michael Arthur Ledeen (born August 1, 1941) is an American historian, neoconservative foreign policy analyst, and author with a PhD in philosophy.

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Michael Melchior

Michael Melchior (מיכאל מלכיאור; born January 31, 1954) is an internationally renowned Jewish leader, Orthodox rabbi, thinker, and activist.

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Michael Schudrich

Michael Joseph Schudrich (born June 15, 1955) is the Chief Rabbi of Poland.

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Michèle Bennett

Michèle Bennett (born 15 January 1950) is the former First Lady of Haiti and the ex‑wife of former President of Haiti, Jean‑Claude Duvalier.

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Michel Sabbah

Michel Sabbah (ميشيل صباح; born 19 March 1933 in Nazareth, Mandatory Palestine) was the Archbishop and Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1987 to 2008, the first non-Italian to hold this position in more than five centuries.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Midnight Mass

In many Western Christian traditions Midnight Mass is the first liturgy of Christmastide that is celebrated on the night of Christmas Eve, traditionally beginning at midnight when Christmas Eve gives way to Christmas Day.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.

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Milan

Milan (Milano; Milan) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome, with the city proper having a population of 1,380,873 while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,235,000.

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Miracle

A miracle is an event not explicable by natural or scientific laws.

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Mitrokhin Commission

The Mitrokhin Commission was an Italian parliamentary commission set up in 2002 to investigate alleged KGB ties of some Italian politicians.

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Moderate

Moderate is a general term for people who fall in the center category of the left–right political spectrum.

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Moderator of the General Assembly

The moderator of the General Assembly is the chairperson of a General Assembly, the highest court of a presbyterian or reformed church.

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Modernism in the Catholic Church

In a Catholic context Modernism is a loose gestalt of liberal theological opinions that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Monitoring (medicine)

In medicine, monitoring is the observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical parameters over time.

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Motorcade

A motorcade, or autocade, is a procession of vehicles.

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Motu proprio

In law, motu proprio (Latin for: "on his own impulse") describes an official act taken without a formal request from another party.

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Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński

The Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński (Muzeum Jana Pawła II i Prymasa Wyszyńskiego) is a Roman Catholic cultural and educational institution affiliated with the Archdiocese of Warsaw, honoring two prominent Polish Catholic leaders: Saint John Paul II, the first Polish Pope, and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, the Archbishop of Warsaw and Gniezno and Primate of Poland.

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Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky

Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky (Мирослав Іван Любачівський; 24 June 1918, Dolyna, Austria-Hungary – 14 December 2000, Lviv, Ukraine), Cardinal, was Bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia in the United States and from 1984 Major Archbishop of Lviv and head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC).

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Naples

Naples (Napoli, Napule or; Neapolis; lit) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy after Rome and Milan.

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National Library of Poland

The National Library of Poland (Biblioteka Narodowa) is the central Polish library, subject directly to the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

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Nelson Mandela

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

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Neocatechumenal Way

The Neocatechumenal Way, also known as the Neocatechumenate, NCW or, colloquially, The Way, is a charism within the Catholic Church dedicated to Christian formation.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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Neurology

Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Newton Holanda Gurgel

Newton Holanda Gurgel (November 1, 1923 – April 6, 2017) was a Brazilian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Nidaros Cathedral

Nidaros Cathedral (Nidarosdomen / Nidaros Domkirke) is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, Norway.

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Niegowić

Niegowić is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gdów, within Wieliczka County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Nigeria

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north.

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Ninety-five Theses

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, that started the Reformation, a schism in the Catholic Church which profoundly changed Europe.

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Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.

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Non-commissioned officer

A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is a military officer who has not earned a commission.

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Novo millennio ineunte

Novo millennio ineunte (At the beginning of the new millennium) is an apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II, addressed to the Bishops Clergy and Lay Faithful, "At the Close of the Great Jubilee of 2000".

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Nowa Huta

Nowa Huta (literally The New Steel Mill) is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland.

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Obstetrics

Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

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Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)

The occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during the Second World War (1939–1945) began with the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945.

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Officer (armed forces)

An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority.

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Olubuse II

Alayeluwa Oba Okunade Sijuwade, or Sijuade, (1 January 1930 – 28 July 2015) was the fiftieth traditional ruler or Ooni of Ife from 1980 to his death in 2015, taking the regnal name Olubuse II.

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Opus Dei

Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei (Praelatura Sanctae Crucis et Operis Dei), is an institution of the Roman Catholic Church which teaches that everyone is called to holiness and that ordinary life is a path to sanctity.

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Order of St. Gregory the Great

The Pontifical Equestrian Order of St.

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Ordination

Ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is, set apart as clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies.

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Ordination of women

The ordination of women to ministerial or priestly office is an increasingly common practice among some major religious groups of the present time, as it was of several pagan religions of antiquity and, some scholars argue, in early Christian practice.

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Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion

The ordination of women in the Anglican Communion has been increasingly common in certain provinces since the 1970s.

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Organized crime in Italy

Organized crime in Italy and its criminal organizations have been prevalent in Italy, especially Southern Italy, for centuries and have affected the social and economic life of many Italian regions since at least the 19th century.

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Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is a collective term for the traditionalist branches of Judaism, which seek to maximally maintain the received Jewish beliefs and observances and which coalesced in opposition to the various challenges of modernity and secularization.

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Oscar Luigi Scalfaro

Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (9 September 1918 – 29 January 2012) was an Italian politician and magistrate, the ninth President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and subsequently a senator for life.

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Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.

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Otto von Habsburg

Otto von Habsburg (20 November 1912 4 July 2011), also known by his traditional royal title of Archduke Otto of Austria, was the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in 1919, a realm which comprised modern-day Austria, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and parts of Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine.

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Our Lady of Fátima

Our Lady of Fátima (Nossa Senhora de Fátima, formally known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fátima), is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary based on the famed Marian apparitions reported in 1917 by three shepherd children at the Cova da Iria, in Fátima, Portugal.

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Our Lady of Kazan

Our Lady of Kazan, also called Mother-of-God of Kazan (Казанская Богоматерь tr. Kazanskaya Bogomater), was a holy icon of the highest stature within the Russian Orthodox Church, representing the Virgin Mary as the protector and patroness of the city of Kazan, and a palladium of all of Russia, known as the Holy Protectress of Russia.

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Paciano Aniceto

Paciano Basilio Aniceto, D.D. is the Roman Catholic Archbishop-Emeritus of the Archdiocese of San Fernando.

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Pacifism

Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence.

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Padre Pio

Padre Pio, also known as Saint Pio of Pietrelcina (Pio da Pietrelcina), O.F.M. Cap. (May 25, 1887September 23, 1968), was a friar, priest, stigmatist, and mystic, now venerated as a saint of the Catholic church.

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Panorama (TV series)

Panorama is a BBC Television investigative current affairs documentary programme.

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Paolo Guzzanti

Paolo Guzzanti (born 1 August 1940) is an Italian journalist and politician.

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Paolo Romeo

Paolo Romeo STL JCD (born 20 February 1938) is a Cardinal and Archbishop emeritus of Palermo.

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Papabile

Papabile (pl. papabili) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally in many languages to describe a Roman Catholic man, in practice always a cardinal, who is thought a likely or possible candidate to be elected pope.

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Papal Concert of Reconciliation

The Papal Concert of Reconciliation was a historic musical event in the pontificate of Pope John Paul II.

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Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah

The Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah (Holocaust) was the first official Vatican commemoration of the murder of six million Jews by the Nazis during World War II.

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Papal conclave, August 1978

The papal conclave of August 1978, the first of the two conclaves held that year, was convoked after the death of Pope Paul VI on 6 August 1978 at Castel Gandolfo.

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Papal conclave, October 1978

The papal conclave of October 1978 was triggered by the death of Pope John Paul I on 28 September just 33 days after his election on 26 August.

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Papal coronation

A papal coronation was the ceremony of the placing of the papal tiara on a newly elected pope.

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Papal ferula

The papal ferula (from Latin ferula, "rod") is the pastoral staff used in the Catholic Church by the pope.

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Papal inauguration

Papal inauguration is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church within Mass celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements of Byzantine Rite for the ecclesiastical investiture of a pope.

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Paride Taban

Paride Taban (born 1936 in Opari, Eastern Equatoria) is a South Sudanese Emeritus Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and was the first leader of the New Sudan Council of Churches, which was founded in February 1990.

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Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.

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Pasquale Macchi

Pasquale Macchi (9 November 1923 – 5 April 2006) was a Roman Catholic archbishop and the private secretary to Pope Paul VI.

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Pastor bonus

Pastor bonus (Latin: "The Good Shepherd") is an apostolic constitution promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 28 June 1988.

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Pastoral

A pastoral lifestyle (see pastoralism) is that of shepherds herding livestock around open areas of land according to seasons and the changing availability of water and pasture.

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Pastoral Provision

The "Pastoral Provision", in the context of the Catholic Church in the United States, referred to a set of practices and norms by which bishops are authorized to provide spiritual care for Roman Catholics coming from the Anglican tradition, by establishing parishes for them and ordaining priests from among them.

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Patrick Flores

Patrick Fernández Flores (July 26, 1929 – January 9, 2017), was a Roman Catholic cleric who from 1979 to 2004 was the Archbishop of San Antonio, Texas.

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Paul Marcinkus

Paul Marcinkus, GCOIH (January 15, 1922 – February 20, 2006) was an American archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Paul the Apostle

Paul the Apostle (Paulus; translit, ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; c. 5 – c. 64 or 67), commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Jewish name Saul of Tarsus (translit; Saũlos Tarseús), was an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of the Christ to the first century world.

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Pave the Way Foundation

Pave the Way Foundation (PTWF) is a non-sectarian organization whose mission is to identify and eliminate non-theological obstacles between religions, headed by Gary Krupp.

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Personalism

Personalism is a philosophical school of thought searching to describe the uniqueness of 1) God as Supreme Person or 2) a human person in the world of nature, specifically in relation to animals. One of the main points of interest of personalism is human subjectivity or self-consciousness, experienced in a person's own acts and inner happenings—in "everything in the human being that is internal, whereby each human being is an eyewitness of its own self". Other principles.

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Phenomenology (philosophy)

Phenomenology (from Greek phainómenon "that which appears" and lógos "study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness.

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Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics.

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Philosopher

A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science.

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Philosophical movement

A philosophical movement is either the appearance or increased popularity of a specific school of philosophy, or a fairly broad but identifiable sea-change in philosophical thought on a particular subject.

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Pilgrimage

A pilgrimage is a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance.

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Pio Laghi

Pio Laghi (21 May 1922 – 10 January 2009) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra

The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO) is an American orchestra based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Polish Land Forces

The Land Forces (Wojska Lądowe) are a military branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland.

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Polish language

Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.

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Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1990 under the Soviet-backed socialist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II.

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Polish złoty

The złoty (pronounced; sign: zł; code: PLN), which is the masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', is the currency of Poland.

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Polish–Soviet War

The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was fought by the Second Polish Republic, Ukrainian People's Republic and the proto-Soviet Union (Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine) for control of an area equivalent to today's western Ukraine and parts of modern Belarus.

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Polskie Radio

Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna (PR S.A.; English: Polish Radio) is Poland's state-owned national publicly funded radio broadcasting organization.

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Polycarp Pengo

Polycarp Pengo (born 5 August 1944, in the parish of Mwazye, Diocese of Sumbawanga in Tanzania) is the Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; and a Cardinal.

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Pomfret, Vermont

Pomfret is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States.

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Pontifical Academy of Sciences

The Pontifical Academy of Sciences (Pontificia accademia delle scienze, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum) is a scientific academy of the Vatican City, established in 1936 by Pope Pius XI, and thriving with the blessing of the Papacy ever since.

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Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue

The Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (PCID) is a dicastery of the Roman Curia, erected by Pope Paul VI on 19 May 1964 as the Secretariat for Non-Christians, and renamed by Pope John Paul II on 28 June 1988.

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Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas

The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (PUST), also known as the Angelicum in honor of its patron the Doctor Angelicus Thomas Aquinas, is located in the historic center of Rome, Italy.

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Pope

The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Pope Adrian VI

Pope Adrian VI (Hadrianus VI), born Adriaan Florensz Boeyens (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 January 1522 until his death on 14 September 1523.

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Pope Benedict XVI

Pope Benedict XVI (Benedictus XVI; Benedetto XVI; Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger;; 16 April 1927) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2005 until his resignation in 2013.

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Pope Francis

Pope Francis (Franciscus; Francesco; Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State.

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Pope Gregory I

Pope Saint Gregory I (Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him.

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Pope Innocent XI

Pope Innocent XI (Innocentius XI; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, ruled from 21 September 1676 to his death.

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Pope John Paul I

Pope John Paul I (Ioannes Paulus I; Giovanni Paolo I; born Albino Luciani;; 17 October 191228 September 1978) served as Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 26 August 1978 to his sudden death 33 days later.

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Pope John Paul II bibliography

The Pope John Paul II bibliography contains a list of works by Pope John Paul II, and works about his life and theology.

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Pope John Paul II High School

John Paul II High School, or any other combinations with or without the words Catholic, Pope, or Saint refers to several Catholic secondary schools named after John Paul II, Pope from 1978 to 2005, canonised as a saint in 2014.

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Pope John Paul II High School (Tennessee)

Pope John Paul II High School is a Catholic preparatory school in Hendersonville, Tennessee fifteen minutes north of downtown Nashville.

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Pope John Paul II in popular culture

As one of the best known and well-travelled persons of the 20th century, there are many cultural references to Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), who reigned as the 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City from 16 October 1978, until his death in April 2005, making his the second-longest pontificate after Pius IX's 31-year reign.

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Pope John Paul II's visit to Ireland

Pope John Paul II visited Ireland from Saturday, 29 September to Monday, 1 October 1979, the first trip to Ireland by a pope.

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Pope John Paul II's visit to the United Kingdom

The visit of Pope John Paul II to the United Kingdom in 1982 was the first visit there by a reigning Pope.

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Pope John XXIII

Pope John XXIII (Ioannes; Giovanni; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014.

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Pope Leo I

Pope Saint Leo I (400 – 10 November 461), also known as Saint Leo the Great, was Pope from 29 September 440 and died in 461.

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Pope Nicholas I

Pope Saint Nicholas I (Nicolaus I; c. 800 – 13 November 867), also called Saint Nicholas the Great, was Pope from 24 April 858 to his death in 867.

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Pope Paul VI

Pope Paul VI (Paulus VI; Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978) reigned from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978.

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Pope Pius IX

Pope Pius IX (Pio; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was head of the Catholic Church from 16 June 1846 to his death on 7 February 1878.

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Pope Pius X

Pope Saint Pius X (Pio), born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, (2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from August 1903 to his death in 1914.

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Pope Pius XI

Pope Pius XI, (Pio XI) born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in 1939.

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Pope Pius XII

Pope Pius XII (Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (2 March 18769 October 1958), was the Pope of the Catholic Church from 2 March 1939 to his death.

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Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria

Pope Shenouda III (Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲅ̅; بابا الإسكندرية شنودة الثالث; 3 August 1921 – 17 March 2012) was the 117th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

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Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating from the regions of Galicia and northern Portugal in the 9th century.

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Poznań

Poznań (Posen; known also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta River in west-central Poland, in the Greater Poland region.

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Prefecture of the Pontifical Household

The Prefecture of the Papal Household is the office in charge of the Papal Household, a section of the Roman Curia that comprises the Papal Chapel (Cappella Pontificia) and the Papal Family (Familia Pontificia).

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President of Poland

The President of the Republic of Poland (Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, shorter form: Prezydent RP) is the head of state of Poland.

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President of Romania

The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania.

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President of the United States

The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.

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President of Ukraine

The President of Ukraine (Президент України, Prezydent Ukrayiny) is the Ukrainian head of state.

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Presidential Medal of Freedom

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States.

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Priestly Blessing

The Priestly Blessing or priestly benediction, (ברכת כהנים; translit. birkat kohanim), also known in rabbinic literature as raising of the hands (Hebrew nesiat kapayim), or Dukhanen (Yiddish from the Hebrew word dukhan – platform – because the blessing is given from a raised rostrum), is a Hebrew prayer recited by Kohanim - the Hebrew Priests.

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Primate (bishop)

Primate is a title or rank bestowed on some archbishops in certain Christian churches.

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Propaganda Due

Propaganda Due (P2) was a Masonic lodge under the Grand Orient of Italy, founded in 1945 that, by the time its Masonic charter was withdrawn in 1976, had transformed into a clandestine, pseudo-Masonic, ultraright organization operating in contravention of Article 18 of the Constitution of Italy that banned secret associations.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.

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Quran

The Quran (القرآن, literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran) is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah).

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Reconciliatio et paenitentia

Reconciliatio et paenitentia (Latin for Reconciliation and Penance) is an apostolic exhortation by Pope John Paul II, delivered on 2 December 1984 in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, which grew out of the Sixth General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops held in 1983.

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Redemptoris Mater

Redemptoris Mater (Latin: Mother of the Redeemer) is the title of a Mariological encyclical by Pope John Paul II, delivered on March 25, 1987 in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.

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Reformation

The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.

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Reformation Day

Reformation Day is a Protestant Christian religious holiday celebrated on October 31, alongside All Hallows' Eve (Halloween) during the triduum of Allhallowtide, in remembrance of the onset of the Reformation.

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Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange

Réginald Marie Garrigou-Lagrange, O.P. (February 21, 1877 – February 15, 1964) was a French Catholic theologian.

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Regnal name

A regnal name, or reign name, is a name used by some monarchs and popes during their reigns, and used subsequently to refer to them.

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Religion in Nazi Germany

In 1933, prior to the annexation of Austria into Germany, the population of Germany was approximately 67% Protestant and 33% Catholic; while the Jewish population was less than 1%.

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Religious institute

In the Roman Catholic Church, a religious institute is "a society in which members...pronounce public vows...and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common".

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Religious war

A religious war or holy war (bellum sacrum) is a war primarily caused or justified by differences in religion.

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Reuters

Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

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Riccardo Di Segni

Riccardo Di Segni (born November 13, 1949) is the chief rabbi of Rome.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.

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Righteous Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations (חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, khasidei umót ha'olám "righteous (plural) of the world's nations") is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis.

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Rivignano

Rivignano was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about northwest of Trieste and about southwest of Udine.

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Rizal Park

Rizal Park (Liwasang Rizal, Parque Rizal), also known as Luneta Park or simply Luneta, is a historical urban park in the Philippines.

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Robert Runcie

Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie, Baron Runcie, (2 October 1921 – 11 July 2000) was a British Anglican bishop.

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Roberto Calvi

Roberto Calvi (13 April 1920 – 17 June 1982) was an Italian banker dubbed "God's Banker" by the press because of his close association with the Holy See.

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Roberto Tucci

Roberto Tucci, SJ (19 April 1921 – 14 April 2015) was a Roman Catholic Jesuit cardinal and theologian.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston (Archidioecesis Bostoniensis) is an ecclesiastical territory or Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the New England region of the United States.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence

The Archdiocese of Florence (Archidioecesis Florentina) is a metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Italy.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa

The Archdiocese of Genoa (Archidioecesis Ianuensis) is a metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Italy.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków

The Archdiocese of Kraków (Cracovien(sis), Archidiecezja krakowska) is an archdiocese located in the city of Kraków in Poland.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Opole

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Opole (Opoliensis) is an diocese located in the city of Opole in the Ecclesiastical province of Katowice in Poland.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz (Sandomirien(sis)) is an diocese located in the city of Sandomierz in the Ecclesiastical province of Lublin in Poland.

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Roman Curia

The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central body through which the Roman Pontiff conducts the affairs of the universal Catholic Church.

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Roman Rite

The Roman Rite (Ritus Romanus) is the most widespread liturgical rite in the Catholic Church, as well as the most popular and widespread Rite in all of Christendom, and is one of the Western/Latin rites used in the Western or Latin Church.

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Romania

Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.

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Romanian Orthodox Church

The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches and ranked seventh in order of precedence.

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Rome

Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Roskilde Cathedral

Roskilde Cathedral (Roskilde Domkirke), in the city of Roskilde on the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark, is a cathedral of the Lutheran Church of Denmark.

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Royal Philharmonic Orchestra

The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO), based in London, was formed by Sir Thomas Beecham in 1946.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskóvskiy patriarkhát), is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox patriarchates.

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Rwanda

Rwanda (U Rwanda), officially the Republic of Rwanda (Repubulika y'u Rwanda; République du Rwanda), is a sovereign state in Central and East Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland.

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Rwandan genocide

The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government.

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Sack of Constantinople (1204)

The siege and sack of Constantinople occurred in April 1204 and marked the culmination of the Fourth Crusade.

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Sacrament

A sacrament is a Christian rite recognized as of particular importance and significance.

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Sacred Heart

The devotion to the Sacred Heart (also known as the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, Sacratissimum Cor Iesu in Latin) is one of the most widely practiced and well-known Roman Catholic devotions, taking Jesus Christ′s physical heart as the representation of his divine love for humanity.

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Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.

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Saint

A saint (also historically known as a hallow) is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God.

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Saint Florian

Saint Florian (Florianus; died 304 AD) was a Christian holy man, and the patron saint of Linz, Austria; chimney sweeps; soapmakers, and firefighters.

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Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School

Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School is a private, coeducational Catholic high school in Dumfries, Virginia led by the Dominican Sisters of St. Cecilia.

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Saint Sebastian

Saint Sebastian (died) was an early Christian saint and martyr.

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San Antonio

San Antonio (Spanish for "Saint Anthony"), officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh most populous city in the United States and the second most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States.

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San Cesareo de Appia

San Cesareo in Palatio or San Caesareo de Appia is a titular church in Rome, near the beginning of the Appian Way.

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Sandinista National Liberation Front

The Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN) is a democratic socialist political party in Nicaragua.

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Sangha

Sangha (saṅgha; saṃgha; සංඝයා; พระสงฆ์; Tamil: சங்கம்) is a word in Pali and Sanskrit meaning "association", "assembly", "company" or "community" and most commonly refers in Buddhism to the monastic community of bhikkhus (monks) and bhikkhunis (nuns).

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Służba Bezpieczeństwa

The Służba Bezpieczeństwa Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych (Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; Polish abbreviations: SB and MSW, respectively), commonly known as Esbecja, was established in the People's Republic of Poland in 1956.

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Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel

The Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (also known as the Brown Scapular) is the habit of the both Carmelite Order and the Discalced Carmelite Order, both of which have Our Lady of Mount Carmel as their patroness.

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Scarlet fever

Scarlet fever is a disease which can occur as a result of a group A ''streptococcus'' (group A strep) infection.

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Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement

The Apostolic Movement of Schoenstatt (German Schönstatt-Bewegung) is a Roman Catholic Marian Movement founded in Germany in 1914 by Father Joseph Kentenich.

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Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).

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Second Vatican Council

The Second Vatican Council, fully the Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican and informally known as addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world.

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Seminary

Seminary, school of theology, theological seminary, Early-Morning Seminary, and divinity school are educational institutions for educating students (sometimes called seminarians) in scripture, theology, generally to prepare them for ordination as clergy, academia, or ministry.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

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Septic shock

Septic shock is a serious medical condition that occurs when sepsis, which is organ injury or damage in response to infection, leads to dangerously low blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism.

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Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian, also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), or Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS), is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.

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Sergio Goretti

Sergio Goretti (2 April 1929 - 22 June 2012) was the Roman Catholic Bishop of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino, Italy.

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Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm.

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Sexual scandal of Marcial Maciel

Marcial Maciel was the founding leader of the Legion of Christ, based in Mexico, and its general director from 1941 to January 2005.

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Shirin Ebadi

Shirin Ebadi (Širin Ebādi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist and founder of Defenders of Human Rights Center in Iran.

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Sic

The Latin adverb sic ("thus", "just as"; in full: sic erat scriptum, "thus was it written") inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi (born 29 September 1936) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments.

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Skiing

Skiing can be a means of transport, a recreational activity or a competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow.

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Slavery in Africa

Slavery has historically been widespread in Africa, and still continues today in some countries.

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Slovak language

Slovak is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Slavic languages (together with Czech, Polish, and Sorbian).

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Small intestine

The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place.

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Social justice

Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society.

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Social mortgage

Social mortgage is a term used in Catholic social teaching.

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Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.

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Society of Saint Pius X

The Society of Saint Pius X (Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X; also known as the SSPX or the FSSPX) is an international priestly fraternity founded in 1970 by the French Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre.

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Soft power

Soft power is the ability to attract and co-opt, rather than by coercion (hard power), which is using force or giving money as a means of persuasion.

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Solidarity (Polish trade union)

Solidarity (Solidarność, pronounced; full name: Independent Self-governing Labour Union "Solidarity"—Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność”) is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa.

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Sollicitudo rei socialis

Sollicitudo rei socialis (Latin: The social concern) is an encyclical promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 30 December 1987, on the twentieth anniversary of Populorum progressio.

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Solvay S.A.

Solvay S.A. is a Belgian chemical company founded in 1863, with its head office in Neder-Over-Heembeek, Brussels, Belgium.

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Somoza family

The Somoza family was an influential political dynasty who ruled Nicaragua as a family dictatorship from 1936 to 1979.

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Sophene

Sophene (Ծոփք Tsopkh, translit or Չորրորդ Հայք, Fourth Armenia) was a province of the Armenian Kingdom and of the Roman Empire, located in the south-west of the kingdom.

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Soul

In many religious, philosophical, and mythological traditions, there is a belief in the incorporeal essence of a living being called the soul. Soul or psyche (Greek: "psychē", of "psychein", "to breathe") are the mental abilities of a living being: reason, character, feeling, consciousness, memory, perception, thinking, etc.

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Southern Italy

Southern Italy or Mezzogiorno (literally "midday") is a macroregion of Italy traditionally encompassing the territories of the former Kingdom of the two Sicilies (all the southern section of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily), with the frequent addition of the island of Sardinia.

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Spanish language

Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.

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St. Louis

St.

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St. Peter's Basilica

The Papal Basilica of St.

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St. Peter's Square

St.

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St. Petersburg, Florida

St.

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Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University, colloquially the Farm) is a private research university in Stanford, California.

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Stanisław Dziwisz

Stanisław Dziwisz (born 27 April 1939) is a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Stanisław Szymecki

Stanisław Szymecki (born January 26, 1924) is a Polish Prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Stanislaus of Szczepanów

Stanislaus of Szczepanów, or Stanisław Szczepanowski, (July 26, 1030 – April 11, 1079) was a Bishop of Kraków known chiefly for having been martyred by the Polish king Bolesław II the Bold.

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Stefan Wyszyński

Stefan Wyszyński (3 August 1901 – 28 May 1981) was a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.

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Stolen Generations

The Stolen Generations (also known as Stolen Children) were the children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments.

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Sui iuris

Sui iuris, commonly also spelled sui juris, is a Latin phrase that literally means "of one's own right".

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Suicide attack

A suicide attack is any violent attack in which the attacker expects their own death as a direct result of the method used to harm, damage or destroy the target.

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Superior mesenteric artery

In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas.

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Supreme Governor of the Church of England

The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British monarch that signifies titular leadership over the Church of England.

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Syllabus of Errors

The Syllabus of Errors (Syllabus Errorum) is a document issued by the Holy See under Pope Pius IX on December 8, 1864, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, as an annex to the Quanta cura encyclical.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the combining of different beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought.

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Synod

A synod is a council of a church, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application.

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Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz (bishop)

Archbishop Monsignor Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz (Тадэвуш Кандрусевіч, b. January 3, 1946, Odelsk, Hrodna Raion, Belarus) is the Belarusian Roman Catholic Archbishop of Minsk and Mahilyow, Belarus.

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Teoctist Arăpașu

Teoctist (born Toader Arăpașu; February 7, 1915 – July 30, 2007) was the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church from 1986 to 2007.

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Testament of Pope John Paul II

The Testament of Pope John Paul II is a document written by Pope John Paul II, and is similar to a civilian last will and testament.

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The Age

The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854.

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The Catholic Herald

The Catholic Herald is a London-based Roman Catholic magazine, published in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

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The Christian Science Monitor

The Christian Science Monitor (CSM) is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles in electronic format as well as a weekly print edition.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.

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The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Rapid Development

The Rapid Development (Il Rapido Sviluppo) is an apostolic letter written by Pope John Paul II in 2005 to those who are involved in communications.

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The Remnant (newspaper)

The Remnant is a Traditionalist Catholic newspaper published twice a month in the United States.

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The Times

The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.

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The Venerable

The Venerable is used as a style or epithet in several Christian churches.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Theistic Satanism

Theistic Satanism or spiritual Satanism is an umbrella term for religious beliefs that consider Satan as an objectively existing supernatural being or force worthy of supplication, with whom individuals may contact, convene and even praise, rather than him being just an archetype, symbol or idea as in LaVeyan Satanism.

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Theology

Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.

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Theology of the Body

Theology of the Body is the topic of a series of 129 lectures given by Pope John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in St. Peter's Square and the Paul VI Audience Hall between September 5, 1979 and November 28, 1984.

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Theravada

Theravāda (Pali, literally "school of the elder monks") is a branch of Buddhism that uses the Buddha's teaching preserved in the Pāli Canon as its doctrinal core.

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Third World

The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc.

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Thomas Becket

Thomas Becket (also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London, and later Thomas à Becket; (21 December c. 1119 (or 1120) – 29 December 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III.

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Thomas Boni Yayi

Thomas Boni Yayi (born 1 january 1952) is a Beninese banker and politician who was President of Benin from 2006 to 2016.

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Thomas J. O'Brien (bishop)

Thomas Joseph O'Brien (born November 29, 1935) is an American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Thomism

Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church.

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Time (magazine)

Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.

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Timothy Garton Ash

Timothy Garton Ash CMG FRSA (born 12 July 1955) is a British historian, author and commentator.

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Titular church

A titular church or titulus (English: title) is a church in Rome assigned or assignable to one of the cardinals, or more specifically to a Cardinal priest.

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Togo

Togo, officially the Togolese Republic (République Togolaise), is a sovereign state in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.

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Toleration

Toleration is the acceptance of an action, object, or person which one dislikes or disagrees with, where one is in a position to disallow it but chooses not to.

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Totus Tuus

Totus Tuus was Saint John Paul II's apostolic motto.

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Tracheotomy

Tracheotomy, or tracheostomy, is a surgical procedure which consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe).

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Traditionalist Catholicism

Traditionalist Catholicism is a movement of Catholics in favour of restoring many or all of the customs, traditions, liturgical forms, public and private devotions and presentations of the teaching of the Catholic Church before the Second Vatican Council (1962–65).

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Traian Crișan

Traian Crişan (21 May 1918 – 6 November 1990) was a Romanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church and served as Secretary Emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints as well being the Titular Bishop of Drivastum.

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Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU).

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Trecastelli

Trecastelli is an Italian comune in the province of Ancona, in Marche, created in 2014 from fusion of the comuni of Ripe, Castel Colonna and Monterado - those three towns are now frazioni of the administration.

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Tribal chief

A tribal chief is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.

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Tridentine Mass

The Tridentine Mass, the 1962 version of which has been officially declared the (authorized) extraordinary form of the Roman Rite of Mass (Extraordinary Form for short), is the Roman Rite Mass which appears in typical editions of the Roman Missal published from 1570 to 1962.

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Turku Cathedral

Turku Cathedral (Turun tuomiokirkko, Åbo domkyrka) is the previous catholic cathedral of Finland, today the Mother Church of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.

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Tutsi

The Tutsi, or Abatutsi, are a social class or ethnic group of the African Great Lakes region.

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Tygodnik Powszechny

Tygodnik Powszechny (The Catholic Weekly) is a Polish Roman Catholic weekly magazine, published in Kraków, which focuses on social and cultural issues.

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U2

U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976.

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Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) (Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Ucrainae) is a Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See.

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Ukrainian language

No description.

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Umayyad Mosque

The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus (جامع بني أمية الكبير, Romanization: Ğāmi' Banī 'Umayya al-Kabīr), located in the old city of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.

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Union of Lublin

The Union of Lublin (unia lubelska; Liublino unija) was signed on 1 July 1569, in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Conference of Catholic Bishops

The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) is the episcopal conference of the Catholic Church in the United States.

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Universal call to holiness

The Universal Call to Holiness is a teaching of the Roman Catholic Church that all people are called to be holy, and is based on Matthew 5:48 – "Be you therefore perfect, as also your heavenly Father is perfect.". From the very first pages of the Bible, we see the call to holiness expressed in the Lord’s words to Abraham: “Walk before me, and be blameless” (Gen 17:1).

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Uppsala Cathedral

Uppsala Cathedral (Uppsala domkyrka) is a cathedral located between the Uppsala University Main Building and the River Fyris in the centre of Uppsala, Sweden.

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Urbi et Orbi

Urbi et Orbi ("to the City of Rome and to the World") denotes a papal address and apostolic blessing given to the city of Rome and to the entire world by the Roman pontiff on certain solemn occasions.

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Uri Geller

Uri Geller (אורי גלר; born 20 December 1946) is an Israeli illusionist, magician, television personality, and self-proclaimed psychic.

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Urinary tract infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract.

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Vatican City

Vatican City (Città del Vaticano; Civitas Vaticana), officially the Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is an independent state located within the city of Rome.

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Vågå

Vågå is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway.

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Veritatis splendor

Veritatis splendor (Latin: The Splendor of the Truth) is an encyclical by Pope John Paul II.

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Vermont

Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Vicariate of Solidarity

The Vicariate of Solidarity (La Vicaría de la Solidaridad) was a human rights organization in Chile during the military regime of Augusto Pinochet.

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Victor Adibe Chikwe

Victor Adibe Chikwe (June 24, 1938 – September 16, 2010) was the Nigerian Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahiara from his appointment on November 18, 1987, until his death on September 16, 2010.

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Vigil

A vigil, from the Latin vigilia meaning wakefulness (Greek: pannychis, παννυχίς or agrypnia ἀγρυπνία), is a period of purposeful sleeplessness, an occasion for devotional watching, or an observance.

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Vinko Puljić

Vinko Puljić (born September 8, 1945) is a Bosnian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Virgilio Noè

Virgilio Cardinal Noè (30 March 1922 – 24 July 2011) was an Italian Catholic prelate.

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Vistula–Oder Offensive

The Vistula–Oder Offensive was a successful Red Army operation on the Eastern Front in the European Theatre of World War II in January 1945.

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Vittorio Messori

Vittorio Messori (born 1941) is an Italian journalist and writer.

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Wadowice

Wadowice (Frauenstadt – Wadowitz) is a city in southern Poland, southwest of Kraków with 19,200 inhabitants (2006), situated on the Skawa river, confluence of Vistula, in the eastern part of Silesian Foothills (Pogórze Śląskie).

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Warsaw

Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Warsaw Uprising

The Warsaw Uprising (powstanie warszawskie; Warschauer Aufstand) was a major World War II operation, in the summer of 1944, by the Polish underground resistance, led by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), to liberate Warsaw from German occupation.

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Watergate scandal

The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States during the early 1970s, following a break-in by five men at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972, and President Richard Nixon's administration's subsequent attempt to cover up its involvement.

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Wawel Cathedral

The Royal Archcathedral Basilica of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus on the Wawel Hill (królewska bazylika archikatedralna śś.), also known as the Wawel Cathedral (katedra wawelska), is a Roman Catholic church located on Wawel Hill in Kraków, Poland.

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Wehrmacht

The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force")From wehren, "to defend" and Macht., "power, force".

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Wembley Stadium (1923)

The original Wembley Stadium (formerly known as the Empire Stadium) was a football stadium in Wembley Park, London, which stood on the same site now occupied by its successor, the new Wembley Stadium.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.

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Western Wall

The Western Wall, Wailing Wall, or Kotel, known in Arabic as Al-Buraq Wall, is an ancient limestone wall in the Old City of Jerusalem.

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Western world

The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.

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William Collins (publisher)

William Collins (12 October 1789–2 January 1853) was a Scottish schoolmaster, editor and publisher who founded William Collins, Sons, now part of HarperCollins.

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William Jerome McCormack

William Jerome McCormack (January 24, 1924 – November 23, 2013) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York from 1987 to 2001.

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William Thomas Larkin

William Thomas Larkin (March 31, 1923 – November 4, 2006) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Petersburg, Florida.

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.

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Wojciech Jaruzelski

Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician.

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Women's rights

Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide, and formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the nineteenth century and feminist movement during the 20th century.

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World Meeting of Families

The World Meeting of Families Congress is a gathering of the Roman Catholic Church that has occurred every three years since 1994.

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World Youth Day

World Youth Day (WYD) is an event for young people organized by the Catholic Church.

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World Youth Day 1995

World Youth Day 1995 (Filipino: Pandaigdigang Araw ng Kabataan 1995) was a Catholic youth festival that took place from January 10–15, 1995 in Manila, Philippines.

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World Youth Day 2005

The 20th World Youth Day (XX.) was a Catholic youth festival that started on August 16 and continued until August 21, 2005 in Cologne, Germany.

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Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a monument and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.

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Yoruba people

The Yoruba people (name spelled also: Ioruba or Joruba;, lit. 'Yoruba lineage'; also known as Àwon omo Yorùbá, lit. 'Children of Yoruba', or simply as the Yoruba) are an ethnic group of southwestern and north-central Nigeria, as well as southern and central Benin.

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Zenit News Agency

ZENIT is a non-profit news agency that reports on the Catholic Church and matters important to it from the perspective of Catholic doctrine.

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Zenon Grocholewski

Zenon Grocholewski (born 11 October 1939) is a Polish-born Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, who was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001.

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Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then government and from which it withdrew from in December 2003. It is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). It was once known as the "Jewel of Africa" for its prosperity. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations. Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the Cold War era, blaming Zimbabwe's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries. Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe, who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials, though Archbishop Desmond Tutu called him "a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator". The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s, experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way. On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country's national army in a coup d'état. On 19 November 2017, ZANU-PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place. On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed.

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14th Dalai Lama

The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso; born Lhamo Thondup, 6 July 1935) is the current Dalai Lama.

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1917 Code of Canon Law

The 1917 Code of Canon Law, also referred to as the Pio-Benedictine Code,Dr.

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1983 Code of Canon Law

The 1983 Code of Canon Law (abbreviated 1983 CIC from its Latin title Codex Iuris Canonici), also called the Johanno-Pauline Code, is the "fundamental body of ecclesiastical laws for the Latin Church".

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1st millennium

The first millennium was a period of time that began on January 1, AD 1, and ended on December 31, AD 1000, of the Julian calendar.

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2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War (also called Operation Iraqi Freedom).

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36th Infantry Regiment (Poland)

The 36th Infantry Regiment of the Academic Legion (Polish 36 pułk piechoty Legii Akademickiej, 36pp) was a Polish military unit.

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Redirects here:

264th pope, Biography of Pope John Paul II, Biography of pope john paul ii, Bl. John Paul II, Blessed John Paul, Blessed John Paul II, Blessed Pope John Paul II, Charles Joseph Wojtyla, Criticisms of John Paul II, Giovanni Paolo II, God's Athlete, HH Pope John Paul II, His Holiness Pope John Paul II, Ioannes Paulus II, Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Ioannes Paulus Secundus, Iohannes Paulus II, JP II, JPII, Jan Pawel II, Jan Paweł, Jan Paweł II, Jean Paul II, Jean paul the second, Joannes Paulus PP. II, Johannes Paulus, John Paul 2, John Paul II, John Paul II of Rome, John Paul II, Pope, John Paul II., John Paul Ii, John Paul the Great, John Paul the Second, John paul 2, John paul 2nd, John paul II, John paul ii, John paul the great, John-Paul II, Jon Paul II, Karol Cardinal Wojtyla, Karol Cardinal Wojtyła, Karol Josef Wojtyla, Karol Jozef Wojty, Karol Jozef Wojtyla, Karol Jozef Wojtyta, Karol Jozef Wojytla, Karol Józef Wojty, Karol Józef Wojtyta, Karol Józef Wojtyła, Karol Wojtiła, Karol Wojtyla, Karol Wojtyta, Karol Wojtyła, Karol Wojytla, PJPII, Papa Juan Pablo II, Pope Blessed John Paul II, Pope Jean Paul II, Pope John P. II, Pope John Paul 2, Pope John Paul II the Great, Pope John Paul The Great, Pope John Paul the Great, Pope John Paul the Second, Pope John-Paul II, Pope Saint John Paul II, Pope St. John Paul II, Pope john paul II, Pope john paul ii, Pope john paul the second, Pope john the second, Saint John Paul, Saint John Paul II, Saint John Paul the Great, Saint Karol, Saint Pope John Paul II, Santo Subito, Solidarity (Catholic Theology), St. John Paul II, Wojtyla, Karol.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II

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