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Riemann hypothesis

Index Riemann hypothesis

In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part. [1]

185 relations: Absolute convergence, Adelic algebraic group, AKS primality test, Algebraic number field, Algebraic variety, Almost surely, American Institute of Mathematics, American Mathematical Society, Analytic continuation, Anatoly Karatsuba, Andrew Wiles, Argument of a function, Argument principle, Arithmetic zeta function, Arnaud Denjoy, Artin L-function, Artin's conjecture on primitive roots, Automorphic form, Automorphic L-function, Barry Mazur, Basel problem, Big O notation, Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, Brady Haran, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Cambridge University Press, Canonical quantization, Carl Ludwig Siegel, Cauchy principal value, Chebyshev function, Circolo Matematico di Palermo, Class number problem, Clay Mathematics Institute, Complex analysis, Complex number, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Conjecture, Cramér's conjecture, Crelle's Journal, Cyclotomic field, David Hilbert, Dedekind zeta function, Dirichlet eta function, Dirichlet L-function, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, Divisor function, Dover Publications, Edmund Landau, Eigenform, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, ..., Elliptic curve, Entire function, Equidimensionality, Euclidean domain, Euler product, Euler's totient function, Euler–Maclaurin formula, Euler–Mascheroni constant, Explicit formulae (L-function), Exponential integral, Farey sequence, Finite field, Frobenius endomorphism, Function (mathematics), Function field of an algebraic variety, Functional equation, G. H. Hardy, Gamma function, Generalized Riemann hypothesis, Goldbach's conjecture, Goldbach's weak conjecture, Goss zeta function, Grand Riemann hypothesis, Group theory, Harald Cramér, Hecke character, Herman te Riele, Hilbert's eighth problem, Hilbert's problems, Hilbert–Pólya conjecture, Ideal class group, Idoneal number, Ihara zeta function, Imaginary unit, Infinite product, Ivan Fesenko, Iwasawa theory, Jérôme Franel, Jean-Louis Nicolas, Jean-Marc Deshouillers, John Derbyshire, John Edensor Littlewood, John Wiley & Sons, Jonathan Keating, Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, Journal of Number Theory, L-function, Landau's function, Laplace operator, Lee–Yang theorem, Lehmer pair, Leonhard Euler, Li's criterion, Lindelöf hypothesis, Liouville function, List of zeta functions, Local zeta-function, Logarithmic integral function, Lp space, Maier's theorem, Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory, Mathematics of Computation, Mathematische Annalen, Mathematische Zeitschrift, Möbius function, Möbius inversion formula, McGraw-Hill Education, Mellin transform, Mertens conjecture, Mertens function, Michael Berry (physicist), Millennium Prize Problems, Miller–Rabin primality test, Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture, Natural logarithm, Natural number, Noncommutative geometry, Normal distribution, Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Number theory, Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm, On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude, P-adic L-function, Pólya conjecture, Primality test, Prime gap, Prime number, Prime number theorem, Prime Obsession, Prime-counting function, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS, Pure mathematics, Quadratic Gauss sum, Quantum harmonic oscillator, Quasicrystal, Ramanujan graph, Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form, Random matrix, Random walk, Real analytic Eisenstein series, Real number, Redheffer matrix, Richard P. Brent, Riemann Xi function, Riemann zeta function, Riemann–Siegel formula, Riemann–Siegel theta function, Riesz function, Selberg trace formula, Selberg zeta function, Self-adjoint operator, Series (mathematics), Siegel zero, Sine, Skewes's number, Spectrum of a ring, Springer Science+Business Media, Symmetric group, Tate's thesis, Toshikazu Sunada, Totally real number field, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Uncertainty principle, Vacuous truth, Vinogradov's mean-value theorem, Weil conjectures, Weil's criterion, Yasutaka Ihara, YouTube, Z function, Zero of a function, Zeros and poles, ZetaGrid, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯. Expand index (135 more) »

Absolute convergence

In mathematics, an infinite series of numbers is said to converge absolutely (or to be absolutely convergent) if the sum of the absolute values of the summands is finite.

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Adelic algebraic group

In abstract algebra, an adelic algebraic group is a semitopological group defined by an algebraic group G over a number field K, and the adele ring A.

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AKS primality test

The AKS primality test (also known as Agrawal–Kayal–Saxena primality test and cyclotomic AKS test) is a deterministic primality-proving algorithm created and published by Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, and Nitin Saxena, computer scientists at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, on August 6, 2002, in a paper titled "PRIMES is in P".

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Algebraic number field

In mathematics, an algebraic number field (or simply number field) F is a finite degree (and hence algebraic) field extension of the field of rational numbers Q. Thus F is a field that contains Q and has finite dimension when considered as a vector space over Q. The study of algebraic number fields, and, more generally, of algebraic extensions of the field of rational numbers, is the central topic of algebraic number theory.

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Algebraic variety

Algebraic varieties are the central objects of study in algebraic geometry.

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Almost surely

In probability theory, one says that an event happens almost surely (sometimes abbreviated as a.s.) if it happens with probability one.

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American Institute of Mathematics

The American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) was founded in 1994 by John Fry, co-founder of Fry's Electronics, and located in the Fry's Electronics San Jose, California location.

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American Mathematical Society

The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship, and serves the national and international community through its publications, meetings, advocacy and other programs.

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Analytic continuation

In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, analytic continuation is a technique to extend the domain of a given analytic function.

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Anatoly Karatsuba

Anatoly Alexeevitch Karatsuba (Анато́лий Алексе́евич Карацу́ба; Grozny, Soviet Union, January 31, 1937 – Moscow, Russia, September 28, 2008) was a Russian mathematician working in the field of analytic number theory, ''p''-adic numbers and Dirichlet series.

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Andrew Wiles

Sir Andrew John Wiles (born 11 April 1953) is a British mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specialising in number theory.

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Argument of a function

In mathematics, an argument of a function is a specific input in the function, also known as an independent variable.

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Argument principle

In complex analysis, the argument principle (or Cauchy's argument principle) relates the difference between the number of zeros and poles of a meromorphic function to a contour integral of the function's logarithmic derivative.

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Arithmetic zeta function

In mathematics, the arithmetic zeta function is a zeta function associated with a scheme of finite type over integers.

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Arnaud Denjoy

Arnaud Denjoy (1884–1974) was a French mathematician.

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Artin L-function

In mathematics, an Artin L-function is a type of Dirichlet series associated to a linear representation ρ of a Galois group G. These functions were introduced in the 1923 by Emil Artin, in connection with his research into class field theory.

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Artin's conjecture on primitive roots

In number theory, Artin's conjecture on primitive roots states that a given integer a which is neither a perfect square nor −1 is a primitive root modulo infinitely many primes p. The conjecture also ascribes an asymptotic density to these primes.

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Automorphic form

In harmonic analysis and number theory, an automorphic form is a well-behaved function from a topological group G to the complex numbers (or complex vector space) which is invariant under the action of a discrete subgroup \Gamma \subset G of the topological group.

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Automorphic L-function

In mathematics, an automorphic L-function is a function L(s,π,r) of a complex variable s, associated to an automorphic form π of a reductive group G over a global field and a finite-dimensional complex representation r of the Langlands dual group LG of G, generalizing the Dirichlet L-series of a Dirichlet character and the Mellin transform of a modular form.

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Barry Mazur

Barry Charles Mazur (born December 19, 1937) is an American mathematician and a Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University.

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Basel problem

The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734 and read on 5 December 1735 in ''The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences''.

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Big O notation

Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behaviour of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity.

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Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

In mathematics, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elliptic curve.

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Brady Haran

Brady John Haran (born 18 June 1976) is an Australian-born British independent filmmaker and video journalist who is known for his educational videos and documentary films produced for BBC News and his YouTube channels, the most notable being Periodic Videos and Numberphile.

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Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society

The Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society is a quarterly mathematical journal published by the American Mathematical Society.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Canonical quantization

In physics, canonical quantization is a procedure for quantizing a classical theory, while attempting to preserve the formal structure, such as symmetries, of the classical theory, to the greatest extent possible.

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Carl Ludwig Siegel

Carl Ludwig Siegel (December 31, 1896 – April 4, 1981) was a German mathematician specialising in number theory and celestial mechanics.

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Cauchy principal value

In mathematics, the Cauchy principal value, named after Augustin Louis Cauchy, is a method for assigning values to certain improper integrals which would otherwise be undefined.

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Chebyshev function

In mathematics, the Chebyshev function is either of two related functions.

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Circolo Matematico di Palermo

The Circolo Matematico di Palermo (Mathematical Circle of Palermo) is an Italian mathematical society, founded in Palermo by Sicilian geometer Giovanni B. Guccia in 1884.

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Class number problem

In mathematics, the Gauss class number problem (for imaginary quadratic fields), as usually understood, is to provide for each n ≥ 1 a complete list of imaginary quadratic fields \mathbb(\sqrt) (for negative integers d) having class number n. It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss.

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Clay Mathematics Institute

The Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) is a private, non-profit foundation, based in Peterborough, New Hampshire, United States.

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Complex analysis

Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematical analysis that investigates functions of complex numbers.

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Complex number

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form, where and are real numbers, and is a solution of the equation.

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Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences

Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (English: Proceedings of the Academy of sciences), or simply Comptes rendus, is a French scientific journal which has been published since 1666.

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Conjecture

In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or proposition based on incomplete information, for which no proof has been found.

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Cramér's conjecture

In number theory, Cramér's conjecture, formulated by the Swedish mathematician Harald Cramér in 1936, is an estimate for the size of gaps between consecutive prime numbers: intuitively, that gaps between consecutive primes are always small, and the conjecture quantifies asymptotically just how small they must be.

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Crelle's Journal

Crelle's Journal, or just Crelle, is the common name for a mathematics journal, the Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (in English: Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics).

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Cyclotomic field

In number theory, a cyclotomic field is a number field obtained by adjoining a complex primitive root of unity to, the field of rational numbers.

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David Hilbert

David Hilbert (23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician.

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Dedekind zeta function

In mathematics, the Dedekind zeta function of an algebraic number field K, generally denoted ζK(s), is a generalization of the Riemann zeta function (which is obtained in the case where K is the rational numbers Q).

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Dirichlet eta function

In mathematics, in the area of analytic number theory, the Dirichlet eta function is defined by the following Dirichlet series, which converges for any complex number having real part > 0: This Dirichlet series is the alternating sum corresponding to the Dirichlet series expansion of the Riemann zeta function, ζ(s) — and for this reason the Dirichlet eta function is also known as the alternating zeta function, also denoted ζ*(s).

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Dirichlet L-function

In mathematics, a Dirichlet L-series is a function of the form Here χ is a Dirichlet character and s a complex variable with real part greater than 1.

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Disquisitiones Arithmeticae

The Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (Latin for "Arithmetical Investigations") is a textbook of number theory written in Latin by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1798 when Gauss was 21 and first published in 1801 when he was 24.

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Divisor function

In mathematics, and specifically in number theory, a divisor function is an arithmetic function related to the divisors of an integer.

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Dover Publications

Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife, Blanche.

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Edmund Landau

Edmund Georg Hermann Landau (14 February 1877 – 19 February 1938) was a German mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory and complex analysis.

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Eigenform

An eigenform (meaning simultaneous Hecke eigenform with modular group SL(2,Z)) is a modular form which is an eigenvector for all Hecke operators Tm, m.

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Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

In linear algebra, an eigenvector or characteristic vector of a linear transformation is a non-zero vector that changes by only a scalar factor when that linear transformation is applied to it.

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Elliptic curve

In mathematics, an elliptic curve is a plane algebraic curve defined by an equation of the form which is non-singular; that is, the curve has no cusps or self-intersections.

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Entire function

In complex analysis, an entire function, also called an integral function, is a complex-valued function that is holomorphic at all finite points over the whole complex plane.

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Equidimensionality

In mathematics, especially in topology, equidimensionality is a property of a space that the local dimension is the same everywhere.

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Euclidean domain

In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, a Euclidean domain (also called a Euclidean ring) is an integral domain that can be endowed with a Euclidean function which allows a suitable generalization of the Euclidean division of the integers.

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Euler product

In number theory, an Euler product is an expansion of a Dirichlet series into an infinite product indexed by prime numbers.

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Euler's totient function

In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer that are relatively prime to.

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Euler–Maclaurin formula

In mathematics, the Euler–Maclaurin formula provides a powerful connection between integrals (see calculus) and sums.

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Euler–Mascheroni constant

The Euler–Mascheroni constant (also called Euler's constant) is a mathematical constant recurring in analysis and number theory, usually denoted by the lowercase Greek letter gamma.

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Explicit formulae (L-function)

In mathematics, the explicit formulae for L-functions are relations between sums over the complex number zeroes of an L-function and sums over prime powers, introduced by for the Riemann zeta function.

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Exponential integral

In mathematics, the exponential integral Ei is a special function on the complex plane.

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Farey sequence

In mathematics, the Farey sequence of order n is the sequence of completely reduced fractions between 0 and 1 which when in lowest terms have denominators less than or equal to n, arranged in order of increasing size.

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Finite field

In mathematics, a finite field or Galois field (so-named in honor of Évariste Galois) is a field that contains a finite number of elements.

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Frobenius endomorphism

In commutative algebra and field theory, the Frobenius endomorphism (after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius) is a special endomorphism of commutative rings with prime characteristic, an important class which includes finite fields.

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Function (mathematics)

In mathematics, a function was originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity.

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Function field of an algebraic variety

In algebraic geometry, the function field of an algebraic variety V consists of objects which are interpreted as rational functions on V. In classical algebraic geometry they are ratios of polynomials; in complex algebraic geometry these are meromorphic functions and their higher-dimensional analogues; in modern algebraic geometry they are elements of some quotient ring's field of fractions.

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Functional equation

In mathematics, a functional equation is any equation in which the unknown represents a function.

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G. H. Hardy

Godfrey Harold Hardy (7 February 1877 – 1 December 1947) was an English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis.

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Gamma function

In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by, the capital Greek alphabet letter gamma) is an extension of the factorial function, with its argument shifted down by 1, to real and complex numbers.

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Generalized Riemann hypothesis

The Riemann hypothesis is one of the most important conjectures in mathematics.

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Goldbach's conjecture

Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics.

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Goldbach's weak conjecture

In number theory, Goldbach's weak conjecture, also known as the odd Goldbach conjecture, the ternary Goldbach problem, or the 3-primes problem, states that This conjecture is called "weak" because if Goldbach's strong conjecture (concerning sums of two primes) is proven, it would be true.

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Goss zeta function

In the field of mathematics, the Goss zeta function, named after David Goss, is an analogue of the Riemann zeta function for function fields.

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Grand Riemann hypothesis

In mathematics, the grand Riemann hypothesis is a generalisation of the Riemann hypothesis and Generalized Riemann hypothesis.

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Group theory

In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups.

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Harald Cramér

Harald Cramér (25 September 1893 – 5 October 1985) was a Swedish mathematician, actuary, and statistician, specializing in mathematical statistics and probabilistic number theory.

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Hecke character

In number theory, a Hecke character is a generalisation of a Dirichlet character, introduced by Erich Hecke to construct a class of ''L''-functions larger than Dirichlet ''L''-functions, and a natural setting for the Dedekind zeta-functions and certain others which have functional equations analogous to that of the Riemann zeta-function.

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Herman te Riele

Hermanus Johannes Joseph te Riele (born January 5, 1947, The Hague) is a mathematician at CWI in Amsterdam with a specialization in computational number theory.

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Hilbert's eighth problem

Hilbert's eighth problem is one of David Hilbert's list of open mathematical problems posed in 1900.

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Hilbert's problems

Hilbert's problems are twenty-three problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900.

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Hilbert–Pólya conjecture

In mathematics, the Hilbert–Pólya conjecture is a possible approach to the Riemann hypothesis, by means of spectral theory.

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Ideal class group

In number theory, the ideal class group (or class group) of an algebraic number field is the quotient group where is the group of fractional ideals of the ring of integers of, and is its subgroup of principal ideals.

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Idoneal number

In mathematics, Euler's idoneal numbers (also called suitable numbers or convenient numbers) are the positive integers D such that any integer expressible in only one way as x2 ± Dy2 (where x2 is relatively prime to Dy2) is a prime, prime power, twice one of these, or a power of 2.

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Ihara zeta function

In mathematics, the Ihara zeta-function is a zeta function associated with a finite graph.

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Imaginary unit

The imaginary unit or unit imaginary number is a solution to the quadratic equation.

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Infinite product

In mathematics, for a sequence of complex numbers a1, a2, a3,...

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Ivan Fesenko

Ivan Fesenko is a mathematician working in number theory and its interaction with other areas of modern mathematics.

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Iwasawa theory

In number theory, Iwasawa theory is the study of objects of arithmetic interest over infinite towers of number fields.

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Jérôme Franel

Jérôme Franel (1859–1939) was a Swiss mathematician who specialised in analytic number theory.

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Jean-Louis Nicolas

Jean-Louis Nicolas is a French number theorist.

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Jean-Marc Deshouillers

Jean-Marc Deshouillers (born on September 12, 1946 in Paris) is a French mathematician, specializing in analytic number theory.

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John Derbyshire

John Derbyshire (born June 3, 1945) is a British-born American computer programmer, writer, journalist and political commentator.

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John Edensor Littlewood

John Edensor Littlewood FRS LLD (9 June 1885 – 6 September 1977) was an English mathematician.

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John Wiley & Sons

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., also referred to as Wiley, is a global publishing company that specializes in academic publishing.

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Jonathan Keating

Jonathan Peter Keating FRS is a British mathematician.

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Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées

The Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées is a French monthly scientific journal of mathematics, founded in 1836 by Joseph Liouville (editor: 1836–1874).

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Journal of Number Theory

The Journal of Number Theory is a mathematics journal that publishes a broad spectrum of original research in number theory.

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L-function

In mathematics, an L-function is a meromorphic function on the complex plane, associated to one out of several categories of mathematical objects.

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Landau's function

In mathematics, Landau's function g(n), named after Edmund Landau, is defined for every natural number n to be the largest order of an element of the symmetric group Sn.

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Laplace operator

In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a function on Euclidean space.

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Lee–Yang theorem

In statistical mechanics, the Lee–Yang theorem states that if partition functions of certain models in statistical field theory with ferromagnetic interactions are considered as functions of an external field, then all zeros are purely imaginary (or on the unit circle after a change of variable).

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Lehmer pair

In the study of the Riemann hypothesis, a Lehmer pair is a pair of zeros of the Riemann zeta function that are unusually close to each other.

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Leonhard Euler

Leonhard Euler (Swiss Standard German:; German Standard German:; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory.

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Li's criterion

In number theory, Li's criterion is a particular statement about the positivity of a certain sequence that is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis.

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Lindelöf hypothesis

In mathematics, the Lindelöf hypothesis is a conjecture by Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf (see) about the rate of growth of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line.

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Liouville function

The Liouville function, denoted by λ(n) and named after Joseph Liouville, is an important function in number theory.

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List of zeta functions

In mathematics, a zeta function is (usually) a function analogous to the original example: the Riemann zeta function Zeta functions include.

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Local zeta-function

In number theory, the local zeta function Z(V,s) (sometimes called the congruent zeta function) is defined as where N_m is the number of points of V defined over the degree m extension \mathbf_ of \mathbf_q, and V is a non-singular n-dimensional projective algebraic variety over the field \mathbf_q with q elements.

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Logarithmic integral function

In mathematics, the logarithmic integral function or integral logarithm li(x) is a special function.

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Lp space

In mathematics, the Lp spaces are function spaces defined using a natural generalization of the ''p''-norm for finite-dimensional vector spaces.

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Maier's theorem

In number theory, Maier's theorem is a theorem about the numbers of primes in short intervals for which Cramér's probabilistic model of primes gives the wrong answer.

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Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory

In mathematics, the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory is a deep relationship between ''p''-adic ''L''-functions and ideal class groups of cyclotomic fields, proved by Kenkichi Iwasawa for primes satisfying the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture and proved for all primes by.

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Mathematics of Computation

Mathematics of Computation is a bimonthly mathematics journal focused on computational mathematics.

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Mathematische Annalen

Mathematische Annalen (abbreviated as Math. Ann. or, formerly, Math. Annal.) is a German mathematical research journal founded in 1868 by Alfred Clebsch and Carl Neumann.

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Mathematische Zeitschrift

Mathematische Zeitschrift (German for Mathematical Journal) is a mathematical journal for pure and applied mathematics published by Springer Verlag.

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Möbius function

The classical Möbius function is an important multiplicative function in number theory and combinatorics.

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Möbius inversion formula

In mathematics, the classic Möbius inversion formula was introduced into number theory during the 19th century by August Ferdinand Möbius.

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McGraw-Hill Education

McGraw-Hill Education (MHE) is a learning science company and one of the "big three" educational publishers that provides customized educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education.

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Mellin transform

In mathematics, the Mellin transform is an integral transform that may be regarded as the multiplicative version of the two-sided Laplace transform.

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Mertens conjecture

In mathematics, the Mertens conjecture is the disproven statement that the Mertens function M(n) is bounded by \sqrt, which implies the Riemann hypothesis.

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Mertens function

In number theory, the Mertens function is defined for all positive integers n as where μ(k) is the Möbius function.

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Michael Berry (physicist)

Sir Michael Victor Berry, (born 14 March 1941), is a mathematical physicist at the University of Bristol, England.

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Millennium Prize Problems

The Millennium Prize Problems are seven problems in mathematics that were stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000.

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Miller–Rabin primality test

The Miller–Rabin primality test or Rabin–Miller primality test is a primality test: an algorithm which determines whether a given number is prime, similar to the Fermat primality test and the Solovay–Strassen primality test.

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Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture

In mathematics, Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture is a conjecture made by that the pair correlation between pairs of zeros of the Riemann zeta function (normalized to have unit average spacing) is which, as Freeman Dyson pointed out to him, is the same as the pair correlation function of random Hermitian matrices.

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Natural logarithm

The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant ''e'', where e is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to.

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Natural number

In mathematics, the natural numbers are those used for counting (as in "there are six coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the third largest city in the country").

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Noncommutative geometry

Noncommutative geometry (NCG) is a branch of mathematics concerned with a geometric approach to noncommutative algebras, and with the construction of spaces that are locally presented by noncommutative algebras of functions (possibly in some generalized sense).

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Normal distribution

In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussian or Gauss or Laplace–Gauss) distribution is a very common continuous probability distribution.

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Notices of the American Mathematical Society

Notices of the American Mathematical Society is the membership journal of the American Mathematical Society (AMS), published monthly except for the combined June/July issue.

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Number theory

Number theory, or in older usage arithmetic, is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers.

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Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm

In mathematics, the Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm is a fast algorithm for evaluating the Riemann zeta function at many points, introduced by.

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On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude

" die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen " (usual English translation: "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude") is a seminal 10-page paper by Bernhard Riemann published in the November 1859 edition of the Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.

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P-adic L-function

In mathematics, a p-adic zeta function, or more generally a p-adic L-function, is a function analogous to the Riemann zeta function, or more general ''L''-functions, but whose domain and target are p-adic (where p is a prime number).

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Pólya conjecture

In number theory, the Pólya conjecture stated that "most" (i.e., 50% or more) of the natural numbers less than any given number have an odd number of prime factors.

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Primality test

A primality test is an algorithm for determining whether an input number is prime.

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Prime gap

A prime gap is the difference between two successive prime numbers.

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Prime number

A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.

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Prime number theorem

In number theory, the prime number theorem (PNT) describes the asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers among the positive integers.

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Prime Obsession

Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics (2003) is a historical book on mathematics by John Derbyshire, detailing the history of the Riemann hypothesis, named for Bernhard Riemann, and some of its applications.

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Prime-counting function

In mathematics, the prime-counting function is the function counting the number of prime numbers less than or equal to some real number x. It is denoted by (x) (unrelated to the number pi).

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.

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Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS

Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS is a mathematical journal.

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Pure mathematics

Broadly speaking, pure mathematics is mathematics that studies entirely abstract concepts.

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Quadratic Gauss sum

In number theory, quadratic Gauss sums are certain finite sums of roots of unity.

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Quantum harmonic oscillator

The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum-mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator.

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Quasicrystal

A quasiperiodic crystal, or quasicrystal, is a structure that is ordered but not periodic.

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Ramanujan graph

In spectral graph theory, a Ramanujan graph, named after Srinivasa Ramanujan, is a regular graph whose spectral gap is almost as large as possible (see extremal graph theory).

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Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form

In mathematics, in number theory, Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form is the algebraic expression with integral values for x, y and z.

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Random matrix

In probability theory and mathematical physics, a random matrix is a matrix-valued random variable—that is, a matrix in which some or all elements are random variables.

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Random walk

A random walk is a mathematical object, known as a stochastic or random process, that describes a path that consists of a succession of random steps on some mathematical space such as the integers.

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Real analytic Eisenstein series

In mathematics, the simplest real analytic Eisenstein series is a special function of two variables.

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Real number

In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line.

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Redheffer matrix

In mathematics, a Redheffer matrix, studied by, is a (0,1) matrix whose entries aij are 1 if i divides j or if j.

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Richard P. Brent

Richard Peirce Brent (born 20 April 1946, Melbourne) is an Australian mathematician and computer scientist.

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Riemann Xi function

In mathematics, the Riemann Xi function is a variant of the Riemann zeta function, and is defined so as to have a particularly simple functional equation.

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Riemann zeta function

The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function,, is a function of a complex variable s that analytically continues the sum of the Dirichlet series which converges when the real part of is greater than 1.

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Riemann–Siegel formula

In mathematics, the Riemann–Siegel formula is an asymptotic formula for the error of the approximate functional equation of the Riemann zeta function, an approximation of the zeta function by a sum of two finite Dirichlet series.

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Riemann–Siegel theta function

In mathematics, the Riemann–Siegel theta function is defined in terms of the Gamma function as \Gamma\left(\frac\right) \right) - \frac t for real values of t. Here the argument is chosen in such a way that a continuous function is obtained and \theta(0).

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Riesz function

In mathematics, the Riesz function is an entire function defined by Marcel Riesz in connection with the Riemann hypothesis, by means of the power series If we set F(x).

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Selberg trace formula

In mathematics, the Selberg trace formula, introduced by, is an expression for the character of the unitary representation of on the space of square-integrable functions, where is a Lie group and a cofinite discrete group.

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Selberg zeta function

The Selberg zeta-function was introduced by.

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Self-adjoint operator

In mathematics, a self-adjoint operator on a finite-dimensional complex vector space V with inner product \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle is a linear map A (from V to itself) that is its own adjoint: \langle Av,w\rangle.

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Series (mathematics)

In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity.

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Siegel zero

In mathematics, more specifically in the field of analytic number theory, a Siegel zero, named after Carl Ludwig Siegel, is a type of potential counterexample to the generalized Riemann hypothesis, on the zeroes of Dirichlet L-function.

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Sine

In mathematics, the sine is a trigonometric function of an angle.

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Skewes's number

In number theory, Skewes's number is any of several extremely large numbers used by the South African mathematician Stanley Skewes as upper bounds for the smallest natural number x for which where π is the prime-counting function and li is the logarithmic integral function.

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Spectrum of a ring

In abstract algebra and algebraic geometry, the spectrum of a commutative ring R, denoted by \operatorname(R), is the set of all prime ideals of R. It is commonly augmented with the Zariski topology and with a structure sheaf, turning it into a locally ringed space.

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Springer Science+Business Media

Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.

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Symmetric group

In abstract algebra, the symmetric group defined over any set is the group whose elements are all the bijections from the set to itself, and whose group operation is the composition of functions.

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Tate's thesis

In number theory, Tate's thesis is the 1950 thesis of under supervision of Emil Artin.

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Toshikazu Sunada

is a Japanese mathematician and author of many books and essays on mathematics and mathematical sciences.

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Totally real number field

In number theory, a number field K is called totally real if for each embedding of K into the complex numbers the image lies inside the real numbers.

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Transactions of the American Mathematical Society

The Transactions of the American Mathematical Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics published by the American Mathematical Society.

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Uncertainty principle

In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known.

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Vacuous truth

In mathematics and logic, a vacuous truth is a statement that asserts that all members of the empty set have a certain property.

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Vinogradov's mean-value theorem

In mathematics, Vinogradov's mean value theorem is an estimate for the number of equal sums of powers.

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Weil conjectures

In mathematics, the Weil conjectures were some highly influential proposals by on the generating functions (known as local zeta-functions) derived from counting the number of points on algebraic varieties over finite fields.

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Weil's criterion

In mathematics, Weil's criterion is a criterion of André Weil for the Generalized Riemann hypothesis to be true.

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Yasutaka Ihara

Yasutaka Ihara (伊原 康隆, Ihara Yasutaka; born 1938, Tokyo Prefecture) is a Japanese mathematician, professor emeritus at the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, working on number theory who introduced Ihara's lemma and the Ihara zeta function.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California.

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Z function

In mathematics, the Z-function is a function used for studying the Riemann zeta-function along the critical line where the argument is one-half.

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Zero of a function

In mathematics, a zero, also sometimes called a root, of a real-, complex- or generally vector-valued function f is a member x of the domain of f such that f(x) vanishes at x; that is, x is a solution of the equation f(x).

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Zeros and poles

In mathematics, a zero of a function is a value such that.

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ZetaGrid

ZetaGrid was at one time the largest distributed computing project designed to explore roots of the Riemann zeta function, checking over one billion roots a day.

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1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯

In mathematics,, also written \sum_^ n^0, \sum_^ 1^n, or simply \sum_^ 1, is a divergent series, meaning that its sequence of partial sums does not converge to a limit in the real numbers.

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Redirects here:

Critical line, Critical line theorem, Hardy-Littlewood-Selberg-Levinson-Conrey theorem, Hardy–Littlewood–Selberg–Levinson–Conrey theorem, Hilberts eighth problem, Lehmer's phenomenon, Reimann Hypothesis, Reimann hypothesis, Reimman hypothesis, Rieman hypothesis, Riemann Hypothesis, Riemann Zeta Hypothesis, Riemann Zeta hypothesis, Riemann conjecture, Riemann hypotheses, Riemann zeta hypothesis, Riemann zeta-hypothesis, Riemann's Hypothesis, Riemann's hypothesis, Riemman hypothesis, Selberg's theorem, Smale's first problem, The Riemann Hypothesis.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

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