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283 relations: 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, Aëtius of Amida, Acute infectious thyroiditis, Adam's apple, Addison's disease, Adenylyl cyclase, Alps, Amiodarone, Amphibian, Amyloidosis, Anaplastic thyroid cancer, Ancient Greek, Andreas Vesalius, Andrew Schally, Angina, Anterior pituitary, Antiarrhythmic agent, Antiporter, Apoptosis, Aristotle, Autoimmune disease, Autoimmunity, Axolotl, Ayurveda, B cell, Basal metabolic rate, Bernard Courtois, Beta blocker, Bile, Birth defect, Bone, Brachiocephalic vein, Bradycardia, Bruit, Calcitonin, Calcitonin gene-related peptide, Calcium metabolism, Carbimazole, Carcinoma, Carotid artery, Cell biology, Cell membrane, Charles Horace Mayo, Chernobyl disaster, Childbirth, Chinese language, Cholesterol, Colloid, Colloid nodule, Congenital hypothyroidism, ..., Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, Constipation, Contemporary Latin, Copula linguae, Cricoid cartilage, Cyst, David Marine, Deiodinase, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Diarrhea, Diiodotyrosine, Dopamine, Ectopia (medicine), Emil Theodor Kocher, Endemic goitre, Endocrine gland, Endocrine Reviews, Endocrine system, Endocrinology, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endostyle, Enzyme, Epithelium, Eugen Baumann, Evolution, Exocrine gland, External carotid artery, Family medicine, Fatty acid, Fetus, Fine-needle aspiration, Follicular cell, Follicular thyroid cancer, Frog, Galen, General practitioner, George Washington Crile, Gestational age, Glucocorticoid, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose transporter, Glucose uptake, Glycolysis, Glycoprotein, Goitre, Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy, Hakaru Hashimoto, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Histology, Histopathology, Hormone, Hormone response element, Human embryogenesis, Human variability, Hyoid bone, Hypercalcaemia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypopharyngeal eminence, Hypothalamus, Hypothyroidism, Inferior thyroid artery, Inferior thyroid veins, Infrahyoid muscles, Intellectual disability, Internal jugular vein, Intracellular receptor, Iodide, Iodinated contrast, Iodine, Iodine deficiency, Iodine in biology, Iodine-123, Iodine-131, Iodised salt, Iodothyronine deiodinase, Iodotyrosine deiodinase, Ion channel, Isotope, Lamprey, Lancelet, Larynx, Leonardo da Vinci, Levator muscle of thyroid gland, Levothyroxine, Lipolysis, List of anatomical isthmi, Lithium, Lobe (anatomy), Lymph, Lymphocyte, Mammal, Median tongue bud, Medical imaging, Medical ultrasound, Medullary thyroid cancer, Menorrhagia, Menstrual cycle, Metabolism, Metamorphosis, Metastasis, Middle thyroid vein, Minimally invasive procedures, Mitochondrion, Monoiodotyrosine, Myxedema, Myxedema coma, Neck, Negative feedback, Neoteny, Neural crest, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Neuroendocrine cell, Newborn screening, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nuclear fission, Nuclear receptor, Osteoblast, Osteoclast, Otorhinolaryngology, Palpation, Palpation thyroiditis, Palpitations, Papillary thyroid cancer, Parafollicular cell, Parasympathetic nervous system, Parathyroid gland, Parathyroid hormone, Paratracheal lymph nodes, Pathognomonicity, Pemberton's sign, Pendrin, Peptide hormone, Percussion (medicine), Persistent thyroglossal duct, Pharyngeal arch, Pharyngeal pouch (embryology), Pierre Lalouette, Pituitary adenoma, Pituitary gland, Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase, Pliny the Elder, Postpartum thyroiditis, Prelaryngeal lymph nodes, Prenatal development, Pretracheal fascia, Pretracheal lymph nodes, Prevalence, Propylthiouracil, Protein, Protein biosynthesis, Psychic, Radioactive decay, Radioactive iodine uptake test, Radiofrequency ablation, Recurrent laryngeal nerve, Redox, Renaissance, Reverse triiodothyronine, Riedel's thyroiditis, Risk factor, Robert James Graves, Salamander, Salt, Sarcoidosis, Septum, Serum albumin, Sodium-iodide symporter, Somatostatin, Sternocleidomastoid muscle, Stethoscope, Stratified squamous epithelium, Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, Subacute thyroiditis, Superinfection, Superior laryngeal nerve, Superior thyroid artery, Superior thyroid vein, Sushruta Samhita, Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland, Sympathetic nervous system, Sympathetic trunk, T cell, Tadpole, Technetium-99, Teleost, Tetrapod, Theodor Billroth, Thermogenesis, Thiamazole, Thomas Wharton (anatomist), Thyrocervical trunk, Thyroglobulin, Thyroglossal cyst, Thyroglossal duct, Thyroid adenoma, Thyroid cancer, Thyroid cartilage, Thyroid disease, Thyroid disease in pregnancy, Thyroid diverticulum, Thyroid dysgenesis, Thyroid function tests, Thyroid hormone receptor, Thyroid hormones, Thyroid ima artery, Thyroid lymphoma, Thyroid nodule, Thyroid peroxidase, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Thyroidectomy, Thyroiditis, Thyroidologist, Thyrotropic cell, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Thyroxine-binding globulin, Tongue, Toxic multinodular goitre, Trachea, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Transthyretin, Triiodothyronine, Tunicate, Tyrosine, Ultimopharyngeal body, Vertebrate, Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, Vitiligo, Vocal folds, William Stewart Halsted, Xenophon, Zuckerkandl's tubercle (thyroid gland). Expand index (233 more) »
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi (died 982–994), also known as Masoudi, or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian physician and psychologist from the Islamic Golden Age, most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art, his textbook on medicine and psychology.
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Aëtius of Amida
Aëtius of Amida (Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός; Latin: Aëtius Amidenus; fl. mid-5th century to mid-6th century) was a Byzantine Greek physician and medical writer, particularly distinguished by the extent of his erudition.
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Acute infectious thyroiditis
Acute infectious thyroiditis (AIT) also known as suppurative thyroiditis, microbial inflammatory thyroiditis, pyrogenic thyroiditis and bacterial thyroiditis.
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Adam's apple
The Adam's apple, or laryngeal prominence, is a feature of the human neck, and is the lump or protrusion that is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx seen especially in males.
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Addison's disease
Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism, is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.
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Adenylyl cyclase
Adenylyl cyclase (also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylate cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in essentially all cells.
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Alps
The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.
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Amiodarone
Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat and prevent a number of types of irregular heartbeats.
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Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia.
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Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal protein, known as amyloid fibrils, builds up in tissue.
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Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a form of thyroid cancer which has a very poor prognosis due to its aggressive behavior and resistance to cancer treatments.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Andreas Vesalius
Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body).
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Andrew Schally
Andrzej Viktor "Andrew" Schally (born 30 November 1926) is an American endocrinologistAndrew V. Schally,, Encyclopædia Britannica.
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Angina
Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is chest pain or pressure, usually due to not enough blood flow to the heart muscle.
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Anterior pituitary
A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior), is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
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Antiarrhythmic agent
Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
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Antiporter
An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is a cotransporter and integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.
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Axolotl
The axolotl (from āxōlōtl) also known as a Mexican salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum) or a Mexican walking fish, is a neotenic salamander, closely related to the tiger salamander.
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Ayurveda
Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.
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B cell
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
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Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.
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Bernard Courtois
Bernard Courtois, also spelled Barnard Courtois, (8 February 1777 – 27 September 1838) was a French chemist credited with first isolating iodine and morphine.
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Beta blocker
Beta blockers, also written β-blockers, are a class of medications that are particularly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms, and to protect the heart from a second heart attack (myocardial infarction) after a first heart attack (secondary prevention).
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Bile
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
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Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.
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Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
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Brachiocephalic vein
The left and right brachiocephalic veins (or innominate veins) in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein.
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Bradycardia
Bradycardia is a condition wherein an individual has a very slow heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults.
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Bruit
Bruit (from French, "noise"), or vascular murmur, is the abnormal sound generated by turbulent flow of blood in an artery due to either an area of partial obstruction; or a localized high rate of blood flow through an unobstructed artery.
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Calcitonin
Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland, and in many other animals in the ultimopharyngeal body.
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Calcitonin gene-related peptide
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides, which in humans exists in two forms, α-CGRP and β-CGRP.
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Calcium metabolism
Calcium metabolism refers to the movements and regulation of calcium ions (Ca2+) into and out of various body compartments, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the blood plasma, the extracellular and the intracellular fluid, and bone tissue.
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Carbimazole
Carbimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism.
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Carcinoma
Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells.
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Carotid artery
Carotid artery may refer to.
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Cell biology
Cell biology (also called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, the basic unit of life.
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Charles Horace Mayo
Charles Horace Mayo (July 19, 1865 – May 26, 1939) was an American medical practitioner and was one of the founders of the Mayo Clinic along with his brother, William James Mayo, Augustus Stinchfield, Christopher Graham, E. Star Judd, Henry Stanley Plummer, Melvin Millet, and Donald Balfour.
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Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the Chernobyl accident, was a catastrophic nuclear accident.
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Childbirth
Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman's uterus by vaginal passage or C-section.
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Chinese language
Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.
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Colloid
In chemistry, a colloid is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance.
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Colloid nodule
Colloid nodules, also known as adenomatous nodules or colloid nodular goiter are benign, noncancerous enlargement of thyroid tissue.
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Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a condition of thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth.
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Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, previously known as Cretinism, is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism.
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Constipation
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass.
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Contemporary Latin
Contemporary Latin is the form of the Latin language used from the end of the 19th century through the present.
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Copula linguae
The copula linguae or copula, is a swelling that forms from the second pharyngeal arch, late in the fourth week of embryogenesis.
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Cricoid cartilage
The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid (from the Greek krikoeides meaning "ring-shaped") or cricoid ring, is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea.
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Cyst
A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division compared with the nearby tissue.
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David Marine
David Marine (20 September 1888 – 6 November 1976) was an American pathologist.
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Deiodinase
Deiodinase (or iodide peroxidase or "Monodeiodinase") is a peroxidase enzyme that is involved in the activation or deactivation of thyroid hormones.
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Diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes mellitus type 1, also known as type 1 diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Diiodotyrosine
Diiodotyrosine (DIT) is a precursor in the production of thyroid hormone, and results from iodization of monoiodotyrosine at the other meta- position on the phenol ring.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Ectopia (medicine)
An ectopia is a displacement or malposition of an organ or other body part, which is then referred to as ectopic.
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Emil Theodor Kocher
Emil Theodor Kocher (25 August 1841 – 27 July 1917) was a Swiss physician and medical researcher who received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid.
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Endemic goitre
Endemic goiter is a type of goitre that is associated with dietary iodine deficiency.
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Endocrine gland
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.
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Endocrine Reviews
Endocrine Reviews is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal for review articles in endocrinology published by the Endocrine Society.
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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.
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Endocrinology
Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.
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Endostyle
The endostyle is an organ which assists lower-chordates (urochordates and cephalochordates, as well as the larvae of lampreys) in filter-feeding.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Eugen Baumann
Eugen Baumann (12 December 1846 – 3 November 1896) was a German chemist.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Exocrine gland
Exocrine glands are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
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External carotid artery
The external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck.
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Family medicine
Family medicine (FM), formerly family practice (FP), is a medical specialty devoted to comprehensive health care for people of all ages; the specialist is named a family physician or family doctor.
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Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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Fetus
A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.
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Fine-needle aspiration
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate lumps or masses.
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Follicular cell
Follicular cells (also called thyroid epithelial cells or thyrocytes) are cells in the thyroid gland that are responsible for the production and secretion of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
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Follicular thyroid cancer
Follicular thyroid cancer or follicular thyroid carcinoma accounts for 15% of thyroid cancer and occurs more commonly in women over 50 years of age.
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Frog
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (Ancient Greek ἀν-, without + οὐρά, tail).
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.
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General practitioner
In the medical profession, a general practitioner (GP) is a medical doctor who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients.
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George Washington Crile
George Washington Crile (November 11, 1864, Chili, Ohio – January 7, 1943, Cleveland, Ohio) was an American surgeon.
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Gestational age
Gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy which is taken from the woman's last menstrual period (LMP), or the corresponding age of the gestation as estimated by a more accurate method if available.
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Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.
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Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
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Glucose transporter
Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane.
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Glucose uptake
Method of glucose uptake differs throughout tissues depending on two factors; the metabolic needs of the tissue and availability of glucose.
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
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Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.
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Goitre
A goitre or goiter is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland.
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Graves' disease
Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid.
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Graves' ophthalmopathy
Graves ophthalmopathy (also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), dysthyroid/thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), Graves' orbitopathy (GO)) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness (erythema), conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (exophthalmos).
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Hakaru Hashimoto
was a Japanese medical scientist of the Meiji and Taishō periods.
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease, is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed.
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Histology
Histology, also microanatomy, is the study of the anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals using microscopy.
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Histopathology
Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: ἱστός histos "tissue", πάθος pathos "suffering", and -λογία -logia "study of") refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Hormone response element
A hormone response element (HRE) is a short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene that is able to bind to a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription.
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Human embryogenesis
Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development.
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Human variability
Human variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings.
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Hyoid bone
The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.
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Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia, also spelled hypercalcemia, is a high calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum.
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Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.
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Hypopharyngeal eminence
The hypopharyngeal eminence or hypobranchial eminence is a midline swelling of the third and fourth pharyngeal arches, in the development of the tongue.
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
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Inferior thyroid artery
The inferior thyroid artery is an artery in the neck.
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Inferior thyroid veins
The inferior thyroid veins appear two, frequently three or four, in number, and arise in the venous plexus on the thyroid gland, communicating with the middle and superior thyroid veins.
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Infrahyoid muscles
The infrahyoid muscles (strap muscles) are a group of four pairs of muscles in the anterior (frontal) part of the neck.
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Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability, and mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
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Internal jugular vein
The internal jugular vein is a paired jugular vein that collects blood from the brain and the superficial parts of the face and neck.
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Intracellular receptor
Intracellular receptors are receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane.
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Iodide
An iodide ion is the ion I−.
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Iodinated contrast
Iodinated contrast is a form of intravenous radiocontrast (radiographic dye) containing iodine, which enhances the visibility of vascular structures and organs during radiographic procedures.
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Iodine
Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53.
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Iodine deficiency
Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet.
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Iodine in biology
SBHarris 05:41, 26 July 2009 (UTC)--> Iodine is an essential trace element for life, the heaviest element commonly needed by living organisms, and the second-heaviest known to be used by any form of life (only tungsten, a component of a few bacterial enzymes, has a higher atomic number and atomic weight).
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Iodine-123
Iodine-123 (123I or I-123) is a radioactive isotope of iodine used in nuclear medicine imaging, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or SPECT/CT exams.
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Iodine-131
Iodine-131 (131I) is an important radioisotope of iodine discovered by Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood in 1938 at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Iodised salt
Iodised salt (also spelled iodized salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element iodine.
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Iodothyronine deiodinase
Iodothyronine deiodinases (and) are a subfamily of deiodinase enzymes important in the activation and deactivation of thyroid hormones.
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Iodotyrosine deiodinase
Iodotyrosine deiodinase, also known as iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1, is a type of deiodinase enzyme that scavenges iodide by removing it from iodinated tyrosine residues in the thyroid gland.
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Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
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Isotope
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.
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Lamprey
Lampreys (sometimes also called, inaccurately, lamprey eels) are an ancient lineage of jawless fish of the order Petromyzontiformes, placed in the superclass Cyclostomata.
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Lancelet
The lancelets — also known as amphioxi (singular, amphioxus) consist of about 32 species of fish-like marine chordates in the order Amphioxiformes.
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Larynx
The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck of tetrapods involved in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
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Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.
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Levator muscle of thyroid gland
A fibrous or muscular band is sometimes found attached, above, to the body of the hyoid bone, and below to the thyroid isthmus, or its pyramidal lobe.
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Levothyroxine
Levothyroxine, also known as -thyroxine, is a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4).
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Lipolysis
Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids and involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids.
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List of anatomical isthmi
In anatomy, isthmus refers to a constriction between organs.
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Lithium
Lithium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.
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Lobe (anatomy)
In anatomy, a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension of an organ (as seen for example in the brain, the lung, liver or the kidney) that can be determined without the use of a microscope at the gross anatomy level.
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Lymph
Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Median tongue bud
The median tongue bud (also tuberculum impar) marks the beginning of the development of the tongue.
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Medical imaging
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
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Medical ultrasound
Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound.
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Medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a form of thyroid carcinoma which originates from the parafollicular cells (C cells), which produce the hormone calcitonin.
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Menorrhagia
Menorrhagia is a menstrual period with excessively heavy flow and falls under the larger category of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).
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Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation.
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Metastasis
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor.
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Middle thyroid vein
The middle thyroid vein (vena thyreoidea media) collects the blood from the lower part of the thyroid gland, and after being joined by some veins from the larynx and trachea, ends in the lower part of the internal jugular vein.
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Minimally invasive procedures
Minimally invasive procedures (also known as minimally invasive surgeries) encompass surgical techniques that limit the size of incisions needed and so lessen wound healing time, associated pain and risk of infection.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine is a precursor of thyroid hormone and results from halogenation of tyrosine at the meta-position of the benzene ring.
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Myxedema
Myxedema or myxoedema is a term used synonymously with severe hypothyroidism.
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Myxedema coma
Myxedema coma is a state of decompensated hypothyroidism.
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Neck
The neck is the part of the body, on many vertebrates, that separates the head from the torso.
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Negative feedback
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.
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Neoteny
Neoteny, (also called juvenilization)Montagu, A. (1989).
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Neural crest
Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to chordates of the group Cristozoa that arise from the embryonic ectoderm cell layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.
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Neurodevelopmental disorder
Neurodevelopmental disorder is a mental disorder.
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Neuroendocrine cell
Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) to the blood.
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Newborn screening
Newborn screening is a public health program of screening in infants shortly after birth for a list of conditions that are treatable, but not clinically evident in the newborn period.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Nuclear fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).
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Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules.
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Osteoblast
Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.
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Osteoclast
An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.
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Otorhinolaryngology
Otorhinolaryngology (also called otolaryngology and otolaryngology–head and neck surgery) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with conditions of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) and related structures of the head and neck.
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Palpation
Palpation is the process of using one's hands to check the body, especially while perceiving/diagnosing a disease or illness.
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Palpation thyroiditis
Palpation thyroiditis refers to the development of thyroid inflammation due to mechanical damage to thyroid follicles.
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Palpitations
Palpitations are the perceived abnormality of the heartbeat characterized by awareness of cardiac muscle contractions in the chest: hard, fast and/or irregular beats.
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Papillary thyroid cancer
Papillary thyroid cancer or papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer, representing 75 percent to 85 percent of all thyroid cancer cases.
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Parafollicular cell
Parafollicular cells (also called C cells) are neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid which primary function is to secrete calcitonin.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)), the other being the sympathetic nervous system.
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Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods that produce parathyroid hormone.
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Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that is important in bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time.
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Paratracheal lymph nodes
The right and left paratracheal lymph nodes (or paratracheal chains) are groups of lymph nodes located in the throat.
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Pathognomonicity
Pathognomonic (rarely spelled pathognomic and sometimes misspelled as pathomnemonic) is a term, often used in medicine, that means characteristic for a particular disease.
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Pemberton's sign
Pemberton's sign was named after Dr.
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Pendrin
Pendrin, is an anion exchange protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC26A4 gene (solute carrier family 26, member 4).
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Peptide hormone
Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively.
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Percussion (medicine)
Percussion is a method of tapping on a surface to determine the underlying structure, and is used in clinical examinations to assess the condition of the thorax or abdomen.
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Persistent thyroglossal duct
A persistent thyroglossal duct is a usually benign medical condition in which the thyroglossal duct, a structure usually only found during embryonic development, fails to atrophy.
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Pharyngeal arch
The pharyngeal arches —also known as visceral arches—are structures seen in the embryonic development of vertebrates that are recognisable precursors for many structures.
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Pharyngeal pouch (embryology)
In the embryonic development of vertebrates, pharyngeal pouches form on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal arches.
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Pierre Lalouette
Pierre Lalouette de Vernicourt (1711 - 1792) was a distinguished French anatomist.
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Pituitary adenoma
Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland.
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Pituitary gland
An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri) & the congenital anomalies. In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.
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Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
The plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in the plasma membrane of cells and functions to remove calcium (Ca2+) from the cell.
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Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder (born Gaius Plinius Secundus, AD 23–79) was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, a naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and friend of emperor Vespasian.
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Postpartum thyroiditis
Postpartum thyroiditis is a phenomenon observed following pregnancy and may involve hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or the two sequentially.
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Prelaryngeal lymph nodes
Prelaryngeal lymph nodes are lymph nodes located anterior to the larynx.
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Prenatal development
Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation.
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Pretracheal fascia
The pretracheal fascia extends medially in front of the carotid vessels, and assists in forming the carotid sheath.
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Pretracheal lymph nodes
The pretracheal lymph nodes are lymph nodes located anterior to the trachea.
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Prevalence
Prevalence in epidemiology is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use).
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Propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a medication used to treat hyperthyroidism.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein biosynthesis
Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.
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Psychic
A psychic is a person who claims to use extrasensory perception (ESP) to identify information hidden from the normal senses, particularly involving telepathy or clairvoyance, or who performs acts that are apparently inexplicable by natural laws.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Radioactive iodine uptake test
The radioactive iodine uptake test, or RAIU test, is a type of scan used in the diagnosis of thyroid problems, particularly hyperthyroidism.
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Radiofrequency ablation
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a medical procedure in which part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, tumor or other dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from medium frequency alternating current (in the range of 350–500 kHz).
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve
The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
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Reverse triiodothyronine
Reverse triiodothyronine (3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine, reverse T3, or rT3) is an isomer of triiodothyronine (3,5,3’ triiodothyronine, T3).
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Riedel's thyroiditis
Riedel's thyroiditis, also called Riedel's struma is a chronic form of thyroiditis.
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Risk factor
In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.
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Robert James Graves
Robert James Graves, F.R.C.S. (27 March 1796 – 20 March 1853) was an eminent Irish surgeon after whom Graves' disease takes its name.
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Salamander
Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults.
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Salt
Salt, table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.
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Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas.
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Septum
In biology, a septum (Latin for something that encloses; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones.
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Serum albumin
Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood.
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Sodium-iodide symporter
A sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), also known as a sodium/iodide cotransporter or solute carrier family 5, member 5 (SLC5A5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC5A5 gene.
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Somatostatin
Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.
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Sternocleidomastoid muscle
The sternocleidomastoid muscle (also known as sternomastoid, commonly abbreviated as SCM or simply referred to as sterno muscle), is a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the side of the neck.
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Stethoscope
The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.
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Stratified squamous epithelium
A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane.
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Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis
Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis is a form of thyroiditis that is also known as silent thyroiditis or painless thyroiditis.
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Subacute thyroiditis
Subacute thyroiditis is a form of thyroiditis that can be a cause of both thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism.
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Superinfection
A superinfection is a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection.
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Superior laryngeal nerve
The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve.
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Superior thyroid artery
The superior thyroid artery arises from the external carotid artery just below the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and ends in the thyroid gland.
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Superior thyroid vein
The superior thyroid vein begins in the substance and on the surface of the thyroid gland, by tributaries corresponding with the branches of the superior thyroid artery, and ends in the upper part of the internal jugular vein.
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Sushruta Samhita
The Sushruta Samhita (सुश्रुतसंहिता, IAST: Suśrutasaṃhitā, literally "Suśruta's Compendium") is an ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and surgery, and one of the most important such treatises on this subject to survive from the ancient world.
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Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland
The suspensory ligament of the thyroid gland, or Berry's ligament, is a suspensory ligament that passes from the thyroid gland to the trachea.
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Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Sympathetic trunk
The sympathetic trunks (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
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T cell
A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
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Tadpole
A tadpole (also called a pollywog) is the larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly that of a frog or toad.
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Technetium-99
Technetium-99 (99Tc) is an isotope of technetium which decays with a half-life of 211,000 years to stable ruthenium-99, emitting beta particles, but no gamma rays.
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Teleost
The teleosts or Teleostei (Greek: teleios, "complete" + osteon, "bone") are by far the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, and make up 96% of all extant species of fish.
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Tetrapod
The superclass Tetrapoda (from Greek: τετρα- "four" and πούς "foot") contains the four-limbed vertebrates known as tetrapods; it includes living and extinct amphibians, reptiles (including dinosaurs, and its subgroup birds) and mammals (including primates, and all hominid subgroups including humans), as well as earlier extinct groups.
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Theodor Billroth
Christian Albert Theodor Billroth (26 April 18296 February 1894) was a Prussian-born Austrian surgeon and amateur musician.
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Thermogenesis
Thermogenesis is the process of heat production in organisms.
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Thiamazole
Thiamazole, also known as methimazole, is an antithyroid drug, and part of the thioamide group.
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Thomas Wharton (anatomist)
Thomas Wharton (1614–1673) was an English physician and anatomist best known for his descriptions of the submandibular duct (one of the salivary ducts) and Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord.
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Thyrocervical trunk
The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery arising from the first portion of this vessel, i.e. between the origin of the subclavian artery and the inner border of the scalenus anterior muscle.
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Thyroglobulin
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland.
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Thyroglossal cyst
A thyroglossal cyst is a fibrous cyst that forms from a persistent thyroglossal duct.
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Thyroglossal duct
The thyroglossal duct is an embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position. It is located exactly mid-line, between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue. The thyroid gland starts developing in the oropharynx in the fetus and descends to its final position taking a path through the tongue, hyoid bone and neck muscles. The connection between its original position and its final position is the thyroglossal duct. This duct normally atrophies and closes off as the foramen cecum before birth but can remain open in some people.
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Thyroid adenoma
A thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland.
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Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland.
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Thyroid cartilage
The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx.
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Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland (the endocrine organ found at the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones).
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Thyroid disease in pregnancy
Thyroid disease in pregnancy can affect the health of the mother as well as the child before and after delivery.
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Thyroid diverticulum
The thyroid pouch or thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure of the second pharyngeal arch from which thyroid follicular cells derive.
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Thyroid dysgenesis
Thyroid dysgenesis or thyroid agenesis is a cause of congenital hypothyroidism where the thyroid is missing, ectopic, or severely underdeveloped.
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Thyroid function tests
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function of the thyroid.
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Thyroid hormone receptor
The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone.
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Thyroid hormones
Thyroid hormones are two hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
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Thyroid ima artery
The thyroid ima artery (thyroidea ima artery, arteria thyroidea ima, thyroid artery of Neubauer or the lowest thyroid artery) is an artery of the head and neck.
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Thyroid lymphoma
Thyroid lymphoma is a rare malignant tumor constituting 1% to 2% of all thyroid malignancies and less than 2% of lymphomas.
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Thyroid nodule
Thyroid nodules are nodules (raised areas of tissue or fluid) which commonly arise within an otherwise normal thyroid gland.
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Thyroid peroxidase
Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO) or iodide peroxidase, is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid where it is secreted into colloid.
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, TSH, or hTSH for human TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.
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Thyroidectomy
A thyroidectomy is an operation that involves the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland.
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Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland.
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Thyroidologist
A thyroidologist is a medical practitioner specializing in the thyroid and related areas.
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Thyrotropic cell
Thyrotropes (also called thyrotrophs) are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary which produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH).
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), also called thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) or thyroliberin, is a releasing hormone, produced by the hypothalamus, that stimulates the release of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary.
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Thyroxine-binding globulin
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a globulin that binds thyroid hormones in circulation.
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Tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing.
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Toxic multinodular goitre
Toxic multinodular goiter (also known as toxic nodular goiter, or Plummer's disease) is a multinodular goiter associated with hyperthyroidism.
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Trachea
The trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Transthyretin
Transthyretin (TTR) is a transport protein in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid that carries the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) and retinol-binding protein bound to retinol.
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Triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone.
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Tunicate
A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata, which is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords.
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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Ultimopharyngeal body
The ultimopharyngeal body or ultimobranchial body or ultimobranchial gland is a small organ found in the neck region of many animals.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, of which pernicious anemia is a type, is a disease in which not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B12.
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Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a long-term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment.
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Vocal folds
The vocal folds, also known commonly as vocal cords or voice reeds, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the larynx.
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William Stewart Halsted
William Stewart Halsted, M.D. (September 23, 1852 – September 7, 1922) was an American surgeon who emphasized strict aseptic technique during surgical procedures, was an early champion of newly discovered anesthetics, and introduced several new operations, including the radical mastectomy for breast cancer.
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Xenophon
Xenophon of Athens (Ξενοφῶν,, Xenophōn; – 354 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, historian, soldier, mercenary, and student of Socrates.
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Zuckerkandl's tubercle (thyroid gland)
Zuckerkandl's tubercle is a pyramidal extension of the thyroid gland, present at the most posterior side of each lobe.
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Glandula thyreoidea, Glandula thyreoides, Glandula thyreoidica, Glandula thyroidea, Glandula thyroides, Isthmus glandulae thyreoideae, Isthmus glandulae thyreoidis, Isthmus glandulae thyroideae, Isthmus glandulae thyroidis, Isthmus of the thyroid, Isthmus of the thyroid gland, Lalouette's Pyramid, Lalouette's pyramid, Lalouette's pyramids, Lalouettes pyramid, Lalouettes pyramids, Lobes of the thyroid gland, Lobes of thyroid gland, Lobuli glandulae thyreoideae, Lobuli glandulae thyreoidis, Lobuli glandulae thyroidis, Lobus pyramidalis glandulae thyreodis, Lobus pyramidalis glandulae thyreoideae, Lobus pyramidalis glandulae thyreoidis, Lobus pyramidalis glandulae thyrodis, Lobus pyramidalis glandulae thyroideae, Lobus pyramidalis glandulae thyroidis, Lobus pyramidicus glandulae thyreodis, Lobus pyramidicus glandulae thyreoideae, Lobus pyramidicus glandulae thyreoidis, Lobus pyramidicus glandulae thyrodis, Lobus pyramidicus glandulae thyroideae, Lobus pyramidicus glandulae thyroidis, Pyramid of thyroid, Pyramidal lobe, Pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland, Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland, Pyramidal lobes of the thyroid glands, Pyramidal lobes of thyroid gland, Pyramidal lobes of thyroid glands, Thiroid, Thyreoid, Thyreoid gland, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid follicle, Thyroid function, Thyroid gland, Thyroid gland cell, Thyroid gland disorders, Thyroid glands, Thyroid isthmus, Thyroidal, Thyroidea, Tiroid, Tyroid.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid
