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A.E. Clouston

Air Commodore Arthur Edmond Clouston, (7 April 1908 – 1 January 1984) was a British test pilot and senior Royal Air Force officer who took part in several air races and record-breaking flights in the 1930s.

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Aaron the Tyrant

Aaron the Tyrant (Aron Tiranul) or Aron Vodă ("Aron the Voivode"), sometimes credited as Aron Emanoil or Emanuel Aaron (Aaron Waida, Aaron Vaivoda, Arvan or Zalim; before 1560 – May 1597), was twice the Prince of Moldavia: between September 1591 and June 1592, and October 1592 to May 3 or 4, 1595.

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Abaqa Khan

Abaqa Khan (1234–1282, ᠠᠪᠠᠬᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (Traditional script), "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (Ilkhan) of the Ilkhanate.

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Abaza Hasan Pasha

Abaza Hasan Pasha, also called Kara Hasan Pasha or Celali Hasan Pasha; (ابازه حسن پاشا, Abāza Ḥasan Paşa), was an Ottoman provincial governor and Celali rebel of the mid-seventeenth century.

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Abba-El I

Abba-El I (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab), succeeding his father Hammurabi I.

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Abba-El II

Abba-El II (reigned middle 16th century BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Halab (formerly Yamhad) who reigned after the withdrawal of the Hittites.

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Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)

The Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 782 was one of the largest operations launched by the Abbasid Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire.

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Abbey

An abbey is a complex of buildings used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess.

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Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda

Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda Ansari (عبد الفتاح أبو غدة انصارى, 9 May 1917 – 16 February 1997) was a Syrian Muslim Brotherhood leader.

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Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi

Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (عبداللطيف البغدادي, 1162 in Baghdad–1231), short for Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (موفق الدين محمد عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البغدادي), was a physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveler, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.

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Abd al-Qadir Qaddura

Abd al-Qadir Qaddura (عبد القادر قدورة) was a Syrian politician who was a leading member of the Syria-based wing of the Ba'ath Party, in the era of President Hafez al-Assad (in power 1970-2000).

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Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi

'Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi (عبد الرحمن الكواكبي, 1854 or 1855–1902) was a Syrian author and Pan-Arab solidarity supporter.

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Abd al-Rahman Mowakket

Abdul Rahman Mowakket (born 1946) is a contemporary sculptor from Syria.

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Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar

Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar (1880 – June 1940) was a prominent Syrian nationalist during the French Mandate of Syria and a leading opponent of compromise with French authority.

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Abd al-Wahhab Hawmad

Abd al-Wahhab Hawmad (عبد الوهاب حومد) (1915 – February 2002) was a Syrian politician, lawyer, criminologist and professor.

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Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud

Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun (عبد الواحد بن مسعود بن محمد عنون) was principal secretary to the Moroccan ruler Mulay Ahmad al-Mansur, and ambassador to the court of Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1600, whose primary task was to promote the establishment of an Anglo-Moroccan alliance.

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Abdallah ibn Ali

Abdallah ibn al-Abbas (ca. 712 – 764 CE) was a member of the Abbasid dynasty, who played a leading role in its rise to power during the Abbasid Revolution.

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Abdallah Marrash

Abdallah bin Fathallah bin Nasrallah Marrash (Arabic: عبد الله بن فتح الله بن نصر الله مرّاش / ALA-LC: ‘Abd Allāh bin Fatḥ Allāh bin Naṣr Allāh Marrāsh; May 1839Griolet & Vergé (ed.), p. 76. – January 17, 1900) was a Syrian writer involved in various Arabic-language newspaper ventures in London and Paris.

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Abdelrazaq Al-Hussain

Abdelrazaq Al Hussain (عبد الرزاق الحسين; born September 15, 1986, in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Al-Nejmeh, which competes in the Lebanese Premier League and is currently a member of the Syria national football team.

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Abdul Fattah Al Agha

Abdul Fattah Al Agha (عبد الفتاح الآغا; born August 1, 1984, in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer.

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Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II (عبد الحميد ثانی, `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî; İkinci Abdülhamit; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.

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Abdul Jabbar al-Oqaidi

Abdul Jabbar al-Oqaidi (عبد الجبار العكيدي) (also spelled al-Aqidi) was a commander of and spokesman for the Free Syrian Army in Aleppo.

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Abdul Qader al-Keilani

Abdul Qader Husni al-Keilani al-Hasani (1874–1948) (عبدالقادر حسني الكيلاني.) was a Syrian nationalist, statesman and religious authority.

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Abdul Qader Saleh

Abdul Qader Saleh (Arabic: عبد القادر صالح, Abdul Qader Saleh; 1979 – 17 November 2013), also known as Haji Mare', was one of the founding commanders of the Tawhid Brigade.

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Abdul Razzaq Gilani

ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (c. Dhu al-Qi'dah 528 AH – 6 Shawwal 603 AH/9 September 1134 – 7 May 1207),The works of Shaykh Umar Eli of Somalia of al-Tariqat al-Qadiriyyah. also known as Abū Bakr al-Jīlī or ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Jīlānī (often simplified as Abdul-Razzaq Gilani) for short, or reverentially as Shaykh ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Jīlānī by Sunni Muslims, was a Persian Sunni Muslim Hanbali theologian, jurist, traditionist, and Sufi mystic based in Baghdad.

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Abdullah Fa'izi ad-Daghestani

Abdullah Fa'izi al-Daghestani (December 14, 1891 – September 30, 1973), commonly known as Shaykh Abdullah, was a Dagestani shaykh of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi order.

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Abdulrazak Eid

Abdulrazak Eid, Abdul razzak Eid, Abdul razaq Eid, Abdel razzak Eid, Abdul razzaq Eid, or Abd al Razzaq 'Id (Arabic:عبد الرزاق عيد; born September 10, 1950) is a Syrian writer and thinker and one of Syria's leading reformers.

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Abed Azrie

Abed Azrie or Abed Azrié (عابد عازرية) (born 1945 in Aleppo) is a French-Syrian singer and composer of Syrian descent, who performs Classical music in a variety of languages, including Arabic, English, French, German, Spanish, and other.

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Abel Pavet de Courteille

Abel Jean Baptiste Michel Pavet de Courteille (23 June 1821 – 12 December 1889) was a 19th-century French orientalist, specialized in the study of Turkish languages.

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Ablah

Ablah (‘Ablah; Ebla) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Abu Abdo

Abu Abdo al-Fawwal (أبو عبدو الفوّال) is a ful parlor located in Aleppo, Syria.

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Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali

Abū 'l-Aswad Ẓālim ibn ‘Amr ibn Sufyān ibn Jandal ibn Yamar ibn Hīls ibn Nufātha ibn Adi ibn ad-Dīl ibn Bakr, surnamed ad-Dīlī, or ad-Duwalī, or Abū 'l-Aswad al-Du'alī (أبو الأسود الدؤلي),(ca.-16/603–69/689), was the poet companion of 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib and grammarian.

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Abu al-Duhur

Abu al-Duhur (أبو الظهور; Abu al-Ẓuhur, also spelled Abu al-Thuhur) is a town in northwestern Syria on the edge of the Syrian Desert, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located about 45 kilometers south of Aleppo.

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Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani

`Ali ibn al-Husayn ul-Iṣfahānī (أبو الفرج الأصفهاني), also known as Abu-l-Faraj or, in the West, as Abulfaraj (897–967 CE) was an historian of Arab-Quraysh origin who is noted for collecting and preserving ancient Arabic lyrics and poems in his major work, the Kitāb al-Aghānī.

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Abu Firas al-Hamdani

Al-Harith ibn Abi’l-ʿAlaʾ Saʿid ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (932–968), better known by his nom de plume of Abu Firas al-Hamdani (أبو فراس الحمداني), was an Arab prince and poet.

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Abu Huzaifa al-Kanadi

Abu Huzaifa al-Kanadi, also known as Abu Huzaifa the Canadian, is a self-described member of the Islamic State terrorist group, which he joined in 2014 after emptying his bank account and visiting Syria.

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Abu Khalid al-Suri

Abu Khalid al-Suri (Arabic: أبو خالد السوري; Abu Khalid 'the Syrian'), or Mohamed al-Bahaiya or Abu Umayr al-Shami, was a Syrian jihadist militant often affiliated with Osama Bin Laden’s al-Qaeda and the Syrian Islamist group Ahrar al-Sham.

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Abu Layla

Faisal Abdi Bilal Saadoun (1984 – 5 June 2016), widely known as Abu Leyla or Abu Layla (أبو ليلى), was a commander of the Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Democratic Forces.

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Abu Luqman

Ali Moussa Al-Shawakh, (born 1973) known by his kunya Abu Luqman, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari or Ali al-Hamoud, is a Syrian man and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant governor of Raqqa, Syria as of July 2015.

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Abu Omar al-Shishani

Tarkhan Batirashvili (თარხან ბათირაშვილი; 11 February 1986 – 10 July 2016), known by his nom de guerre Abu Omar al-Shishani (أبو عمر الشيشاني, Abū ‘Umar ash-Shīshānī, "Abu Omar the Chechen") or Omar al-Shishani, was a Georgian Chechen (Kist) jihadist who served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria, and previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army.

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Abu Qubays

Abu Qubays (أبو قبيس also spelled Abu Qobeis, Abu Qubais or Bu Kubais; also known as Qartal) is a former medieval castle and currently an inhabited village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located northwest of Hama.

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Abu Ratib

Mohamed Mustapha Ali Masfaka (born 1962), better known as Abu Ratib (أبو راتب), is a Syrian-born Nasheed singer of Islamic and Arabic music based on classical Arab poetry.

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Abu Taghlib

Fadl Allah Abu Taghlib al-Ghadanfar ʿUddat al-Dawla (فضل الله أبو تغلب الغضنفر عدة الدولة), usually known simply by his kunya as Abu Taghlib, was the third Hamdanid ruler of the Emirate of Mosul, encompassing most of the Jazira.

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Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah

Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, fully Abū ‘Ubaydah ‘Āmir ibn ‘Abdillāh ibn al-Jarāḥ (أبو عبيدة عامر بن عبدالله بن الجراح; 583–639 CE), was one of companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi

Abdulaziz al-Mahdali (born 1986, Fnideq, Morocco), known as Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi, was a senior military commander of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

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Abu'l-Fawaris Muhammad ibn Nasir al-Dawla

Abū'l-Fawāris Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Dawla was a Hamdanid prince, active as a governor and general for his uncle, Sayf al-Dawla, Emir of Aleppo.

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Abu'l-Najm Badr

Wafiyy al-Dawla wa-Aminahā Abūʾl-Najm Badr, also known as Badr al-Kabīr, was the ghulām (slave soldier) who assassinated the Fatimid governor of Aleppo, Aziz al-Dawla, and replaced him as governor for three months in 1022.

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Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi

Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi (Aleppo, May 981 – Mayyafariqin, 1027), also called al-wazir al-Maghribi ("the Western Vizier") and by the surname al-Kamil Dhu'l-Wizaratayn ("Perfect Possessor of the Two Vizierates"), was the last member of the Banu'l-Maghribi, a family of statesmen who served in several Muslim courts of the Middle East in the 10th and early 11th centuries.

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Acacius of Beroea

Acacius of Beroea, a Syrian, lived in a monastery near Antioch, and, for his active defense of the Church against Arianism, was made Bishop of Berroea in 378 AD, by Eusebius of Samosata.

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Acesur

Acesur is a referent company within the olive oil sector in Spain, with 100% Spanish capital share and at the top five in the international framework.

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Adana

Adana (Ադանա) is a major city in southern Turkey.

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Adana kebabı

Adana kebabı (colloquially known as Kıyma kebabı) is a long, hand-minced meat kebab mounted on a wide iron skewer and grilled on an open mangal filled with burning charcoal.

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Ades Synagogue

The Ades Synagogue, (בית הכנסת עדס), also known as the Great Synagogue Ades of the Glorious Aleppo Community, located in Jerusalem's Nachlaot neighborhood, was established by Syrian immigrants in 1901.

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Adil Şan

Adil Şan (born September 12, 1980) is a Syrian and Turkish singer and poet.

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Adli Qudsi

Adli Qudsi (1940-2018) was an architect known for his efforts in the reconstruction and preservation of the ancient city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Adnan Abdo al-Sukhni

Adnan Abdo Al Sukhni (عدنان عبدو السخني; born 1961) is a Syrian politician who has been serving as industry minister since August 2012.

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Adnan Ahmed

Adnan Farooq Ahmed (Urdu:; born 7 June 1984) is a Pakistan international footballer.

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Aerial bombing of cities

The aerial bombing of cities in warfare is an optional element of strategic bombing which became widespread during World War I. The bombing of cities grew to a vast scale in World War II, and is still practiced today.

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Aero L-39 Albatros

The Aero L-39 Albatros is a high-performance jet trainer developed in Czechoslovakia by Aero Vodochody.

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Aeroflot accidents and incidents in the 1980s

Following is a list of accidents and incidents experienced by Aeroflot during the 1980s.

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Afrin Dam

The Afrin Dam (سد عفرين), officially 17 April Dam (سد 17 نيسان), also called Maydanki Dam (سد ميدانكي), is an earth-filled water storage and hydroelectric power dam on the Afrin River in northwest Syria.

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Afrin Region

Afrin Region (Herêma Efrînê, إقليم عفرين, translit) is the westernmost of the three regions of the de facto autonomous Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS, most commonly known as Rojava).

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Afrin SC

Afrin Sports Club is a Syrian football club based in Afrin, Syria.

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Afrin, Syria

Afrin (translit; Efrîn or Afrîn; ܥܦܪܝܢ) is a district as well as a city in northern Syria.

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Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme

The Historic Cities Programme (HCP) of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) promotes the conservation and re-use of buildings and public spaces in historic cities of the Muslim World.

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Agapius II Matar

Agapius II Matar, (sometime also known as Agapios III, 1736–1812) was Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1796 to 1812.

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Agnes of Antioch

Agnes of Antioch (1154 – c. 1184) was a Queen of Hungary from 1172 until 1184 as the first wife of Béla III.

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Agnes of Courtenay

Agnes of Courtenay (c. 1136 – c. 1184) was the daughter of Joscelin II of Courtenay by his wife Beatrice (widow of William, Lord of Saône), and the mother of king Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and queen Sibylla of Jerusalem.

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Agriculture in Syria

Until the mid-1970s, agriculture in Syria was the primary economic activity in Syria.

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Ahatallah

Ahatallah (1590 – c. 1655) was a Syrian clergyman chiefly known for his trip to India in 1652, on which he claimed to be the designated "Patriarch of the Whole of India and of China".

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Ahl al-Sham

Ahl Al-Sham (غرفة أهل الشام) was a joint command structure and umbrella organization of four main Syrian opposition factions operating in Aleppo, Syria.

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Ahmad Abousamra

Ahmad Abousamra (أحمد أبو سمرة,; b. 19 September 1981 - d. January 2017), known also as Abu Sulayman ash-Shami and Abu Maysarah ash-Shami, was a Syrian-American Islamic militant and ideologue who served as the chief editor of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant's Dabiq magazine.

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Ahmad Al Kaddour

Amad Ahmad Al Kaddour (born 4 January 1993) is a Syrian professional footballer, who currently plays for Al Salibikhaet in the Kuwaiti Premier League.

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Ahmad Badreddin Hassoun

Ahmad Badreddin Hassoun (Arabic: أحمد بدر الدين حسون; born 1949) is the Grand Mufti of Syria since 2005.

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Ahmad ibn Tulun

Ahmad ibn Tulun (translit; ca. 20 September 835 – 10 May 884) was the founder of the Tulunid dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria between 868 and 905.

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Ahmad Kalasi

Ahmad Kalassi (أحمد كلاسي; born 18 July 1990) is a Syrian footballer who plays for Al-Ittihad in the Syrian Premier League.

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Ahmad Kalzi

Ahmad Kalzi (احمد كلزي; born January 28, 1987) is a Syrian football player who is currently playing for Al-Jaish in the Syrian Premier League.

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Ahmed Ashkar

Ahmad Ashkar (born 1 January 1996) is a Syrian football midfielder.

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Ahmed I

Ahmed I (احمد اول; I.; 18 April 1590 – 22 November 1617) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617.

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Ahmed Idrees

Ahmed Idrees (أحمد إدريس; born April 5, 1982 in Aleppo) is a Syrian football player who is currently playing for Al-Yarmouk in the Jordan League.

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Ahmet Üzümcü

Ahmet Üzümcü (born August 30, 1951) is a Turkish career diplomat, who is the Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).

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Ahrar al-Sham

Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya (lit), commonly referred to as Ahrar al-Sham, is a coalition of multiple Islamist and Salafist units that coalesced into a single brigade and later a division in order to fight against the Syrian Government led by Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian Civil War.

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Aimery of Limoges

Aimery or Aymery of Limoges (died 1196), also Aimericus in Latin, Aimerikos in Greek and Hemri in Armenian, was a Roman Catholic ecclesiarch in Frankish Outremer and the fourth Latin Patriarch of Antioch from c. 1140 until his death.

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Ain al-Arous

Ain al-Arous (عين العروس) is a Syrian village in Tal Abyad District, in Raqqa Governorate, located 3 km south of the city of Tal Abyad, 92 km north of the city of Raqqa, 200 km east of the city of Aleppo and 420.69 km north of the capital Damascus.

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Ain Dara (archaeological site)

The Ain Dara temple, located near the village of Ain Dara, in Afrin, Syria is an Iron Age Syro-Hittite temple noted for its similarities to Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, as described in the Hebrew Bible.

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Ain Dara, Syria

Ein Dara (عين دارة in kurdish Ayin Darê, also spelled Ain Dara or Ayn Darah) is a small village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Afrin District of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Aintab plateau

Aintab plateau or Gaziantep plateau (هضبة عنتاب Levantine pronunciation) is a low, gently undulating plateau that forms the westernmost part of the Southeastern Anatolia Region in Turkey.

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Air Orient

Air Orient was an airline based in France.

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Ajloun Castle

Ajloun Castle (قلعة عجلون; transliterated: Qal'at 'Ajloun), also known as (قلعة الربض; transliterated: Qa'lat ar-Rabad), is a 12th-century Muslim castle situated in northwestern Jordan.

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Ajnad al-Kavkaz

Ajnad al-Kavkaz (أجناد القوقاز, "Soldiers of the Caucasus"; short: AK or AAK) is a Chechen-led Jihadi Islamic fundamentalist rebel group active in northern Syria, primarily in the mountainous, forested areas of northern Latakia Governorate.

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Akbar

Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (15 October 1542– 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar I, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605.

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Akhtarin

Akhtarin (أخترين) is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Akkadian Empire

The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia in the Bible.

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Akram al-Hawrani

Akram Al-Hourani (أكرم الحوراني, also transcribed El-Hourani, Howrani or Hurani) (1912 – 24 February 1996), was a Syrian politician who played a prominent role in the formation of a widespread populist, nationalist movement in Syria and in the rise of the Ba'ath Party.

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Akram Shammaa

Prince Akram Shammaa Al Zengi (Mohammad Akram Bin Mostafa Bin Mohammad Shammaa Al Zengi III; Arabic: محمد اكرم شماع بن مصطفى بن محمد شماع الزنكي; August 8, 1930 – June 9, 2012) is a Prince of Al Zengid Dynasty.

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Al-'Awasim

Al-ʿAwāṣim (اَلْـعَـوَاصِـم, The "defences, fortifications"; singular: al-ʿāṣimah (اَلْـعَـاصِـمَـة, "protectress")) was the Arabic term used to refer to the Muslim side of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates in Cilicia, northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia.

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Al-Adil I

Al-Adil I (العادل, in full al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub, الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب,‎ "Ahmed, son of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Bakr, the King, the Just, Sword of the Faith"; 1145–1218) was an Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria of Kurdish descent.

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Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar

Abu'l-Hasan Ali al-Adil ibn al-Sallar or al-Salar (Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-ʿĀdil ibn al-Sallār; died 3 April 1154), usually known simply as Ibn al-Salar, was a Fatimid commander and official, who served as the vizier of Caliph al-Zafir from 1149 to 1153.

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Al-Adiliyah Mosque

Al-Adiliyah Mosque (جامع العادلية, Adliye Camii) or Dukaginzâde Mehmed Pasha mosque is a mosque complex in Aleppo, located to the southwest of the Citadel, in "Al-Jalloum" district of the ancient city, few meters away from Al-Saffahiyah mosque.

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Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din

Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din (الأفضل بن صلاح الدين, "most superior"; c. 1169 – 1225) popularly known as Al-Afdal (الأفضل), was one of seventeen sons of Saladin.

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Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa

Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in old Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Aqsa Mosque

Al-Aqsa Mosque (Al-Masjid al-Aqṣā,, "the Farthest Mosque"), located in the Old City of Jerusalem, is the third holiest site in Islam.

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Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs

Al-Ashraf Musa (1229–1263), fully Al-Ashraf Musa ibn al-Mansur Ibrahim ibn Shirkuh (الأشرف موسى بن المنصور ابراهيم بن شيركوه), was the last Ayyubid prince (emir) of Homs, a city located in the central region of modern-day Syria.

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Al-Ashraf Qansuh Al-Ghuri

Al-Ashraf Qansuh Al-Ghuri (الأشرف قانصوه الغوري) was the second-to-last of the Mamluk Sultans.

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Al-Assad Military Academy

Al-Assad Military Academy (أكاديمية الأسد للهندسة العسكرية), also known as the Academy of Military Engineering, is a military educational and tranining institution in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Assad Sports Arena

Al-Assad Sports Arena (صالة الأسد الرياضية) is the 2nd largest indoor sports hall in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Atrash

The al-Atrash (الأطرش&lrm), also known as Bani al-Atrash, is a Druze clan based in Jabal Hauran in southwestern Syria.

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Al-Awhad Ayyub

Al-Malik al-Awhad Najm ad-Din Ayyub ibn al-Adil Abu Bakr ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub (died 1210) was the third Ayyubid emir (prince) of the Diyarbakir emirate, centered in Mayyafariqin, between 1200-1210 CE.

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Al-Aziz Billah

Abu Mansur Nizar al-Aziz Billah, commonly known as al-Aziz (10 May 955 – 14 October 996) (أبو منصور نزار العزيز بالله) was the fifth Caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate (975–996).

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Al-Aziz Muhammad

Al-Aziz Muhammad ibn Ghazi (– 26 November 1236) was the Ayyubid Emir of Aleppo and the son of az-Zahir Ghazi and grandson of Saladin.

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Al-Azm family

Al-Azm family (آل العظم) is a prominent Damascene family.

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Al-Bab

Al-Bab (الباب / ALA-LC: al-Bāb) is a city, de-jure administratively belonging to the Aleppo Governorate of the Syrian Arab Republic.

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Al-Bassel High School for Outstanding Students

Al-Bassel High School for Outstanding Students (ثانوية الباسل للمتفوقين), founded in 1998, was the first high school established in Syria to provide secondary education exclusively for superior students.

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Al-Burj, al-Bab

al-Burj (البرج), also spelled Borj, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Al-Dana, Syria

Al-Dana (الدانا) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located north of Idlib, 38 kilometers west of Aleppo, and just east of the border with Turkey.

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Al-Dhahabi

Al-Dhahabi (Full name: Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān ibn Qāymāẓ ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Turkumānī al-Fāriqī al-Dimashqī al-Shāfiʿī, محمد بن احمد بن عثمان بن قيم ، أبو عبد الله شمس الدين الذهبي), known also as Ibn al-Dhahabī (5 October 1274 – 3 February 1348), a Shafi'i Muhaddith and historian of Islam.

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Al-Fadl ibn Salih

Al-Fadl ibn Salih ibn Ali ibn Abdillah ibn Abbas (الفضل بن صالح بن علي بن عبد الله العباسي) (740Tabari, Hillenbrand, 1989, p.55.–789) was the Abbasid governor of a number of different provinces in Syria during the late 8th-century CE.

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Al-Farabi

Al-Farabi (known in the West as Alpharabius; c. 872 – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951) was a renowned philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic.

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Al-Fatat

Al-Fatat or the Young Arab Society (جمعية العربية الفتاة, Jam’iyat al-’Arabiya al-Fatat) was an underground Arab nationalist organization in the Ottoman Empire.

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Al-Fayruziyah

al-Fayruziyah (الفيرزية) is a small village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Al-Firdaws Madrasa

Al-Firdaws Madrasa is a madrasah complex located southwest of Bab al-Maqam in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Fu'ah

Al-Fu'ah (الفوعة, also spelled al-Fouaa and al-Fo'ua) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located northeast of Idlib.

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Al-Haffah

Al-Haffah (الحفة) is a town in northwestern Syria administratively belonging to the Latakia Governorate, located east of Latakia.

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Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah

Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal title al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh (الحاكم بأمر الله; literally "Ruler by God's Command"), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam (996–1021).

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Al-Hakim I

Al-Hakim I Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad ibn Abi 'Ali al-Hasan held the position of the Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Mamluk Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1262 and 1302.

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Al-Halawiyah Madrasa

Al-Halawiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex located in al-Jalloum district of the Ancient city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex

Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex (مجمع الحمدانية الأولمبي للسباحة والغطس) is a water sports centre in Aleppo, Syria, featuring an outdoor Olympic size swimming and diving pools with a seating capacity of 1,340 spectators.

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Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena

Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena (صالة الحمدانية الرياضية) is an indoor sports hall in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Hamadaniah Stadium

Al-Hamadaniah Stadium (ملعب الحمدانية) is an all-seater multi-purpose stadium in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex

Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex (مجمع الحمدانية للتنس) is a tennis complex in Aleppo, Syria, featuring an indoor tennis court with a seating capacity of 800 spectators and an outdoor tennis court with a seating capacity of 598 spectators along with 4 other outdoor training courts.

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Al-Haqel

Al-Haqel (الحقل, also known as Bujaq) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo and south of district center Ayn al-Arab.

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Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–13)

The al-Hasakah Governorate campaign was a multi-sided military conflict between Syrian government forces, Kurdish forces, armed Syrian opposition groups, and Salafist jihadist forces, including al-Qaeda's Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the al-Nusra Front in the al-Hasakah Governorate as part of the Syrian Civil War.

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Al-Hatab Square

Al-Hatab Square (ساحة الحطب, Sahat al Hatab) is one of the oldest squares in the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Al-Herafyeen SC

Al-Herafyeen Sports Club is a Syrian football club based in Aleppo.

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Al-Hurriya SC

Al-Hurriya Sports Club is a Syrian football club based in Aleppo.

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Al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi

Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi was a senior statesman in the service of the Abbasid, Ikhshidid and Hamdanid dynasties.

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Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah)

Al-Ittihad Club Saudi Arabia (نادي الاتحاد العربي السعودي), also simply known as Al-Ittihad, literally meaning The Union, is a Saudi Premier League football club based in Jeddah.

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Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo

Al-Ittihad Sports Club of Aleppo (نادي الاتحاد الرياضي الحلبي) is a professional multi-sports club based in the Syrian city of Aleppo mostly known for its football team which competes in the Syrian Premier League, the top league of Syrian football.

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Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo (men's basketball)

Al-Ittihad is a professional basketball club.

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Al-Ittihad Stadium

Al-Ittihad Stadium (ملعب الاتحاد) is a football stadium in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Jabiri

Al-Jabira, also sometimes spelled al-Jabri, (الجابري) was the name of a family based in Aleppo.

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Al-Jawali Mosque

Al-Jawali Mosque or Amir Sanjar al-Jawli Mosque is a mosque in the Palestinian city of Hebron, located in the southwestern corner of the Old City and part of the Ibrahimi Mosque (Cave of the Patriarchs) sanctuary.

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Al-Jazira Province

Al-Jazira Province (الجزيرة, Cazire., Djézireh) was an administrative division in the State of Aleppo (1920–25), the State of Syria (1924–1930) and the first decades of the Mandatory Syrian Republic, during the French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon.

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Al-Jdayde

Al-Jdayde (جديدة, also transliterated as al-Jdeideh, al-Judayda, al-Jdeïdé or al-Jadida) is a historic neighbourhood in the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Al-Judaydah, Aleppo Governorate

Yeni Yapan (Yeni Yapan, Yane Yāpān) or al-Judaydah (al-Jadīdat), is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Al-Kameliyah Madrasa

Al-Kamiliyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Khaṣībī

Abu ʿAbd-Allāh al-Ḥusayn ibn Ḥamdān al-Jonbalānī al-Khaṣībī (الحسين بن حمدان الخصيبي), mostly known as al-KhaṣībīMustafa Öz, Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (History of Madh'habs), Ensar Publications, İstanbul, 2011.

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Al-Khafsah

Al-Khafsah (الخفسة), also spelled Khafsa, is a village located east of Aleppo in northern Syria.

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Al-Khaldi

Al-Khaldi (الخالدي) is the last name given to members of the tribe of Bani Khalid.

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Al-Khreibat

Al-Khreibat (الخريبات, also spelled Kharibat or Khuraybat) is a village and suburb in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Tartus Governorate, located southeast of Tartus.

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Al-Krum

Yazebax, also referred to as Krum (الكروم) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Al-Madina Souq

Al-Madina Souq (سوق المدينة) is the covered souq-market located at the heart of the Syrian city of Aleppo within the walled ancient part of the city.

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Al-Maʿarri

Abu al-ʿAlaʾ al-Maʿarri (Arabic, full name; December 973 – May 1057) was a blind Arab philosopher, poet, and writer.

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Al-Makzun al-Sinjari

Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf al-Makzūn al-Sinjārī, better known simply as al-Makzun al-Sinjari (المكزون السنجاري) (b. 1188 or 1193 — d. 1240), was a paramount military, religious and literary figure in Alawite history and tradition.

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Al-Malikiyah, Azaz

al-Malikiyah (المالكية) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Al-Mansur Abu Bakr

Al-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr (الملك المنصور سيف الدين أبو بكر), better known as al-Mansur Abu Bakr (المنصور أبو بكر), (ca. 1321 – November 1341) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan in 1341.

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Al-Mansur Ibrahim

Nasir ad-Din al-Malik al-Mansur Ibrahim bin Asad ad-Din Shirkuh better known as al-Mansur Ibrahim (المنصور إبراهيم d. June 28, 1246) was a Kurdish ruler, the emir ("governor") of the Homs principality from 1240 to 1246 under the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad

Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad (المنصور ناصر الدين محمد بن العزيز; 1189 – after 1216) was the third Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, reigning in 1198–1200.

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Al-Mastumah

Al-Mastumah or Al Mastoume (المسطومة) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of Idlib Governorate, located 7 kilometers south of Idlib and 60 kilometers southwest of Aleppo.

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Al-Masudi

Al-Mas‘udi (أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي,; –956) was an Arab historian and geographer.

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Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa

Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin

Baha'uddin 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn ad-Dayf, also known as Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin, Baha'uddin al-Muqtana, Bahā'a ad-Dīn, Bahā'a ad-Dīn, Ali ibn Ahmad, Baha' al-Din, Ali ibn ad-Dayf, Ali b ad-Tai or Baha'u d-Din as-Samuqi (born 979 – died 1043 CE) was an 11th-century Ismaili, and founding leader of the Druze.

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Al-Muslimiyah

Al-Muslimiyah (المسلمية, also spelled Muslimiyeh, Moslemiye, Msalamiyyah or al-Musalmiya), commonly known as Mouslimié, is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of the Aleppo Governorate, located north of Aleppo.

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Al-Musta'in (Cairo)

Al-Musta'in Billah (1390 – February or March 1430) was the tenth Abbasid "shadow" caliph of Cairo, reigning under the tutelage of the Mamluk sultans from 1406 to 1414.

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Al-Mustansir (Cairo)

Al-Mustansir Abu al-Qasim Ahmad was a member of the Abbasid house who was imprisoned by his nephew the Caliph al-Musta'sim in Baghdad.

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Al-Mustazhir

Al-Mustazhir (المستظهر بالله) (1078 – 6 August 1118) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1094 to 1118.

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Al-Mutanabbi

Abu at-Tayyib Ahmad bin Al-Husayn al-Mutanabbi al-Kindi (Abū ṭ-Ṭayyib ʾAḥmad bin al-Ḥusayn al-Muṫanabbī al-Kindī) (915 – 23 September 965 CE) was an Arab poet.

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Al-Muzaffar Umar

Al-Muzaffar Taqi al-Din Umar (المظفر تقي الدين عمر) (died 1191) was the Ayyubid prince of Hama from 1179 to 1191 and a general of Saladin.

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Al-Nahda

Al-Nahda (النهضة / ALA-LC: an-Nahḍah; Arabic for "awakening" or "renaissance") was a cultural renaissance that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Egypt, then later moving to Ottoman-ruled Arabic-speaking regions including Lebanon, Syria and others.

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Al-Nayrab

Al-Nayrab (النيرب) was a village in Syria, to the south-east of the city of Aleppo in northern Syria.

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Al-Nuqtah Mosque

The Masjid al-Nuqtah (مسجد النقطة - Mosque of the Drop) is a mosque located on Mount Jawshan in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Nusra Front

Al-Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra (جبهة النصرة.), known as Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (جبهة فتح الشام, transliteration: Jabhat Fataḥ al-Šām) after July 2016, and also described as al-Qaeda in Syria or al-Qaeda in the Levant, was a Salafist jihadist organization fighting against Syrian government forces in the Syrian Civil War.

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Al-Otrush Mosque

Al-Otrush Mosque (جامع الأطروش) also known as Demirdash Mosque, is a mosque in the Syrian city of Aleppo, located at the south of the Citadel, in "al-A'jam" district of the Ancient City, few meters away from Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa.

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Al-Qabisi

Abu al-Saqr Abd al-Aziz Ibn Uthman Ibn Ali al-Qabisi l-Mawsili, generally known as Al-Qabisi, (Latinised as Alchabitius or Alcabitius), and sometimes known as Alchabiz, Abdelazys, Abdilaziz (Arabic: 'Abd al-Azîz, عبدالعزيز), (died 967) was an Arab astrologer and mathematician.

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Al-Qaiqan Mosque

Al-Qaiqan Mosque (جامع القيقان) (English: Mosque of the Crows) is one of the oldest surviving mosques in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Qastal, Syria

Al-Qastal (القسطل) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located on the northeast of Damascus, on the ancient caravan route to Homs and Aleppo, in the Qalamoun Mountains.

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Al-Qunaya

Al-Qunaya (القنية, Syriac: ܩܢܙܐ,, also spelled Quniya) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively belonging to the Idlib Governorate, located northwest of Idlib, 35 km north of Jisr ash-Shugur, and is in between Lattakia and Aleppo. Al-Qunaya is situated 450 meters (1476 ft) above sea level.

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Al-Rahba

Al-Rahba (/ALA-LC: ar-Raḥbah, sometimes spelled Raḥabah), also known as Qal'at ar-Rahba, which translates as the "Citadel of al-Rahba", is a medieval Arab–Islamic fortress in Syria.

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Al-Rastan

ar-Rastan (الرستن) is the third largest city in the Homs Governorate, located north of its administrative capital Homs and from Hama.

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Al-Sabil Park

Al-Sabil Park (in Arabic: حديقة السبيل) is a 6 hectare urban park located in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Saffahiyah Mosque

The Al-Saffahiyah Mosque (جامع السفاحية) is a mosque in Aleppo, located to the south-west of the Citadel, at "Al-Jalloum" district of the ancient city, to the east of Al-Shibani Church-School.

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Al-Sahibiyah Mosque

Al-Sahibiyah Mosque (جامع الصاحبية) also known as Fustoq mosque (جامع فستق), is a 14th-century mosque in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Salameh, Syria

Al-Salameh also known as Sucu (Sucu, Sūdjū) or al-Salameh (al-Salāmah) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa

Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa is a 12th-century madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Shahba University

Al-Shahba University (SU) (جامعة الشهباء), is a private university in Syria, established in 2005.

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Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa

Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Shibani Church

Al-Shibani Church (كنيسة الشيباني), also known as al-Shibani School (مدرسة الشيباني), is a 12th-century religious and cultural centre located in "al-Jalloum" district of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque

Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque (جامع الشعيبية) also known as al-Omari (الجامع العمري), al-Tuteh (جامع التوتة) and al-Atras mosque (جامع الأتراس), is the oldest mosque in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Snoubari Park

Al-Snoubari Park (in Arabic: حديقة الصنوبري) is an 11 hectare urban park located in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Sukhnah, Syria

Al-Sukhnah (السخنة, also spelled al-Sukhanah) is a town in eastern Syria under the administration of the Homs Governorate, located east of Homs in the Syrian Desert.

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Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa

Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa, is a madrasah complex located across from the Citadel entrance in the Ancient city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Sunan al-Sughra

As-Sunan as-Sughra (السنن الصغرى), also known as Sunan an-Nasa'i (سنن النسائي), is one of the Kutub al-Sittah (six major hadiths), and was collected by Al-Nasa'i.

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Al-Tawashi Mosque

Al-Tawashi Mosque (جامع الطواشي), is one of the historical mosques in Aleppo, Syria, dating back to the Mamluk period.

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Al-Tawhid Brigade

The al-Tawhid Brigade (lit), named after Tawhid, the "oneness of God," but often mistranslated as Unity Brigade, was an armed Islamist insurgent group involved in the Syrian Civil War.

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Al-Taybah

Al-Tayba (الطيبة, also spelled Tayyiba or Tayibah) is a village in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate.

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Al-Thawrah

Al-Thawrah (الثورة), also known as al-Tabqah (الطبقة; Tebqa, ܛܒܩܗ; official name before 8 March 1967), is a city located in Raqqa Governorate (Syria), approximately west of Raqqa.

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Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa

Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Turath Ensemble

The Al Turath Ensemble (فــرقــة الــتـراث) is a Syrian classical Arabic musical ensemble founded in 1954 by Sabri Mudallah.

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Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa

Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Yaarubiyah, Aleppo Governorate

al-Yaarubiyah (al-Ya'rubīyah), also known as Daliha (Dalḩah), is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Al-Yarmouk SC (Syria)

Al-Yarmouk Sports Club is a Syrian sports club based in Aleppo, best known for their football.

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Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa

Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa is a 13th-century madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Zahraa

Al-Zahraa (الزهراء) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Al-Zayadina

Al-Zayadina (singular: Zaydani or Zidany, also known as Banu Zaydan) were an Arab clan based in the Levant.

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Alaa Baidoun

Alaa Baidoun (علاء بيضون; born 5 March 1983 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer.

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Alabi (surname)

Alabi is the name of a family Christian Arab originating in Bethlehem, West Bank, (Palestine).

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Aladdin

Aladdin (علاء الدين) is a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin.

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Alain Manoukian

Alain Manoukian (Ալեն Մանուկյան, born 19 February 1946) is a French fashion designer and owner of the Manoukian fashion group.

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Alalakh

Alalakh (Hittite: Alalaḫ) was an ancient city-state, a late Bronze Age capital in the Amuq River valley of Turkey's Hatay Province.

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Alanya

Alanya, formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city and a component district of Antalya Province on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country's Mediterranean Region, east of the city of Antalya.

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Alawite Revolt of 1919

The Alawite Revolt (also called the Shaykh Saleh al-Ali Revolt) was a rebellion, led by Shaykh Saleh al-Ali against the French authorities of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration and later as part of the Franco-Syrian War against the newly established French Mandate of Syria, primarily in the coastal Jabal Ansariyah mountain range.

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Alawites

The Alawis, also rendered as Alawites (علوية Alawiyyah/Alawīyah), are a syncretic sect of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, primarily centered in Syria.

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Albanians in Syria

Albanians in Syria (Shqiptarët në Siri) constitute a community of about 5,000 to 10,000 inhabitants, – shqiptarja.com primarily in the cities of Damascus and Hama, Aleppo and Latakia.

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Albert A. Boyajian

Albert A. Boyajian (Ալբերտ Բոյաջյան, born June 4, 1940, Aleppo, Syria) is an American business leader and activist for Armenian causes.

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Alberto Gori

Alberto Gori, OFM (ألبيرتو جوري; 9 February 1889 in San Piero Agliana, Italy – 25 November 1970 in Jerusalem, West Bank) was a Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and Custodian of the Holy Land.

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Albin Francisco Schoepf

Albin Francisco Schoepf (Albin Franciszek Schoepf; March 1, 1822 – May 10, 1886) was a European-born military officer who became a Union brigadier general during the American Civil War, best known as the commanding officer of Fort Delaware, a wartime camp for Confederate prisoners of war.

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Aleppians

Aleppian or Alepian may refer to.

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Aleppo (disambiguation)

Aleppo is a city in Syria.

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Aleppo Artillery School massacre

The Aleppo Artillery School massacre was a massacre of Syrian Army cadets by members of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was part of the Islamist uprising in Syria, 1976–1982.

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Aleppo bombings (April–July 2016)

The Aleppo bombings (April–July 2016) were intense bombardments on both rebel and government-held areas in the city of Aleppo, Syria starting in late April 2016.

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Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts

The Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts is a proposed project for a cultural complex-institute in Aleppo, Syria.

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Aleppo Citadel Museum

The Aleppo Citadel Museum (متحف قلعة حلب) is an archaeological museum located in the city of Aleppo, Syria, within the historic Citadel of Aleppo.

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Aleppo Codex

The Aleppo Codex (כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא Keter Aram Tzova or Crown of Aleppo) is a medieval bound manuscript of the Hebrew Bible.

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Aleppo College

Aleppo College (كلية حلب الأمريكية / معهد حلب العلمي; also called Aleppo American College) Aleppo College was a Junior College it awarded High School Degrees at the Tenth Grade>>> and up to 1964 Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, s.v. Aintab.

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Aleppo Easter dating method

The World Council of Churches (WCC) proposed a reform of the method of determining the date of Easter at a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997.

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Aleppo Eyalet

Aleppo Eyalet (ایالت حلب; Eyālet-i Ḥaleb) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.

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Aleppo Governorate

Aleppo Governorate (محافظة حلب / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥalab /) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.

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Aleppo International Airport

Aleppo International Airport (مطار حلب الدولي) is an international airport serving Aleppo, Syria.

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Aleppo International Stadium

The Aleppo International Stadium (ملعب حلب الدولي) is an Olympic-standard, multi-use, all-covered and all-seater stadium in the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Aleppo Liberation Operations Room

The Aleppo Liberation Operations Room (غرفة عمليات تحرير حلب) was an operations room of Syrian rebel factions that operated in Aleppo, Syria.

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Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016)

The Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016) was a Syrian Army counter-offensive launched on the southern outskirts of Aleppo in mid-September 2016.

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Aleppo offensive (July 2015)

The Aleppo offensive (July 2015) was a military operation launched by two rebel coalitions against the Syrian Army, during the Syrian Civil War, in the city of Aleppo.

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Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016)

The Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016) refers to a military operation launched on the southern outskirts of Aleppo at the end of July 2016 by rebel forces in Syria.

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Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016)

The Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016) refers to a military operation launched on the northern outskirts of Aleppo in late June 2016, by the Syrian Army.

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Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)

The Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016), code named Operation Dawn of Victory by government forces, was a successful military offensive launched by the Syrian Armed Forces and allied groups against rebel-held districts in Aleppo.

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Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)

The October–December 2013 Aleppo offensive or Operation Northern Storm was a campaign during the Syrian civil war launched by the Syrian army in the Aleppo Governorate to reopen a key supply route linking central Syria to the largest city, Aleppo.

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Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)

The Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015) was an operation that started on 16 October when the Syrian Army launched a large-scale strategic offensive south of Aleppo.

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Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)

The Aleppo offensive of October–November 2016, named the "Battle of the Hero Martyr Abu Omar Saraqib" by the Army of Conquest, refers to a military operation launched on the western outskirts of Aleppo at the end of October 2016 by rebel forces in Syria, against the Syrian government forces and its allies.

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Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)

The Aleppo offensive of September–October 2016 was the military operation launched in Aleppo in late September 2016 by the Syrian Army aiming to capture all of the remaining rebel-held parts of the city of Aleppo.

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Aleppo pepper

The Aleppo pepper (فلفل حلبي / ALA-LC: fulful Ḥalabī) is a variety of Capsicum annuum used as a spice, particularly in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisine.

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Aleppo plateau

Aleppo plateau (هضبة حلب) is a low, gently undulating plateau of northern Syria.

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Aleppo Public Park

Public Park of Aleppo (in Arabic: الحديقة العامة بحلب) is a 17 hectare urban park located in Aleppo, Syria.

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Aleppo railway station

Aleppo railway station (محطة قطار حلب) more commonly Gare de Baghdad (محطة بغداد) is the 2nd oldest railway station in Syria and the main station of the city of Aleppo.

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Aleppo Revolutionary Council

The Aleppo Revolutionary Council (المجلس الثوري لحلب; Majlis Thuwar Halab), also called the Council of Aleppo Rebels, was a rebel group affiliated with the Free Syrian Army active in the Aleppo Governorate.

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Aleppo Sanjak

The Aleppo Sanjak (Haleb Sancağı) was a prefecture (sanjak) of the Ottoman Empire, located in modern-day Syria and Turkey.

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Aleppo soap

Aleppo soap (also known as savon d'Alep, laurel soap, Syrian soap, or ghar soap, the Arabic word "غَار", meaning 'laurel') is a handmade, hard bar soap associated with the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Aleppo Today

Aleppo Today (قناة حلب اليوم) is a television news channel associated with Syria's rebels.

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Aleppo University bombings

The Aleppo University bombings took place on 15 January 2013, during the Syrian Civil War.

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Aleppo Vilayet

The Vilayet of Aleppo (Vilâyet-i Halep; ولاية حلب) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, centered on the city of Aleppo.

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Aleppo, Pennsylvania

Aleppo is an unincorporated community in Aleppo Township, Greene County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

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Alessandro Spina

Alessandro Spina (1927–2013) was the pen name of Basili Shafik Khouzam.

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Alexander Drummond (consul)

Alexander Drummond (died 1769), was a Scottish consul.

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Alexander Russell (naturalist)

Alexander Russell (c. 1715 – 1768) was a Scottish physician and naturalist.

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Alfred Atherton

Alfred Leroy "Roy" Atherton Jr. (November 22, 1921 – October 30, 2002) was a United States Foreign Service Officer and diplomat.

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Ali az-Zahir

Abu'l Hasan ʻAlī az-Zāhir li A'zaz li Din-illah (20 June 1005 – 13 June 1036) (الظاهر بالله) was the Seventh Caliph of the Fātimids (1021–1036).

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Ali Baba

Ali Baba (علي بابا) is a character from the folk tale Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (علي بابا والأربعون لصا).

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Ali Bey el Abbassi

Domingo Francisco Jorge Badía y Leblich (Domènec Badia i Leblich; 1767–1818), better known by his pseudonym and nom de plume Ali Bey el Abbassi (علي باي العباسي, Alī Bay al-Abasī), was a Spanish explorer, soldier, and spy in the early 19th century.

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Ali Fuat Cebesoy

Ali Fuat Cebesoy (September 1882,Ayfer Özçelik, Ali Fuad Cepesoy, Akçağ Yayınları, 1993,, p. 1. Constantinople (Istanbul) – January 10, 1968, Istanbul) was a Turkish army officer and politician.

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Ali ibn abi bakr al-Harawi

Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi (d. 1215) — also known as Abu al-Hasan and Ali of Herat — was a 12th and 13th century Persian traveller originally from Herat, Afghanistan.

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Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i

Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad al-Jarjarāʾī was a Fatimid official of Iraqi origin, who served as the Fatimid vizier from 1027 until his death on 27 March 1045.

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Ali ibn al-Athir

Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ash-Shaybani, better known as Ali 'Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari (Arabic: علي عز الدین بن الاثیر الجزري) (1233–1160) was an Arab or Kurdish historian and biographer who wrote in Arabic and was from the Ibn Athir family.

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Ali Mahmoud Othman

Ali Mahmoud Othman (Arabic:علي محمود عثمان, born 1978) is a Syrian citizen journalist and activist from Homs.

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Ali Mustafa (journalist)

Ali Mustafa (July 18, 1984 – March 9, 2014), was a freelance photographer, multi-media journalist and writer based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni

Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni (علي صدر الدين البيانوني) is a Muslim Brotherhood leader in exile in London.

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Ali Sarmini

"I have represented their crimes on the weapon they used to commit them" -- Ali Sarmini Dr.

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Alice of Antioch

Alice of Jerusalem (also Haalis, Halis, or Adelicia; c. 1110 - after 1136) was a Princess consort of Antioch by marriage to Bohemond II of Antioch.

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Alishan Bairamian

Alishan Avedis Bairamian (Western Armenian: Ալիշան Պայրամեան, Eastern Armenian: Ալիշան Բայրամյան; December 24, 1914 – March 15, 2005)Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014.

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Alley

An alley or alleyway is a narrow lane, path, or passageway, often reserved for pedestrians, which usually runs between, behind, or within buildings in the older parts of towns and cities.

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Altun Bogha Mosque

Altun Bogha Mosque (جامع ألتونبوغا) is one of the oldest mosques in Aleppo, Syria.

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Amalric of Jerusalem

Amalric (Amalricus; Amaury; 113611 July 1174) was King of Jerusalem from 1163, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession.

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Ambassador Morgenthau's Story

Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918) is the title of the published memoirs of Henry Morgenthau, Sr., U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1916, until the day of his resignation from the post.

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Ambroise Abdo

Ambroise Abdo (born 8 January 1820 in Aleppo, Syria - died in 1876) was a bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Jerusalem and Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Zahle and Forzol.

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Ameen Rihani

Ameen Rihani (Amīn Fāris Anṭūn ar-Rīḥānī) (أمين الريحاني / ALA-LC: Amīn ar-Rīḥānī; 1876 – 1940), was a Lebanese American writer, intellectual and political activist.

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Amer Naow

Amer Naow (born 1 January 1995) is a Syrian tennis player.

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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) was among the first American Christian missionary organizations.

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American Name Society

The American Name Society (ANS) is a non-profit organization founded in 1951 to promote onomastics, the study of names and naming practices, both in the United States and abroad.

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American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War

The American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War refers to US support of Syrian opposition and the Federation of Northern Syria during the course of the Syrian Civil War, and active involvement of US military against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and against the al-Nusra Front from 2014.

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Amin al-Hafiz

Amin al-Hafiz (or Hafez; 12 November 1921 – 17 December 2009) (أمين الحافظ) was a Syrian politician, General and member of the Ba'ath Party who served as the President of Syria from 27 July 1963 to 23 February 1966.

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Amir al-ʿarab

The amir al-ʿarab (Arabic: أمير العرب, also known as amir al-ʿurban; translation: "commander of the Bedouins") was a title denoting the commander or leader of the Bedouin tribes in Syria in successive Muslim states during the Middle Ages.

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Ammar al-Qurabi

Dr Ammar Al-Qurabi (عمار القربي, born 21 August 1970) is a Syrian human rights activist and executive director of the National Organization for Human Rights in Syria since April 2006.

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Ammar Rihawi

Ammar Rihawi (عمار ريحاوي) (born on 20 June 1975 in Aleppo, Syria) is a retired Syrian international football midfielder, and current coach.

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Amnon Shamosh

Amnon Shamosh (born 1929) is an Israeli author and poet.

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An-Nasir Hasan

An-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1334/35–17 March 1361), better known as an-Nasir Hasan, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, and the seventh son of an-Nasir Muhammad to hold office, reigning twice in 1347–1351 and 1354–1361.

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An-Nasir Muhammad

Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun (الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد بن قلاوون), commonly known as an-Nasir Muhammad (الناصر محمد), or by his kunya: Abu al-Ma'ali (أبو المعالى) or as Ibn Qalawun (1285–1341) was the ninth Turkic Mamluk sultan of Egypt who ruled for three reigns: December 1293–December 1294, 1299–1309, and 1310 until his death in 1341.

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An-Nasir Yusuf

An-Nasir Yusuf (الناصر يوسف; 1228–1260), fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy (الملك الناصر صلاح الدين يوسف بن الظاهر بن العزيز بن صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب بن شاذى), was the Ayyubid Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260) and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.

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Anadan

Anadan (عندان) is a city in Syria, 12 kilometers north of Aleppo, located on the Aleppo–Gaziantep international road.

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Anatolian languages

The Anatolian languages are an extinct family of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia), the best attested of them being the Hittite language.

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Ancient City of Aleppo

The Ancient City of Aleppo is the historic city centre of Aleppo, Syria.

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André Gutton

André Gutton (8 January 1904 – 10 November 2002) was a French architect.

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Anglo-Iraqi War

The Anglo–Iraqi War (2–31 May 1941) was a British military campaign against the rebel government of Rashid Ali in the Kingdom of Iraq during the Second World War.

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Anna Hedvig Büll

Anna Hedvig Büll (born Anna Hedwig Bühl, – 3 October 1981) was an Estonian missionary of Baltic German extraction who helped to save the lives of several thousand Armenian orphans during the Armenian Genocide.

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Anne Mustoe

Anne Mustoe (24 May 1933 – 10 November 2009) was a touring cyclist, author of travel books and former headmistress of Saint Felix School, Southwold.

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Ansar al-Sharia (Syria)

Ansar al-Sharia (lit) was a joint operations room of Sunni Islamist and Salafist rebel factions that operate in Aleppo, Syria.

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Antakya

Antakya (انطاكيا, Anṭākyā, previously أنطاكيّة (Anṭākīyyah) from ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ, Anṭiokia; Ἀντιόχεια, Antiócheia) is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern Turkey.

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Anthonians

Anthonians applies to four Catholic Religious communities or Orders and a single Chaldean one, all under the patronage of St. Anthony the Hermit, father of monasticism, or professing to follow his rule.

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Anthony Shirley

Sir Anthony Shirley (or Sherley) (1565–1635) was an English traveller, whose imprisonment in 1603 by King James I caused the English House of Commons to assert one of its privileges—freedom of its members from arrest—in a document known as The Form of Apology and Satisfaction.

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Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia je epi Oróntou; also Syrian Antioch)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ, "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη, "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiok; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; Hebrew: אנטיוכיה, Antiyokhya; Arabic: انطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.

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Antiochia ad Taurum

Antiochia ad Taurum (Αντιόχεια του Ταύρου; "Antiochia in the Taurus") was an ancient Hellenistic city in the Taurus Mountains of Cilicia (later Commagene province), Anatolia.

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Antiochian Greek Christians

Antiochian Greek Christians, also known as Rûm, are an Arabic-speaking ethnoreligious Christian group from the Levant region.

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Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America

The Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, often referred to in North America as simply the Antiochian Archdiocese, is the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch in the United States and Canada.

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Antiochus X Eusebes

Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator (Ἀντίοχος Εὐσεβής Φιλοπάτωρ; –92 or 89 BC) was a Hellenistic Seleucid monarch who reigned as the King of Syria between 95 and 92 or 89BC.

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Antiochus XI Epiphanes

Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus (Ἀντίοχος Ἐπιφανής Φιλάδελφος; unknown – 93 BC) was a Hellenistic Seleucid monarch who reigned as the King of Syria between 94 and 93 BC.

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Antisemitism in Turkey

Antisemitism in Turkey refers to acts of hostility against Jews in the Republic of Turkey, as well as the promotion of antisemitic views and beliefs in that country.

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Antoine Galland

Antoine Galland (4 April 1646 – 17 February 1715) was a French orientalist and archaeologist, most famous as the first European translator of One Thousand and One Nights which he called Les mille et une nuits.

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Antranig Dzarugian

Antranig Dzarugian (Անդրանիկ Ծառուկեան; 1913 – 1989 in Paris) was an influential diasporan Armenian writer, poet, educator and journalist in the 20th century.

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Antun Maqdisi

Antun Maqdisi, also written as Antoun/Anton Maqdesi/Muqaddasi/Moqaddasi (1914 – January 5, 2005; Yabrud) was a Syrian philosopher, politician and human rights activist.

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Anushtakin al-Dizbari

Sharaf al-Maʿālī Abu Manṣūr Anūshtakīn al-Dizbarī (d. January 1042) was a Fatimid statesman and general who became the most powerful Fatimid governor of Syria.

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Anwar Bannud

Anwar Bannud (أنور بنود) (1908–1979) was a Syrian career military officer who served as the chief-of-staff of the Syrian Army from 1950 to 1951.

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Aplahanda

Aplahanda was a king of Carchemish proposed to have reigned between 1786 and 1766 BCE.

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Apollonius of Perga

Apollonius of Perga (Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Περγαῖος; Apollonius Pergaeus; late 3rdearly 2nd centuries BC) was a Greek geometer and astronomer known for his theories on the topic of conic sections.

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Apostolic Vicariate of Aleppo

The Apostolic Vicariate of Aleppo (in Latin: Vicariatus Apostolicus Aleppensis) is an apostolic vicariate (Latin pre-diocesan missionary jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Church, entitled to a titular bishop) and is immediately subject to the Holy See and its missionary Roman Congregation for the Oriental Churches GCatholic.org.

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Aq Burhan

Aq Burhan (Āq Burhān) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Aq Sunqur al-Hajib

Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hajib (also Qasim ad-Dawla or Aksungur al-Hajib) was the Seljuk governor of Aleppo under Sultan Malik Shah I. He was considered the de facto ruler of most of Syria from 1087.

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Aqil Agha

Aqil Agha al-Hasi (عقيل آغا الحاسي, given name also spelled Aqil, Aqila, Akil or Akili; military title sometimes spelled Aga) (died 1870) was the strongman of northern Palestine in the mid-19th century, during Ottoman rule.

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Ar-Rahman Mosque

Ar-Rahman Mosque (Arabic: جامع الرحمن) is a contemporary mosque in Aleppo, Syria, located on King Faisal Street.

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Arab Christians

Arab Christians (مسيحيون عرب Masīḥiyyūn ʿArab) are Arabs of the Christian faith.

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Arab Club Basketball Championship

The Arab Club Championship is an annual basketball tournament for Arab teams.

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Arab Gas Pipeline

The Arab Gas Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline in the Middle East.

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Arab Hassan Kabir

Arab Hassan Kabir (عرب حسن كبير, also spelled 'Arab Hasan Kebir) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo.

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Arab Mashreq International Road Network

The Arab Mashreq international Road Network is an international road network between the Arab countries of the Mashriq (Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Kuwait, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman and Yemen).

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Arab nationalism

Arab nationalism (القومية العربية al-Qawmiyya al-`arabiyya) is a nationalist ideology that asserts the Arabs are a nation and promotes the unity of Arab people, celebrating the glories of Arab civilization, the language and literature of the Arabs, calling for rejuvenation and political union in the Arab world.

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Arab Revolt

The Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية, al-Thawra al-‘Arabiyya; Arap İsyanı) or Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى, al-Thawra al-‘Arabiyya al-Kubrā) was officially initiated by Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, at Mecca on June 10, 1916 (9 Sha'ban of the Islamic calendar for that year) although his sons ‘Ali and Faisal had already initiated operations at Medina starting on 5 June with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state stretching from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.

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Arab Spring

The Arab Spring (الربيع العربي ar-Rabīʻ al-ʻArabī), also referred to as Arab Revolutions (الثورات العربية aṯ-'awrāt al-ʻarabiyyah), was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups, foreign interventions, and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution.

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Arab Youth Athletics Championships

The Arab Youth Athletics Championships (Championnats Arabes des Cadets) is an biennial international athletics competition between youth athletes (under-18) from Arabic countries.

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Arab–Byzantine wars

The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of wars between the mostly Arab Muslims and the East Roman or Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD, started during the initial Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, ‘Arabian island’ or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب, ‘Island of the Arabs’), is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate.

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Arabic literature

Arabic literature (الأدب العربي / ALA-LC: al-Adab al-‘Arabī) is the writing, both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language.

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Aram (region)

Aram is a region mentioned in the Bible located in present-day central Syria, including where the city of Aleppo now stands.

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Aram Andonian

Aram Andonian (Արամ Անտոնեան; 1875, Constantinople – 23 December 1952, Paris) was an ethnic Armenian journalist, historian and writer.

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Aram Karamanoukian

Aram Karamanoukian (Արամ Գարամանուկեան; 1 May 1910 – 23 December 1996) was a Lieutenant General of the Syrian Army.

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Aram of the Two Rivers

Aram of the Two Rivers is an album by bass guitarist Jonas Hellborg, released in 1999 through Bardo Records.

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Aram, son of Shem

Aram (’Ărām) is a son of Shem, according to the Table of Nations in Genesis 10 of the Hebrew Bible, and the father of Uz, Hul, Gether and Mash or Meshech.

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Aramaic language

Aramaic (אַרָמָיָא Arāmāyā, ܐܪܡܝܐ, آرامية) is a language or group of languages belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic language family.

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Arameans

The Arameans, or Aramaeans (ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were an ancient Northwest Semitic Aramaic-speaking tribal confederation who emerged from the region known as Aram (in present-day Syria) in the Late Bronze Age (11th to 8th centuries BC).

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Archibald Murray

General Sir Archibald James Murray, (23 April 1860 – 21 January 1945) was a British Army officer who served in the Second Boer War and the First World War.

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Archibald Sayce

The Rev.

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Architecture of Mesopotamia

The architecture of Mesopotamia is ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known as Mesopotamia), encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC, when the first permanent structures were built, to the 6th century BC.

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Ariha

Ariha is also the local Arabic name for Jericho. Ariha (أريحا, also called Rīḥā, ريحا) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located south of Idlib.

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Arima, Syria

Arima (العريمة, Erîma), also spelled Orayma or Arimah, is a village located northeast of the city of al-Bab and northeast of Aleppo in northern Syria.

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Armanaz

Armanaz (أرمناز) is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Harem District, in the Idlib Governorate.

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Armand de Périgord

Armand de Périgord (or Hermann de Pierre-Grosse) (1178–1247?) was a descendant of the Counts of Périgord and a Grand Master of the Knights Templar.

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Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval

Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval (1795–1871) was a French orientalist.

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Armenia–Syria relations

Armenian–Syrian relations are foreign relations between Armenia and Syria.

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Armenian architecture

Armenian architecture comprises architectural works with an aesthetic or historical connection to the Armenian people.

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Armenian Brotherhood Church

The Armenian Brotherhood Church (also known by names such as the Armenian Evangelical Brotherhood Church and the Armenian Brotherhood Bible Church) started within the Armenian Evangelical Church in the 19th century.

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Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo

The Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo (or Halab or Beroea) (informally Aleppo if the Armenians) is a non-Metropolitan Archeparchy (Eastern Catholic Archdiocese) of the Armenian Catholic Church sui iuris (Armenian Rite in Armenian language) in part of Syria.

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Armenian Diocese of Beroea

Armenian Diocese of Beroea (Բերիոյ Հայոց Թեմ Berio Hayots Tem), is one of the oldest dioceses of the Armenian Apostolic Church outside the historic Armenian territories, covering the Syrian city of Aleppo and the governorates of Deir ez-Zor, Idlib, Latakia and Raqqa.

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Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire

Beginning with the 1863 education has been offered to the whole people, and so far as funds permit is absolutely free for all.

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Armenian Evangelical Christian Endeavor Union of Syria and Lebanon

The Armenian Evangelical Christian Endeavor Union of Syria and Lebanon (Լիբանանի և Սուրիոյ Հայ Աւետարանական Եկեղեցիներու Քրիստոնէական Ջանից Միութիւն) is the youth organization that is affiliated with the World Christian Endeavor Union and the Christian Endeavor International.

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Armenian General Benevolent Union

The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU, Հայկական Բարեգործական Ընդհանուր Միություն, ՀԲԸՄ, Haykakan Baregortsakan Endhanur Miutyun) is a non-profit Armenian organization established in Cairo, Egypt, in 1906.

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Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.

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Armenian Genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor

Armenian Genocide Martyrs' Memorial (Մեծ Եղեռնի Նահատակաց Յուշահամալիր; كنيسة شهداء الأرمن) in Deir ez-Zor, Syria, was a complex dedicated to victims of the Armenian Genocide.

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Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Middle Armenian: Կիլիկիոյ Հայոց Թագաւորութիւն), also known as the Cilician Armenia (Կիլիկյան Հայաստան), Lesser Armenia, or New Armenia, was an independent principality formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuq invasion of Armenia.

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Armenian Sisters of the Immaculate Conception

The Order of the Armenian Catholic Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (Armenian: Անարատ հղության հայ քույրերի միաբանություն) is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded on 5 June 1847 in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Armenian–Kurdish relations

Armenian–Kurdish relations covers the historical relations between the Kurds and the Armenians.

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Armenians in France

Armenians in France (ֆրանսահայեր fransahayer; Arméniens de France) are French citizens of Armenian ancestry.

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Armenians in Georgia

Armenians in Georgia (Virahayer) are Armenian people living within the country of Georgia.

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Armenians in Kuwait

The Armenians in Kuwait are people of Armenian descent living in Kuwait.

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Armenians in Syria

The Armenians in Syria are Syrian citizens of either full or partial Armenian descent.

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Armenians in the Middle East

The Armenians in the Middle East are mostly concentrated in Iran, Lebanon, Cyprus, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine, although well-established communities exist in Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, and other countries of the area.

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Armenians in Turkey

Armenians in Turkey (Türkiye Ermenileri; Թուրքահայեր, also Թրքահայեր, "Turkish Armenians"), one of the indigenous peoples of Turkey, have an estimated population of 50,000 to 70,000, down from more than 2 million in 1914.

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Armi (Syria)

Armi, was an important Bronze Age city-kingdom during the late third millennium BC located in northern Syria.

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Army of Aleppo

The Jaysh Halab (lit) was a coalition of Syrian rebel groups based in rebel-held areas inside the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Army of Mujahideen

The Army of Mujahideen (جيش المجاهدين, Jaysh al-Mujahideen) was a Sunni Islamist rebel group formed in order to fight the Syrian government and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the Syrian Civil War.

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Army of Revolutionaries

The Army of Revolutionaries (Jayš al-Thuwwār), or Jaysh al-Thuwar, is a multi-ethnic armed Syrian rebel coalition that is allied with the primarily Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) and participating in the Syrian Civil War as part of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

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Around the World in 80 Faiths

Around the World in 80 Faiths is a British television series which was first broadcast by the BBC on 2 January 2009.

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Arpad, Syria

Arpad (probably modern Tell Rifaat, Syria) was an ancient Aramaean Syro-Hittite city located in north-western Syria, north of Aleppo.

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Arsameia

Arsameia on the Nymphaios (Արշամաշատ, Eski Kale, Old Castle) is an ancient city located in Old Kâhta (Eski Kâhta) in Kâhta district, Adıyaman Province, Turkey.

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Arshad al-Umari

Arshad Pasha al-Umari (1888–1978) (أرشد العمري) was born in Mosul, Iraq on April 8, 1888, when his father was Mayor of Mosul.

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Arslan Tash

Arslan Tash (Arslan Taş "Stone Lion"), ancient Hadātu, is an archaeological site in Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, around east of the Euphrates and nearby the town of Kobanî.

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Artah

Artah was a medieval town and castle located 25 miles east-northeast of Antioch, to the east of the Iron Bridge on the Roman road from Antioch to Aleppo.

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Artin Boşgezenyan

Artin Boşgezenyan was an Armenian deputy for Aleppo in the first (1908–1912), second (April–August 1912) and third (1914–1918) Ottoman Parliaments of the Constitutional Era.

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Artin Madoyan

Artin Madoyan (born April 10, 1904 in Adana) was a Lebanese-Armenian communist politician.

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Arto Der Haroutunian

Arto der Haroutunian (Արտո Տեր-Հարությունյան, 1940-1987) was a celebrated British Armenian cook, artist, translator and writer.

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ArtScroll

ArtScroll is an imprint of translations, books and commentaries from an Orthodox Jewish perspective published by Mesorah Publications, Ltd., a publishing company based in Brooklyn, New York.

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Artuqids

The Artquids or Artuqid dynasty (Modern Turkish: Artuklu Beyliği or Artıklılar, sometimes also spelled as Artukid, Ortoqid or Ortokid; Turkish plural: Artukoğulları; Azeri Turkish: Artıqlı) was a Turkmen dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

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As'ad Pasha al-Azm

As'ad Pasha al-Azem (أسعد باشا العظم, 1706 – March 1758) was the governor of Damascus under Ottoman rule from 1742 to his deposition in 1757.

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As-Salih Ismail al-Malik

As-Salih Ismaʿil al-Malik (1163–1181) was an emir of Damascus in 1174, the son of Nur ad-Din.

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Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq

Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq (AAH; عصائب أهل الحق ‘Aṣayib Ahl al-Haq, "League of Righteous People"), also known as the Khazali Network, is an Iraqi Shi'a paramilitary group active in the Iraqi insurgency and Syrian Civil War. During the Iraq War it was known as Iraq's largest "Special Group" (the Americans' term for Iran-backed Shia paramilitaries in Iraq), and claimed responsibility for over 6,000 attacks on American and Coalition forces. The group is currently fighting against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant as part of the Popular Moblization Forces. The group is funded and trained by Iran's Quds Force., The Guardian, 12 March 2014.

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Ascelin of Lombardy

Ascelin of Lombardy, also known as Nicolas Ascelin or Ascelin of Cremona, was a 13th-century Dominican friar whom Pope Innocent IV sent as an envoy to the Mongols in March 1245.

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Ashik

An Ashik was traditionally a singer who accompanied his song— be it a dastan (traditional epic story, also known as hikaye) or a shorter original composition—with a long necked lute (bağlama) in Azerbaijani culture and related Turkic cultures.

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Ashot Melkonian

Ashot Melkonian (March 1, 1930 – December 9, 2009) was an Armenian artist associated with Neorealistic artistic style and Honorary Artist of the Republic of Armenia.

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Ashtarak

Ashtarak (Armenian: Աշտարակ), is a town and urban municipal community in the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia, located on the left bank of Kasagh River along the gorge, northwest of the capital Yerevan.

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Asia

Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.

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Asiatic Museum

The Asiatic Museum (Азиатский музей) in Saint Petersburg was one of the first museums of Asian art in Europe.

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Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles

Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles is a video game released for the Nintendo DS, Android, iOS, webOS, Symbian, Java ME and Windows Phone.

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Assassination of Andrei Karlov

Andrei Karlov, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, was assassinated by Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş, an off-duty Turkish police officer, at an art exhibition in Ankara, Turkey on the evening of 19 December 2016.

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Assyria

Assyria, also called the Assyrian Empire, was a major Semitic speaking Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant.

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Assyrian Church of the East

The Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ ʻĒdtā d-Madenḥā d-Ātorāyē), officially the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ʻEdtā Qaddīštā wa-Šlīḥāitā Qātolīqī d-Madenḥā d-Ātorāyē), is an Eastern Christian Church that follows the traditional christology and ecclesiology of the historical Church of the East.

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Assyrians in Turkey

Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey are an indigenous Semitic-speaking ethnic group and minority of Turkey (and also northern Iraq and northeast Syria) with a presence in the region dating to as far back as the 25th century BC, making them the oldest ethnic group in the nation.

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Assyriology

Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā; and -λογία, -logia) is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of not just Assyria, but the entirety of ancient Mesopotamia (a region encompassing what is today modern Iraq, north eastern Syria, south eastern Turkey, and north western and south western Iran) and of related cultures that used cuneiform writing.

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At-Turtushi

'Abu Bakr Muhammad at-Turtushi (1059 – 1126 CE; 451 AH – 520 AH), better known as At-Turtushi was one of the most prominent Andalusian political philosophers of the twelfth century.

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Atabeg

Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of a Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince.

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Atarib

Atarib (أتارب) is a town in western Aleppo countryside, Aleppo Governorate, Syria.

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Athanasius I Gammolo

Athanasius I Gammolo was the Patriarch of Antioch, and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch from 595 until his death in 631.

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Athanasius II Dabbas

Patriarch Athanasius II Dabbas (died 1619), sometime known also as Athanasius III, was Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 1611 to 1619.

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Athanasius III Dabbas

Patriarch Athanasius III Dabbas (1647–1724), sometimes known also as Athanasius IV, was the last Patriarch of Antioch before the final split of 1724 which divided the Melkite Church between the Melkite Greek Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch.

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Athanasius IV Jawhar

Athanasius IV Ignace Michael Jawhar (or Jahouar or Jauhar or Giohar, 1733–1794) was Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1788 to 1794.

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Avaaz

Avaaz is a U.S.-based online site launched in January 2007 that promotes global activism on issues such as climate change, human rights, animal rights, corruption, poverty, and conflict.

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Avraam Russo

Avraam Russo (Авраам Руссо; born as Apraham Ipjian on July 21, 1969 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian-born Russian pop singer of Armenian origin.

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Avraham Lanir

Avraham "Avi" Lanir (January 25, 1940 – October 1973) was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Israel Air Force.

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Awad El Karim Makki

Awad El Karim Makki (born 12 June 1992) is a Sudanese sprinter.

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Awqiyyah

The "Awqiyyah" or "uqiyya" (Arabic أُوقِية) is the name for a historical unit of weight that varies between regions, as listed below.

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Ayşe Sinirlioğlu

Ayşe Sinirlioğlu (born 4 April 1956) is a Turkish diplomat, who has been her country's ambassador to Romania and then to Spain and Andorra.

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Aybak

Izz al-Din AybakThe name Aybeg or Aibak or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay".

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Aydede (magazine)

The Ottoman Turkish satirical magazine Aydede appeared in a first episode from January to November 1922 twice a week in 90 issues.

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Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; خانەدانی ئەیووبیان) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin founded by Saladin and centred in Egypt.

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Az-Zahir Ghazi

Al-Malik az-Zahir Ghazi ibn Yusuf ibn Ayyub (commonly known as az-Zahir Ghazi; 1172 – 8 October 1216) was the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo between 1186 and 1216.

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Az-Zahiriyah, Aleppo Governorate

az-Zahiriyah (az̧-Z̧āhirīyah) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Azadî Battalion

The Azadî Battalion (كتيبة آزادي), also called the Elite Battalion by 2018, is a Kurdish unit affiliated with the Free Syrian Army and reportedly loyal to Mustafa Cumma's Kurdish Freedom Party (also called Azadî Party).

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Azaz

Azaz (أعزاز A‘zāz, Hurrian: Azazuwa, Azázion, Neo-Assyrian: Ḫazazu, Old Aramaic: Ḥzz) is a city in northwestern Syria, roughly north-northwest of Aleppo.

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Aziz al-Dawla

ʿAzīz al-Dawla Abū Shujāʿ Fātik al-Waḥīdī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Rūmī, better known simply as Aziz al-Dawla (d. 1022), was the first Fatimid governor of Aleppo in 1016/17–1022.

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Ḫattušili II

Hattusili II (Hittite: "from Hattusa") may have been a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom) ca.

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Çayırhan

Çayırhan is a town in Ankara Province, Turkey.

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École Amal

École Amal is a K-12 private school based in Dahiet al-Assad suburb of Aleppo, Syria.

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Émile Benveniste

Émile Benveniste (27 March 1902 – 3 October 1976) was a French structural linguist and semiotician.

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Öncüpınar

Öncüpınar is a village in Kilis Province, Turkey, on the border with Syria.

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İskender Çelebi

İskender Çelebi (died March 1535) was a long-serving defterdar (finance secretary) of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.

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İskenderun

İskenderun (الإسكندرونة, Αλεξανδρέττα "Little Alexandria"), historically known as Alexandretta and Scanderoon, is a city and the largest district in Hatay Province on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.

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İzmir

İzmir is a metropolitan city in the western extremity of Anatolia and the third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara.

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Şükrü Kaya

Şükrü Kaya (1883 – January 10, 1959) was a Turkish civil servant and politician, who served as government minister, Minister of Interior and Minister of Foreign affairs in several governments.

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Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim

Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim (27 June 1906 – 3 August 1935) was an Ottoman prince, grandson of the 34th Ottoman sultan, Abdul Hamid II by his third son Şehzade Mehmed Selim.

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Şehzade Mehmed Selim

Şehzade Mehmed Selim (شہزادہ محمد سلیم; 11 January 1870 – 5 May 1937) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and his wife Bedrifelek Kadın.

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Şekerpare Hatun

Şekerpare Hatun (شکر پارہ خاتون) was a lady-in-waiting to Sultan Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire.

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Ba'ath Brigades

The Ba'ath Brigades (Katā'ib al-Baʿth), also known as the Ba'ath Battalions, are a volunteer militia made up of Syrian Ba'ath Party members, almost entirely of Sunni Muslims from Syria and many Arab countries, loyal to the Syrian Government of Bashar al-Assad.

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Baalbek

Baalbek, properly Baʿalbek (بعلبك) and also known as Balbec, Baalbec or Baalbeck, is a city in the Anti-Lebanon foothills east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about northeast of Beirut and about north of Damascus.

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Baarin

Baarin (بعرين, Baʿrīn or Biʿrīn) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located in Homs Gap roughly southwest of Hama.

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Bab al-Ahmar

Bab al-Ahmar (باب الأحمر) meaning the Red Gate, was one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo)

Bab al-Faraj (باب الفرج) (Gate of Deliverance) or Bab al-Faradis was one of the 9 main gates of the ancient city walls of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab al-Faraj (Damascus)

Bab al-Faraj (باب الفرج; "The Gate of Deliverance") also known as Bab al-Bawabijiyah (باب البوابجية) and Bab al-Manakhiliyah (باب المناخلية) is one of the gates of the old city of Damascus in Syria.

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Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower

Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower (برج ساعة باب الفرج), is one of the main landmarks of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab al-Hadid

Bab al-Hadid (باب الحديد) meaning the Iron Gate of Victory, is one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing

The Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing (معبر باب الهوى, "Gate of the Winds") is an international border crossing between Syria and Turkey.

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Bab al-Jinan

Bab al-Jinan (باب الجنان) (Gate of Gardens) was one of the gates of Aleppo that used to lead to gardens on the banks of the Quwēq river.

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Bab al-Maqam

Bab al-Maqam (باب المقام) is one of the Gates of Aleppo.

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Bab al-Nairab

Bab al-Nairab (باب النيرب, also spelled Bab al-Nayrab) meaning the "Gate of Al-Nayrab", was one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo in northern Syria, but has since disappeared.

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Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)

Bab al-Nasr (باب النصر) meaning the Gate of Victory, is one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab Antakeya

Bāb Antakiya (باب أنطاكية, Aleppo Arabic:, "Gate of Antioch") formed one of the most important defense gates in Aleppo, protecting the city from the west.

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Bab Qinnasrin

Bab Qinnasrin (باب قنسرين, Gate of Qinnasrin) is one of the gates of the medieval Old City of Aleppo in northern Syria.

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Background to Danger

Background to Danger is a 1943 World War II spy film starring George Raft and featuring Brenda Marshall, Sydney Greenstreet, and Peter Lorre.

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Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi

Abū Abdullāh Badr ad-Dīn Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Bahādir az-Zarkashī (1344–1392/ 745–794 AH), better known as Az-Zarkashī, was a fourteenth century Islamic scholar.

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Badr al-Jamali

Abū'l-Najm Badr ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Jamālī al-Mustanṣirī, better known as Badr al-Jamali (بدر الجمالى) was a vizier and prominent statesman for the Fatimid Caliphate under Caliph al-Mustansir.

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Baghdadi Jews

Baghdadi Jews, also known as Indo-Iraqi Jews, is the traditional name given to the communities of Jewish migrants and their descendants from Baghdad and elsewhere in the Middle East, who settled primarily along the trade routes of ports around the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea.

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Bagras

Bagras or Baghrās, ancient Pagrae (Πάγραι) (translit), is a town and its nearby castle in the İskenderun district of Turkey, in the Amanus Mountains.

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Bagratid Armenia

The Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia, also known as Bagratid Armenia (Բագրատունյաց Հայաստան Bagratunyats Hayastan or Բագրատունիների թագավորություն, Bagratunineri t’agavorut’yun, "kingdom of the Bagratunis"), was an independent state established by Ashot I Bagratuni in the early 880s following nearly two centuries of foreign domination of Greater Armenia under Arab Umayyad and Abbasid rule.

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Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad

Bahā' ad-Dīn Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddād (بهاء الدين ابن شداد; the honorific title "Bahā' ad-Dīn" means "splendor of the faith"; sometimes known as Bohadin or Boha-Eddyn) (5 March 1145 – 8 November 1234) was a 12th-century Muslim jurist and scholar, a Kurdish historian of great note, notable for writing a biography of Saladin whom he knew well.

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Bahsita Mosque

Bahsita Mosque (جامع بحسيتا), also known as Sita Mosque, is one of the historical mosques in Aleppo, Syria, dating back to the Mamluk period.

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Bahwartah

Bahvarta (Bahvarta, Bāḩwārtā) or Bahwartah (Baḩwartah, also spelled Bhorta or Bahirta) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Baibars

Baibars or Baybars (الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī) (1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), of Turkic Kipchak origin — nicknamed Abu al-Futuh and Abu l-Futuhat (Arabic: أبو الفتوح; English: Father of Conquest, referring to his victories) — was the fourth Sultan of Egypt in the Mamluk Bahri dynasty.

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Bailo

Bailo or baylo (plural baili or bayli) is a Venetian title that derives from the Latin term baiulus, meaning "porter, bearer".

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Bakjur

Bakjur was a Circassian military slave (mamluk or ghulam) who served the Hamdanids of Aleppo and later the Fatimids of Egypt.

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Bakri Tarab

Bakri Tarab (بكري طراب) (born 20 January 1985 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian football player who is currently playing for Al Masafi in the Iraqi Premier League.

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Baldwin II of Jerusalem

Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Bourcq or Bourg (Baudouin; died 21 August 1131), was Count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and King of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death.

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Baldwin III of Jerusalem

Baldwin III (1130 – 10 February 1163) was King of Jerusalem from 1143 to 1163.

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Baldwin IV of Jerusalem

Baldwin IV (Baudouin; Balduinus; 1161 – 16 March 1185), called the Leper, or The Leper King reigned as King of Jerusalem from 1174 until his death.

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Balfour Declaration

The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government during World War I announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a minority Jewish population (around 3–5% of the total).

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Baloch people

The Baloch or Baluch (Balochi) are a people who live mainly in the Balochistan region of the southeastern-most edge of the Iranian plateau in Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, as well as in the Arabian Peninsula.

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Baltacı Mehmet Pasha

Baltacı Mehmet Pasha (also called Pakçemüezzin Baltacı Mehmet Pasha, sometimes known just as Baltacı or Baltadji; 1662, Osmancık – July 1712, Lemnos) was an Ottoman statesman who served as grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1704 to 1706, and as Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral of the Ottoman Navy) in 1704.

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Bana al-Abed

Bana al-Abed (بنا العبد; born 7 June 2009) is a Syrian girl from rebel-held Aleppo who, with assistance from her English-speaking mother, allegedly sends messages through Twitter documenting the siege of the city.

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Banan, Syria

Banan (بنان.) is a town in the Aleppo Governorate.

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Banco Safra

Banco Safra is a Brazilian local bank, ranking tenth among the country’s largest sector financial institutions in terms of total assets.

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Bani Bahr

Bani Bahr, or Bani Baher means (Bahr or Baher) family or tribe.

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Banque du Caire

Banque du Caire, or "Bank of Cairo", is a full-service bank headquartered in Cairo.

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Banu Kalb

The Banu Kalb or Kalb ibn Wabara was an Arab tribe.

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Banu Kilab

Banu Kilab (/ALA-LC: Banū Kilāb) was an Arab tribe that dominated central Arabia during the late pre-Islamic era.

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Baqashot

The Baqashot (or "bakashot", שירת הבקשות) are a collection of supplications, songs, and prayers that have been sung by the Sephardic Syrian, Moroccan, and Turkish Jewish communities for centuries each week on Shabbat mornings from the early hours of the morning until dawn.

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Baqir Brigade

The Baqir Brigade (Liwa al-Baqir, sometimes also Liwa al-Imam al-Baqir or Fawj al-Imam Baqir), named after Shia Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, is a Syrian loyalist militia originating in the Aleppo Governorate that fights in the Syrian Civil War.

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Bara, Syria

Bara or al-Bara (بارة) is one of the former "Dead Cities" in northwestern Syria.

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Barad, Syria

Barad (براد) is a mountainous village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Baraghida

Barak Atlı (Barak Atlı, برق أطلي), Baragite (Barāgīta) or Baraghida (Barāghīdah) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Barṣīṣā

Barsisa, (“the man of priestly regalia”, from Aramaic bar, "son", and ṣīṣa, "gold plate", referring specifically to the high priest’s breastplate) in Islamic mythology, is an ascetic who succumbed to the devil’s temptations and denied God.

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Barbalissos

Barbalissos (Latinized as Barbalissus) was a city in the Roman province of Euphratensis.

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Bardas Phokas the Younger

Bardas Phokas (or Phocas) (Βάρδας Φωκᾶς) (died 13 April 989) was an eminent Byzantine general who took a conspicuous part in three revolts for and against the ruling Macedonian dynasty.

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Barga (kingdom)

Barga was a city-state in the Amarna letters period of 1350-1335 BC and later.

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Barjawan

Abū'l-Futūh Barjawān al-Ustādh (died March/April 1000) was a eunuch palace official who became the prime minister (wāsiṭa) and de facto regent of the Fatimid Caliphate in October 997, and held the position until his assassination.

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Baron Hotel

Baron Hotel (also Baron's Hotel; Hôtel Baron or Le Baron), is the oldest hotel that currently operates in Syria.

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Barquq

Al-Malik Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq (الملك الظاهر سيف الدين برقوق) (ruled 1382–1389 and 1390 –1399) was the first Sultan of the Mamluk Burji dynasty.

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Barrel bomb

A barrel bomb is an improvised unguided bomb, sometimes described as a flying IED (improvised explosive device).

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Baruza

Baruza (al-Bārūzah) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Baselios Augen I

Catholicos Baselios Augen I (26 June 1884 – 8 December 1975) was the fourth Indian Catholicose of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.

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Bashar al-Assad

Bashar Hafez al-Assad (بشار حافظ الأسد, Levantine pronunciation:;; born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who has been the 19th and current President of Syria since 17 July 2000.

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Basil Hexamilites

Basil Hexamilites (Βασίλειος Ἑξαμιλίτης) was a Byzantine military leader who won a major victory against the Hamdanid navy of Tarsus.

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Basil II

Basil II (Βασίλειος Β΄, Basileios II; 958 – 15 December 1025) was a Byzantine Emperor from the Macedonian dynasty who reigned from 10 January 976 to 15 December 1025.

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Basil Lekapenos

Basil Lekapenos (Βασίλειος Λεκαπηνός; ca. 925 – ca. 985), also called Basil the Parakoimomenos or Basil the Nothos (Βασίλειος ο Νόθος, "Basil the Bastard"), was an illegitimate child of the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos who served as the parakoimomenos and chief minister of the Byzantine Empire for most of the period 947–985, under emperors Constantine VII (his brother-in-law), Nikephoros II Phokas, John I Tzimiskes, and Basil II (his half-sister's grandson).

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Basile Petros IV Avkadian

Basile Petros IV Avkadian (in Armenian Բարսեղ Պետրոս Դ. Աւգատեան) was an Armenian Catholic Patriarch from Aleppo, Syria from 1780 until 1788.

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Basilian Aleppian Order

The Basilian Alepian Order is a religious order of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.

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Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist

The Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist is a religious order of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.

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Basilian Salvatorian Order

The Basilian Order of the Most Holy Saviour (also known as the Basilian Salvatorian Order and the Salvatorian Fathers) is an Eastern Catholic religious order of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.

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Bassam Kousa

Bassam Kousa (بسام كوسا; born 7 November 1954 in Aleppo) is a Syrian film and TV actor.

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Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex

Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex (منشأة باسل الأسد للسباحة) is a swimming centre in Aleppo, Syria, featuring an indoor Olympic-size swimming pool with a seating capacity of 1,100 spectators.

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Batman (unit)

The batman was a unit of mass used in the Ottoman Empire and among Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Ager Sanguinis

In the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, also known as the Battle of the Field of Blood, the Battle of Sarmada, or the Battle of Balat, Roger of Salerno's Crusader army of the Principality of Antioch was annihilated by the army of Ilghazi of Mardin, the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo on June 28, 1119.

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Battle of Aintab

In the Battle of Aintab in August 1150, a Crusader force commanded by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem repelled the attacks of Nur ad-Din Zangi of Aleppo and evacuated the Latin Christian residents of the County of Edessa.

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Battle of al-Bab

The Battle of al-Bab was a battle for the city of al-Bab in the Aleppo Governorate that included a military offensive launched by Syrian rebel groups (including groups affiliated with the Free Syrian Army) and the Turkish Armed Forces north of al-Bab, a separate Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) offensive east and west of the city, and another Syrian Army offensive from the south of the city.

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Battle of al-Babein

The Battle of al-Babein took place on March 18, 1167, during the third Crusader invasion of Egypt.

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Battle of al-Buqaia

In the Battle of al-Buqaia (Al-Buqai'a al-Hosn) in 1163, the Crusaders and their allies inflicted a rare defeat on Nur ad-Din Zangi, the Emir of Aleppo and Damascus.

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Battle of Al-Fule

In the campaign and Battle of Al-Fule (in Crusader terms La Fève, Latin Castrum Fabe), a Crusader force led by Guy of Lusignan skirmished with Saladin's Ayyubid army for more than a week in September and October 1183.

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Battle of Al-Sannabra

In the Battle of Al-Sannabra (1113), a Crusader army led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem was defeated by a Muslim army sent by the Sultan of the Seljuk Turks and commanded by Mawdud ibn Altuntash of Mosul.

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Battle of Aleppo (1918)

The Battle of Aleppo was fought on 25 October 1918, when Prince Feisal's Sherifial Forces captured the city during the Pursuit to Haritan from Damascus, in the last days of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War.

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Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

The Battle of Aleppo (معركة حلب) was a major military confrontation in Aleppo, the largest city in Syria, between the Syrian opposition (including the Free Syrian Army (FSA) and other largely-Sunni groups, such as the Levant Front and the Al-Qaeda-affiliated Al-Nusra Front) against the government of Bashar al-Assad, supported by Hezbollah, Shia militias and Russia, and against the Kurdish People's Protection Units. The battle began on 19 July 2012 and was part of the ongoing Syrian Civil War. A stalemate that had been in place for four years finally ended in July 2016, when Syrian government troops closed the rebels' last supply line into Aleppo with the support of Russian airstrikes. In response, rebel forces launched unsuccessful counteroffensives in September and October that failed to break the siege; in November, government forces embarked on a decisive campaign that resulted in the recapture of all of Aleppo by December 2016. The Syrian government victory was widely seen as a potential turning point in Syria's civil war. The large scale devastation of the battle and its importance led combatants to name it the "mother of battles" or "Syria's Stalingrad". The battle was marked by widespread violence against civilians, alleged repeated targeting of hospitals and schools (mostly by pro-government Air Forces and to a lesser extent by the rebels), and indiscriminate aerial strikes and shelling against civilian areas. It was also marked by the inability of the international community to resolve the conflict peacefully. The UN special envoy to Syria proposed to end the battle by giving East Aleppo autonomy, but the idea was rejected by the Syrian government. Hundreds of thousands of residents were displaced by the fighting and efforts to provide aid to civilians or facilitate evacuation were routinely disrupted by continued combat and mistrust between the opposing sides. Various claims of war crimes emerged during the battle, including the use of chemical weapons by both Syrian government forces and rebel forces, the use barrel bombs by the Syrian Air Force, the dropping of cluster munitions on populated areas by Russian and Syrian forces, the carrying out of "double tap" airstrikes to target rescue workers responding to previous strikes, summary executions of civilians and captured soldiers by both sides, indiscriminate shelling and use of highly inaccurate improvised artillery by rebel forces. During the 2016 Syrian government offensive, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights warned that "crimes of historic proportions" were being committed in Aleppo. Fighting also caused severe destruction to the Old City of Aleppo, a UNESCO World Heritage site. An estimated 33,500 buildings have been either damaged or destroyed. After four years of fighting, the battle represents one of the longest sieges in modern warfare and one of the bloodiest battles of the Syrian Civil War, leaving an estimated 31,000 people dead, almost a tenth of the estimated overall war casualties at that time.

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Battle of Alexandretta

The Battle of Alexandretta was the first clash between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate in Syria.

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Battle of Anadan

The Battle of Anadan (معركة عندان) was a ten-hour-long armed confrontation between the rebels of the Free Syrian Army and soldiers of the Syrian Army that occurred when FSA forces attempted to overrun a large army checkpoint in the Anadan area.

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Battle of Andrassos

The Battle of Andrassos or Adrassos was an engagement fought in autumn 960 in an unidentified mountain pass on the Taurus Mountains, between the Byzantines, led by Leo Phokas the Younger, and the forces of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo under the emir Sayf al-Dawla.

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Battle of Antioch (218)

The Battle of Antioch (8 June 218) was fought between the Roman armies of the Emperor Macrinus and his rival Elagabalus, whose troops were commanded by General Gannys, probably a short distance from Antioch.

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Battle of Apamea

The Battle of Apamea was fought on 19 July 998 between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate.

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Battle of Aqaba

The Battle of Aqaba (6 July 1917) was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan).

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Battle of Artah

The Battle of Artah was fought in 1105 between Crusader forces and the Seljuk Turks at the town of Artah near Antioch.

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Battle of Azaz (1030)

The Battle of Azaz was an engagement fought near the Syrian town of Azaz between the Byzantine army, led by Emperor Romanos III Argyros (r. 1028–1034) in person, and the forces of the Mirdasid Emirate of Aleppo.

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Battle of Azaz (1125)

In the Battle of Azaz forces of the Crusader States commanded by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem defeated Aq-Sunqur il-Bursuqi's army of Seljuk Turks on 11 June 1125 and raised the siege of the town.

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Battle of Azaz (2012)

The Battle of Azaz was a battle between the Syrian Arab Army and the Free Syrian Army for control of the city of Azaz, north of Aleppo, during the early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War.

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Battle of Ba'rin

In the Battle of Ba'rin (Mont Ferrand) in 1137, a Crusader force commanded by King Fulk of Jerusalem was scattered and defeated by Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo.

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Battle of Barbalissos

The Battle of Barbalissos was fought between the Sassanid Persians and Romans at Barbalissos.

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Battle of Beirut (1912)

The Battle of Beirut was a naval battle off the coast of Beirut during the Italo-Turkish War.

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Battle of Beirut (1941)

The Battle of Beirut (12 July 1941) marked the end of hostilities in the Syria-Lebanon campaign of World War II.

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Battle of Belvoir Castle

In the campaign and Battle of Belvoir Castle (Kaukab al-Hawa), a Crusader force led by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem sparred inconclusively with an Ayyubid army from Egypt commanded by Saladin.

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Battle of Bosra (1147)

In the Battle of Bosra in 1147, a Crusader force commanded by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem fought an inconclusive running battle with Turkish forces from Damascus led by Mu'in ad-Din Unur aided by Nur ad-Din's contingent from Mosul and Aleppo.

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Battle of Deir ez-Zor

The Battle of Deir ez-Zor was part of the Allied invasion of Syria during the Syria-Lebanon campaign in World War II.

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Battle of Hab

In the Battle of Hab (معركة هاب) on August 14, 1119, a Crusader army commanded by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem won a disputed victory over a Muslim army led by Ilghazi of Mardin since the Muslim army claimed it as a victory.

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Battle of Hama

The Battle of Hama was fought some 24 km from the city of Hama in Syria on 29–30 November 903 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Qarmatians.

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Battle of Hareira and Sheria

The Battle of Hareira and Sheria was fought on 6–7 November 1917 when the Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacked and captured the Yildirim Army Group's defensive systems protecting Hareira and Sheria in the centre of the Gaza to Beersheba line, during the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I. These defensive systems, which had successfully repelled frontal attacks during the Second Battle of Gaza, became vulnerable, after a six months' stalemate, to a flanking manoeuvre by the XX Corps on 6 November.

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Battle of Harem

The Battle of Harem was fought between the FSA and the Syrian Army, from the 17 October to the 25 December 2012.

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Battle of Harim

The Battle of Harim (Harenc) was fought on 12 August 1164 near Artah between the forces of Nur ad-Din Zangi and a combined army from the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the Byzantine Empire and Armenia.

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Battle of Hattin

The Battle of Hattin took place on 4 July 1187, between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid sultan Salah ad-Din, known in the West as Saladin.

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Battle of Inab

The Battle of Inab, also called Battle of Ard al-Hâtim or Fons Muratus, was fought on 29 June 1149, during the Second Crusade.

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Battle of Kadesh

The Battle of Kadesh or Battle of Qadesh took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the modern Syrian-Lebanese border.

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Battle of Lake Huleh (1157)

In the Battle of Lake Huleh in June 1157, a Crusader army led by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem was ambushed and badly defeated by Nur ad-Din Zangi, the emir of Aleppo and Damascus.

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Battle of Manzikert

The Battle of Manzikert was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert, theme of Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey).

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Battle of Marash (953)

The Battle of Marash was fought in 953 near Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş) between the forces of the Byzantine Empire under the Domestic of the Schools Bardas Phokas the Elder, and of the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, the Byzantines' most intrepid enemy during the mid-10th century.

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Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)

The Battle of Marj al-Saffar (or Marj al-Suffar), also known as the Battle of Shaqhab, took place on April 20 through April 22, 1303 between the Mamluks and the Mongols and their Armenian allies near Kiswe, Syria, just south of Damascus.

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Battle of Marj Dabiq

The Battle of Marj Dābiq (مرج دابق, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; Mercidabık Muharebesi) was a decisive military engagement in Middle Eastern history, fought on 24 August 1516, near the town of Dabiq, 44 km north of Aleppo (modern Syria).

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Battle of Maysalun

The Battle of Maysalun (معركة ميسلون), also called the Battle of Maysalun Pass or the Battle of Khan Maysalun, was fought between the forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria and the French Army of the Levant on 24 July 1920 near Khan Maysalun in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, about west of Damascus.

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Battle of Mecca (1916)

The Battle of Mecca occurred in the Muslim holy city of Mecca in June and July 1916.

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Battle of Megiddo (1918)

The Battle of Megiddo (Megiddo Muharebesi) also known in Turkish as the Nablus Hezimeti ("Rout of Nablus"), or the Nablus Yarması ("Breakthrough at Nablus") was fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, on the Plain of Sharon, in front of Tulkarm, Tabsor and Arara in the Judean Hills as well as on the Esdralon Plain at Nazareth, Afulah, Beisan, Jenin and Samakh.

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Battle of Montgisard

The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Ayyubids and the Kingdom of Jerusalem on 25 November 1177.

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Battle of Nablus (1918)

The Battle of Nablus took place, together with the Battle of Sharon during the set piece Battle of Megiddo between 19 and 25 September 1918 in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War.

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Battle of Nihriya

The Battle of Niḫriya was the culminating point of the hostilities between the Hittites and the Assyrians for control over the remnants of the former empire of Mitanni.

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Battle of Pantelleria (1586)

The Battle of Pantelleria (1586) also known as the Fight at PantalareaHakluyt, Richard p. 499 was a naval engagement that took place during the Anglo–Spanish War off the island of Pantelleria on 13 July 1586.

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Battle of Qarqar

The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC, when the army of Assyria led by king Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar, led by Hadadezer (also called Adad-idr and possibly to be identified with Benhadad II) of Damascus and King Ahab of Israel.

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Battle of Raban

The Battle of Raban was an engagement fought in autumn 958 near the fortress of Raban (in the north of modern Syria) between the Byzantine army, led by John Tzimiskes (later emperor in 969–976), and the forces of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo under the famed emir Sayf al-Dawla (r. 945–967).

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Battle of Raqqa (March 2013)

The Battle of Raqqa (March 2013), code named by rebels as the "Raid of the Almighty", was a battle for control of the northern Syrian city of Raqqa during the Syrian Civil War between mainly Sunni Islamist rebel insurgents and the Syrian Army.

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Battle of Saraqeb

The Battle of Saraqeb started eleven days after the victory of the Syrian Army in the Battle of Idlib of March 2012, where they took back the main city of Idlib province.

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Battle of Sarmin

In the Battle of Sarmin (or Battle of Tell Danith) on September 14, 1115, Prince Roger of Salerno's Crusader army surprised and routed the Seljuk Turkish army of Bursuq bin Bursuq of Hamadan.

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Battle of Shaizar

In the Battle of Shaizar in 1111, a Crusader army commanded by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem and a Seljuk army led by Mawdud ibn Altuntash of Mosul fought to tactical draw but a withdrawal of Crusader forces.

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Battle of Tawahin

The Battle of Tawahin (وقعة الطواحين, "Battle of the Mills") was fought in 885 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate under Abu'l-Abbas ibn al-Muwaffaq (the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid) and the autonomous Tulunid ruler of Egypt and Syria, Khumarawayh.

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Battle of the Horns of Hama

The Battle of the Horns of Hama or Hammah (Qurun Hama; 13 April ad 1175; 19 Ramadan ah 570) was an Ayyubid victory over the Zengids, which left Saladin in control of Damascus, Baalbek, and Homs.

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Battle of the Iron Bridge

The Battle of the Iron Bridge was fought between the Muslim Rashidun army and the Byzantine army in 637 AD.

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Battle of the Lake of Antioch

The Battle of the Lake of Antioch took place on 9 February 1098 during the First Crusade.

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Battle of the Nile

The Battle of the Nile (also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay; Bataille d'Aboukir) was a major naval battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the Navy of the French Republic at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast off the Nile Delta of Egypt from 1 to 3 August 1798.

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Battle of the Orontes

The Battle of the Orontes was fought on 15 September 994 between the Byzantines and their Hamdanid allies under Michael Bourtzes against the forces of the Fatimid vizier of Damascus, the Turkish general Manjutakin.

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Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1590)

The First Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar was a naval engagement that took place on 24 April 1590 during the Anglo-Spanish War.

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Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar

The Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, also known as the Third Battle of Homs, was a Mongol victory over the Mamluks in 1299.

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Battle of Yarmouk

The Battle of Yarmouk was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate.

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Battle of Zabadani (2015)

The Battle of Zabadani (2015) started in early July 2015, during the Syrian Civil War, as a military offensive launched by the Syrian Army, and Hezbollah to capture the rebel-held town of Al-Zabadani.

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Battles of Ramadi (1917)

The two Battles of Ramadi were fought between the forces of the British and Ottoman Empires in July and September 1917 during World War I. The two sides contested the town of Ramadi in central Iraq, about 100 km (62 miles) west of Baghdad on the south bank of the Euphrates River, where an important Ottoman garrison was quartered.

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Bawabiyah

Bawabiya (بوابية) is a village about from Aleppo, Syria, and about off the road to Damascus.

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Bayan Jumah

Bayan Jumah is a Syrian swimmer from Aleppo.

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Bayanoun

Bayanoun (بيانون) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Baybugha

Sayf ad-Din Baybugha Rus al-Qasimi an-Nasiri (also known as Baybugharus or Aurus) was a prominent Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans as-Salih Isma'il, al-Muzaffar Hajji, an-Nasir Hasan and as-Salih Salih.

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Bazaar

A bazaar is a permanently enclosed marketplace or street where goods and services are exchanged or sold.

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Böszörmény

Böszörmény, also Izmaelita (Hysmaelita / Ishmaelites) or Szerecsen (Saracens), is a name for the Muslims who lived in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 10–13th centuries.

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Bedros Hadjian

Bedrós Hadjian (Պետրոս Հաճեան, born January 24, 1933, Jarabulus, Syria – died September 3, 2012, Buenos Aires, Argentina) was a Buenos Aires-based Armenian writer, educator and journalist.

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Beer in Syria

In Syria, the production and distribution of beer was controlled by the government, and most widely sold through the army's Military Social Establishment supermarket chain and through mini markets in city centres and Christian as well as Muslim areas.

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Behramiyah Mosque

Behramiyah Mosque (جامع البهرمية) is one of the historical mosques in Aleppo, Syria, dating back to the Ottoman period.

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Beirut

Beirut (بيروت, Beyrouth) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.

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Beirut V – Minet El Hosn electoral district

Beirut V – Minet El Hosn was an electoral district in Lebanon, used in the 1953 parliamentary election.

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Beit Achiqbash

Beit Achiqbash (AR: بيت أجقباش في الجديدة; Achikbache House) is an old Aleppine courtyard mansion built in 1757 CE by Qarah Ali, a wealthy Christian merchant.

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Beit Ghazaleh

Beit Ghazaleh (The Ġazaleh House; غزالة.) is one the largest and better-preserved palaces from the Ottoman period in Aleppo.

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Beit Junblatt

Beit Junblatt (بيت جنبلاط) is a historic mansion in Aleppo, Syria, built during in the 16th century by a Kurdish emir of the Jumblatt family.

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Beitar Jerusalem F.C.

Beitar Jerusalem Football Club (מועדון כדורגל בית"ר ירושלים; Moadon Kaduregel Beitar Yerushalayim), commonly known as Beitar Jerusalem, or simply as Beitar, is an Israeli professional football club based in the city of Jerusalem.

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Bekir Sami Kunduh

Bekir Sami Kunduh (Къуындыхаты Муссæйы фырт Бечыр; 1867 – January 16, 1933) was a Turkish politician of Ossetian origin.

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Bel, Syria

Bel (al-Bil) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Ben Wedeman

Benjamin C. Wedeman (born September 1, 1960) is an American journalist and war correspondent.

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Bena Properties

Bena Properties (Arabic: عقارات بنا) is the real estate investment and development arm of Cham Holding.

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Berea

Berea may refer to.

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Berlin–Baghdad railway

The Baghdad railway, also known as the Berlin–Baghdad railway (Bağdat Demiryolu, Bagdadbahn, سكة حديد بغداد, Chemin de Fer Impérial Ottoman de Bagdad), was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the (then) Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad, from where the Germans wanted to establish a port in the Persian Gulf, with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, linked to Europe by a bridge crossing the Bosphorous.

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Beroea

Beroea (or Berœa) may refer to:;Places and jurisdictions.

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Bertrand de Blanchefort

Bertrand de Blanchefort (or Blanquefort), (c. 1109 – 13 January 1169) was the sixth Grand Master of the Knights Templar, from 1156 until his death in 1169.

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Bet-El Synagogue (Caracas)

Asociación Bet-El is a sephardic orthodox synagogue in the city of Caracas that is affiliated to the Israelite Association of Venezuela.

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BETAB-500

The BETAB-500 (БетАБ-500) or the BETAB-500 Concrete-Piercing Bomb is a Soviet and Russian bomb designed to penetrate and destroy reinforced concrete structures and to damage runways.

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Bethel Church, Aleppo

Bethel Church is an Armenian Evangelical Church in Aleppo, Syria.

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Big Brother Brasil 18

Big Brother Brasil 18 is the eighteenth season of Big Brother Brasil which premiered on January 22, 2018 on the Rede Globo.

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Bilad al-Sham

Bilad al-Sham (بِـلَاد الـشَّـام Bilād a'š-Šām) was a Rashidun, Umayyad and later Abbasid Caliphate province in what is now the region of Syria.

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Bishr al-Afshini

Bishr al-Afshini was a military commander for the Abbasid Caliphate and the governor (wali) of Tarsus from 912/3 until at least 918.

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Bit Agusi

Bit Agusi or Bit Agushi (also written Bet Agus) was an ancient Aramaean Syro-Hittite state, established by Gusi of Yakhan at the beginning of the 9th century BC.

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Bit-hilani

A Bit-hilani (Akkadian: Bīt-Ḫilāni, meaning 'house of pillars') is an ancient architectural type of palace.

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Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern

Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern is a travel and cuisine television show hosted by Andrew Zimmern on the Travel Channel in the US.

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Black Death

The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black Plague, or simply the Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.

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Black Death migration

The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1346 to 1353.

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Bobby Gibbes

Robert Henry Maxwell (Bobby) Gibbes, (6 May 1916 – 11 April 2007) was a leading Australian fighter ace of World War II, and the longest-serving wartime commanding officer of No. 3 Squadron RAAF.

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Bodil Katharine Biørn

Bodil Katharine Biørn (27 May 1871 – 22 July 1960), also known as Mother Katharine, was a Norwegian missionary.

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Bohemond II of Antioch

Bohemond II (1107/1108 – February 1130) was Prince of Taranto from 1111 to 1128 and Prince of Antioch from 1111/1119 to 1130.

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Bohemond III of Antioch

Bohemond III of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the Child or the Stammerer (Bohémond le Bambe/le Baube; 1148–1201), was Prince of Antioch from 1163 to 1201.

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Bohemond IV of Antioch

Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed (Bohémond le Borgne; 1175–1233), was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233, and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233.

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Bohemond VI of Antioch

Bohemond VI (–1275), also known as Bohemond the Fair (Bohémond le Beau), was the Prince of Antioch and Count of Tripoli from 1251 until his death.

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Brest, Belarus

Brest (Брэст There is also the name "Berestye", but it is found only in the Old Russian language and Tarashkevich., Брест Brest, Берестя Berestia, בריסק Brisk), formerly Brest-Litoŭsk (Брэст-Лiтоўск) (Brest-on-the-Bug), is a city (population 340,141 in 2016) in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol, where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet.

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Bridge at Nimreh

The Bridge at Nimreh is a Roman bridge in the vicinity of Shahba (ancient Philippopolis), Syria, dating to the 3rd or 4th century AD.

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British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)

The British Mandate for Palestine (valid 29 September 1923 - 15 May 1948), also known as the Mandate for Palestine or the Palestine Mandate, was a "Class A" League of Nations mandate for the territories of Mandatory Palestine – in which the Balfour Declaration's "national home for the Jewish people" was to be established – and a separate Arab Emirate of Transjordan, both of which were conceded by the Ottoman Empire under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.

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British Midland International

British Midland Airways Limited (trading at various times throughout its history as British Midland, BMI British Midland, BMI or British Midland International) was an airline with its head office in Donington Hall in Castle Donington, close to East Midlands Airport, in the United Kingdom.

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Bronx Style Bob

Bob Khaleel, better known by his stage name Bronx Style Bob, is an American hip hop recording artist from the Bronx borough of New York City, New York.

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Bsous Silk Museum

Bsous Silk Museum (متحف الحرير بسوس) is a silk museum in the town of Bsous near Wadi Chahrour in Lebanon, located around 15 kilometres east of Beirut.

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Buhturi

Buhturi (al-Walīd ibn `Ubayd Allāh al-Buhturī) (820–897) was an Arab poet born at Manbij in Islamic Syria, between Aleppo and the Euphrates.

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Bulbul, Syria

Bulbul (بلبل) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo near the Turkish border.

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Bulgaria–Syria relations

Bulgaria–Syria relations are foreign relations between Bulgaria and Syria.

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Buraq Air

Buraq Air (El-Buraq Air Transport Inc) is an airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli, Libya.

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Burid dynasty

The Burid dynasty was a Turkish Muslim dynastyBurids, R. LeTourneau, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.

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Burj Abdullah

Birce Abdullah (برج عبد الله) or Burj Abdallah is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Burji dynasty

The Burji dynasty (المماليك البرجية) was a Circassian Mamluk dynasty which ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517, during the Mamluk Sultanate.

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Busra al-Harir

Busra al-Harir (بصرالحرير, also spelled Busr al-Hariri, Basr al-Harir or Busra Hariri) is a town in southern Syria, part of the Daraa Governorate situated in the Hauran plain.

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Byzantine conquest of Cilicia

The Byzantine reconquest of Cilicia was a series of conflicts and engagements between the forces of the Byzantine Empire under Nikephoros II Phokas and the Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, over control of the region of Cilicia in southeastern Anatolia.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty

The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Doukas dynasty between 1059 and 1081.

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Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty

The medieval Byzantine Empire underwent revival during reign of the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries, when it gained control over the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy, and all of the territory of the Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria.

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Byzantine–Arab wars (780–1180)

Between 780–1180, the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid & Fatimid caliphates in the regions of Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Anatolia and Southern Italy fought a series of wars for supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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C. D. Barnard

Charles Douglas Barnard (8 December 1895 – 7 August 1971) was a British pilot, who took part in 1920s air races and record-breaking flights.

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Cairo Geniza

The Cairo Genizah, alternatively spelled Geniza, is a collection of some 300,000 Jewish manuscript fragments that were found in the genizah or storeroom of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat or Old Cairo, Egypt.

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California State University, Chico

California State University, Chico (also known as CSU Chico or Chico State), is the second oldest campus in the 23-campus California State University system.

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Calneh

Calneh (כַלְנֵה) is one of four cities founded by Nimrod, mentioned a single time in the Hebrew Bible.

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Cankurd

Cankurd, (born 1948 in Maydan), is a contemporary Kurdish poet and writer.

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Cape to Cape

The Cape to Cape is an adventure held by Renault Trucks between March and July 2009.

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Caphar

A caphar was a toll, or duty imposed by the Turks on the Christian merchants who carried or sent merchandise from Aleppo to Jerusalem.

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Caravanserai

A caravanserai was a roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey.

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Carchemish

Carchemish, also spelled Karkemish (Hittite: Karkamiš; Turkish: Karkamış; Greek: Εὔρωπος; Latin: Europus), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria.

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Carolin Tahhan Fachakh

Carolin Tahhan Fachakh or Sister Carol (born) is a Syrian nun who cared for women and children in Damascus during the Syrian Civil War.

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Carrier Strike Group 2

Carrier Strike Group 2 (CSG-2 or CARSTRKGRU 2) is a U.S. Navy carrier strike group, tracing its history originally to 1931.

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Carsten Niebuhr

Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr (17 March 1733 Lüdingworth – 26 April 1815 Meldorf, Dithmarschen), a German mathematician, cartographer, and explorer in the service of Denmark, is renowned for his participation in the Royal Danish Arabia Expedition (1761-1767).

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Cavalry

Cavalry (from the French cavalerie, cf. cheval 'horse') or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback.

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Celali rebellions

The Celali rebellions (Celalî ayaklanmaları), were a series of rebellions in Anatolia of irregular troops led by bandit chiefs and provincial officials known as celalî, against the authority of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and early to mid-17th centuries.

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Celemê

Çeleme (Çeleme, Jalamah) or Jalamah (جلمة, also spelled, Djélémé, Celemê or Jalmé) is a town in northern Syria situated in Afrin District.

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Central Synagogue of Aleppo

The Central Synagogue of Aleppo, (בית הכנסת המרכזי בחאלֶבּ, كنيس حلب المركزي), also known as the Great Synagogue of Aleppo, Joab's Synagogue or Al-Bandara Synagogue (كنيس البندرة), has been a Jewish place of worship since the 5th century C.E. in Aleppo.

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Central Turkey College

Central Turkey College (sometimes called Aintab College) was a Christian college founded in 1874 (or 1876?) by the American Mission Board in Aintab, Ottoman Empire (now Gaziantep, Turkey).

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Cesare Federici

Cesare Federici (c. 1530 - 1600/1603) was an Italian merchant and traveler.

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Chalcis

Chalcis (Ancient Greek & Katharevousa: Χαλκίς, Chalkís) or Chalkida (Modern Χαλκίδα) is the chief town of the island of Euboea in Greece, situated on the Euripus Strait at its narrowest point.

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Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aleppo

The Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aleppo (also Halab in Arabic, or Beroa as in Antiquity) is the only eparchy (Eastern Catholic diocese) of the Chaldean Catholic Church (which uses the Syro-Oriental Rite, in Syriac or Aramaic languages) in Syria.

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Chaldean Diocese of Amid

The Diocese of Amid (Diyarbakir) was a diocese or archdiocese of the Chaldean Church from the sixteenth to the twentieth century.

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Cham Bank

Cham Bank (بنك الشام) is the first Islamic bank to be established in Syria.

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Charge at Haritan

The Charge at Haritan occurred on 26 October 1918 at the end of the Pursuit to Haritan during the final stages of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War.

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Charla Baklayan Faddoul

Charla Baklayan Faddoul is an Armenian-American reality television personality who appeared on The Amazing Race 5 and The Amazing Race: All-Stars television shows.

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Charles A. Agemian

Charles A. Agemian (July 22, 1909 – March 30, 1996) was an American banker who took early retirement from Chase Manhattan Bank, where he was executive vice president of operations, to become chairman and chief executive officer of the Hackensack Trust Co., which later was renamed Garden State National Bank.

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Charles Leonard Irby

Charles Leonard Irby (9 October 1789 – 3 December 1845) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812.

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Charles Richard Vaughan

Sir Charles Richard Vaughan, GCH, PC, (20 December 1774 – 15 June 1849) was a British diplomat.

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Chemical weapon

A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans.

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Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie

The Chemins de Fer Ottomans d'Anatolie (Osmanlı Anadolu Demiryolları, Anatolian Railway), founded on 4 October 1888, was a railway company that operated in the Ottoman Empire.

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Cherkes Ahmet

Cherkes Ahmet was the leader of Ottoman Turkey's state-sponsored paramilitary marauders of supposedly Circassian origin during World War I. Cherkes Ahmet was from Serres, Macedonia.

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Cherry kebab

Cherry Kebab (كباب كرز) is a special kind of kebab, which is made with minced lamb and cherry.

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China national football team results (2000–09)

This article lists the results for the China national football team between 2000 and 2009.

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Christian influences in Islam

Christian influences in Islam could be traced back to the Eastern Christianity, which surrounded the origins of Islam.

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Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg

Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg (18 November 1626 (?) – 9 October 1772) was a Norwegian sailor who, according to his information, was born in 1626 in Blomsholm, Norway and thus reached the age of 145.

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Christian Louboutin

Christian Louboutin (born 7 January 1964) is a French fashion designer whose high-end stiletto footwear incorporates shiny, red-lacquered soles that have become his signature.

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Christianity in Syria

Christians in Syria make up approximately 10% of the population.

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Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia

Chronological summary of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia against the Persian Empire of king Darius III, with indication of the countries/places visited or simply crossed, including the most important battles/sieges and the cities founded (Alexandrias).

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Chukurova

Çukurova, alternatively known as Cilicia, is a geo-cultural region in south-central Turkey, covering the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.

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Church of Saint Simeon Stylites

The Church of Saint Simeon Stylites (Arabic: كنيسة مار سمعان العمودي Kanīsat Mār Simʿān el-ʿAmūdī) is a building that can be traced back to the 5th century located approximately 30 kilometers (19 mi) northwestern part of Aleppo, Syria.

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Church of St. Mary Draperis, Istanbul

Saint Mary Draperis (Santa Maria Draperis, Meryem Ana Draperis Latin Katolik Kilisesi) is a Roman Catholic Church in Istanbul, important for historical reasons.

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Church of the Dormition of Our Lady

Church of the Dormition of Our Lady (كنيسة رقاد السيدة العذراء) is a Greek Orthodox church in Jdeydeh quarter of Aleppo, Syria.

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Church of the Holy Apostles

The Church of the Holy Apostles (Ἅγιοι Ἀπόστολοι, Agioi Apostoloi; Havariyyun Kilisesi), also known as the Imperial Polyándreion (imperial cemetery), was a Greek Eastern Orthodox church in Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Church of the Holy Mother of God (Aleppo)

Church of the Holy Mother of God (Սուրբ Աստուածածին Եկեղեցի), is an Armenian Apostolic church located in the Sulaimaniyeh district of Aleppo, Syria.

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Cinema of Syria

Syrian cinema has existed since the early 20th century.

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Circassian diaspora

The Circassian diaspora refers to the resettlement of the Circassian population, especially during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

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Citadel of Aleppo

The Citadel of Aleppo (قلعة حلب) is a large medieval fortified palace in the centre of the old city of Aleppo, northern Syria.

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Citadel of Damascus

The Citadel of Damascus (Qalʿat Dimašq) is a large medieval fortified palace and citadel in Damascus, Syria.

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Citadel of Salah Ed-Din

The Citadel of Salah Ed-Din (قلعة صلاح الدين, Qal'at Salah al-Din), also known as Sahyun or Saladin Castle, is a medieval castle in northwestern Syria.

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Cities along the Silk Road

This articles lists cities located along the Silk Road.

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Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War

Syria is subdivided in a hierarchical manner into.

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Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War

The civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War, or as it was sometimes called by the media the Syrian Revolution of Dignity was an early stage of protests – with subsequent violent reaction by the Syrian Arab Republic authorities – lasting from March to 28 July 2011.

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Clarissa Ward

Clarissa Ward (born January 30, 1980) is an American television journalist who is currently a foreign correspondent for CNN.

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Cleopatra Selene of Syria

Cleopatra Selene (Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; – 69 BC) was the monarch of Syria as Cleopatra II Selene (82–69 BC).

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Clive King

David Clive King (born 24 April 1924) is an English author best known for his children's book Stig of the Dump (1963).

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Club d'Alep

The Club d'Alep is a social club of Aleppo which was founded in 1945 and located in a former residential mansion in the city's Azizieh district.

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Coffee

Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant.

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Coffeehouse

A coffeehouse, coffee shop or café (sometimes spelt cafe) is an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages (café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot beverages.

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Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits

Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (English: International Sleeping-Car Company), also CIWL, Compagnie des Wagons-Lits, or just Wagons-Lits, is an international hotel and travel logistics company, particularly known for its on-train catering and sleeping car services, as well as being the historical operator of the Orient Express.

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Consecration and entrustment to Mary

For centuries, Marian devotions among Roman Catholics have included many examples of personal or collective acts of consecration and entrustment to the Virgin Mary, with the Latin terms oblatio, servitus, commendatio and dedicatio having been used in this context.

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Consequences of the Black Death

The consequences of the Black Death are the short-term and long-term effects of the Black Death on human populations across the world.

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Constance of Antioch

Constance of Hauteville (1128–1163) was the ruling Princess of Antioch from 1130 to 1163.

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Constantine III of Cilicia

Constantine III of Lampron was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1323 and 1326.

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Constantine Maleinos

Constantine Maleinos (Κωνσταντίνος Μαλεΐνος) was a prominent Byzantine general of the mid-10th century.

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Cornelius Haga

Corneli(u)s Haga (Schiedam, 28 January 1578 – Den Haag, 12 August 1654) was the first ambassador of the Dutch Republic to the Ottoman Empire.

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Council of Acre

The Council of Acre met at Palmarea, near Acre, a major city of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, on 24 June 1148.

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County of Edessa

"Les Croisades, Origines et consequences", Claude Lebedel, p.50--> The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century.

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Course of events of the Syrian Civil War

This is the course of major events of the Syrian Civil War.

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Court of Cassation (Turkey)

The Court of Cassation, also called Supreme Court of Appeals of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyet Yargıtay Başkanlığı – Yargıtay for short) which was founded in 1868 is the last instance for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice.

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Cousin marriage

Cousin marriage is marriage between cousins (i.e. people with common grandparents or people who share other fairly recent ancestors).

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Cousin marriage in the Middle East

Cousin marriage is allowed and often encouraged throughout the Middle East.

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Covenant Society

The Covenant Society (جمعية العهد, Jamyat al-Ahd) was a political group organized in 1913, mainly by Iraqi officers serving in the Ottoman military.

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Crabbet Arabian Stud

The Crabbet Arabian Stud, also known as the Crabbet Park Stud, was a horse breeding farm established on 2 July 1878 when the first Arabian horses brought to England by Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne Blunt arrived at Crabbet Park, their estate in Sussex.

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Cranbury Park

Cranbury Park is a stately home and country estate situated in the parish of Hursley, near Winchester, England.

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Crazy Eddie

Crazy Eddie was a consumer electronics chain in the Northeastern United States.

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Cretan Turks

The Cretan Turks (Greek Τουρκοκρητικοί or Τουρκοκρήτες, Tourkokritikí or Tourkokrítes, Turkish Giritli, Girit Türkleri, or Giritli Türkler), Muslim-Cretans or Cretan Muslims were the Muslim inhabitants of the Greek island of Crete (until 1923) and now their descendants, who settled principally in Turkey, the Dodecanese Islands under Italian administration (now part of Greece after World War 2), Syria (notably in the village of Al-Hamidiyah), Lebanon, Palestine, Libya, and Egypt, as well as in the larger Turkish diaspora.

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Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

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Culture of Syria

Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history.

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Cyril V Zaim

Patriarch Constantine Cyril V Zaim (about 1655–1720), sometimes known also as Cyril III, was Greek Patriarch of Antioch.

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Cyril VIII Geha

Cyril VIII Geha (or Jeha), (November 26, 1840 – January 11, 1916) was patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1902 until 1916.

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Cyrrhestica

Cyrrhestica (Κυρρηστική) is a district of Greater Syria which appears to have owed its name to the Macedonian occupation of the country.

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Cyrrhus

Cyrrhus (Κύρρος Kyrrhos) was a city in ancient Syria founded by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals.

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Dabiq, Syria

Dabiq (دابق) is a town in northern Syria, about northeast of Aleppo and around south of Syria's border with Turkey.

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Dalassenos

Dalassenos (Δαλασσηνός), feminine form Dalassene or Dalassena (Greek: Δαλασσηνή), was a Byzantine aristocratic family prominent in the 11th century.

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Daliyat al-Karmel

Daliyat El Karmel (دَالِيَةِ ٱلْكَرْمِل, דַלְיַת אֶל-כַּרְמֶל) is a Druze town in the Haifa District of Israel, located around 20 km southeast of Haifa.

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Damascus

Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.

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Damascus Eyalet

Damascus Eyalet (ایالت شام; Eyālet-i Šām) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.

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Damascus goat

The Damascus goat, also known as Aleppo, Halep, Baladi, Damascene, Shami, or Chami, is a breed of goat with an unique head and mouth shape raised in Syria, Cyprus and Lebanon.

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Damien Poisblaud

Damien Poisblaud in May 2014. Damien Poisblaud (born 13 April 1961 in Maillé in Vendée) is a French cantor specializing in Gregorian chant.

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Dan Hedaya

Daniel G. Hedaya (born July 24, 1940) is an American actor.

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Danish Arabia expedition (1761–67)

The Danish Arabia expedition (Danish: Den Arabiske Rejse) was a Danish scientific expedition to Egypt, Arabia and Syria.

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Darab Nama

The Darab-Naameh (داراب‌نامه) (Book of Daaraab) is a Persian prose romance, written by the 12th-century writer Abu Taher Muhammad, in which the adventures of the Kayanid Iranian King Darab are recounted.

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Darat Izza

Darat Izza (دارة عزة, also spelled Darat Aza or Darit Izza) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Darley Arabian

The Darley Arabian (foaled c. 1700) was one of three dominant foundation sires of modern Thoroughbred horse racing bloodstock, whose arrival in England during the reign of Queen Anne was the event which "forms the great epoch from which the history of the Turf should be dated".

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David Nahmad

David Nahmad (born 1947, in Beirut, Lebanon) is a retired fine art dealer and billionaire.

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Dayfa Khatun

Dayfa Khatun (ضيفة خاتون; died 1242) was the regent of Aleppo from 26 November 1236 to 1242 during the minority of her grandson An-Nasir Yusuf's reign.

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Dayr Hafir

Dayr Hafir (دير حافر / ALA-LC: Dayr Ḥāfir) is a Syrian city in the Aleppo Governorate, east of Aleppo on the Aleppo-Raqqa highway, to the north of Sabkhat al-Jabbul.

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Daysam ibn Ibrahim al-Kurdi

Daisam b. Ibrahim al-Kurdi (alternatively Daysam) (d. c. 957) was a Kurdish ruler, the ruler of Adharbayjan (by 938–941/942, 951–953).

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Dörtyol

Dörtyol (Չորք Մարզպան, Čork Marzban) is a city in Hatay Province, Turkey.

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Dead Cities

The Dead Cities (المدن الميتة) or Forgotten Cities (المدن المنسية) are a group of 700 abandoned settlements in northwest Syria between Aleppo and Idlib.

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Death of Sammy Yatim

The death of Sammy Yatim occurred early in the morning of July 27, 2013, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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December 23

No description.

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December 24

No description.

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December 7

No description.

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December 8

No description.

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Defense Companies (Syria)

The Defense Companies (سرايا الدفاع; Saraya ad-Difa) were a paramilitary force in Syria that were commanded by Rifaat al-Assad.

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Deir ez-Zor Camps

The Deir ez-Zor camps were concentration camps in the heart of the Syrian desert where many thousands of Armenian refugees were forced into death marches during the Armenian Genocide.

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Deir Jmal

Deir Jmal (دير جمال) is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Demetrius I Qadi

Demetrius I Qadi (or Dimitros I Cadi) (January 18, 1861, Damascus, Syria – October 25, 1925) was Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, and Alexandria and Jerusalem of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1919 until 1925.

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Democratic Federation of Northern Syria

The Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS), commonly known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria.

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Demographics of Pakistan

Pakistan's latest estimated population is 207,774,520 (excluding the autonomous regions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan).

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Demographics of the Ottoman Empire

This article is about the demographics of the Ottoman Empire, including population density, ethnicity, education level, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Dennis W. Sciama

Dennis William Siahou Sciama, (18 November 1926 – 18/19 December 1999) was a British physicist who, through his own work and that of his students, played a major role in developing British physics after the Second World War.

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Deportation

Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country.

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Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

The deportation of Armenian intellectuals, sometimes known as Red Sunday (Western Կարմիր կիրակի Garmir giragi), was the first major event of the Armenian Genocide.

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Desert Hawks Brigade

The Desert Hawks Brigade (لواء صقور الصحراء, liwāʾ suqūr aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ, Liwa Suqur al-Sahara) was an armed private militia branch affiliated with the Syrian Arab Army which fought on the side of the Syrian government in the Syrian Civil War.

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DFNS–Syria relations

DFNS–Syrian Arab Republic relations concern the military and political relations between the forces of the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic and those of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, a de facto autonomous Kurdish-majority region in Northern Syria.

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Dhahab River

Dhahab River or Dhahab Valley (نهر الذهب or وادي الذهب Gold River or Gold Valley), also in medieval times known as Buṭnān Valley (وادي بطنان), is an intermittent river in northern Syria.

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Dhuka al-Rumi

Dhuka al-Rumi ("Doukas the Roman") (died 1 August 919) was a Byzantine Greek who served the Abbasid Caliphate, most notably as governor of Egypt in 915–919.

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Diab al-Mashi

Diab al-Mashi (1915 – 11 August 2009) (دياب الماشي) was a member of the parliament of Syria, for the district of Manbij, Aleppo.

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Diana al-Hadid

9 Diana al-Hadid (born 1981) is a Syrian born American contemporary artist who creates sculptures, installations, and drawings using various media.

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Dick Advocaat

Dirk Nicolaas Advocaat (born 27 September 1947) is a Dutch former football player and manager.

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Diniktum

Diniktum, inscribed Di-ni-ik-tumKI, was a middle bronze-age town located somewhere in the lower Diyala region of Mesopotamia, on the Tigris river downstream from Upi and close to the northern border of Elam.

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Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552

The Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 were far fewer in number than during the period of the Church's greatest expansion in the tenth century.

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Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church

Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church: In the period of its greatest expansion, in the tenth century, the Syriac Orthodox Church had around 20 metropolitan dioceses and a little over a hundred suffragan dioceses.

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Diriliş: Ertuğrul

Diriliş: Ertuğrul (English: Resurrection: Ertugrul) is a Turkish historical adventure television series created by Mehmet Bozdağ, starring Engin Altan Düzyatan and Esra Bilgiç Töre in leading roles.

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Disappearance of Antonio Pampliega, José Manuel López and Ángel Sastre

On July 13, 2015, Spanish freelance journalists Antonio Pampliega, José Manuel López and Ángel Sastre went missing inside Syria around Aleppo during the Syrian civil war.

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Diyar Mudar

Diyār Mudar ("abode of Mudar") is the medieval Arabic name of the westernmost of the three provinces of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the other two being Diyar Bakr and Diyar Rabi'a.

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DJ Sedrak

DJ Sedrak (Sedrak Davidian, Սեդրակ Դաւիթեան - DJ Սեդրակ, 1963, Aleppo - January 17, 2008, Yerevan) was the first radio-DJ in Armenia, "Hai FM" and "City FM" radio programs director, musician, also famous for his "Bon appetite" TV-program.

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Dolma

Dolma is a family of stuffed vegetable dishes common in the Mediterranean cuisine and surrounding regions including the Balkans, the Caucasus, Russia, Central Asia and Middle East.

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Domestication of the Syrian hamster

The domestication of the Syrian hamster began in the late 1700s when naturalists cataloged the Syrian hamster, also known as Mesocricetus auratus or the golden hamster.

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Donbassaero

Donbassaero (Донбасаеро) washttp://www.itar-tass.com/en/c154/620841.html an airline with its head office on the property of Donetsk International Airport in Donetsk, Ukraine.

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Druze

The Druze (درزي or, plural دروز; דרוזי plural דרוזים) are an Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group originating in Western Asia who self-identify as unitarians (Al-Muwaḥḥidūn/Muwahhidun).

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DShK

The DShK 1938 (ДШК, for Дегтярёва-Шпагина Крупнокалиберный, Degtyaryova-Shpagina Krupnokaliberny, "Degtyaryov-Shpagin Large-Calibre") is a Soviet heavy machine gun firing the 12.7×108mm cartridge.

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Dudyan

Dudiyan (Dūdīyān or Dudiyen, Dūdīyan), alternatively spelled Doudyan, is a Kurdish village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Dunsterforce

Established in December 1917, Dunsterforce was an Allied military force named after its commander, General Lionel Dunsterville.

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Duqaq

Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq (died June 8, 1104) was the Seljuq ruler of Damascus from 1095 to 1104.

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Duwaybiq

Toybuk (Toybuk, Toybūq), or Duwaybiq (Dūvaybık or Duwaybīq), also known as Duniq (Dūnīq), is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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East Aleppo offensive (January–April 2017)

The East Aleppo offensive (2017), also referred to as the Dayr Hafir offensive (2017), was an operation launched by the Syrian Army to prevent Turkish-backed rebel forces from advancing deeper into Syria, and also to ultimately capture the ISIL stronghold of Dayr Hafir.

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East Hama offensive (2017)

The Eastern Hama offensive (2017) was a military operation conducted by the Syrian Army against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) with the goal to secure the Ithriyah-Sheikh Hilal road, the government supply line towards Aleppo, and advance towards Wadi Auzain.

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Easter

Easter,Traditional names for the feast in English are "Easter Day", as in the Book of Common Prayer, "Easter Sunday", used by James Ussher and Samuel Pepys and plain "Easter", as in books printed in,, also called Pascha (Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary 30 AD.

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Easter controversy

The controversy over the correct date for Easter began in Early Christianity as early as the 2nd Century A.D. Discussion and disagreement over the best method of computing the date of Easter Sunday has been ongoing and unresolved for centuries.

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Eastern European Time

Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+02:00 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time.

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Ebdo Mihemed

Ebdo Mihemed (Arabic: Abdo Mohamad) is a Kurdish wedding singer from Efrin, Syria.

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Ebla

Ebla (إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.

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Ebla tablets

The Ebla tablets are a collection of as many as 1800 complete clay tablets, 4700 fragments and many thousand minor chips found in the palace archives of the ancient city of Ebla, Syria.

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Economic history of the Ottoman Empire

Economic history of the Ottoman Empire covers the period 1299–1923.

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Edessa

Edessa (Ἔδεσσα; الرها ar-Ruhā; Şanlıurfa; Riha) was a city in Upper Mesopotamia, founded on an earlier site by Seleucus I Nicator ca.

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Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby

Field Marshal Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, (23 April 1861 – 14 May 1936) was an English soldier and British Imperial Governor.

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Edward des Bouverie

Sir Edward des Bouverie, 2nd Baronet (1688 – 21 November 1736), was a British landowner and politician.

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Edward I of England

Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Malleus Scotorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307.

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Edward Pococke

Edward Pococke (baptised 8 November 1604 – 10 September 1691) was an English Orientalist and biblical scholar.

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Egypt Eyalet

The Eyalet of Egypt was the result of the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, following the Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517) and the absorption of Syria into the Empire in 1516.

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Egypt in the Middle Ages

Following the Islamic conquest in 639 AD, Lower Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Ummayad Caliphs in Damascus, but in 747 the Ummayads were overthrown.

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Egypt–Mongolia relations

Egypt–Mongolia relations date back to the wars between Egypt and the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1335 AD.

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Egyptian Expeditionary Force

The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War.

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Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)

The First Egyptian-Ottoman War, First Turco-Egyptian War or First Syrian War (1831–1833) was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence.

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EL/M-2080 Green Pine

The EL/M-2080 Green Pine (אורן ירוק) is an Israeli ground-based missile-defense radar produced by Elta, a subsidiary of Israel Aerospace Industries, to operate mainly with the Arrow theater missile defense system of Israel, which is jointly funded and produced with the United States.

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Eleanor of Aquitaine

Eleanor of Aquitaine (Aliénor d'Aquitaine, Éléonore,; 1124 – 1 April 1204) was queen consort of France (1137–1152) and England (1154–1189) and duchess of Aquitaine in her own right (1137–1204).

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Eli Cohen

Eliyahu Ben-Shaul Cohen (אֱלִיָּהוּ בֵּן שָׁאוּל כֹּהֵן‎, إيلي كوهين‎; 26 December 1924 – 18 May 1965), commonly known as Eli Cohen, was an Israeli spy.

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Elias IV of Antioch

Patriarch Elias IV of Antioch and All The East, born Elias Muawad (الياس معوض (1914 in Lebanon – July 21, 1979 in Damascus) was the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and All The East from 1970 to 1979.

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Elie Horn

Elie (Eli) Horn (born in 1944) is a Brazilian-Jewish businessman and philanthropist operating in Brazil, and president of Cyrela Brazil Realty.

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Elyon

Elyon (Biblical Hebrew עליון; Masoretic ʿElyōn) is an epithet of the God of the Israelites in the Hebrew Bible.

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Emir Qurqumas Complex

The Emir Qurqumas Complex is located in Medieval Cairo, Egypt, in the City of the dead.

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Emmanuel Church, Aleppo

Emmanuel Church is an Armenian Evangelical Church in Aleppo, Syria.

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English exonyms

An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym).

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Environmental issues in Syria

Major environmental issues in Syria include deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, desertification, water pollution from the dumping of raw sewage and wastes from petroleum refining, and inadequate supplies of potable water.

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Ephraim of Antioch

Saint Ephraim of Antioch (Άγιος Εφραίμ ο Αντιοχείας), also known as Saint Ephraim of Amida (Άγιος Εφραίμ o Ἀμίδιος, Syriac: ܐܦܪܝܡ ܐܡܕܝܐ), was the Patriarch of Antioch, and head of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, from 527 until his death in 545.

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Erebuni-Homenmen FC

Erebuni-Homenmen Football Club (Էրեբունի-ՀՄՄ Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ), is a defunct Armenian professional football club that was based in the capital Yerevan.

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Erich Vermehren

Erich Vermehren, also known as Erich Vermeeren de Saventhem or Eric Maria de Saventhem, (December 23, 1919 – April 28, 2005) was an ardent anti-Nazi, an agent of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence organization, and later a leading Catholic Traditionalist.

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Erich von Falkenhayn

General Erich Georg Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 – 8 April 1922) was the Chief of the German General Staff during the First World War from September 1914 until 29 August 1916.

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Erzurum Airport

Erzurum Airport is a military and public airport serving the city of Erzurum in eastern Turkey.

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Ethnic communities in Kolkata

Kolkata, India, is largely inhabited by the ethnic community of the native Bengali people.

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Euphrates

The Euphrates (Sumerian: Buranuna; 𒌓𒄒𒉣 Purattu; الفرات al-Furāt; ̇ܦܪܬ Pǝrāt; Եփրատ: Yeprat; פרת Perat; Fırat; Firat) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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Eustathius of Antioch

Eustathius of Antioch, sometimes surnamed the Great, was a Christian bishop and archbishop of Antioch in the 4th century.

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Euthymius II Karmah

Patriarch Abdel-Karim Meletios Euthymius II Karmah (1572–1635) was Melkite Patriarch of Antioch from 1634 to 1635.

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Everard Fawkener

Sir Everard Fawkener (1694–1758) was an English merchant and diplomat.

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Ezekiel 27

Ezekiel 27 is the twenty-seventh chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Ezra

Ezra (עזרא,; fl. 480–440 BCE), also called Ezra the Scribe and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra, was a Jewish scribe and a priest.

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Ezra Attiya

Ezra Attiya (עזרא עטייה; عزرا عطية) (31 January 1885 – 25 May 1970) was one of the greatest teachers of Torah in the Sephardic Jewish world during the 20th century.

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Ezra Nahmad

Ezra Nahmad (born 1945) is a Syrian-born billionaire art collector and dealer.

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Fadi Afash

Fadi Afash (born 4 January 1974 in Syria) is a former Football player, most notably with the Portland Timbers of the USL First Division.

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Fadi Beko

Mohammed Fadi Beko (محمد فادي بيكو; born 6 May 1991), commonly known as Fadi Beko, is a Syrian footballer who plays for Samail SC in Oman First Division League.

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Fadwa Souleimane

Fadwa Souleimane (also transcribed as Fadwa Soliman or Fadwa Suleiman; 17 May 1970 – 17 August 2017) was a Syrian actress of an Alawite descent who led a Sunni-majority protest against Bashar al-Assad's government in Homs.

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Fafin

Fafin (فافين) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Faia Younan

Faia Younan (فايا يونان; born June 1992) is a Syrian singer of Assyrian descent and the first Middle Eastern artist ever to crowdfund her debut.

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Faisal–Weizmann Agreement

The Faisal–Weizmann Agreement was a 3 January 1919 agreement between Emir Faisal, the third son of Hussein of the short-lived Kingdom of Hejaz, and Chaim Weizmann, a Zionist leader who had negotiated the 1917 Balfour Declaration with the British Government, signed two weeks before the start of the Paris Peace Conference.

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Fake news website

Fake news websites (also referred to as hoax news websites) are Internet websites that deliberately publish fake news—hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation purporting to be real news—often using social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect.

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Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan

Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan (also Ridwan or Rudwan; died 10 December 1113) was a Seljuq ruler of Aleppo from 1095 to 1113.

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Fakhri Pasha

Fakhri Pasha or Fahreddin Pasha (1868 – 22 November 1948), known as Ömer Fahrettin Türkkan after the Surname Law of 1934, was the commander of the Ottoman Army and governor of Medina from 1916 to 1919.

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Fall of Ruad

The Fall of Ruad in 1302–3 was one of the culminating events of the Crusades in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Farhat Square

Farhat Square (Sahat Farhat) is one of the oldest squares in the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Farid Ghadry

Farid Al-Ghadry (Arabic: فريد الغادري) (born June 18, 1954) is the Syrian-born co-founder and current president of the United States-based Reform Party of Syria, a party lobbying for regime change in Syria.

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Fatah al-Islam

Fatah al-Islam (فتح الإسلام', meaning Conquest of Islam) is a radical Sunni Islamist group that formed in November 2006 in a Palestinian refugee camp, located in Lebanon.

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Fatah Halab

Fatah Halab (lit), or Aleppo Conquest, was a joint operations room of Syrian rebel factions operating in and around Aleppo, Syria.

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Fateh Moudarres

Fateh al-Moudarres (فاتح المدرس) (1922–1999) was a Syrian painter and one of the leaders of the modern art movement in Syria.

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Fath al-Qal'i

Abu Nasr Fath al-Qal'i, also known by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Mubarak al-Dawla wa-Sa'id-ha ("Blessed and Happiness of the State"), was the governor of the Citadel of Aleppo during the reign of Emir Mansur ibn Lu'lu' (r. 1008–1016).

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Fathallah Saqqal

Fathallah Saqqal (born 1898) was a Syrian attorney, writer and government minister.

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Fatimid navy

The navy of the Fatimid Caliphate was one of the most developed early Muslim navies and a major force in the central and eastern Mediterranean in the 10th–12th centuries.

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Fatma Aliye Topuz

Fatma Aliye Topuz (9 October 1862 – 13 July 1936), often known simply as Fatma Aliye or Fatma Aliye Hanım, was a Turkish novelist, columnist, essayist, women's rights activist and humanitarian.

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February 2012 Aleppo bombings

On 10 February 2012, two large bombs exploded at Syrian security forces buildings in Aleppo.

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February 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

February 27 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 1 (February 29 on leap years).

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Fevzi Çakmak

Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak (12 January, 1876 – 10 April 1950) was a Turkish field marshal (Mareşal) and politician.

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Fez, Morocco

Fez (فاس, Berber: Fas, ⴼⴰⵙ, Fès) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fas-Meknas administrative region.

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Fiat CR.42

The Fiat CR.42 Falco ("Falcon", plural: Falchi) was a single-seat sesquiplane fighter developed and produced by Italian aircraft manufacturer Fiat Aviazione.

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Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was an attempt by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt.

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Finnish exonyms

Below is list of Finnish language exonyms for towns and cities in non-Finnish-speaking areas.

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Finsbury Rifles

The Finsbury Rifles was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force and later Territorial Army from 1860 to 1961.

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Firas Al-Khatib

Firas Mohamad Al Khatib (فراس محمد الخطيب; born 9 June 1983 in Homs, Syria) is a Syrian footballer who predominantly plays as a forward.

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Firas Tlass

Firas Mustafa Tlass (born 20 August 1960) is a Syrian business tycoon and a member of a significant Sunni family who had close relations with former Syrian President Hafez al-Assad, but defected to the rebels during the Syrian Civil War.

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First Battle of Homs

The first Battle of Homs was fought on December 10, 1260, between the Ilkhanates of Persia and the forces of Egypt, in Syria. After the historic Mamluk victory over the Ilkhanates at the Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260, Hulagu Khan of the Ilkhanate had the Ayyubid Sultan of Damascus and other Ayyubid princes executed in revenge, thus effectively ending the dynasty in Syria. However, the defeat at Ain Jalut forced the Ilkhanate armies out of Syria and the Levant. The main cities of Syria, Aleppo and Damascus were thus left open to Mamluk occupation. But Homs and Hama remained in the possession of minor Ayyubid princes. These princes, rather than the Mamluks of Cairo themselves, actually fought and won the First Battle of Homs. Due to the open war between Hulagu and his cousin Berke of the Golden Horde during the civil war of the Mongol Empire, the Ilkhanate could only afford to send 6,000 troops back into Syria to retake control of the lands. This expedition was initiated by Ilkhanate generals such as Baidu who was forced to leave Gaza when the Mamluks advanced just before the battle of Ain Jalut. After quickly recapturing Aleppo, the force travelled southwards to Homs, but were decisively defeated. This ended the first campaign into Syria by the Ilkhanate, though there were several later incursions, none of which ended with conquests lasting more than a year.

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First Crusade

The First Crusade (1095–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095.

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Flag of Syria

As a result of the ongoing Syrian civil war, there are currently two governments claiming to be the de jure government of Syria, using different flags to represent the state.

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Flavianus Michael Malke

Flavianos Michael Melke (ܦܠܒܝܐܢܘܣ ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܡܠܟܝ), born Ya'Qūb Melkī; (1858 – 29 August 1915) to an Aramean christian family was an Eastern Catholic prelate of the Brothers of Saint Ephrem.

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Fliegerführer Irak

Flyer Command Iraq (Fliegerführer Irak) was a unit of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) sent to Iraq in May 1941 as part of a German mission to support the regime of Rashid Ali during the Anglo-Iraqi War.

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Flight to Pella

The fourth-century church fathers Eusebius and Epiphanius of Salamis cite a tradition that before the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70 the Jerusalem Christians had been miraculously warned to flee to Pella (Tabaquat Fahil) in the region of the Decapolis across the Jordan River.

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FN-6

FN-6 or Feinu-6 is a third generation passive infrared homing (IR) man portable air defence system (MANPADS).

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Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's Asian Qualifiers Preliminary Round 3

This page provides the summaries of the matches of the group stage of the Asian football qualifiers for 2008 Olympics.

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Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes

The Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes (Arabic: Quwat Muqatili al-Asha'ir), are a multi-tribal militia affiliated with the Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate that is active in the Syrian Civil War.

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Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War refers to political, military and operational support to parties involved in the ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011, as well as active foreign involvement.

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Foreign relations of Armenia

Armenia has maintained a policy of complementarism by trying to have positive and friendly relations with Iran, Russia, and the West, including the United States and the European Union since its independence.

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Foreign relations of Bulgaria

Foreign relations of the Republic of Bulgaria are the Bulgarian government's external relations with the outside world.

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Foreign relations of Finland

The foreign relations of Finland are the responsibility of the president of Finland, who leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government.

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Foreign relations of Greece

As one of the oldest Euro-Atlantic member states in the region of Southeast Europe, Greece enjoys a prominent geopolitical role as a middle power, due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

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Foreign relations of Russia

The foreign relations of the Russian Federation is the policy of the government of Russia by which it guides the interactions with other nations, their citizens and foreign organizations.

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Foreign relations of Syria

Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbors, and securing the return of the Golan Heights, have been the primary goals of Syria's foreign policy.

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Forty Martyrs Cathedral

The Forty Martyrs Armenian Cathedral (كنيسة الأربعين شهيد) of Aleppo, Syria, is a 15th-century Armenian Apostolic church located in the old Christian quarter of Jdeydeh.

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Forty Martyrs of Sebaste

The Forty Martyrs of Sebaste or the Holy Forty (Ancient/Katharevousa Greek Ἃγιοι Τεσσεράκοντα; Demotic: Άγιοι Σαράντα) were a group of Roman soldiers in the Legio XII ''Fulminata'' (Armed with Lightning) whose martyrdom in 320 for the Christian faith is recounted in traditional martyrologies.

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François Ayoub

François Ayoub (born on 11 July 1899 in Aleppo, Syria - died on 2 June 1966) was a Syrian Archbishop of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo and the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Cyprus.

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François Baron de Tott

François Baron de Tott (Báró Tóth Ferenc) (August 17, 1733, Chamigny, France – September 24, 1793, Hungary) was an aristocrat and a French military officer of Hungarian origin.

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François Pétis de la Croix

François Pétis de la Croix (1653–1713) was a French orientalist.

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François Rabbath

François Rabbath (born 1931 in Aleppo, Syria) is a contemporary French double-bass player, soloist, and composer.

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France–Syria relations

Relations between France and Syria have a long, rich historical background.

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Francis Kurkdjian

Francis Kurkdjian (born in Paris on May 14, 1969) is an Armenian contemporary perfumer and businessman.

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Francis Marrash

Francis bin Fathallah bin Nasrallah Marrash (Arabic: فرنسيس بن فتح الله بن نصر الله مرّاش / ALA-LC: Fransīs bin Fatḥ Allāh bin Naṣr Allāh Marrāsh; 1835Al-Himsi, p. 20. or 1836Zaydan, p. 253. or 1837 – 1873 or 1874), also known as Francis al-Marrash or Francis Marrash al-Halabi, was a Syrian writer and poet of the Nahda movement—the Arabic renaissance—and a physician.

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Francis Verney

Sir Francis Verney (1584 – 6 September 1615) was an English adventurer, soldier of fortune, and pirate.

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Francis Vernon

Francis Vernon (1637?–1677) was an English traveller and author.

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Franciscus Quaresmius

Francisco Quaresmio or Quaresmi (4 April 1583 – 25 October 1650), better known by his Latin name Franciscus Quaresmius, was an Italian writer and Orientalist.

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Franco-Mongol alliance

Several attempts at a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Islamic caliphates, their common enemy, were made by various leaders among the Frankish Crusaders and the Mongol Empire in the 13th century.

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Fred D. Shepard

Fred Shepard (11 September 1855 – 18 December 1915) was an American physician who witnessed the Armenian Genocide.

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Free Idlib Army

The Free Idlib Army (Jaysh ‘Idlib al-Ḥarr) is a Syrian rebel coalition consisting of 3 armed groups from northwestern Syria affiliated with the Free Syrian Army: the 13th Division, the Northern Division, and the Mountain Hawks Brigade.

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Free Syrian Army

The Free Syrian Army (al-Jaysh as-Sūrī al-Ḥurr; abbreviated FSA) is a loose faction in the Syrian Civil War founded on 29 July 2011 by officers of the Syrian Armed Forces who said their goal was to bring down the government of Bashar al-Assad.

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French campaign in Egypt and Syria

The French Campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, proclaimed to defend French trade interests, weaken Britain's access to British India, and to establish scientific enterprise in the region.

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French colonial flags

Some of the colonies, protectorates and mandates of the French Colonial Empire used distinctive colonial flags.

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French exonyms

Below is a list of French language exonyms for places in non-French-speaking areas.

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French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (Mandat français pour la Syrie et le Liban; الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان) (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded after the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire concerning Syria and Lebanon.

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Fritz Frech

Fritz Daniel Frech (26 March 1861 in Berlin – 28 September 1917 in Aleppo) was a German geologist and paleontologist.

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Fritz Grobba

Fritz Konrad Ferdinand Grobba (18 July 1886 – 2 September 1973) was a German diplomat during the interwar period and World War II.

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Ful medames

Ful medames (فول مدمس,; other spellings include ful mudammas and foule mudammes), or simply fūl, is a dish of cooked fava beans served with vegetable oil, cumin, and optionally with chopped parsley, garlic, onion, lemon juice, chili pepper and other vegetable, herb and spice ingredients.

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Gabol

The Gabol (گبول) is a Baloch tribe having a distinct identity through the centuries, and not a branch of any other Baloch tribe.

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Gabriel Acacius Coussa

Gabriel Acacius Coussa (August 3, 1897 – July 29, 1962) was a Syrian Melkite Catholic archbishop, expert in canon law and cardinal.

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Gabriel III of Constantinople

Gabriel III (Γαβριήλ Γ΄), (? – 25 October 1707) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1702 to 1707.

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Galatasaray High School

Galatasaray High School (Galatasaray Lisesi, Lycée de Galatasaray) is one of the most influential high schools in modern Turkey.

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Galilee Forces

The Galilee Forces (Quwat al-Jalil) are a Palestinian militia allied with the Ba'athist Syrian government, currently fighting in the Syrian Civil War.

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Gani Mirzo

Gani Mirzo (born 1968) is a contemporary Kurdish musician.

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Garnik Addarian

Garnik Hovsepi Addarian (in Armenian Գառնիկ Ադդարյան, also transliterated Karnig Attarian in Western Armenian) (1925–1986) was an Armenian Diasporan poet, writer and public figure, a member of Lebanese Communist Party Central Committee since 1980.

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Garo Kahkejian

Garo Kahkejian (Կարո Քահքեջյան; 24 March 1962 – 26 June 1993) was a famed Armenian military commander and participant in the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Garo Mardirossian

Garo Mardirossian (born 1956)Nachman, S., American Lawyer, 1995 October, p. 28.

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Gasparo Balbi

Gasparo Balbi was an Italian jeweller, merchant, and author from Venice, who is best known for his account of his travels to India and the East from 1579–1588.

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Gathering of Israel

The Gathering of Israel (קיבוץ גלויות, Kibbutz Galuyot (Biblical: Qibbuṣ Galuyoth), lit. Ingathering of the Exiles, also known as Ingathering of the Jewish diaspora) is the biblical promise of given by Moses to the people of Israel prior to their entrance into the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael).

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Gaykhatu

Gaykhatu (Mongolian: Gaikhalt; Mongolian Cyrillic: Гайхалт, died 1295) was the fifth Ilkhanate ruler in Iran.

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Gaziantep

Gaziantep, previously and still informally called Antep (Այնթապ, Kurdish: Dîlok), is a city in the western part of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region, some east of Adana and north of Aleppo, Syria.

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Gaziantep railway station

Gaziantep station is a station in Gaziantep, southeastern Turkey.

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Günter Lüling

Günter Lüling (* October 25, 1928 in Varna, Bulgaria † 10. September 2014) was a German Protestant theologian, philological scholar (Dr. in Arabistics and Islamics) and pioneer in the study of early Islamic origins.

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Geographical distribution of French speakers

This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the French language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken.

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Geography of Malta

The geography of Malta is dominated by water.

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Geography of Syria

Syria is located in Southwestern Asia, north of the Arabian Peninsula, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Georg Freytag

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Freytag (19 September 1788 – 16 November 1861) was a German philologist.

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George Juskalian

George Juskalian (Գևորգ Ժուսգալեան; June 7, 1914 – July 4, 2010) was a decorated member of the United States Army who served for over three decades and fought in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

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George Maniakes

George Maniakes (transliterated as Georgios Maniaces, Maniakis, or Maniaches,; died 1043) was a prominent Eastern Roman general during the 11th century, he was the catepan of Italy in 1042.

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George Smith (Assyriologist)

George Smith (Chelsea, London 26 March 184019 August 1876), was a pioneering English Assyriologist who first discovered and translated the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest-known written works of literature.

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George Tutunjian

George Tutunjian (Թութունճեան,Geworg T’ut’unč̣ean; c. 1930 in Aleppo, Syria – November 7, 2006 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) was a singer of Armenian patriotic and revolutionary songs and lifelong supporter of Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF).

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Georges Kahhalé Zouhaïraty

Georges Kahhalé Zouhaïraty, BA (born 1 August 1938, Aleppo, Syria) since 1995 is the Apostolic Exarch for the Melkite Greek Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Venezuela.

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Georges Tarabichi

Georges Tarabichi (1939 – March 16, 2016) was a Syrian writer and translator.

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Georgian military campaigns over Armenian lands

A number of wars between the Kingdom of Georgia and various Muslim states over the Armenian lands in eastern Anatolia, fought from 1198 until 1209.

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Gepard-class frigate

The Russian Gepard-class frigates (Project 1166.1) is a class of frigates that were intended as successors to the earlier s and, and corvettes.

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Germanos Adam

Germanos Adam (born in 1725 in Aleppo, Syria - died on 10 November 1809 in Zouk Mikael, Lebanon) was the Melkite Catholic bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo during the late 18th century and a Christian theologian.

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Gerold von Gleich

Gerold von Gleich (1869-1938) was a German army officer, who served in both the German Imperial Army and the Ottoman Army during World War I, and wrote a memoir of his military career.

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Ghabaghib

Ghabaghib (غباغب Ğabāğib; also spelled Ghabagheb) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Daraa Governorate, located north of Daraa.

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Ghaytun

Ghaytun (Ghayţūn) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Ghazan

Mahmud Ghazan (1271– 11 May 1304) (sometimes referred to as Casanus by Westerners) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304.

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Ghazi II Saif ud-Din

Dirham of Ghazi II Saif ud-Din minted in 1171/1172 Saif ud-Din Ghazi II (سيف الدين غازي بن مودود); full name: Saif ad-Din Ghazi II Bin Mawdud Bin Imad ad-Din Atabeg Zengi; died 1180) was a Zangid emir of Mosul, the nephew of Nur ad-Din Zengi. He became emir of Mosul in 1170 after the death of his father Qutb ad-Din Mawdud. Saif had been chosen as successor under the advice of eunuch ’Abd al-Masish, who wanted to keep the effective rule in lieu of the young emir; the dishinerited son of Mawdud, Imad ad-Din Zengi II, fled to Aleppo at the court of Nur ad-Din. The latter, who was waiting for an excuse to annex Mosul, conquered Sinjar in September 1170 and besieged Mosul, which surrendered on 22 January 1171. After ousting al-Masish, he put Gümüshtekin, one of his officers, as governor, leaving Saif ud-Din nothing but the nominal title of emir. The latter also married the daughter of Nur ad-Din. At Nur ad-Din's death (May 1174), Gümüshtekin went to Damascus to take control of his son and entitled himself of atabeg of Aleppo. Saif ud-Din rejected his tutorage and restored his independence. The nobles of Damascus, worried by Gümüshtekin's increasing power, offered Saif ud-Din their city, but he could not intervene since he was busy in retaking Mosul. Thenceforth Damascus was given to Saladin. and Saladin took control of Biladu-Sham (Syria), Saif ud-Din wanted to take over Aleppo, so he sent his brother Izz ad-Din Mas'ud at the head of an army to fight Saladin: they met in an area near Hama called Kron Hama (Arabic: قرون حماه), where Saif ud-Din was defeated. Later he prepared for another battle at Tell al-Sultan (Arabic: تل سلطان) near Aleppo, where he was also defeated; he went back to Mosul and sent massengers to Saladin offering his alliance, which was accepted. Saif ud-Din died from tuberculosis, and his brother Izz ad-Din Mas'ud succeeded him in 1180.

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Ghiath Tayfour

Ghiath Tayfour (in Arabic غياث طيفور)‎ 1969 – 11 March 2012) was a Syrian boxing champion in Syria and winner of many titles including Syrian championships titles from 1984 to 1998. He was born in Aleppo, Syria, and began his training with the Police Club of Aleppo. Tayfour was assassinated in front of the University of Aleppo. (in Arabic) Opposition forces to the government of Bashar Assad claimed responsibility for his murder, alleging "his involvement in the government's security apparatus against the protesters during Syrian Civil War". He had reportedly received death threats earlier. At the time of his death, Tayfour was an administrator in the Department of Sports Facilities in Aleppo, Syria. He was also a member of the Syrian Boxing Federation and a boxing trainer in the Aleppo Police Club, where he first learned to box.

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Ghofrane Mohammad

Ghofrane Mohammad (born 6 June 1989) is a Syrian hurdler from Aleppo.

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Ghouta chemical attack

The Ghouta chemical attack occurred in Ghouta, Syria during the Syrian Civil War, in the early hours of 21 August 2013.

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Ghuraba al-Sham

Ghuraba al-Sham (غرباء الشام Ghurabā’ ash-Shām, "Strangers/Foreigners of the region of Syria") was a group of jihadists of Turkish and former Eastern bloc origin who smuggled foreign fighters to Iraq, intervened in Lebanon during the 2007 Lebanon conflict, and fought in Syria during the Syrian Civil War.

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Ghurur

Ghurur (Ghurūr) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Gianluca Costantini

Gianluca Costantini (born December 19, 1971) in Ravenna, Italy, is a cartoonist, artist, Comic journalist, and activist.

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Gilbert Bigio

Gilbert Bigio is a Haitian billionaire and retired businessman.

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Giorgi Saakadze

Giorgi Saakadze the Grand Mouravi (გიორგი სააკაძე) (c. 1570 – October 3, 1629) was a Georgian politician and military commander who played an important but contradictory role in the politics of the early 17th-century Georgia.

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Giosafat Barbaro

Giosafat Barbaro (also Giosaphat or Josaphat) (1413–1494) was a member of the Venetian Barbaro family.

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Giovanni de' Marignolli

Giovanni de' Marignolli (Johannes Marignola;.), variously anglicized as John of Marignolli or John of Florence, was a notable 14th-century Catholic European traveller to medieval China.

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Giuseppe Nahmad

Giuseppe (“Joe”) Nahmad (1932 – 23 November 2012) was an art dealer who specialized in impressionist, post-impressionist, and modern art.

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Going Dutch

"Going Dutch" (sometimes written with lower-case dutch) is a term that indicates that each person participating in a group activity pays for themself, rather than any person paying for anyone else, particularly in a restaurant bill.

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Golda Meir

Golda Meir (גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר;, born Golda Mabovitch, May 3, 1898 – December 8, 1978) was an Israeli teacher, kibbutznik, stateswoman, politician and the fourth Prime Minister of Israel.

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Golden hamster

The golden hamster or Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is a rodent in the subfamily Cricetinae, the hamsters.

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Grand Serail of Aleppo

The Grand Serail was the former seat of the governor of the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Great Mosque of Aleppo

The Great Mosque of Aleppo (جَـامِـع حَـلَـب الْـكَـبِـيْـر, Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) or the Umayyad Mosque of Aleppo (جَـامِـع بَـنِي أُمَـيَّـة بِـحَـلَـب, Jāmi‘ Banī Umayyah Bi-Ḥalab) is the largest and one of the oldest mosques in the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Great Mosque of Maarrat al-Numan

The Great Mosque of Maarrat al-Numan (جامع معرة النعمان الكبير) is a 12th-century Ayyubid-era mosque in the village of Maarrat al-Numan between Hama and Aleppo in Syria.

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Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch

The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, also known as the Antiochian Orthodox Church (Πατριαρχεῖον Ἀντιοχείας, Patriarcheîon Antiocheías; بطريركية أنطاكية وسائر المشرق للروم الأرثوذكس, Baṭriyarkiyya Anṭākiya wa-Sāʾir al-Mashriq li'l-Rūm al-Urthūdhuks), is an autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church within the wider communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

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Greeks in Syria

The Greek presence in Syria began in the 7th century BC and became more prominent during the Hellenistic period and when the Seleucid Empire was centered there.

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Grigor Paron-Ter

Grigor Paron-Ter (Գրիգոր Պարոն-Տեր), was the Armenian Patricarch of Jerusalem.

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Guenter Lewy

Guenter Lewy (born August 22, 1923) is a German-born American author and political scientist who is a professor emeritus of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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Guido Gryseels

Dr Guido Gryseels is a Belgian academic and agricultural economist who has been Director-General of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, Belgium since 2001.

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György Kmety

György Kmety (Felsőpokorágy, – London) was a general in the Hungarian Army, and in the Ottoman Army under the name Ismail Pasha.

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Hadad

Hadad (𐎅𐎄), Adad, Haddad (Akkadian) or Iškur (Sumerian) was the storm and rain god in the Northwest Semitic and ancient Mesopotamian religions.

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Hadi Al Abdullah

Hadi Al Abdullah (هادي العبدالله; born 8 May 1987) is a Syrian citizen journalist and activist who has risen to prominence through his coverage of the Syrian Civil War.

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Hadim Ibrahim Pasha

Hadim Ibrahim Pasha (Hadım Ibrahim Paşa, meaning in English "Ibrahim Pasha the Eunuch") (1473 – 1562) Necipoĝlu (2005), p.391 was a 16th-century Ottoman statesman.

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Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad (حافظ الأسد,; 6 October 1930 – 10 June 2000) was a Syrian politician and field marshal of the Syrian Armed Forces who served as President of Syria from 1971 to 2000.

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Hagop Barsoumian

Hagop Barsoumian (1 September 1936 in Aleppo, Syria - 1986).

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Hagop Oshagan

Hagop Oshagan (Յակոբ Օշական; December 9, 1883 in Soloz, Bursa – February 17, 1948 in Aleppo), was an Armenian writer, playwright, and novelist.

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Haig Yazdjian

Haig Yazdjian is a composer and a vocalist and an Oud player and a producer.

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Haim Farhi

Haim Farhi (חיים פרחי,; حيم فارحي, also known as Haim "El Mu'allim" المعلم lit. "The Teacher"), (1760 – August 21, 1820) was an adviser to the governors of the Galilee in the days of the Ottoman Empire.

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Haim Sabato

Haim Sabato is an Israeli rabbi and author.

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Hala Shawkat

Fatma Turkan Shawkat (فاطمة توركان شوكت), better known by her stage name Hala Shawkat (هالة شوكت), was a Syrian actress.

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Halab (disambiguation)

Halab is the ancient name of Aleppo in northern Syria.

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Halabi (surname)

Halabi (حَلَبِي) is an Arabic locational surname, or nisba, denoting origin from Aleppo (Halab), Syria, or those who traded with Aleppo residents.

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Halabiye

Halabiye (حلبيّة, Latin/Greek: Zenobia, Birtha) is an archaeological site on the right bank of the Euphrates River in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria.

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Halaby

Halaby is a surname, originating in the Middle East.

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Halep

Halep may refer to.

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Hama

Hama (حماة,; ܚܡܬ Ḥmṭ, "fortress"; Biblical Hebrew: חֲמָת Ḥamāth) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria.

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Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)

The Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015) during the Syrian Civil War was launched by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in an attempt to cut the government supply line between its troops in central and northern Syria.

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Hamdanid dynasty

The Hamdanid dynasty (حمدانيون Ḥamdānyūn) was a Shi'a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq (al-Jazirah) and Syria (890-1004).

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Hamid Mido

Hamid Darwich Mido (حميد درويش ميدو) (born 3 June 1993 in Syria) is a Syrian footballer.

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Hammad al-Harrani

Hammad al-Harrani or Abu al-Thana' Hammad ibn Hibat Allah ibn Hammad ibn al-Fudayl al-Harrani al-Hanbali (Arabic: حماد الحراني) was a Muslim scholar, poet, merchant and traveler who left his home town Harran to live in Alexandria under the reign of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi.

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Hammam al-Nahhasin

Hammam al-Nahhasin (حمام النحاسين) is one of the oldest and largest public baths (hammam or Turkish bath) in Aleppo, Syria.

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Hammam Yalbugha

Hammam Yalbugha (حمام يلبغا) is a Mamluk-era public bath ("hammam") in Aleppo, Syria.

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Hammurabi I

Hammurabi I (reigned - Middle chronology) is the third attested king of Yamhad (Halab).

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Hammurabi II

Hammurabi II (reigned Middle 17th century BC - Middle chronology) was an obscure king of Yamhad (Halab), probably reigning after Irkabtum.

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Hammurabi III

Hammurabi III (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Yarim-Lim III.

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Hampartzoum Berberian

Hampartzoum Berberian (Համբարձում Պէրպէրեան; Adana, May 25, 1905 – Watertown, Massachusetts, March 13, 1999) was an Armenian composer, conductor and a political activist.

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Hananu Revolt

The Hananu Revolt (also known as the Aleppo RevoltMoubayed 2006, p. 604. or the Northern revolts) occurred in 1920–1921 in the western countryside of Aleppo and its purpose was to drive out French military forces from northern Syria.

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Hani Al-Dhabit

Hani Al-Dhabit Faraj Bait Al-Noobi commonly known as Hani Al-Dhabit (هاني الضابط فرج بيت النوبي; born 15 October 1979) is an Omani footballer who plays for Dhofar S.C.S.C. in Oman Professional League.

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Harbord Commission

The Harbord Commission was a U.S. political commission tasked with studying the relationship between the United States and Armenia following World War I. In 1919 President Woodrow Wilson sent two missions to the Near East to gather information on issues relating to the future of the region in the immediate aftermath of World War I. One group, later known as the "King-Crane Commission", was civilian, centered on Istanbul(Constantinople), and tasked to interview community leaders and representatives of the Ottoman government.

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Harem, Syria

Harem or Harim (حارم) is a Syrian city within the Idlib Governorate.

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Haritan

Haritan (حريتان, also spelled Huraytan or Hreitan) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of the Aleppo Governorate, just northwest of Aleppo.

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Harout Pamboukjian

Harout Pamboukjian (Հարութ Փամբուկչյան), (born in 1950 in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union), also known as Dzakh Harut (Ձախ Հարութ Left Harout), is an Armenian American pop singer living in Los Angeles.

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Haroutiun Galentz

Haroutiun Galentz (also Kalents, Հարություն Կալենց; March 27, 1910 in Kyurin - March 7, 1967 in Yerevan), was a prolific Armenian painter.

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Harran, as-Suwayda

Harran (حران) is a village in the as-Suwayda Governorate in southwestern Syria.

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Harthamah Shar Bamiyan

Harthamah Shar Bamiyan (هرثمة شارباميان) was a ninth century personage and provincial governor for the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Harut Sassounian

Harut Sassounian (Յարութ Սասունեան, born 1950, Aleppo, Syria) is an Armenian-American writer, public activist and publisher of The California Courier which is known for Sassounian's weekly opinion column.

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Hasan Izzet Pasha

Hasan Izzet Pasha (Turkish: Hasan İzzet Paşa, Hasan İzzet Arolat, 1871; Constantinople (Istanbul) – 3 March 1931, ailemiz. net, information from the Archive of the Personnel Department of Turkish Army) was a general of the Ottoman Empire.

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Hasan Turkmani

Hasan Ali Turkmani (حسن توركماني; 27 January 1935 – 18 July 2012) was a prominent Syrian military commander and Ba'ath Party member, who served as minister of defense from 2004 to 2009.

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Hasankeyf

Hasankeyf (Heskîf, حصن كيفا,, Κιφας, Cepha, ܟܐܦܐ) is an ancient town and district located along the Tigris River in the Batman Province in southeastern Turkey.

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Hashim al-Atassi

Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (11 January 1875 – 5 December 1960) (هاشم الأتاسي, Haşim el Atasi) was a Syrian nationalist and statesman and its President from 1936 to 1939, 1949 to 1951 and 1954 to 1955.

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Hassan-i Sabbah

Hassan-e Sabbāh (mistakenly Hassan-i Sabbāh Persian: حسن صباح Hasan-e Sabbāh) or Hassan as-Sabbāh (Arabic: حسن الصباح Ḥasan aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ) (circa 1050–1124) was the leader of the Nizārī Ismā‘īlītes and the founder of the order known as Assassins.

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Hatay Province

Hatay Province (Hatay ili) is a province in southern Turkey, on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The administrative capital is Antakya (Antioch), and the other major city in the province is the port city of İskenderun (Alexandretta). It is bordered by Syria to the south and east and the Turkish provinces of Adana and Osmaniye to the north. The province is part of Çukurova (Cilicia), a geographical, economical and cultural region that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. There are border crossing points with Syria in the district of Yayladağı and at Cilvegözü in the district of Reyhanlı. Sovereignty over the province remains disputed with neighbouring Syria, which claims that the province was separated from itself against the stipulations of the French Mandate of Syria in the years following Syria's independence from the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Although the two countries have remained generally peaceful in their dispute over the territory, Syria has never formally renounced its claims to it.

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Hawar Kilis

Hawar Kilis (Ḥāwār Keles, Havar Kilis or Havar), alternatively spelled Hiwar Kalas, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Hayır Bey

Hayır Bey (sometimes spelled Kha'ir Bey or Kha'ir Beg; died 1522) ruled Egypt in the name of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 until his death in 1522.

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Hayyah Kabirah

Hayyah Kabirah (Hāyyāh Kābīrāh), also spelled Hayya Kabir (Hayye Kebir, Hāyya Kābīr) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo and south of the Euphrates River.

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Hazzm Movement

The Hazzm Movement (حركة حزم, Ḥarakat Ḥazzm, meaning Movement of Steadfastness) was an alliance of Syrian rebel groups affiliated with the Free Syrian Army in northwestern Syria that existed from 25 January 2014 until 1 March 2015, when many of them dissolved into the Levant Front.

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Heads and Tails (Russian telecast)

Heads and Tails is a Ukrainian Russian-speaking television travel series that launched in 2010.

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Health in Syria

Health in Syria, although emphasized by the country's ruling Baath Party and improving significantly in recent years, has been declining due to the ongoing civil war which saw the destruction of many hospitals nationwide, and the deterioration in the functionality of some medical equipment due to the lack of spare parts and maintenance shortages of drugs and medical supplies due to sanctions.

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Health systems by country

This article provides a brief overview of the health systems of the world, sorted by continent.

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Heinrich August Meissner

Heinrich August Meissner (Heinrich August Meißner, January 3, 1862 – January 14, 1940) was a German engineer who was largely responsible for the railway network in the Ottoman Empire, and later helped manage the network in Turkey.

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Henry Maundrell

Henry Maundrell (1665–1701) was an academic at Oxford University and later a Church of England clergyman, who served from 20 December 1695 as chaplain to the Levant Company in Syria.

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Henry Teonge

Henry Teonge (born 18 March 1621 at Wolverton, Warwickshire, died 21 March 1690 at Spernall, Warwickshire) was an English cleric and Royal Navy chaplain who kept informative diaries of voyages he made in 1675–76 and 1678–79.

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Herman Bicknell

Herman Bicknell (2 April 1830 – 14 March 1875) was an FRAS, British surgeon, orientalist, and linguist, son of Elhanan Bicknell.

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Hezwan

Hezwan (حزوان) or Hazwan is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology

The Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology (HIAST) (المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا) is an engineering and technology institute in Damascus, Syria.

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Hilaliyya Zawiya

The Hilaliyya Zawiya is a zawiya located in the east part of the Jallum quarter of Aleppo, Syria.

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Hilarion Capucci

Hilarion Capucci (2 March 1922 – 1 January 2017) was a Syrian Catholic bishop who served as the titular archbishop of Caesarea in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.

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Hindiyya al-'Ujaimi

Hindiyya (born Hannah al-‘Ujaimi; 1720-1798), (other spellings: Anna 'Adjaymi, or Ajjeymi, Ajami, also known as the Hindiyé, or Hendiye, i.e. the Indian) was a Maronite mystic nun which claimed to have many visions of Jesus and Mary.

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Historic roads

Historic roads are existing or once existent travel routes of historic significance.

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Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

This is a historical list of all bishops of the Catholic Church whose sees were within the present-day boundaries of the United States, with links to the bishops who consecrated them.

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Historical urban community sizes

These are estimated populations of historical cities over time.

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History of coffee

The origin and history of coffee date back to the 10th century, and possibly earlier with a number of reports and legends surrounding its first use.

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History of cricket to 1725

The earliest definite reference to cricket is dated Monday, 17 January 1597 (i.e., an "Old Style" Julian date which is 1598 by modern reckoning under the Gregorian calendar).

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History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty

The history of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty (1805–1953) spanned the later period of Ottoman Egypt, the Khedivate of Egypt under British patronage, and the nominally independent Sultanate of Egypt and Kingdom of Egypt, ending with the Revolution of 1952 and the formation of the Republic of Egypt.

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History of European consuls in the Ottoman Empire

The European consuls in the Ottoman Empire began as informal relationships between merchants residing in the Empire and the Sultan.

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History of Islam

The history of Islam concerns the political, social,economic and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.

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History of Kfarsghab

Kfarsghab in Zgharta District in the Mount Lebanon Governorate of Lebanon predates Christianity.

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History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule

The Ottoman Empire at least nominally ruled Lebanon from its conquest in 1516 until the end of World War I in 1918.

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History of literature

The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/listener/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces.

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History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes

The early domes of the Middle Ages, particularly in those areas recently under Byzantine control, were an extension of earlier Roman architecture.

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History of mental disorders

For thousands of years, humans have tried to explain and control problematic behavior.

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History of Saudi Arabia

The history of Saudi Arabia in its current form as a state began with its foundation in 1744, although the human history of the region extends as far as 20,000 years ago.

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History of science and technology in China

Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.

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History of Syria

The history of Syria covers events which occurred on the territory of the present Syrian Arab Republic and events which occurred in Syria (region).

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History of the Arabic alphabet

The history of the Arabic alphabet concerns the origins and the evolution of the Arabic script.

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History of the Byzantine Empire

This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD.

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History of the Jews in Kolkata

The history of the Jews in Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta) in India, dates back to the eighteenth century.

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History of the Jews in Kuwait

The history of the Jews in Kuwait is connected to the history of the Jews in Iraq.

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History of the Jews in Mexico

The history of the Jews in Mexico can be said to have begun in 1519 with the arrival of Conversos, often called Marranos or “Crypto-Jews,” referring to those Jews forcibly converted to Catholicism and that then became subject to the Spanish Inquisition.

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History of the Jews in Syria

Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: those who inhabited Syria from early times and the Sephardim who fled to Syria after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1492 AD).

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History of the Jews in Turkey

The history of the Jews in Turkey (Türkiye Yahudileri, Turkish Jews; יהודים טורקים Yehudim Turkim, Djudios Turkos) covers the 2,400 years that Jews have lived in what is now Turkey.

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History of the Kurds

The Kurds (Kurdish: کورد, Kurd), also the Kurdish people (Kurdish: گەلی کورد, Gelê Kurd), are a Northwestern Iranic ethnic group in the Middle East.

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History of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I. As sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (today named Istanbul) in 1453, the state grew into a mighty empire.

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Hisyah

Hisyah (حسياء, also spelled Hasya, Hasiyah, Hesa or Hessia) is a town in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located about 35 kilometers south of Homs.

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Hittite sites

The geography of the Hittite Empire is inferred from Hittite texts on the one hand, and from archaeological excavation on the other.

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Hittites

The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC.

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Hizb ut-Tahrir

Hizb ut-Tahrir (حزب التحرير Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr; Party of Liberation) is an international, pan-Islamist political organization, which describes its ideology as Islam, and its aim as the re-establishment of the Islamic Khilafah (Caliphate) or Islamic state to resume the Islamic way of life.

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HMS Kingfisher (1804)

HMS Kingfisher (or Kings Fisher or Kingsfisher) was a Royal Navy 18-gun ship sloop, built by John King and launched in 1804 at Dover.

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Holiest sites in Shia Islam

In addition to the three mosques accepted by all Muslims as holy sites, Shia Muslims consider sites associated with Muhammad, his family members (Ahl al-Bayt) and descendants (including the Shia Imams), After Mecca and Medina, Najaf, Karbala and Jerusalem are the most revered by Shias.

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Holy Cross Church, Aleppo

Church of the Holy Cross (Armenian:Սուրբ Խաչ; Sourp khach, كنيسة الصليب المقدس) is an Armenian Catholic Church in the Ouroubeh district of Aleppo, Syria.

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Holy See of Cilicia

The Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia (Կաթողիկոսութիւն Հայոց Մեծի Տանն Կիլիկիոյ) is a hierarchal see of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

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Holy Trinity Church, Aleppo

Holy Trinity Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Երրորդութիւն Եկեղեցի; Sourp Yerrortutyun, كنيسة الثالوث الأقدس), also called Zvartnots, is an Armenian Catholic church in al-Midan district of Aleppo, Syria.

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Home Kidston

Lieutenant-Commander Home Ronald Archibald Kidston (11 March 1910 – January 1996) was a Royal Navy officer, farmer and racing driver.

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Homenmen

Homenmen is a pan-Armenian sports and Scouting organization established in 1921 in Aleppo, Syria.

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Homer Davenport

Homer Calvin Davenport (March 8, 1867 – May 2, 1912) was a political cartoonist and writer from the United States.

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Homs

Homs (حمص / ALA-LC: Ḥimṣ), previously known as Emesa or Emisa (Greek: Ἔμεσα Emesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.

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Hormuzd Rassam

Hormuzd Rassam (182616 September 1910) (ܗܪܡܙܕ ܪܣܐܡ), was an Assyriologist who made a number of important archaeological discoveries from 1877 to 1882, including the clay tablets that contained the Epic of Gilgamesh, the world's oldest literature.

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Hossein Hamadani

Hossein Hamadani, also spelled Hamedani (حسین همدانی; December 15, 1950 – October 7, 2015), was an Iranian Revolutionary Guard commander.

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Hovhannes Tertsakian

Hovhannes Tertsakian, C.A.M. (January 3, 1924 – January 28, 2002) is a bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States.

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Hrag Vartanian

Hrag Vartanian (Հրակ Վարդանեան) is the editor-in-chief and co-founder of the arts blog Hyperallergic.

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Hratch Kozibeyokian

Hratch Kozibeyokian (Հրաչ Կոզիբեյոկյան; born August 12, 1951) is an Armenian American distinguished expert of oriental rugs.

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Hubertus Hoffmann

Hubertus Hoffmann is a German entrepreneur, geostrategist and philanthropist as Founder and President of the World Security Network Foundation and The Human Codes of Tolerance and Respect Project.

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Human rights in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria

The Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS), is a de facto autonomous region of Syria that emerged from 2012 onwards during the Syrian Civil War and in particular the Rojava conflict.

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Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War

Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war have been numerous and serious, with United Nations reports stating that the war has been "characterized by a complete lack of adherence to the norms of international law" by the warring parties who have "caused civilians immeasurable suffering".

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Humanitarian aid during the 2006 Lebanon War

Humanitarian aid during the 2006 Lebanon War refers to international efforts for civilian assistance during the 2006 Lebanon War.

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Husayn Al-Khalidi

Husayn Fakhri al-Khalidi (حسين فخري الخالدي) was born in Jerusalem.

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Husayn ibn Hamdan

Husayn ibn Hamdan ibn Hamdun ibn al-Harith al-Taghlibi was an early member of the Hamdanid family, who distinguished himself as a general for the Abbasid Caliphate and played a major role in the Hamdanids' rise to power among the Arab tribes in the Jazira.

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Husni al-Barazi

Husni al-Barazi (حسني البرازي) (1895–1975) was a Syrian Kurdish politician who served as prime minister.

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Husni al-Za'im

Husni al-Za'im (11 May 1897 – 14 August 1949) (حسني الزعيم) was a Syrian military man and politician.

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Hussein Jwayed

Hussein Jwayed (حسين جويد) (born on January 1, 1993 in Aleppo) is a Syrian footballer.

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I Tell a Fly

I Tell a Fly is the second album by English artist and poet Benjamin Clementine.

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Ibbit-Lim

Ibbit-Lim was the earliest known ruler of the Third kingdom of Ebla, in modern Syria, reigning most likely shortly before 1950 BCE.

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Ibn Abi Hasina

Abu'l Fatḥ al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn al-Ḥaṣīna al-Sulamī, better known as Ibn Abī Ḥaṣīna (also spelled Ibn Abī Ḥuṣayna; 998–22 July 1065), was an 11th-century Arab poet, who specialized in panegyrics.

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Ibn Adjurrum

Ibn Ād̲j̲urrūm or (Berber: Ajeṛṛom or Ajerrum) and his full name: Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd al-Ṣanhādjī.

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Ibn al-Adim

Kamal al-Din ʻUmar ibn Aḥmad Ibn al-Adim (1192–1262; Arabic: كمال الدين عمر بن أحمد ابن العديم) was an Arab biographer and historian from Aleppo.

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Ibn al-Khashshab (died 1125)

Abu'l-Faḍl Ibn al-Khashshāb (أبوالفضل بن الخشاب; died 1125) was the Shi'i qadi and rais of Aleppo during the rule of the Seljuk emir Radwan.

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Ibn al-Nadim

Muḥammad ibn Ishāq al-Nadīm (ابوالفرج محمد بن إسحاق النديم), his surname was Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Abī Ya'qūb Ishāq ibn Muḥammad ibn Ishāq al-Warrāq and he is more commonly, albeit erroneously, known as Ibn al-Nadim (d. 17 September 995 or 998 CE) was a Muslim scholar and bibliographer Al-Nadīm was the tenth century Baghdadī bibliophile compiler of the Arabic encyclopedic catalogue known as 'Kitāb al-Fihrist'.

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Ibn al-Salah

Abū `Amr `Uthmān ibn `Abd al-Raḥmān Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Kurdī al-Shahrazūrī (1181 CE/577 AH – 1245/643), commonly known as Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, was a Kurdish Shafi'i hadith specialist and the author of the seminal Introduction to the Science of Hadith.

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Ibn Arabi

Ibn ʿArabi (full name Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibnʿArabī al-Ḥātimī aṭ-Ṭāʾī أبو عبد الله محمد بن علي بن محمد بن عربي الحاتمي الطائي ‎ 26 July 1165 – 16 November 1240), was an Arab Andalusian Sufi scholar of Islam, mystic, poet, and philosopher.

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Ibn Athir

Ibn Athīr is the family name of three Kurdish brothers, all famous in Arabian literature, born at Jazīrat ibn Umar in Cizre nowadays in south-eastern Turkey.

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Ibn Hamdan

Abū Abd-Allah Najm al-Dīn Aḥmad bin Ḥamdān bin Shabīb bin Ḥamdān al-Ḥarrānī al-Ḥanbalī (Arabic: أبو عبد الله نجم الدِّين أحمد بن حمدان بن شبيب بن حمدان الحراني الحنبلي) -commonly known as Ibn Hamdan- was a Hanbalite Muslim scholar and judge (1206-1295).

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Ibn Hayyus

Al-Amir Muṣṭafa ad-Dawla Abī al-Fityān Muhammad, better known as Ibn Ḥayyûs (December 1003–January/February 1081), was an Arab poet from Syria.

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Ibn Khalawayh

Ibn Khalawayh (ابن خالويه; full name Abu `Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Khalawayh, (born in Hamadan, Iran - d. AH 370 / AD 980/1) was a 10th-century Persian scholar of Arabic grammar and Koranic exegesis. He was active at the court of Sayf al-Dawla, the Hamdanid ruler of Syria, at Aleppo. Ibn Khalawayh was a famous scholar during his lifetime, and assembled a circle of disciples in regular literary reunions. He was active in the period of hectic philological activity towards a canonical text of the Qur'an. His grammatical opinions were eclectic, in between the major opposition between the grammatical schools of Basra and Kufa.

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Ibn Khallikan

Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Abu ’l-ʿAbbās S̲h̲ams al-Dīn al-Barmakī al-Irbilī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī (احمد ابن محمد ابن ابراهيم ابوالعباس شمس الدين البرمكي الاربيلي الشافعي) (September 22, 1211 – October 30, 1282) was a Shafi'i Islamic scholar of the 13th Century and is famous as the compiler of a great biographical dictionary of Arab scholars, Wafayāt al-Aʿyān wa-Anbāʾ Abnāʾ az-Zamān (Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch).

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Ibn Malik

Ibn Mālik, Abū ʻAbd Allāh Djamāl Al-Dīn Muhammad (ابو عبدالله جمال الدين محمد بن عبدالله بن محمد بن عبدالله بن مالك الطائي الجياني النحوي) (600 AH – 672 AH / c. 1204 – 21 February 1274) was an Arab grammarian born in Jaén.

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Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi

Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsā ibn Saʿīd al-Maghribī (علي بن موسى المغربي بن سعيد) (1213–1286), also known as Ibn Saʿīd al-Andalusī, was an Arab geographer, historian, poet, and the most important collector of poetry from al-Andalus in the 12th and 13th centuries.

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Ibn Shahr Ashub

Ibn Shahr Ashoub(Persian:ابن شهر آشوب) is a shia man of commentary, traditionist, a man of literate and also a jurist.

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Ibn Zafar al Siqilli

Ibn Zafar al Siqilli, (ابن ظفر الصقلي), or (احجة الدين أبو عبد الله محمد بن أبي محمد بن محمد بن ظفر الصقلي), or Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Abī Muḥammad Ibn Ẓafar al-Siqillī al-Makkī al-Mālikī (are among the several variants), was a philosopher, polymath and Arab-Sicilian politician of the Norman period (1104 - 1170), and has come to be known in the West as "Niccolò Machiavelli's Arab Precursor".

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Ibrahim Al-Omar

Ibrahim Al-Omar (ca. 1978 – July 11, 2016), was a Syrian journalist and camera operator for Al Jazeera in Idlib, Syria, who was killed during the Syrian Civil War.

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Ibrahim Ben Ali

Ibrahim Ben Ali was a soldier, physician and one of the earliest American settlers of Ottoman origin.

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Ibrahim Hananu

Ibrahim Hananu or Ibrahim Hanano (1869–1935) (إبراهيم هنانو) was an Ottoman municipal official and later a leader of a revolt against the French presence in northern Syria.

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Ibrahim Mughrabi

Ibrahim Mughrabi (إبراهيم المغربي, born 1939 in Aleppo) was a Syrian football striker.

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Ibrahim Pasha Qataraghasi

Ibrahim Pasha Qatarağasi (nisba also spelled Qattar Aghasi or Qataraghasi) was an Ottoman statesman who served as wali (governor) of Aleppo, Damascus, Diyarbekir and Tripoli eyalets (provinces) in the early 19th century.

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Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī

Burhān al-Dīn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (برهان الدين ٳبراهيم بن محمد بن ٳبراهيم الحلبى) was an Islamic jurist (faqīh) who was born around 1460 in Aleppo, and who died in 1549 in Istanbul.

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Idlib

Idlib (إدلب, also spelled Edlib or Idleb) is a city in northwestern Syria, capital of the Idlib Governorate, southwest of Aleppo.

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Idrimi

Idrimi was the king of Alalakh in the 15th century BC (c. 1460–1400 BC).

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Ignatius Andrew Akijan

Mar Ignatius Andrew 'Abdul-Ghal Akijan (or Akhidjan, Akidjian, 1622–1677) was the Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1662 to 1677.

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Ignatius Antony II Hayyek

Ignatius Antony II Hayyek (or Antun Hayek, September 14, 1910 – February 21, 2007) was the Patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Syrians of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1968 to 1998.

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Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum

Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum (June 15, 1887 – June 23, 1957) was the 120th Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church.

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Ignatius Aphrem II

Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II (ܡܪܢ ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܛܝܘܣ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܬܪܝܢܐ Moran Mor Ignaṭius Afrem Trayono, مار إغناطيوس أفرام الثاني Mār Iġnāṭīūs Afrām al-Ṯānī; born as Saʿid Karim on May 3, 1965) is the patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church.

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Ignatius Ephrem II Rahmani

Mar Ignatius Dionysius Ephrem II Rahmani (21 November 1848 – 7 May 1929) was Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1898 to 1929 and a Syriac scholar.

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Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni

March Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni (Arabic: جبرائيل تبّوني, Ignace-Gabriel I Tappouni) (3 November 1879 – 29 January 1968) was a leading prelate of the Syriac Catholic Church.

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Ignatius George V Shelhot

Mar Ignatius George V Chelhot (or Giwargis Chelhot, or Schelhot, 1818–1891) was Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1874 to 1891.

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Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin

Mar Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin (1641–1702) was the Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1678 to 1702.

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Ignatius III Atiyah

Patriarch Ignatius III Atiyah (died 1634) was Melkite Patriarch of Antioch from 1619 to 1634.

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Ignatius IV Sarrouf

Ignatius IV (Youssef) Sarrouf, (or Aganatios Sarruf, 1742–1812) was Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church in 1812.

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Ignatius Michael III Jarweh

Mar Ignatius Michael III Jarweh ibn Ni'matallah (or Javré, Jaroueh, Garweh, Djarweh, Giarvé, 1731–1800) was the 111th Patriarch of Antioch and Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1783 to 1800.

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Ignatius Michael IV Daher

Mar Ignatius Michael IV Daher (or Zahir, 1761–1816) was the Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1801 to 1810.

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Ignatius Peter VII Jarweh

Mar Ignatius Peter VII Jarweh (or Butrus Javré, Jaroueh, Garweh, Djarweh, Giarvé, 1777–1851) was Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1820 to 1851.

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Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad

Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad (born Peter Gregory Abdalahad; 30 June 1930 – 4 April 2018) was a Syrian patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Syrians of the Syriac Catholic Church (or Syrian Catholic Church).

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Ignatius Philip I Arkus

Mar Ignatius Philip I Arkus (or Arqous, Harcus, Arcous, 1827–1874) was Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1866 to 1874.

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Ignatius Simon II Hindi Zora

Mar Ignatius Gregory Simon II Zora, born Rabban Hindi (1754-1838), was the Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church from 1814 to 1817.

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Ignatius V Qattan

Ignatius V Moussa Qattan, (or Cattan, Kattan, Quattan, 1756–1833) was patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1816 until 1833.

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Ihtaimlat

Hatımillet (Hatımillet, حتملات) or Ihtimillet (Iḩtimillet), Ihtaimlat (Iḩtaymilāt), also spelled Ihtaymilat, Ahtaymalat or Hetemlat, is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Iksal

Iksal (إكسال, Iksal; אִכְּסָאל, כִּסְלוֹת תָּבוֹר, Kislot Tavor) is an Arab local council in northern Israel, about southeast of Nazareth.

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Ilghazi

Najm ad-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq (died November 8, 1122) was the Turkmen Artukid ruler of Mardin from 1107 to 1122.

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Ilie II Rareș

Ilie II Rareş (also referred to as Iliaş; 1531–1562) was Prince of Moldavia between 1546 and 1551.

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Ilim-Ilimma I

Ilim-Ilimma I (reigned middle 16th century BC - c. 1525 BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Halab (formerly Yamhad) succeeding his father Abba-El II.

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Imad ad-Din Zengi

Imad ad-Din Zengi (عماد الدین زنكي; – 14 September 1146), also romanized as Zangi, Zengui, Zenki, and Zanki, was a Oghuz Turkish atabeg who ruled Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, and Edessa.

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Imadaddin Nasimi

‘Alī ‘Imādu d-Dīn Nasīmī (Seyid Əli İmadəddin Nəsimi عمادالدین نسیمی, عمادالدین نسیمی), often known as Nesimi, (1369 – 1417 skinned alive in Aleppo) was a 14th-century Azerbaijani or Turkmen Ḥurūfī poet.

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Imam Ali Mosque

The Imam 'Ali Holy Shrine (Ḥaram al-Imām ‘Alī), also known as the Mosque of 'Ali (Masjid ‘Alī), located in Najaf, Iraq, is the Holy site for Shia Muslims.

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Immaculate Heart of Mary

The Immaculate Heart of Mary is a devotional name used to refer to the interior life of the Blessed Virgin Mary, her joys and sorrows, her virtues and hidden perfections, and, above all, her virginal love for God the Father, her maternal love for her son Jesus, and her compassionate love for all people.

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Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv)

Immanuel Church (כנסיית עמנואל, Knesiyat Immanu'el; Immanuelkirche; Immanuelkirken) is a Protestant church in the American–German Colony neighbourhood of Tel Aviv-Jaffa in Israel.

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Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War

Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War are improvised firearms created and used by factions of the Syrian Civil War, most notably Syrian opposition forces.

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Inab

Inab (اناب, also called Nepa) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Afrin District of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Index of Islam-related articles

This is an alphabetical list of topics related to Islam, the history of Islam, Islamic culture, and the present-day Muslim world, intended to provide inspiration for the creation of new articles and categories.

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Index of Syria-related articles

This page list topics related to Syria.

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Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts (IOM) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Институт восточных рукописей Российской академии наук), formerly the St.

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Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War

The inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War started after fighting erupted between the Syrian opposition groups: the Free Syrian Army (FSA), the Army of Mujahedeen, the Islamic Front, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

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International Castle Research Society

The International Castle Research Society (ICRS) was established in Aachen in 1986 as a not-for-profit organization following earlier initiatives by Bernhard Siepen, architect, who has been its president since 2000.

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International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

The International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), a member of the CGIAR, supported by the CGIAR Fund, is a non-profit agricultural research institute that aims to improve the livelihoods of the resource-poor across the world’s dry areas.

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International reactions to the Gaza War (2008–09)

International reaction to the Gaza War 2008-09 came from many countries and international organisations.

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International reactions to the Syrian Civil War

International reactions to the Syrian Civil War ranged from support for the government to calls for the government to dissolve.

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International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2016

International reactions to the November 8, 2016 election of Republican Donald Trump emerged from around the world, including states, other institutions, and people.

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International School of Aleppo

Founded in 1977,, retrieved 2008-04-19 the English language International School of Aleppo (ISA) was the only International Baccalaureate World School in Syria.

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International Solidarity Movement

The International Solidarity Movement (ISM) is a "Palestinian-led movement" focused on assisting the Palestinian cause in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

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Iran national football team results

The following is a list of Iran national football team results in its official international matches.

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Iran national football team results (2000–09)

This is a list of official football games played by Iran national football team between 2000 and 2009.

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Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War

The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Syrian Arab Republic are close strategic allies, and Iran has provided significant support for the Syrian Government in the Syrian Civil War, including logistical, technical and financial support, as well as training and some combat troops.

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Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of the Iranian languages.

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Iranians in Syria

Iranians in Syria are residents of Iranian background or descent residing in Syria.

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Iraqi cuisine

Iraqi cuisine or Mesopotamian cuisine has a long history going back some 10,000 years – to the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and ancient Persians.

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Iraqis in Syria

Iraqis in Syria are Syrian citizens of Iraqi origin or, more commonly today, Iraqis who are seeking refuge or better opportunities inside Syria.

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Iris kirkwoodiae

Iris kirkwoodiae (or Iris kirkwoodii) is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Regelia section.

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Iris masia

Iris masia (commonly known as the 'Barbed iris') is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the Syriacae.

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Irkabtum

Irkabtum (reigned c. Middle 17th century BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding his father Niqmi-Epuh.

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Irridu

Irridu (Irrite) was a city in northwestern Mesopotamia, likely located between Harran and Carchemish.

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Isaac Basire

Isaac Basire (1607–1676) was a French-born English divine and traveller.

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Isaac Saba Raffoul

Isaac Saba Raffoul (October 17, 1923 – July 27, 2008) was a Mexican businessman of Syrian origin; his father emigrated from Aleppo, Syria to Veracruz, Mexico where he started a rag business which the family built on.

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Isaac Shalom

Isaac I. Shalom (September 15, 1887 – July 24, 1968), was an American businessman, philanthropist, and one of the leaders of the Sephardi and Syrian Jewish communities in New York.

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Isabella, Queen of Armenia

Isabella I (Զապել), also Isabel I or Zabel I, (27 January 1216/ 25 January 1217 – 23 January 1252) was the queen regnant of Cilician Armenia (1219–1252).

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Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Mus'abi

Abu al-Husayn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim (أبو الحسين إسحاق بن إبراهيم, died July 850) was a ninth-century official in the service of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Ishaq ibn Kundaj

Ishaq ibn Kundaj, or Kundajiq, was a Turkic military leader who played a prominent role in the turbulent politics of the Abbasid Caliphate in the late 9th century.

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Isidore Battikha

Isidore Battikha, BA (born on July 28, 1950 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian archbishop emeritus of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Homs in Syria.

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ISIL beheading incidents

Beginning in 2014, a number of people from various countries were beheaded by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), a radical Sunni Islamist group operating in Iraq and parts of Syria.

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Islam in Hungary

Islam in Hungary has a long history that dates back to at least the 10th century.

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Islamic art

Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onward by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by or ruled by culturally Islamic populations.

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Islamic geometric patterns

Islamic decoration, which tends to avoid using figurative images, makes frequent use of geometric patterns which have developed over the centuries.

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Islamic glass

The influence of the Islamic world to the history of glass is reflected by its distribution around the world, from Europe to China, and from Russia to East Africa.

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Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age is the era in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century, during which much of the historically Islamic world was ruled by various caliphates, and science, economic development and cultural works flourished.

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Islamic Heritage Park

The Islamic Heritage Park (Taman Tamadun Islam) is a famous attraction in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.

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Islamic monuments in Kosovo

Islamic monuments in Kosovo commonly are related with the Ottoman arrival in 1389, respectively their establishment in Kosovo in 1459.

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Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), Islamic State (IS) and by its Arabic language acronym Daesh (داعش dāʿish), is a Salafi jihadist terrorist organisation and former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi/Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam.

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Islamist uprising in Syria

The Islamist uprising in Syria comprised a series of revolts and armed insurgencies by Sunni Islamists, mainly members of the Muslim Brotherhood from 1976 until 1982.

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Ismail Mahmoud

Ismail Mahmoud Mardanli (اسماعيل محمود ماردنلي) (born January 8, 1987 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Qatarian football player who is currently playing for Umm Salal in the Qatar Stars League.

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Ismat ad-Din Khatun

ʿIṣmat ad-Dīn Khātūn (عصمة الدين خاتون; died January 26, 1186), also known as Asimat, was the daughter of Mu'in ad-Din Unur, regent of Damascus, and wife of two of the greatest Muslim generals of the 12th century, Nur ad-Din Zangi and Saladin.

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Israel Aharoni

Israel Aharoni (Hebrew: ישראל אהרוני)(1946 – 1882) was a zoologist in Ottoman and BritishPalestine widely known as the "first Hebrew zoologist." Aharoni discovered 30 previously unknown species of animals, insects and birds, and is credited with giving them Hebrew names.

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Israel ben Moses Najara

Israel ben Moses Najara (ישראל בן משה נאג'ארה, "Yisrael ben Moshe Najarah"; إسرائيل بن موسى النجارة, "Isra'il bin Musa al-Najara"; c. 1555, Safed, Ottoman Empire – c. 1625, Gaza, Ottoman Empire) was a Jewish liturgical poet, preacher, Biblical commentator, kabbalist, and rabbi of Gaza.

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Israel–Syria relations

Israel–Syria relations refers to bilateral ties between Israel and Syria.

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Issam Al Zaim

Issam Al Zaim (عصام الزعيم) (1940 – 14 December 2007) was a Syrian economist and former minister of industry.

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Issam Haitham Taweel

Issam Haitham Taweel (born 10 July 1989, in Aleppo) is an Egyptian tennis player.

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Istifan al-Duwayhi

Istifan al-Duwayhi (اسطفانوس الثاني بطرس الدويهي / ALA-LC: Isṭifānūs al-thānī Buṭrus al-Duwayhī; Etienne Douaihi; Stephanus Dovaihi; Stefano El Douaihy; August 2, 1630 – May 3, 1704) was the 57th Patriarch of the Maronite Church, serving from 1670 until his death.

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Italian exonyms

Below is list of Italian language exonyms for places in non-Italian-speaking areas of Europe: In recent years, the use of Italian exonyms for lesser known places has significantly decreased, in favour of the foreign toponym.

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Ithriya

Ithriya (أثريا) is a Syrian village located in Al-Saan Nahiyah in Salamiyah District, Hama.

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Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)

The Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016) was a military operation conducted by the Syrian Arab Army against ISIL, during the Syrian Civil War, with the aim of reaching the ISIL-held Al-Tabqa Military Airport.

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Itzchak Weismann

Itzchak Weismann (born in 14 September 1961) is an Associate Professor in the Department of the History of the Middle East at Haifa University.

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Ivan Evstratiev Geshov

Ivan Evstratiev Geshov (Иван Евстратиев Гешов) (20 February 1849 OS – 11 March 1924) was a Bulgarian politician who served as Prime Minister.

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Iyad ibn Ghanm

ʿIyāḍ ibn Ghanm ibn Zuhayr al-Fihrī (عياض بن غانم بن زهير الفهري) (d. 641) was an Arab general who played a leading role in the Muslim conquests of Upper Mesopotamia and northern Syria.

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Iyad Rahwan

Iyad Rahwan (إياد رهوان), is a Syrian-Australian scientist.

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Izz ad-Din al-Qassam

Izz ad-Din Abd al-Qadar ibn Mustafa ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad al-Qassam (1881 or 19 December 1882 – 20 November 1935) (عز الدين بن عبد القادر بن مصطفى بن يوسف بن محمد القسام / ALA-LC) was a Syrian Muslim preacher, and a leader in the local struggles against British and French Mandatory rule in the Levant, and a militant opponent of Zionism in the 1920s and 1930s.

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Izz ad-Din Mas'ud

Izz ad-Din Mas'ud I bin Mawdud (Izz ad Din Bin Qutb ad-Din Mawdud Bin Imad ud-Din Zengi; Arabic: عز الدين مسعود بن مودود; died 1193) was a Zengid emir of Mosul.

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Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad

Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad (1217–1285) was an Arab scholar and official for the Ayyubids from Aleppo.

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Izz al-Din Usama

Izz al-Din Usama was a 12th-century Ayyubid emir and a nephew of Saladin.

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Izzat Darwaza

Muhammad 'Izzat Darwaza (محمد عزت دروزة; 1888–1984) was a Palestinian politician, historian, and educator from Nablus.

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Izzat Husrieh

Izzat Husrieh (born in 1914 in Damascus, Syria) was a renowned Syrian journalist, author, publisher and researcher.

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Jabhat al-Akrad

Jabhat al-Akrad (جبهة الأكراد; lit), full name: (Liwa' Jabhat al-'Akrad l-Nusra Shaʿbnā al-Sūrī, "Kurdish Front Brigade for the Victory of the Syrian People"), is a predominantly Kurdish Syrian rebel faction participating in the Syrian civil war.

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Jabhat Ghuraba al-Sham

The Ghuraba al-Sham Front (جبهة غرباء الشام Jabhat Ghurabā’ ash-Shām, "Strangers/Foreigners of the Levant") was a group of fighters, active during the Syrian civil war, in favor of a non-religious state.

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Jack M. Sasson

Jack M. Sasson, now retired, taught most recently as Mary Jane Werthan Professor of Jewish Studies and Hebrew Bible at Vanderbilt Divinity School and before that as a Professor of Classics at Vanderbilt University.

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Jacob of Edessa

Jacob of Edessa (or James of Edessa) (Ya'qub Urhoy) (c. 640 – 5 June 708) was one of the most distinguished of Syriac writers.

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Jacob Petros II Hovsepian

Hagop (or Jacob) Petros II Hovsepian (in Armenian Յակոբ Պետրոս Բ. Յովսէփեան) was born in Aleppo, Syria.

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Jacob Safra

Jacob Safra (يعقوب صفرا) (1891 - 27 May 1963) was a Syrian Jewish banker.

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Jacobo Harrotian

Jacobo Harootian was a Mexican general who participated in the Mexican Revolution.

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Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar

Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA or JAMWA, جيش المهاجرين والأنصار Army of Emigrants and Supporters), formerly known as the Muhajireen Brigade (Katibat al-Muhajireen), is a jihadist group made up of Arabs that has been active in the Syrian Civil War against the Syrian Government.

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Jalaa SC

Jalaa Sporting Club is a multi-sports club based in the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Jalaa SC (men's basketball)

Jalaa Sporting Club, previously known as Jeunesse Sportivo Alep (Shabibeh), is a Syrian Basketball club based in the city of Aleppo.

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Jalili dynasty

The al-Jalili family (Arabic: الجليلي), are an Iraqi family who served as effective rulers of the city of Mosul, Iraq between 1726 until 1834, during its integration as a district of the Ottoman Empire.

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James Beck Shootout

The James Beck Shootout occurred on August 31, 2001, in Santa Clarita Valley, California.

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Jamil Ibrahim Pasha

Jamil Ibrahim Pasha was a Syrian politician during French Mandatory rule.

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Jan Pêt Khorto

Jan Pêt Khorto (born 1986) is a Kurdish poet, writer, and public speaker.

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Janbirdi al-Ghazali

Janbirdi al-Ghazali (جان بردي الغزالي; Jān-Birdi al-Ghazāli; died 1521) was the first governor of Damascus Province under the Ottoman Empire from February 1519 until his death in February 1521.

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January 1925

The following events occurred in January 1925.

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January 2012 al-Midan bombing

On 6 January 2012, a bomb exploded in the Al-Midan district of Damascus, Syria.

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Jarabulus District

Jarabulus District (manṭiqat Ğarābulus) is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, on the border with Turkey.

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Jarez

Jarez (Carıs, Jārīz, also spelled Jarz) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located north of Aleppo.

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Jarm

Jarm (also spelled Jurm or Banu Jurum) were an Arab tribe that, in the Middle Ages, lived in Palestine, Hawran and coastal Egypt.

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Jassem Alwan

Jassem Alwan (جاسم علوان; given name also spelled Jasim) (born July 4, 1928) was a prominent colonel in the Syrian Army, particularly during the period of the United Arab Republic (UAR) (1958–1961) when he served as the Commander of the Qatana Base near Damascus.

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Javier Manzano

Javier Manzano is an award-winning Mexican photographer known for his coverage of the country's drug wars, the War in Afghanistan and the Syrian civil war.

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Jaysh al-Islam

Jaysh al-Islam (جيش الإسلام, meaning Army of Islam), formerly known as Liwa al-Islam (لواء الإسلام, Brigade of Islam), is a coalition of Islamist rebel units involved in the Syrian Civil War.

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Jazzar Pasha

Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (أحمد الجزار; Cezzar Ahmet Paşa; ca. 1720–30s7 May 1804) was the Acre-based Ottoman governor of Sidon from 1776 until his death in 1804.

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Józef Bem

Józef Zachariasz Bem (Bem József, Murat Pasha.; March 14, 1794, Tarnów – December 10, 1850, Aleppo) was a Polish engineer and general, an Ottoman pasha and a national hero of Poland and Hungary, and a figure intertwined with other European patriotic movements.

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Jdeideh (disambiguation)

Jdeideh (جديدة, also spelled al-Jdayde, al-Judaydah, Judaydat, Jdaideh, Jdeïdé, Jdaydeh, Jadida) may refer to the following places.

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Jean Carzou

Jean Carzou (Ժան Գառզու, 1 January 1907 – 12 August 2000) was a French–Armenian artist, painter, and illustrator, whose work illustrated the novels of Ernest Hemingway and Albert Camus.

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Jean Dardel

Jean Dardel was a Friar Minor of the French province of the Franciscan order, chronicler of Armenia in the fourteenth century, and adviser and confessor to King Leo V (or VI) of Armenia.

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Jean de Thévenot

Jean de Thévenot (16 June 1633 – 28 November 1667) was a French traveller in the East, who wrote extensively about his journeys.

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Jean Sauvaget

Jean Sauvaget (27 January 1901 – 5 March 1950) was a 20th-century French orientalist and historian, professor at the Collège de France.

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Jean-Baptiste Miroudot du Bourg

Jean-Baptiste Miroudot du Bourg (6 August 1722, Vesoul – 24 May 1798, Hôpital des incurables, Paris) was a French bishop.

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Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (orientalist)

Jean-Baptiste-Louis-Jacques-Joseph Rousseau, most often called Jean-Baptiste Rousseau or Joseph Rousseau, (10 December 1780 – 22 February 1831) was an early 19th-century French orientalist.

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Jean-Baptiste Tavernier

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605 – 1689) was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler.

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Jean-François Rousseau

Jean-François Xavier Rousseau (16 October 1738, Isfahan, Iran - 12 May 1808, Aleppo) was a French diplomat and orientalist, nicknamed 'Rousseau of Persia' (Rousseau de Perse).

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Jeddah

Jeddah (sometimes spelled Jiddah or Jedda;; جدة, Hejazi pronunciation) is a city in the Hijaz Tihamah region on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest seaport on the Red Sea, and with a population of about four million people, the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. Jeddah is Saudi Arabia's commercial capital. Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca and Medina, two of the holiest cities in Islam and popular tourist attractions. Economically, Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East. Jeddah was independently ranked fourth in the Africa – Mid-East region in terms of innovation in 2009 in the Innovation Cities Index. Jeddah is one of Saudi Arabia's primary resort cities and was named a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). Given the city's close proximity to the Red Sea, fishing and seafood dominates the food culture unlike other parts of the country. In Arabic, the city's motto is "Jeddah Ghair," which translates to "Jeddah is different." The motto has been widely used among both locals as well as foreign visitors. The city had been previously perceived as the "most open" city in Saudi Arabia.

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Jerry Seinfeld

Jerome Allen "Jerry" Seinfeld (born April 29, 1954) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, producer, and director.

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Jerzy Ilicz

Jerzy Ilicz was the Polish ambassador to Safavid Iran during the reign of king Władysław IV Vasa (r. 1632—1648).

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Jesse B. Jackson

Jesse Benjamin Jackson (November 19, 1871 – December 4, 1947) was a United States consul and an important eyewitness to the Armenian Genocide.

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Jesuitenmission

Jesuitenmission, the mission arm of the Society of Jesus in Germany, directs its assistance to the German Jesuit foreign missions, mainly in India, East Timor, China, and Zimbabwe.

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Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries

The Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, or Jewish exodus from Arab countries, was the departure, flight, expulsion, evacuation and migration of 850,000 Jews, primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from Arab and Muslim countries, mainly from 1948 to the early 1970s.

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Jewish music

Jewish music is the music and melodies of the Jewish people.

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Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism.

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Jindires

Jindires (جنديرس, Cindirês., also spelled, Jandairis, Jandires, Jendires, Jendeires, or Jandarus) is a town in northern Syria in the Afrin District of the Aleppo Governorate.

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Jisr al-Shughour massacre (1980)

The Jisr al-Shughour massacre of 1980 occurred in Syria on 9 March 1980, when helicopter borne Syrian troops were sent into Jisr ash-Shugur, a town between Aleppo and Latakia, to quell demonstrators, who had recently ransacked barracks and party offices in town.

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Jisr al-Shughur

Jisr ash-Shugur (جسر الشغور,, Cisr eş-ŞuğurGünümüzde Suriye Türkmenleri. — ORSAM Rapor № 83. ORSAM – Ortadoğu Türkmenleri Programı Rapor № 14. Ankara — Kasım 2011, 33 pages. also spelled Jisr al-Shughour) is a city in the Idlib Governorate in northwestern Syria.

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Joel Brand

Joel Brand (25 April 1906 – 13 July 1964) was a leading member, in the 1940s, of Budapest's Aid and Rescue Committee, which smuggled Jews out of German-occupied Europe to the relative safety of Hungary during the Holocaust.

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Johann Ludwig Burckhardt

Johann Ludwig (also known as John Lewis, Jean Louis) Burckhardt (24 November 1784 – 15 October 1817) was a Swiss traveller, geographer and orientalist.

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Johann Michael Vansleb

Johann Michael Vansleb (1 November 1635 – 1679) was a German theologian, linguist and Egypt traveller.

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Johann Wilhelm Helfer

Johann Wilhelm Helfer also known as Jan Vilém Helfer (February 5, 1810, Prague - January 30, 1840, Andaman Islands) was a Bohemian physician, explorer and naturalist.

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John Barker (diplomat)

John Barker (9 March 1771 – 5 October 1849) was an English diplomat and horticulturist.

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John Cantlie

John Henry Cantlie (born 1970) is a British war photographer and correspondent who was kidnapped in Syria with James Foley in November 2012 and remains a hostage.

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John Chaldos

John Chaldos (Ἰωάννης Χάλδος, Ioannes Chaldos) also called Tziphinarites was a Byzantine general under Basil II.

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John Eldred

John Eldred (1552–1632) was an English traveller and merchant.

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John George (actor)

John George (جون جورج; January 20, 1898, Aleppo, Syria – August 25, 1968, Los Angeles) was a small-statured actor who appeared in at least 130 movies from 1916 to 1960.

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John I Tzimiskes

John I Tzimiskes (Iōánnēs I Tzimiskēs; c. 925 – 10 January 976) was the senior Byzantine Emperor from 11 December 969 to 10 January 976.

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John II Komnenos

John II Komnenos or Comnenus (Ίωάννης Βʹ Κομνηνός, Iōannēs II Komnēnos; 13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143) was Byzantine Emperor from 1118 to 1143.

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John III of the Sedre

Saint John III of the Sedre (Syriac:Mor Yuhannon d'Sedraw) was the Patriarch of Antioch, and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 631 until his death in 648.

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John Kourkouas

John Kourkouas (Ἰωάννης Κουρκούας, fl. circa 915–946), also transliterated as Kurkuas or Curcuas, was one of the most important generals of the Byzantine Empire.

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John Mildenhall

John Mildenhall (1560–1614) or John Midnall was a British explorer and adventurer and one of the first to make an overland journey to India.

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John of Tella

John of Tella (or John Bar Qursos) (483–538) was a monk and bishop in the Near East.

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John XII of Antioch

John XII was the Patriarch of Antioch, and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1208 until his death in 1220.

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Jordan

Jordan (الْأُرْدُنّ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River.

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José Faur

José Faur (חכם יוסף פאור הלוי) is a Sephardi Hakham (rabbi), teacher and scholar.

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José Sapateiro

José Sapateiro born in Lamego, Kingdom of Portugal, was a Portuguese traveler of the fifteenth century.

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Joscelin I, Count of Edessa

Joscelin of Courtenay (or Joscelin I) (died 1131), Prince of Galilee and Lord of Turbessel (1115–1131) and Count of Edessa (1119–1131), ruled over the County of Edessa during its zenith, from 1118 to 1131.

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Joscelin II, Count of Edessa

Joscelin II of Edessa (died 1159) was the fourth and last ruling count of Edessa.

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Joseph and Aseneth

Joseph and Aseneth is a narrative that dates from before the 6th century CE.

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Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta

Joseph ben Judah (יוסף בן יהודה Yosef ben Yehuda) of Ceuta (1160–1226) was a Jewish physician and poet, and disciple of Moses Maimonides.

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Joseph Bringas

Joseph Bringas (Ὶωσῆφ Βρίγγας) was an important Byzantine eunuch official in the reigns of Emperor Constantine VII (r. 945–959) and Emperor Romanos II (r. 959–963), serving as chief minister and effective regent during the latter.

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Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)

Mar Joseph III Timothy Maroge (or Youssef III Timotheos Maraugin or Maroghin) was the third incumbent of the Josephite line of Church of the East, a patriarchate in Full Communion with the pope mainly active in the areas of Amid and Mardin, thus being the Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church from 1713 to 1757.

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Joseph Safra

Joseph Safra (يوسف صفرا; born 1939) is a Brazilian Syrian billionaire banker who runs the Brazilian banking and investment empire, Safra Group.

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Joseph Tobji

Joseph Tobji (born on 28 March 1971 in Aleppo, Syria) is the current archeparch of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo.

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Joseph Wolff

Joseph Wolff (1795 – 2 May 1862), a Jewish Christian missionary, was born at Weilersbach, near Bamberg, Germany.

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Josiah ben Joseph Pinto

Josiah ben Joseph Pinto (c. 1565 - c. 1648) (Hebrew: יאשיהו בן יוסף פינטו) was a Syrian rabbi and preacher born in Damascus.

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Josip Broz Tito

Josip Broz (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз,; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (Cyrillic: Тито), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and political leader, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980.

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Jouar

Jouar El-Matn is a village in Lebanon.

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Julian's Persian War

Julian's Persian War, or the Perso-Roman War of 363, was the last undertaking of the Roman emperor Julian, begun in March 363.

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July 1924

The following events occurred in July 1924.

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July 1930

The following events occurred in July 1930.

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July 2007 Syrian arms depot explosion

The July 2007 Syrian arms depot explosion was a blast in July 2007 at a high secretive Syrian missile base.

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Jund Qinnasrin

Jund Qinnasrīn (جُـنْـد قِـنَّـسْـرِيْـن, "military district of Qinnasrin") was one of five sub-provinces of Syria under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate, organized soon after the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century CE.

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June 1916

The following events occurred in June 1916.

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Justin Najmy

Justin Najmy (1898 - 1968) was the first bishop for the United States in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.

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Justinian I

Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus; Flávios Pétros Sabbátios Ioustinianós; 482 14 November 565), traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.

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Ka'ibah

Ka'ibah (Ka‘ībah) also spelled Kaeebeh, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Kadi Burhan al-Din

Kadi Ahmad Burhan al-Din (died 1398) was an Oghuz.

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Kadrish

Gedrish (Gidriş, Gīdrīsh) or Kadrish (Kadrīsh) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Kafartab

Kafartab (كفرطاب, also spelled Kafr Tab or Kafar Tab, known as Capharda by the Crusaders) was a town and fortress in northwestern Syria that existed during the medieval period between the fortress cities of Maarat al-Numan in the north and Shaizar to the south.

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Kafr Buhum

Kafr Buhum (كفر بهم, Syriac: ܟܟܦܪ ܒܚܡ) is a town in central Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 9 km southwest of Hama, north Damascus and south of Aleppo.

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Kafr Burayshah

Kafr Burayshah (كفر بارجة), also referred to as Kafr Barja, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Kafr Halab

Kafr Halab (كفر حلب, also spelled Kafar Halab) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Atarib District of the Aleppo Governorate, located southwest of Aleppo.

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Kafr Hamrah

Kafr Hamrah (كفر حمرة, also spelled Kfar Hamra) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, in the northwestern suburbs of Aleppo.

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Kafr Kalbin

Kafr Kalbin (كفر كلبين) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo.

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Kafr Khasher

Kafr Khasher (كفر خاشر) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Kafr Latah

Kafr Latah (كفرلاته, also spelled Kafar Latha or Kfarlatha) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located south of Idlib.

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Kafr Naya

Kefer Neye (Kefer Neye, كفر نايا) or Kafr Naya (Kafar Naya) is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Kafr Safra

Kafr Safra (كفر صفرة, also spelled Kafar Safra) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Afrin District of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Kafr Saghir

Kafr Saghir (كفر صغير, Kurdish: Kefêr Sixîrê, also written Kafr as Saghir, Kafr Şaghīr, Kafr as Safir or literally Little Kafr) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of the Aleppo Governorate, just northwest of Aleppo.

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Kafr Shoush

Kefer Şuş (Kefer Şuş, كفر شوش) or Kafr Shoush (Kafr Shūsh) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Kafr Takharim

Kafr Takharim (كفر تخاريم, also spelled Kafar Takhareem or Kfar Takharam) is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located in the north of Idlib.

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Kafr Zita

Kafr Zita (كفر زيتا, also spelled Kfar Zita, Kafr Zayta, Kfar Zeita, Keferzita or Kafr Zeita) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 30 kilometers north of Hama.

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Kafra, Syria

Kafra (Kafrah) is a small town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Kaftin

Kaftin (كفتين, also spelled Keftin or Kaftayn) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located northwest of Idlib.

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Kaljibrin

Kaljibrin (كلجبرين) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo.

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Kamuna refugee camp massacre

The Kamuna refugee camp massacre, also known as al-Kamouna refugee camp massacre or the Sarmada camp air strike, occurred on 5 May 2016, during the Syrian civil war.

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Karen Jeppe

Karen Jeppe (1 July 1876 – 7 July 1935) was a Danish missionary and social worker, known for her work aid worker with Ottoman Armenian refugees and survivors of the Armenian Genocide, mainly widows and orphans, from 1903 until her death in Syria in 1935.

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Karen L. Grigorian

Karen Levoni Grigorian (Armenian: Կարեն Լևոնի Գրիգորյան) (born August 15, 1968) is the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Armenia to the Republic of Iraq.

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Karen Sargsyan

Maestro Karen Sargsyan is a notable Armenian choirmaster.

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Karim Pakradouni

Karim Pakradouni (كريم بقرادوني Քերիմ Բագրատունի) (born 18 August 1944) is a Lebanese attorney and politician of Armenian origin.

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Karkamış

No description.

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Karnig Sarkissian

Karnig Sarkissian (Գառնիկ Սարգիսեան), is a popular Armenian singer born in Aleppo, Syria, and a naturalized American citizen.

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Kaykhusraw II

Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II or Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Kayqubād (غياث الدين كيخسرو بن كيقباد) was the sultan of the Seljuqs of Rûm from 1237 until his death in 1246.

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Kayla Mueller

Kayla Jean Mueller (August 14, 1988 – February 6, 2015) was a Christian human rights activist and humanitarian aid worker from Prescott, Arizona.

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Kâtip Çelebi

Kâtip Çelebi (كاتب چلبى, Kātib Çelebi "Gentleman Scribe"), the pen name of Mustafa bin Abdullah (1609–1657), also later known as Haji Khalifa (Hacı Halife) or Kalfa, was an Ottoman scholar.

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Kégham Atmadjian

Kegham Mihran Atmadjian (Գեղամ Միհրանի Աթմաճյան, literary pseudonym Sema, November 18, 1910, Bafra, Ottoman Empire - May 19, 1940, France) was a French-Armenian poet and editor.

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Köppen climate classification

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.

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Köprülü Mehmed Pasha

Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (كپرولی محمد پاشا, Köprülü Mehmet Paşa; or Qyprilliu, also called Mehmed Pashá Rojniku; 1575, Roshnik,– 31 October 1661, Edirne) was the founder of the Köprülü political dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, a family of viziers, warriors, and statesmen who dominated the administration of the Ottoman Empire during the last half of the 17th century, an era known as the Köprülü era.

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Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha

Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha ("Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha the Blind"), also known as Yusuf Ziya Pasha (died 1819), was an Ottoman statesman who twice served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in 1798–1805 and 1809–1811.

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Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi

Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi (c. 1546 – 1604) was an Ottoman poet and bibliographer of the 16th century.

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Kırıkhan

Kırıkhan is a town and district in the northeastern part of Hatay Province, Turkey.

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Kızıl Kule

The Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) is a historical tower in the Turkish city of Alanya.

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Kebab

Kebabs (also kabobs or kababs) are various cooked meat dishes, with their origins in Middle Eastern cuisine.

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Keki Abdi Pasha

Keki Abdi Pasha (sometimes spelled 'Abidi; died April 1789, Aleppo) was an Ottoman statesman.

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Kerbogha

Kerbogha (كربغا, Kürboğa) was Atabeg of Mosul during the First Crusade and was renowned as a soldier.

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Kessab

Kessab, Kesab or Kasab (كسب, Քեսապ, Kesab) is a mostly Armenian-populated town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located 59 kilometers north of Latakia.

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Kevork Ajemian

Kevork Vartani Ajemian (Adjemian) (May 23, 1932 – December 27, 1998) was a prominent Lebanese-Armenian writer, journalist, novelist, theorist and public activist, and long-time publisher of the Beirut-based literary, artistic and general publication Spurk (in Armenian Սփիւռք).

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Kevork Chavush

Kevork Ghazarian (Գէորգ Ղազարեան; 1870 – 27 May 1907) commonly known as Kevork Chavush or Gevorg Chaush (Գէորգ Չաւուշ), was an Armenian fedayee in the Ottoman Empire.

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Kevork Shadoyan

Kevork Shadoyan (Գևորգ Շադոյան; Arabic: كيفورك شادويان; born 14 February 1974) is a Syrian/Armenian fashion designer.

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Kfar Da’el

Kfar Da’el (كفر داعل, also spelled Kafr Da'il or Kfar De'il) is a district of Aleppo city in northern Syria, located northwest of the neighbouring Al-Rashidin District of Aleppo, which is a part of the Mount Simeon District in the Aleppo Governorate.

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Kh-55

The Kh-55 (Х-55, also known as RKV-500; NATO reporting name: AS-15 'Kent') is a Soviet/Russian subsonic air-launched cruise missile, designed by MKB Raduga.

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Khaled Akil

Khaled Akil (Arabic خالد عقيل) is a Syrian Fine-art photographer and mixed media artist, born in Aleppo city, his work focuses primarily on critiquing war, religion and social turmoil in the Middle East.

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Khaled Al-Muwallid

Khalid Massad Al-Muwallid Al-Harbi (خالد مسعد المولد الحربي.) (born 23 November 1971 in Jeddah) is a retired Saudi Arabian footballer.

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Khaled Haj Othman

Khaled Haj Othman (خالد حاج عثمان) (born 1 May 1987 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian football goalkeeper.

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Khaled Kassab

Khaled Kassab (خالد قصاب) (born 1 January 1992 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer.

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Khaled Khalifa

Khaled Khalifa (خالد خليفة) is an award-winning Syrian novelist, screenwriter and poet, born 1964 in Aleppo.

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Khaled Omar Harrah

Khaled Omar Harrah (died 11 August 2016) was a Syrian man who volunteered for the Syrian Civil Defense Force, known as the White Helmets, an organization dedicated to providing humanitarian assistance.

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Khalil al-Hindawi

Khalil Al Hindawi (1906, Sidon – 1976, Aleppo) was a Syrian writer and poet.

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Khan al-Asal

Khan al-Asal (خان العسل, also spelled Khan al-Assal) is a district of Aleppo city in northern Syria.

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Khan al-Asal Police Academy

The Khan al-Asal Police Academy (مدرسة الشرطة), also known as the Aleppo police academy, the Syrian police academy or the Police Academy, is a police educational and tranining institution in Aleppo, Syria.

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Khan al-Assal chemical attack

The Khan al-Assal chemical attack was a chemical attack in Khan al-Assal, Aleppo, Syria on 19 March 2013, which according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights resulted in at least 26 fatalities including 16 government soldiers and 10 civilians, and more than 86 injuries.

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Khan al-Assal massacre

The Khan al-Assal Massacre was committed during the Syrian civil war by Syrian rebels after the capture of Khan al-Assal, a town about 14 kilometers west of the city of Aleppo, by the armed opposition on 22 July 2013.

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Khan al-Sabil

Khan al-Sabil (خان السبل, also spelled Khan Sebil, Khan Sobol or Khan Sabl) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of Idlib District of the Idlib Governorate, located south of Idlib.

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Khan al-Tujjar (Nablus)

Khan al-Tujjar (خان التجار) (Arabic transliteration: "Merchant's Caravanserai") is a 15th-century khan in the Palestinian city of Nablus.

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Khan As'ad Pasha

Khan As'ad Pasha (خان أسعد باشا) is the largest khan in the Old City of Damascus, covering an area of.

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Khan Shaykhun

Khan Shaykhun (خان شيخون), sometimes spelled Khan Sheikhoun or Khan Shikhoun, is a town in, and sub-district of, the Maarrat al-Nu'man District, within the southern Idlib Governorate of northwestern Syria.

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Khan Shaykhun chemical attack

The Khan Shaykhun chemical attack took place on 4 April 2017 on the town of Khan Shaykhun in the Idlib Governorate of Syria.

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Khan Tuman

Khan Tuman (خان طومان) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of Aleppo Governorate, located southwest of Aleppo.

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Khanasir

Khanasir (خناصر / ALA-LC: Khanāṣir),France, 2007, p. 243.

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Khanqah al-Farafira

Khanqah al-Farafira (خانقاه الفرافرة) is a 13th-century Sufi monastery located in "al-Farafira district at the heart of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)

The Kharijite Rebellion was a major Kharijite uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate between 866 and 896.

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Khawabi

Khawabi (الخوابي), also spelled Qala'at al-Khawabi (قلعة الخوابي) is a village and medieval citadel in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Tartus Governorate, located 20 kilometers northeast of Tartus and 12 kilometers east of al-Sawda.

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Khazen

Khazen (also "El-Khazen", and in some cases Al Khazen or De Khazen, Arabic: الخازن) is the name of a prominent noble Levantine family and clan based in Keserwan District, Lebanon, Damascus, Syria, Nablus, Palestine, as well as other districts around the Levant, predominantly in the Galilee.

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Khâlid-i Baghdâdî

Mevlana Halid-i Bagdadi, Halid-î Bağdadî, Mevlana Halid, Mawlana Khalid, al-Khalid or Khâlid-i Baghdâdî (1779–1827) was an Iraqi Kurdish Sufi, by the name of Shaykh Diya al-Dīn Khalid al-Shahrazuri, the founder of a branch of the Naqshbandi Sufi order - called Khalidi after him - that has had a profound impact not only on his native Kurdish lands but also on many other regions of the western Islamic world.

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Kheireddine Abdul Wahab

Kheireddine Abdul Wahab (1878–1944) was a Lebanese businessman and mayor of the city of El Mina, who played a pivotal role in the establishment of Lebanon's second largest harbor, at Tripoli, as well as founding the Piloting & Harboring company, which oversees present-day harbor activities.

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Khorasan group

The Khorasan group, sometimes known simply as Khorasan, is an alleged group of senior al-Qaeda members operating in Syria.

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Khusruwiyah Mosque

The Khusraw mosque Arabized as Khusruwiyah Mosque (جامع الخسروية) was a mosque complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Kibbeh

Kibbeh (كبة.), (also spelled and pronounced kibbe, kebbah, kubbeh, kubbah or kubbi depending on region, and known in Egypt as kobeiba and in Turkey as içli köfte) is a Levantine dish made of bulgur, minced onions, and finely ground lean beef, lamb, goat, or camel meat with Middle Eastern spices (cinnamon, nutmeg, clove, allspice).

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Kilij Arslan I

Kilij Arslan (قِلِج اَرسلان; قلج ارسلان Qilij Arslān; Modern Turkish: Kılıç Arslan, meaning "Sword Lion") (‎1079–1107) was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm from 1092 until his death in 1107.

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Kilis

Kilis (كلز Killiz; Kilîs) is a city in south-central Turkey, near the border with Syria, and the administrative centre of Kilis Province.

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Kilis Province

Kilis Province (Kilis ili) is a province in south-central Turkey, on the border with Syria. It used to be the southern part of the province of Gaziantep and was formed in 1994. The town of Kilis is home to around 67% of the inhabitants of the province; the other towns and villages are very small.

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Killing of captives by ISIL

Executions by ISIS refers here to killing by beheading, crucifixion, immolation, shooting or other means of military and civilian people (such as captives and "criminals") by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).

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Kim Do-heon

Kim Do-Heon (born 14 July 1982) is a South Korean football midfielder who currently plays and captains for Malaysia Super League side Negeri Sembilan.

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King Faisal Street

King Faisal Street (شارع الملك فيصل) is a main street in central Aleppo, Syria.

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Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was a crusader state established in the Southern Levant by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 after the First Crusade.

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Knesset Eliyahoo

The Knesset Eliyahoo, also Knesset Eliyahu, is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue located in downtown Mumbai, India.

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Korean People's Army

The Korean People's Army (KPA) is an institution of the Workers' Party of Korea, and constitutes the de facto military force of North Korea.

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Krak des Chevaliers

Krak des Chevaliers (حصن الفرسان), also Crac des Chevaliers, Ḥoṣn al-Akrād (rtl, literally "Castle of the Kurds"), formerly Crac de l'Ospital is a Crusader castle in Syria and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world.

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Krikor Ayvazian

Krikor Ayvazian (b. Marash, Ottoman Empire 27 June 1912 - d. Aleppo, Syria 21 January 1997) was the Armenian Catholic Bishop of Qamishli.

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Krikor Bedros XX Gabroyan

Krikor Bedros XX Gabroyan (Գրիգոր Պետրոս Ի. Կապրոյեան also known in English as Gregory Petros XX Gabroyan and in French as Grégoire Pierre XX Ghabroyan born in Aleppo, Syria on 14 November 1934) is the Catholicos-Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenian Catholic Church after his election on 24 July 2015 and the necessary concession of the ecclesiastical full communion by Pope Francis one day later.

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Krikor Zohrab

Krikor Zohrab (Գրիգոր Զոհրապ; June 26, 1861 – 1915) was an influential Armenian writer, politician, and lawyer from Constantinople.

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Kurdish recognition of the Armenian Genocide

There is a recognition by several groups of Kurds of the participation of their ancestors in the Armenian Genocide during World War I. Some Kurdish tribes, mainly as part of the Ottoman army, along with the Turks and other people, participated in massacres of Armenians.

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Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)

In late July 2015, the third phase of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict between various Kurdish insurgent groups and the Turkish government erupted following a failed two and a half year-long peace process, aimed at resolving the long-running conflict.

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Kurds

The Kurds (rtl, Kurd) or the Kurdish people (rtl, Gelî kurd), are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan).

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Kurds in Syria

Kurds in Syria refers to people born in or residing in Syria who are of Kurdish origin.

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Kurtkulağı Caravanserai

Kurtkulağı Kervansarayı (caravanserai) is a historical (Ottoman) caravanserai in Adana Province, Turkey.

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Kutlushah

Kutlushah, Kutluka (died 1307), (Mongol: Qutlugh-Shah, or Cotlesse in Frank sources), was a general under the Mongol Ilkhanate ruler Ghazan at the end the 13th century.

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Kuwait

Kuwait (الكويت, or), officially the State of Kuwait (دولة الكويت), is a country in Western Asia.

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Kuwait City

Kuwait City (مدينة الكويت) is the capital and largest city of Kuwait.

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Kuweires Military Aviation Institute

Kuweires Military Aviation Institute is an airbase and military aviation institute in Aleppo Governorate, Syria.

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Kuweires offensive (September–November 2015)

On 14 September 2015, the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) – in cooperation with the National Defence Forces (NDF) and the Al-Ba'ath Battalion – launched a fresh offensive inside the Aleppo Governorate's southeastern countryside in order to lift the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham's (ISIS) two-year-long siege of the isolated Kuweires Military Airbase.

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Kuweires Sharqi

Kuweires Sharqi (East Kuweires) is a town in eastern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria, mostly known for the Kuweires Military Airbase to the northeast.

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Lajjun

Lajjun (اللجّون, al-Lajjûn) was a Palestinian Arab village in Mandatory Palestine, located northwest of Jenin and south of the remains of the biblical city of Megiddo.

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Lake Assad

Lake Assad (بحيرة الأسد, Buhayrat al-Assad) is a reservoir on the Euphrates in Raqqa Governorate, Syria.

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Languages of Syria

Arabic is the official language of Syria and is the most widely spoken language in the country.

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Largest Armenian diaspora communities

The following table is the list of urban areas with the largest Armenian population outside the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh, in what is commonly called the Armenian diaspora.

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Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East

This is a list of metropolitan areas in Middle East, with their population according to different sources.

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Last Men in Aleppo

Last Men in Aleppo (in Arabic آخر الرجال في حلب) is a 2017 documentary film about the Syrian Civil War.

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Latakia

Latakia, Lattakia or Latakiyah (اللَاذِقِيَّة Syrian pronunciation), is the principal port city of Syria, as well as the capital of the Latakia Governorate.

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Late Bronze Age collapse

The Late Bronze Age collapse involved a dark-age transition period in the Near East, Asia Minor, Aegean region, North Africa, Caucasus, Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, a transition which historians believe was violent, sudden, and culturally disruptive.

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Latin Church in the Middle East

The Latin Church in the Middle East represents members of Catholic Church's Latin Church in the Middle East, notably in Turkey and the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan).

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Laudian Professor of Arabic

The position of Laudian Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford was established in 1636 by William Laud, who at the time was Chancellor of the University of Oxford and Archbishop of Canterbury.

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Laurent d'Arvieux

Laurent d'Arvieux (21 June 1635 – 30 October 1702) was a French traveller and diplomat born in Marseille.

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Law enforcement in Syria

Law enforcement in Syria is carried out by police forces for general policing duties; internal security duties are carried out by several intelligence agencies.

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Lebanese Maronite Order

The Lebanese Maronite Order (known also as Baladites or Valadites), is a monastic order among the Levant-based, Catholic Maronite Church, which from the beginning has been specifically a monastic Church.

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Lebanese people (Shia Muslims)

Lebanese people refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon, which is the largest Muslim denomination in the country tied with Sunni Muslims.

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Lebanese people in Syria

The Lebanese people in Syria are people from Lebanon or those of Lebanese descent who live in the country of Syria.

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Lebanon national football team results

This article details the fixtures and results of the Lebanon national football team.

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Lebleba

Ninochka Manoug Kupelian (born 1945 in Cairo), better known by her stage name Lebleba (also Lubluba), is an Egyptian film actress and entertainer of Armenian origin from Aleppo in Syria.

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Lee Chun-soo

Lee Chun-Soo (born 9 July 1981) is a retired football player from South Korea.

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Leila Rajabi

Leila Rajabi (لیلا رجبی, born Tastiana Ilyushchanka on 18 April 1983 in Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Naturalized Iranian shot putter of Belarusian origin.

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Leo I, King of Armenia

Leo II (Levon I. Metsagorts; 1150 – 2 May 1219), also Leon II, Levon II or Lewon II, was the tenth lord of Armenian Cilicia or “Lord of the Mountains” (1187–1198/1199), and the first king of Armenian Cilicia (sometimes as Levon I the Magnificent or Lewon I) (1198/1199–1219).

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Leo I, Prince of Armenia

Leo I (Լեիոն Ա), also Levon I or Leon I, (unknown – Constantinople, February 14, 1140) was the fifth lord of Armenian Cilicia or “Lord of the Mountains” (1129/1130-1137).

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Leo V, King of Armenia

Leo V or Levon V (occasionally Levon VI; Լևոն, Levon V; 1342 – 29 November 1393), of the House of Lusignan, was the last Latin king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.

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Leonhard Rauwolf

Leonhard Rauwolf (also spelled Leonhart Rauwolff) (21 June 1535 – 15 September 1596) was a German physician, botanist, and traveller.

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Les mille et une nuits

Les mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français ("The Thousand and One Nights, Arab stories translated into French"), published in 12 volumes between 1704 and 1717, was the first European version of The Thousand and One Nights tales.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Levant Company

The Levant Company was an English chartered company formed in 1592.

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Levant Crisis

The Levant Crisis also known as the Damascus Crisis, the Syrian Crisis or the Levant Confrontation was a military situation that took place between British and French forces in Syria in May 1945 soon after the end of World War II in Europe.

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Levant Front

The Levant Front (الجبهة الشامية, Jabhat al-Shamiyah, also translated as the Sham Front or the Levantine Front) is a Syrian rebel group based around Aleppo involved in the Syrian Civil War.

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Levantine Arabic

Levantine Arabic (الـلَّـهْـجَـةُ الـشَّـامِـيَّـة,, Levantine Arabic: il-lahže š-šāmiyye) is a broad dialect of Arabic and the vernacular Arabic of the eastern coastal strip of the Levantine Sea, that is Shaam.

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Levantine Arabic phonology

This article is about the phonology of Levantine Arabic also known as Shāmi Arabic, and its sub-dialects.

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Levantine archaeology

Levantine archaeology is the archaeological study of the Levant.

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Levinus Warner

Levinus Warner, (c. 1618 – 22 June 1665) was a German-born Orientalist, manuscript collector and diplomat for the Dutch Republic in the Ottoman Empire.

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Levon Ter-Petrosyan

Levon Hagopi Ter-Petrosyan (Լևոն Հակոբի Տեր-Պետրոսյան; born 9 January 1946), also known by his initials LTP, is an Armenian politician.

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Liberty Square, Aleppo

The Liberty Square (ساحة الحرية) is an important square at the Aziziyah district, downtown Aleppo, Syria.

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Library

A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing.

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Lifta

Lifta (لفتا; מי נפתוח Mei Neftoach) was a Palestinian Arab village on the outskirts of Jerusalem.

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Lions of Hussein

The Guardians of Syria Forces - Lions of Hussein (Quwat Humat Souriya - Usud al-Hussein), formerly known as Lions of Hussein Brigade (Liwa Usud al-Hussein) and often shortened to Lions of Hussein, are an Alawite militia which fights for the Ba'athist government during the Syrian Civil War.

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List of Abbasid governors of Tarsus

Tarsus is a city in Cilicia, a region in southeastern Asia Minor (modern Turkey).

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List of accidents and disasters by death toll

This is a list of accidents and disasters by death toll.

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List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities

The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.

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List of Aeroflot destinations

The history of Aeroflot can be traced back to, when the Council of Labour and Defence passed a resolution to create the Civil Air Fleet of the USSR, amalgamating all pioneer airlines to form Dobrolet on.

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List of Air Arabia destinations

Air Arabia serves the following destinations (as of February 2018).

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List of airports by IATA code: A

The DST column shows the months in which Daylight Saving Time, a.k.a. Summer Time, begins and ends.

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List of airports by ICAO code: O

Format of entries is.

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List of airports in Syria

This is a list of airports in Syria, sorted by location.

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List of ambassadors of Serbia

The following is the list of Ambassadors from Serbia.

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List of Arabic place names

This is a list of traditional Arabic place names.

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List of Armenian ethnic enclaves

This is a list of Armenian ethnic enclaves, containing cities, districts, and neighborhoods with predominantly Armenian population, or are associated with Armenian culture, either currently or historically.

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List of Armenian Genocide memorials

A number of organizations, museums, and monuments are intended to serve as memorials to the Armenian Genocide and its over 1 million victims.

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List of Armenian kings

This is a list of the kings and queens of Armenia, for more information on ancient Armenia and Armenians, please see History of Armenia.

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List of art museums

Algeria.

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List of Asian stadiums by capacity

The following is an incomplete list of sports stadiums in Asia.

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List of assassinations in Asia

This is a list of assassinations which took place on the continent of Asia.

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List of association football stadiums by capacity

The following is a list of football stadiums.

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List of battles 301–1300

No description.

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List of battles and other violent events by death toll

This page lists mortalities from battles and individual military operations or acts of violence, sorted by death toll.

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List of British Midland International destinations

This is a list of destinations that were served by British Midland International over its time as an airline.

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List of Byzantine wars

This is a list of the wars or external conflicts fought during the history of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire (330–1453).

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List of cathedrals in Syria

This is the list of cathedrals in Syria sorted by denomination.

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List of Catholic archdioceses

The following is a current list of Catholic archdioceses ordered by country and continent (for the Latin Church) and by liturgical rite (for the Eastern Catholic Churches).

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List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)

As for May 31, 2018, the Catholic Church in its entirety comprises 3,160 ecclesiastical jurisdictions, including over 645 archdioceses and 2,236 dioceses, as well as apostolic vicariates, apostolic exarchates, apostolic administrations, apostolic prefectures, military ordinariates, personal ordinariates, personal prelatures, territorial prelatures, territorial abbacies and missions ''sui juris'' around the world.

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List of Catholic titular sees

This is the official list of titular sees of the Catholic Church included in the Annuario Pontificio.

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List of churches in Aleppo

List of active churches and cathedrals in the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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List of cities and towns on the Euphrates River

This article provides a detailed list of the cities and towns along the Euphrates River in order of country.

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List of cities conquered by the Ottoman Empire

The list of major cities conquered by the Ottoman Empire is below.

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List of cities in Syria

The country of Syria is administratively subdivided into 14 governorates, which are sub-divided into 65 districts, which are further divided into 284 sub-districts.

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List of cities of the ancient Near East

The earliest cities in history appear in the ancient Near East.

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List of cities with defensive walls

The following cities have or historically had defensive walls.

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List of city name changes

This is a list of cities and towns whose names were officially changed at one or more points in history.

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List of companies of Syria

Syria is a country in Western Asia.

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List of countries by national capital, largest and second-largest cities

This is a list of the largest and second-largest cities by population in each country.

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List of diplomatic missions of Armenia

This is a list of diplomatic missions of Armenia.

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List of diplomatic missions of Iraq

This is a list of diplomatic missions of Iraq.

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List of diplomatic missions of Turkey

This is a list of diplomatic missions of Turkey, including consulates-general.

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List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the Ottoman Empire

The first ambassador from England to the Ottoman Empire or Porte was appointed in 1583 under the reign of Elizabeth I.

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List of early English cricketers to 1786

This is a list of the earliest known English cricketers whose careers began prior to the foundation of Lord's and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1787.

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List of EgyptAir destinations

This is a list of destinations served by EgyptAir as of September 2013.

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List of Emirati records in athletics

The following are the national records in athletics in the United Arab Emirates maintained by UAE Athletics Federation.

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List of English exonyms for Arabic-speaking places

The list includes countries and territories, and their capitals or administrative centres, where at least one official language is Arabic.

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List of English words of Arabic origin (K-M)

The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English.

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List of etymologies of country subdivision names

This article provides a collection of the etymology of the names of country subdivisions.

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List of flags with blue, red and white stripes

Flags of white, red and blue stripes (bands) quite often signs the relationships of some nations with other nations (for instance, flag of Netherlands and flags of its former colonies).

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List of flydubai destinations

flydubai serves the following destinations as of.

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List of Flynas destinations

This is a list of cities that flynas flies as of February 2018.

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List of foods named after places

Lists of foods named after places have been compiled by writers, sometimes on travel websites or food-oriented websites, as well as in books.

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List of football stadiums in Syria

The following is a list of football stadiums in Syria sorted by their capacities.

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List of French flags

This is a list of flags that have either been in use, or are used by, France and related territories.

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List of Frontline (PBS) episodes

The following is a list of programs from the Public Broadcasting Service's public affairs television documentary series Frontline.

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List of German exonyms

Below is a list of German language exonyms for formerly German places and places in non-German-speaking areas of the world.

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List of Goethe-Institut locations

This list gives a geographical overview of all the worldwide locations of the Goethe-Institut.

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List of grand mosques

This is an incomplete list of some of the more famous Grand Mosques around the world.

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List of Greek place names

This is a list of Greek place names as they exist in the Greek language.

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List of Hebrew place names

This is a list of traditional Hebrew place names.

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List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian Civil War

This is a list of heritage sites that were damaged or destroyed during the Syrian Civil War.

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List of historical earthquakes

Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes known to have occurred prior to the beginning of the 20th century.

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List of hotels: Countries S

This is a list of what are intended to be the notable top hotels by country, five or four star hotels, notable skyscraper landmarks or historic hotels which are covered in multiple reliable publications.

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List of indoor arenas

The following is a list of indoor arenas.

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List of international airports by country

This is a list of international airports by country.

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List of international goals scored by Ali Daei

Ali Daei is the all-time top goalscorer and a former Iranian football player who holds the record for the most goals in international football.

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List of international goals scored by Hossam Hassan

Hossam Hassan is a retired footballer who represented the Egypt national football team and is his country's all-time highest goalscorer with 69 goals.

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List of international prime ministerial trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

This is a list of international prime ministerial trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the 27th Prime Minister of Turkey, after winning the elections of November 2, 2002 and until he became the 12th President of Turkey on August 28, 2014.

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List of Iranian records in athletics

The following are the national records in athletics in Iran maintained by Amateur Athletic Federation of Islamic Republic of Iran (AAFIRI).

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List of Iraqi Airways destinations

Iraqi Airways Company, operating as Iraqi Airways is the national carrier of Iraq, headquartered in Baghdad One of the oldest airlines in the Middle East, Iraqi Airways operates 5 domestic and 10 international routes in Africa, Asia and Europe since having resumed operations in 2003, 7 others were suspended in between.

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List of Islamic seminaries

This is a list of Islamic seminaries throughout history, including the operational, historical, defunct or converted ones.

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List of journalists killed during the Syrian Civil War

The journalists killed during the Syrian Civil War refers to the foreign war correspondents, Syrian professional journalists (including those who work for pro-government media outlets), and Syrian citizen journalists (including those who work for opposition forces) killed since the beginning of the civil war in 2011 and who have died as a result of their reporting.

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List of kebabs

This is a list of kebab dishes from around the world.

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List of land borders with dates of establishment

This list of land borders with date of establishment identifies the historical year in which borders were established between countries.

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List of largest cities in the Levant region by population

This is a list of the largest cities in the Levant.

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List of Latin place names in Asia

This list includes Asian countries and regions that were part of the Roman Empire, or that were given Latin place names in historical references.

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List of locations with a subtropical climate

This list of locations with a subtropical climate specifically lists locations considered within the subtropics.

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List of Lufthansa destinations

As of July 2017, Lufthansa including Lufthansa Regional (but excluding all other Lufthansa Group members) operates flights to 18 domestic destinations and 193 international destinations in 81 countries across Africa, Americas, Asia, and Europe.

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List of major terrorist incidents

This is a list of terrorist incidents, conducted by non-state actors, resulting in more than 100 deaths.

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List of mass car bombings

This is a list of car bomb attacks (including bombs stowed in vans, trucks, buses etc.) that resulted in at least two deaths.

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List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War

Dozens of massacres have been carried out during the Syrian civil war to date.

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List of massacres in Ottoman Syria

The following is the List of massacres in Ottoman Syria, mass atrocities committed during the Ottoman rule in Syrian provinces (region roughly corresponding the Levant) between 1517 and 1917.

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List of massacres in Syria

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Syria (numbers may be approximate).

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List of mausolea

This is a list of mausolea around the world.

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List of medical schools in Syria

This is a list of medical schools located in Syria.

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List of members of the Parliament of Syria, 1961

This is a list of deputies elected to the Syrian parliament of 1961.

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List of minor planets named after places

This is a list of minor planets named after places, organized by continent.

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List of monasteries in Syria

This is a list of monasteries in Syria.

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List of mosques in Aleppo

Aleppo was never a capital of any of the grand Arab dynasties, but nevertheless the city's central position in the Levant between Damascus and Baghdad, and its closeness to Anatolia, helped the city to prosper fast.

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List of mosques in Syria

This is a list of mosques in Syria.

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List of mosques in the Arab League

This is a list of mosques in the Arab League.

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List of names of Asian cities in different languages

This is a list of cities in Asia that have several different names in different languages, including former names.

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List of newspapers in Syria

Newspapers were first published in Syria during the Ottoman era.

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List of oldest church buildings

This article lists some but by no means all of the oldest known church buildings in the world.

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List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited.

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List of Omani records in athletics

The following are the national records in athletics in Oman maintained by Oman Athletic Association (OAA).

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List of Ottoman governors of Egypt

The Ottoman Empire's governors of Egypt from 1517 to 1805 were at various times known by different but synonymous titles, among them beylerbey, viceroy, governor, governor-general, or, more generally, wāli.

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List of Ottoman Grand Viziers

The Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (Vezir-i Azam or Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam); Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم) was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissible only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution.

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List of Ottoman titles and appellations

This is a list of titles and appellations used in the Ottoman Empire.

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List of pharmacy schools

This article is a list of pharmacy schools by country.

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List of Philippines national football team hat-tricks

The following are players who has scored three or more goals in a match (hat-trick) in an international match against a national side for the Philippine national football team.

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List of places in Shahnameh

Here are the list of places represented/mentioned in the Persian epic poem Shāhnāma by Ferdowsi.

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List of places visited by Ibn Battuta

This is a List of places visited by Ibn Battuta in the years 1325-1353.

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List of power stations in Syria

This page lists all power stations in Syria.

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List of Qatar Airways destinations

Qatar Airways is the flag carrier of Qatar, and operates flights to more than 80 countries on every inhabited continent.

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List of railway lines in Turkey

This is a list of railway lines made within the borders of present-day Turkey since 1860.

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List of Rees's Cyclopædia articles

The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature is an important 19th century British encyclopædia edited by Rev.

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List of revolts during Suleiman's reign

During Suleiman's reign there were few major and several minor revolts throughout the Ottoman Empire.

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List of Roman bridges

The Romans were the world's first major bridge builders.

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List of Royal Jordanian destinations

Royal Jordanian serves the following destinations as of June 2018.

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List of rulers of Aleppo

The rulers of Aleppo ruled as kings, Emirs and Sultans of the city and its region since the later half of the 3rd millennium BC, starting with the kings of Armi, followed by the Amorite dynasty of Yamhad, and ending with the Ayyubid dynasty which was ousted by the Mongol conquest in 1260.

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List of schools in Syria

This is a list of primary and secondary schools in the Asian country of Syria.

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List of smart cards

Some widely used contactless smart cards include Sydney's Opal Card, London's Oyster card, Hong Kong's Octopus card, Stockholm's Access card, Japan's Suica and Pasmo cards, Manila's Beep cards, Nigeria's ETC Card, Paris' Calypso/Navigo, the Dutch OV-Chipkaart, Toronto's Presto card and Lisbon's LisboaViva card, which predate the ISO/IEC 14443 standard.

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List of solidarity rallies with the Gezi Park protests

International reactions to the Gezi Park protests in Turkey included many expressions of concern about the excessive use of force against peaceful protestors.

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List of sports venues by capacity

The following is a list of sports venues, ordered by capacity; i.e. the maximum number of spectators the venue can normally accommodate.

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List of stadiums by capacity

The following is a list of notable sports stadiums, ordered by their capacity, which refers to the maximum number of spectators they can normally accommodate.

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List of stadiums in Asia

The following is a list of stadiums in Asia.

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List of state leaders in 1024

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List of state leaders in 1095

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List of state leaders in 1096

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List of state leaders in 1097

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List of state leaders in 1098

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List of state leaders in 1099

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List of state leaders in 1100

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List of state leaders in 1101

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List of state leaders in 1102

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List of state leaders in 1103

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List of state leaders in 1104

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List of state leaders in 1105

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List of state leaders in 1106

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List of state leaders in 1107

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List of state leaders in 1108

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List of state leaders in 1109

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List of state leaders in 1110

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List of state leaders in 1111

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List of state leaders in 1112

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List of state leaders in 1113

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List of state leaders in 1114

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List of state leaders in 1115

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List of state leaders in 1116

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List of state leaders in 1117

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List of state leaders in 1118

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List of state leaders in 1119

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List of state leaders in 1120

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List of state leaders in 1121

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List of state leaders in 1122

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List of state leaders in 1123

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List of state leaders in 1124

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List of state leaders in 1125

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List of state leaders in 1126

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List of state leaders in 1127

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List of state leaders in 1128

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List of state leaders in 1133

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List of state leaders in 1220

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List of state leaders in 1221

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List of state leaders in 1222

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List of state leaders in 1223

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List of state leaders in 1224

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List of state leaders in 1225

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List of state leaders in 1226

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List of state leaders in 1227

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List of state leaders in 1228

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List of state leaders in 1229

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List of state leaders in 1230

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List of state leaders in 1231

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List of state leaders in 1232

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List of state leaders in 1233

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List of state leaders in 1234

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List of state leaders in 1235

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List of state leaders in 1236

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List of Syrian Air Force bases

This page lists air bases operated or used by the Syrian Air Force.

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List of Syrian Armenians

This is a list of some famous Armenians in Syria.

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List of Syrian Civil War barrel bomb attacks

A barrel bomb is a type of improvised explosive device used extensively by the Syrian Air Force during the Syrian civil war.

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List of Syrian flying aces

The following Syrian pilots became flying aces by scoring five or more confirmed aerial victories while flying combat against the Israeli Air Force.

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List of Syrian records in athletics

The following are the national records in athletics in Syria maintained by Syrian Arab Amateur Athletic Federation (SAAAF).

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List of tallest chimneys

This is a list of the tallest chimneys of the world.

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List of terrorist incidents in 2017

This is a list of terrorist incidents which took place in 2017, including attacks by violent non-state actors, split up by month.

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List of terrorist incidents in April 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in April 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in April 2017

This is a timeline of terrorist attacks which took place in April 2017, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political, religious, or ideological motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in August 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in August 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in December 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in December 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in January 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in January 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in January 2017

This is a timeline of terrorist attacks which took place in January 2017, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political, religious, or ideological motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in January–June 2012

This is a timeline of individual violent attacks which took place from January to June 2012, including attacks by state and non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in January–June 2013

This is a timeline of individual violent attacks which took place from January to June 2013, including attacks by state and non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in July 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in July 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in July 2017

This is a timeline of terrorist attacks which took place in July 2017, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political, religious, or ideological motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in July–December 2012

This is a timeline of individual violent attacks which took place from July to December 2012, including attacks by state and non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in June 2016

This is a list of terrorist attacks and other incidents which occurred in June 2016.

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List of terrorist incidents in March 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in March 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in March 2017

This is a timeline of terrorist attacks which took place in March 2017, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political, religious, or ideological motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in May 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in May 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in November 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in November 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in November 2017

This is a list of some of the terrorist, alleged terrorist or suspected terrorist incidents which took place in November 2017, including incidents by violent non-state actors for political, religious, or ideological motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in October 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in October 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in Syria

This is a timeline of incidents in Syria that have been labelled as terrorism and are not believed to have been carried out by a government or its forces (see state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism).

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List of the oldest mosques

The designation of the oldest mosque in the world requires careful use of definitions, and must be divided into two parts, the oldest in the sense of oldest surviving building, and the oldest in the sense of oldest mosque congregation.

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List of tombs and mausoleums

This is a list of tombs and mausoleums that are either notable in themselves, or contain the remains of a notable person/people.

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List of top-division football clubs in Asian Football Confederation members

This is a list of top-division association football clubs in Asian Football Confederation countries.

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List of top-division football clubs in CAF countries

This is a list of top-division association football clubs in CAF countries.

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List of Tosh.0 episodes

This is a list of episodes of the American television series Tosh.0.

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List of town tramway systems in Asia

This is a list of Asian cities and towns that have, or once had, town tramway (urban tramway, or streetcar) systems as part of their public transport system.

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List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/cityname: A

This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, as of 2006.

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List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/country: P-Q-R-S

This is a list of towns and cities in the world in alphabetical order, beginning with the letters P, Q, R and S, by country believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants.

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List of Turkic dynasties and countries

The following is a list of dynasties, states or empires which are Turkic-speaking, of Turkic origins, or both.

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List of Turkish Airlines destinations

Turkish Airlines flies to 47 domestic and 230 international destinations in 119 countries, excluding those only served by Turkish Airlines Cargo.

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List of Turkish exonyms

An exonym is a place name, used by non-natives of that place, that differs from the official or native name for that place.

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List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia

This is a list of "twin towns" or "sister cities" in the continent of Asia – that is, pairs of towns or cities in different countries which have town twinning arrangements.

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List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria

The United Nations resolutions concerning Syria have mainly dealt with the Arab–Israeli conflict, Syrian occupation of Lebanon and the Syrian Civil War.

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List of universities in Syria

This is the list of universities in Syria.

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List of US places named for non-US places

This is a list of US places named for non-US places.

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List of wars 1000–1499

This is a list of wars that began between 1000 to 1499. Other wars can be found in the historical lists of wars and the list of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity.

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List of wars involving Russia

The following is an incomplete list of armed conflicts and wars fought by Russia, by Russian people, from antiquity to the present day.

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List of World Trade Centers

A World Trade Center (also World Trade Centre or WTC) is a building or complex of buildings established and effectively operated by the World Trade Centers Association (WTCA) as an instrument for trade expansion.

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List of Yemeni records in athletics

The following are the national records in athletics in the Republic of Yemen maintained by Yemen's national athletics federation: Yemen Amateur Athletic Federation (YAAF).

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List of ziyarat locations

This is a list of notable ziyarat locations around the world.

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Lists of earthquakes

The following is a list of earthquake lists, and of top earthquakes by magnitude and fatalities.

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Lists of the Arab League

All lists and statistics of the Arab League.

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Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas

The Brigade of Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas (Arabic:لواء أبو الفضل العباس, Liwa Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas), also known as the al-Abbas Brigade (Arabic:كتائب العباس, Kata'ib al-Abbas), was a pro-government Twelver Shia Muslim militant group operating throughout Syria.

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Liwa Ahrar Souriya

The Free Men of Syria Brigade (لواء أحرار سوريا; Liwa Ahrar Souriya) is a group of Syrian rebel fighters affiliated with the Free Syrian Army which was active during the Syrian Civil War, mainly around Aleppo.

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Liwa al-Quds

Liwa al-Quds (لواء القدس) or the Jerusalem Brigade is a Palestinian militia (brigade) that operates as a part of pro-Syrian government forces in Syrian Civil War.

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Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham

The Conquering Lion of God Forces of Iraq and the Levant (Arabic: Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham, LAAG for short) is a Shia Muslim militant group operating throughout Syria and Iraq.

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Liwa Fatemiyoun

Liwa Fatemiyoun (لواء الفاطميون Liwā’ al-Fāṭamiyūn, Persian/Dari:.لواء فاطمیون or لشکر فاطمیون), literally "Fatimid Banner", also known as Fatemiyoun Division, is an Afghan Shia militia formed in 2014 to fight in Syria on the side of the government.

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Liwa Zainebiyoun

The Followers of Zainab Brigade (Liwa Zainebiyoun or Liwa Zainabiyoon) is a pro-government brigade fighting in Syria composed of Shia Pakistanis.

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Liwaa Yazji

Liwaa Yazji (Liwaa Yazaji) لواء يازجي is a Syrian Filmmaker, Playwright, TV Screenwriter, Dramaturge and Poet.

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Loay Nasr

Loay Nasr (لؤي نصر) is a Syrian singer.

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Lockheed Vega

The Lockheed Vega is an American six-passenger high-wing monoplane airliner built by the Lockheed Corporation starting in 1927.

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London 1851 chess tournament

London 1851 was the first international chess tournament.

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London Conference of 1939

The London Conference (1939), or St James's Palace Conference, which took place between 7 February-17 March 1939, was called by the British Government to plan the future governance of Palestine and an end of the Mandate.

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Long Time Coming (Homeland)

"Long Time Coming" is the fourth season finale of the American television drama series Homeland, and the 48th episode overall.

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Louai Sakka

Louai Sakka (born 1972) is a Syrian of Turkish background, who was convicted in Turkey of playing a role in several terrorist bombings.

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Louay Kayali

Louay Kayali (لؤي كيالي), (1934–1978) was a Syrian modern artist.

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Loubna Mrie

Loubna Mrie (born 1991) is a Syrian civil rights activist.

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Lu'ay al-Atassi

Lu'ay al-Atassi (لؤي الأتاسي) (1926 − 24 November 2003) was a senior commander in the Syrian Army and later the President of Syria between 9 March and 27 July 1963.

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Lu'lu' al-Kabir

Abu Muhammad Lu'lu', surnamed al-Kabir ("the Elder") and al-Jarrahi al-Sayfi (" of the Jarrahids and Sayf al-Dawla"), was a military slave (ghulam) of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo.

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Lublin R-X

The Lublin R-X was a Polish single-engined, two seat liaison aircraft, built in 1929 in the Plage i Laśkiewicz factory in Lublin.

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Ludovico di Varthema

Ludovico di Varthema, also known as Barthema and Vertomannus (c. 1470 – 1517), was an Italian traveller, diarist and aristocrat known for being the first non-Muslim European to enter Mecca as a pilgrim.

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Luhuti

Luhuti,Lukhuti or Lu'ash, was an Iron Age Syro-Hittite Aramean region during the early 1st millennium BC located in northern Syria, in an area that used to be called Nuhašše.

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Luwian language

Luwian sometimes known as Luvian or Luish is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Luwian religion

Luwian religion refers to the religious and mythological practices of the Luwians, an Indo-European people of Asia Minor which is detectable from the Bronze Age until the early Roman empire.

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Lycée Charles de Gaulle (Syria)

Lycée Charles de Gaulle (المدرسة الفرنسیة فی دمشق شارل دیغول) is a French international school in Damascus, Syria.

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Lycée français d'Alep

The Lycée français d'Alep (المدرسة الفرنسية بحلب), known also as MLF lycée d'Alep, École française or the French school, is a French lycée in the city of Aleppo, Syria, founded in 1997 by the Mission laïque française, an organization which also helped found other lycées worldwide.

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Lymond Chronicles

The Lymond Chronicles is a series of six novels written by Dorothy Dunnett and first published between 1961 and 1975.

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Lyon

Lyon (Liyon), is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France.

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Ma'arin

Muarin (Muarin, Mū'āren) or Ma'arin (معرين; Merîn) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Maabatli

Muarrata (Muarrata, Muarrata), or Maabatlı (Maabatli or Mobetan), also known as Mabeta is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo in the center of Afrin District.

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Maarouf al-Dawalibi

Maarouf al-Dawalibi (معروف الدواليبي) (March 29, 1909 – January 15, 2004), was a Syrian politician and was twice the prime minister of Syria.

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Maarrat al-Ikhwan

Ma'arrat al-Ikhwan (معارة الاخوان, also spelled Ma'arrat al-Akwan, Maaret Ikhwan or Martahwan) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of Idlib Governorate located north of Idlib.

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Maarrat al-Nu'man

Maarat al-Numaan (مَعَرَّة النُّعْمَان, Maʿarrat al-Nuʿmān), also known as al-Maʿarra, is a city in northwestern Syria, south of Idlib and north of Hama, with a population of about 58,008 before the Civil War (2004 census).

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Maarrat Misrin

Ma'arrat Misrin (معرة مصرين, also spelled Ma'arrat Masrin or Ma'aret Masreen) is a small city in northwestern Syria, administratively part of Idlib Governorate.

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Macarios III Zaim

Patriarch Yousef Yuhanna Meletios Macarios III Zaim (died 1672) was Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 1647 to 1672.

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MacRobertson Air Race

The MacRobertson Trophy Air Race (also known as the London to Melbourne Air Race) took place October, 1934 as part of the Melbourne Centenary celebrations.

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Madiha Omar

Madiha Omar (1908 – 2005 in Aleppo) (مديحه عمر) is an Iraqi artist who is known for incorporating calligraphy with abstract art.

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Madrasa

Madrasa (مدرسة,, pl. مدارس) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion), and whether a school, college, or university.

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Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)

Magen David, or the Shield of David, Synagogue is located at the junction of Brabourne Road and Canning Street (Biplabi Rashbehari Road) in Kolkata.

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Maha Hassan

Maha Hassan is a Syrian-Kurdish journalist and novelist.

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Mahane Yehuda (neighborhood)

Mahane Yehuda (מחנה יהודה, "Camp of Judah") is a historic neighborhood in Jerusalem, Israel.

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Maher Al-Sayed

Maher Al-Sayed (ماهر السيد) (born 13 March 1979 in Damascus, Syria) is a former Syrian football player who used to play for Al-Wahda and Al-Jaish in the Syrian League.

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Maher Hajjar

Maher Abd Al-Hafiz Hajjar (born 1968) is a Syrian politician, MP for Aleppo for the opposition People's Will Party and a candidate for the Syrian presidential election, 2014.

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Mahmandar Mosque

Mahmandar Mosque (جامع المهمندار) is one of the oldest mosques in Aleppo, Syria.

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Mahmoud Amnah

Mahmoud Amnah (محمود آمنة) (born 25 January 1983 in Aleppo) is a Syrian footballer who plays as a midfielder for East Bengal in the Calcutta Football League and is a member of the Syria national football team.

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Mahmoud Karkar

Mahmoud Karkar (محمود كركر) (born 21 October 1974) is a Syrian footballer.

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Mahmud Kâmil Pasha

Mahmud Kâmil Pasha (1880; Aleppo -June 1922; Constantinople (Istanbul)) was a general of the Ottoman Army.

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Main Intelligence Directorate

Main Intelligence Directorate (p), abbreviated GRU (p), is the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union).

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Majd Homsi

Majd Homsi (مجد حمصي, born 12 December 1982 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer who plays as a defender for Karbalaa, which competes in the Iraqi Premier League the top division in Iraq and is currently a member of the Syria national football team.

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Majdal Yaba

Majdal Yaba (مجدل يابا) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict, located northeast of Ramla and east of Jaffa.

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Malatya

Malatya (Մալաթիա Malat'ya; Meletî; ܡܠܝܛܝܢܐ Malīṭīná; مالاتيا) is a large city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital of Malatya Province.

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Malik-Shah I

Jalāl al-Dawla Mu'izz al-Dunyā Wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fatḥ ibn Alp Arslān (8 August 1053 – 19 November 1092, full name: معزالدنیا و الدین ملکشاه بن محمد الب ارسلان قسیم امیرالمومنین), better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I (ملکشاه) (Melikşah), was Sultan of the Seljuq Empire from 1072 to 1092.

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Mamilla Cemetery

Mamilla Cemetery is a historic Muslim cemetery located just to the west of the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, Israel.

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Mamluk architecture

Mamluk architecture was a flowering of Islamic art during the reign of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517), which is most visible in medieval Cairo.

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Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)

The Mamluk dynasty of Iraq (Arabic: مماليك العراق) was a dynasty which ruled over Iraq in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)

The Mamluk Sultanate (سلطنة المماليك Salṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz.

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Mamoun Darkazanli

Mamoun Darkazanli (Arabic: مأمون داركازنلي (born August 4, 1958) in Aleppo, Syria) is a citizen of Germany and Syria who is wanted in Spain on terrorism charges.

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Mamoun University for Science and Technology

Mamoun University for Science and Technology (MUST) (جامعة المأمون للعلوم والتكنولوجيا), is a private university in Syria, established in 2003.

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Manaf Tlass

Manaf Tlass or Manaf Tlas (مناف طلاس; born 1964) is a former Brigadier General of the Syrian Republican Guard and member of Bashar al-Assad's inner circle who defected in 2012.

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Manbij

Manbij (منبج, Minbic) is a city in the northeast of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, 30 kilometers west of the Euphrates.

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Manjutakin

Manjutakin (Mencu Tekin) was a military slave (ghulam) of the Fatimid Caliph al-Aziz (r. 975–996).

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Mansur ibn Lu'lu'

Abūʾl Nasr Manṣūr ibn Luʾluʾ, also known by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Murtaḍā al-Dawla ("Approved of the Dynasty"), was the ruler of the Emirate of Aleppo between 1008 and 1016.

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Manu Brabo

Manu Brabo (1981) is a Spanish photojournalist who was captured in Libya along with three other journalists while covering the Libyan Civil War in 2011 and who was part of the Associated Press team to win the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography in 2013.

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Manvel Zulalyan

Manvel Karapeti Zulalyan (Մանվել Զուլալյան; December 30, 1929, Aleppo, Syria - January 19, 2012, Yerevan, Armenia) was an Armenian historian, Armenologist, an academic of Armenian Academy of Sciences, member of Presidium.

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Mar Assia al-Hakim Church

Mar Assia al-Hakim Church (كنيسة مار آسيا الحكيم) is a Syriac Catholic Church in Al-Jdayde quarter of Aleppo, Syria.

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Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah

Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah (مرعي باشا الملاح / ALA-LC: Mar‘ī Bāshā al-Mallāḥ; 1856–1930) was a Syrian political leader and statesman.

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Maraanaz

Maraanaz (Mir'anāz) is a village near Azaz in northwestern Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria.

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Maran, Syria

Maran (مران; also spelled Marran) is a town in northern Syria, in the west of the Al-Bab District of Aleppo Governorate, about halfway between the cities of Al-Bab and Aleppo.

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Marcelin Beaussier

François-Louis-Marcelin Beaussier (23 April 1821 – 3 February 1873) was a 19th-century French military man and orientalist.

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March 1941

The following events occurred in March 1941.

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March 2012 Aleppo bombing

On 18 March 2012, a car bomb blast in a residential neighbourhood in the Syrian city of Aleppo killed two members of security forces and one female civilian.

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Mare'

Mare' (مارع Māriʿ, locally pronounced Mēreʿ), also spelled Marea, is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Mare' Operations Room

The Mare' Operations Room (غرفة عمليات مارع, Mare Operasyon Odası) was a joint operations room of armed Syrian rebel factions based around the town of Mare' in the Azaz District of Aleppo Governorate to fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

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Marga von Etzdorf

Margarette (Marga) von Etzdorf (1 August 1907 - 28 May 1933) was a German aircraft pilot, notable for being the first woman to fly an aircraft professionally, and the first woman to fly solo across Siberia, from Germany to Tokyo, Japan.

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Maria of Antioch

Maria of Antioch (1145–1182) was a Byzantine empress by marriage to Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, and regent during the minority of her son porphyrogennetos Alexios II Komnenos from 1180 until 1182.

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Mariam al-Asturlabi

Mariam al-Asturlabi or Al-'Ijliyah bint al-'Ijli al-Asturlabi (Arabic: العجلية بنت العجلي الأسطرلابي), was a 10th-century female astronomer and maker of astrolabes in Aleppo, in what is now northern Syria.

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Mariamite Maronite Order

The Mariamite Maronite Order (known also as Aleppians or Halabites), is a monastic order in the Levantine Catholic Maronite Church, which from the beginning has been specifically a monastic Church.

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Marie Jubran

Marie Jubran (1907/1911 - 1956) was an Arab soprano singer.

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Marie Seurat

Marie Seurat (26 January 1949) is a Syrian novelist.

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Marj al-Sultan

Marj al-Sultan (مرج السلطان, also spelled Marj Sultan) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located 15 kilometers east of Damascus city.

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Maron

Maron, also called Maroun or Maro, (ܡܪܘܢ,; مارون; Maron; Μάρων) was a 4th-century Syriac Christian hermit monk in the Taurus Mountains whose followers, after his death, founded a religious Christian movement that became known as the Syriac Maronite Church, in full communion with the Holy See and the Catholic Church.

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Maronite Church

The Maronite Church (الكنيسة المارونية) is an Eastern Catholic sui iuris particular church in full communion with the Pope and the Catholic Church, with self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.

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Martyrs' Church, Aleppo

Martyrs' Church (Nahadagats Church) is an Armenian Evangelical Church located in Souleimaniye district of Aleppo, Syria.

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Mary Pierson Eddy

Dr.

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Maryamin Samaan

Maryamin (Mreimin) is a village in the southern Aleppo countryside, Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Maryana Marrash

Maryana bint Fathallah bin Nasrallah Marrash (Arabic: مريانا بنت فتح الله بن نصر الله مرّاش / ALA-LC: Maryānā bint Fatḥ Allāh bin Naṣr Allāh Marrāsh; 1848–1919), also known as Maryana al-Marrash or Maryana Marrash al-Halabiyyah, was a Syrian writer and poet of the Nahda movement—the Arabic renaissance.

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Marzuban ibn Muhammad

Marzuban ibn Muhammad (died 957) was the Sallarid ruler of Azerbaijan (941/2–957).

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Maskanah

Maskanah (مسكنة) also spelled, Meskene is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Manbij District of the Aleppo Governorate.

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Maskanah Plains offensive

The Maskanah Plains offensive was an operation by the Syrian Army against the remaining Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) strongholds in the eastern countryside of the Aleppo Province, with the goal of recapturing the Maskanah Plains from ISIL and advancing into the Raqqa Governorate.

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Massacre of Aleppo (1850)

The Aleppo Massacre (قومة حلب), often referred to simply as The Events, was a riot perpetrated by Muslim residents of Aleppo, largely from the eastern quarters of the city, against Christian residents, largely located in the northern suburbs of Judayde (Jdeideh) and Salibeh.

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Masyaf

Masyaf (مصياف) is a city in northwestern Syria, in the Hama Governorate.

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Mathieu de Lesseps

Mathieu Maximilien Prosper Comte de Lesseps (4 March 1771—28 December 1832) was a French diplomat and high ranking public official who served, from 1797 until his death, in numerous foreign and domestic posts.

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Matrakçı Nasuh

Nasuh bin Karagöz bin Abdullah el-Visokavi el-Bosnavî, or Nasuh el-Matrakči ibn Karađoz ibn Abdullah el-Visokavi el-Bosnevi, commonly known as Matrakçı Nasuh for his competence in the game of Matrak, invented by himself, (also known as Nasuh el-Silâhî, Nasuh the Swordsman, because of his talent with weapons; 1480 – 1564) was a 16th-century Bosniak statesman of the Ottoman Empire, polymath, mathematician, teacher, historian, geographer, cartographer, swordmaster, navigator, inventor, painter, farmer, and miniaturist.

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Matt Schrier

Matthew B. Schrier is a Jewish American (former) photographer who escaped from al Qaeda.

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Matthew Nakkar

Matthew Gregory Nakkar (born in 1795 - died on 22 March 1868) was a Bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church and later a Catholic bishop.

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Mavia (queen)

Mavia, (ماوية, Māwiyya; also transliterated Mawia, Mawai, or Mawaiy, and sometimes referred to as Mania) was an Arab warrior-queen, who ruled over a confederation of semi-nomadic Arabs, in southern Syria, in the latter half of the fourth century.

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Max von Oppenheim

Max (Freiherr) von Oppenheim (15 July 1860 in Cologne – 17 November 1946 in Landshut) was a German lawyer, diplomat, ancient historian, and archaeologist.

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Maxime Weygand

Maxime Weygand (21 January 1867 – 28 January 1965) was a French military commander in World War I and World War II.

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Maximos II Hakim

Maximos II Hakim, was Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1760 to 1761.

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Maximos III Mazloum

Maximos III Michael Mazloum, (born in November 1779 in Aleppo, present Syria – died in August 1855) was patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1833 until 1855.

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Maximos IV Sayegh

Maximos IV Sayegh (or Saïgh) (10 April 1878, Aleppo, Syria – 5 November 1967, Beirut, Lebanon) was Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, and Alexandria and Jerusalem of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1947 until his death in 1967.

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Maximos V Hakim

Maximos V Hakim (ماكسيموس الخامس حكيم; May 18, 1908, in Tanta, Egypt – June 29, 2001, Beirut, Lebanon) was elected Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, and Alexandria and Jerusalem of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church in 1967 and served until 2000.

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May 1915

The following events occurred in May 1915.

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May 1917

The following events occurred in May 1917.

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May 22

No description.

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May 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

May 23 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 25 All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 6 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

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Maya Nasser

Maya Nasser (30 July 1979 – 26 September 2012) was a Syrian journalist and reporter who worked for Press TV, an Iranian English-language broadcasting service.

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Mayada El Hennawy

Mayada El Hennawy (in Arabic ميّادة الحنّاوي pronounced Mayāda al-Ḥannāwi in classical Arabic transliteration) born in Aleppo, Syria on 8 October 1959, is a Syrian and pan-Arab singer.

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Mayer, Syria

Mayer (ماير) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Mazar (mausoleum)

A mazār (مزار) is a mausoleum or shrine in some places of the world, typically that of a saint or notable religious leader.

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Médecins Sans Frontières

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF; pronounced), also known in English as Doctors Without Borders, is an international humanitarian medical non-governmental organisation (NGO) of French origin best known for its projects in conflict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases.

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Möngke Khan

Möngke (valign / Мөнх;; January 11, 1209 – August 11, 1259) was the fourth khagan of the Mongol Empire, ruling from July 1, 1251, to August 11, 1259.

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McMahon–Hussein Correspondence

The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence was a series of letters exchanged during World War I in which the British government agreed to recognize Arab independence after the war in exchange for the Sharif of Mecca launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 13001–14000

003 | 13003 Dickbeasley || 1982 FN || Richard ("Dick") E. Beasley (1934–1992) was a noted calligrapher and multi-media artist.

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Medcities

Medcities is a network of Mediterranean coastal cities created in Barcelona in 1991 at the initiative of the Mediterranean Technical Assistance Programmes (METAP).

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Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

The Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War.

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Megalith

A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones.

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Mehmed Fuad Carim

Mehmed Fuad Carim (1892; Ottoman Aleppo - 1972; Istanbul, Turkey) was a Turkish politician and diplomat.

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Mehmet Celal Bey

Mehmet Celal Bey (محمد جلال بك‎; 1863 – 15 February 1926) was an Ottoman statesman and a key witness to the Armenian Genocide.

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Mehmet Nadir

Mehmet Nadir (b. 1856 – d. 13 December 1927) was a Turkish mathematician and educator.

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Mehmet Pashë Dërralla

Mehmet Pashë Deralla also known as Kallkandeleni, was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

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Meidan Ekbis

Meidan Ekbis (ميدان اكبس) or Maydan Ikbis is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Afrin District of Aleppo Governorate, located north of Aleppo.

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Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha ("Ahmed Pasha the Angel"; 1604–1662) was an Ottoman statesman and grand vizier during the reign of Mehmed IV.

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Melisende of Tripoli

Melisende of Tripoli (fl. around 1160) was the daughter of Hodierna of Tripoli and Raymond II, count of Tripoli.

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Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem

Melisende (1105 – 11 September 1161) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1153, and regent for her son between 1153 and 1161 while he was on campaign.

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Melkite Greek Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Venezuela

Melkite (Greek) Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Venezuela (in Latin: Exarchatus Apostolicus Caracensis Graecorum Melkitarum, meaning - of Caracas) is an exarchate (missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction) of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, a Greek language Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic church in communion with other Catholic Churches.

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Melkite Greek Catholic Church

The Melkite (Greek) Catholic Church (كنيسة الروم الملكيين الكاثوليك) is an Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See as part of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Melqart

Melqart (Phoenician:, lit. milik-qurt, "King of the City"; Akkadian: Milqartu) was the tutelary god of the Phoenician city of Tyre.

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Menachem Yedid

Menachem Yedid (15 January 1918 – 5 May 2013) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Gahal and Likud between 1965 and 1977.

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Menagh

Menagh (منق, also spelled Manaq or Manq) is a town near Azaz 16km North of Aleppo in northwestern Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria.

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Menahem Lonzano

Menahem ben Judah ben Menahem de Lonzano was a rabbi, Masoretic scholar, lexicographer, and poet.

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Mercy-USA

Mercy-USA for Aid and Development, is a humanitarian-aid organization with main offices in Plymouth, Michigan.

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Merv

Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; مرو, Marv), formerly Achaemenid Persian Satrapy of Margiana, and later Alexandria (Margiana) (Ἀλεξάνδρεια) and Antiochia in Margiana (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Μαργιανῆς), was a major oasis-city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, located near today's Mary in Turkmenistan.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.

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Mesopotamian Arabic

Mesopotamian Arabic, or Iraqi Arabic, is a continuum of mutually-intelligible varieties of Arabic native to the Mesopotamian basin of Iraq as well as spanning into Syria, Iran, southeastern Turkey, and spoken in Iraqi diaspora communities.

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Mesud I

Mesud I, Masud I or Ma'sud I (Modern I. or Rukn al-Dīn Mas'ūd was the sultan of the Seljuks of Rum from 1116 until his death in 1156.

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Meteorite fall

Meteorite falls, also called observed falls, are meteorites collected after their fall from space was observed by people or automated devices.

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Mevlevi Tekke Museum

Mevlevi Tekke Museum is a tekke in Nicosia, Cyprus, currently in North Nicosia.

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Michael Bourtzes

Michael Bourtzes (Μιχαήλ Βούρτζης, Arabic: Miḥā’īl al-Burdjī; ca. 930/35 – after 996) was a leading Byzantine general of the latter 10th century.

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Michael IV the Paphlagonian

Michael IV the Paphlagonian (Μιχαὴλ (Δ´) ὁ Παφλαγών, Mikhaēl ho Paphlagōn; 1010 – 10 December 1041) was Byzantine Emperor from 11 April 1034 to his death on 10 December 1041.

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Michael Lok

Michael Lok, also Michael Locke, (c.1532 – c.1621) was an English merchant and traveller, and the principal backer of Sir Martin Frobisher's voyages in search of the Northwest passage.

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Michael Madanly

Micheal Madanly (born on 10 March 1981 in Aleppo), best known as Micho, is a Syrian professional basketball player.

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Michael Petros III Kasparian

Michael Petros III Kasbarian (in Armenian Միքայէլ Պետրոս Գ. Գասպարեան) was a member of the Order of St.

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Michael Spondyles

Michael Spondyles (Μιχαὴλ Σπονδύλης, Michele Sfrondilo) was a high-ranking Byzantine courtier who became governor of Antioch, and then Apulia and Calabria.

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Michael the Syrian

Michael the Syrian (ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ; died 1199 AD), also known as Michael the Great (ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܪܒܐ) or Michael Syrus or Michael the Elder, to distinguish him from his nephew,William Wright, A short history of Syriac literature, p.250, n.3. was a patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1166 to 1199. He is best known today as the author of the largest medieval Chronicle, which he composed in Syriac. Various other materials written in his own hand have survived.

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Michel Abrass

Michel Abrass, BA (born on 14 December 1948 in Aleppo, Syria) is the current Archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre.

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Michel Yatim

Michel Yatim (4 December 1920 - 16 September 2006) was Archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Latakia in Syria.

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Middle East Theatre of World War II

The Middle East Theatre of World War II is defined largely by reference to the British Middle East Command, which controlled Allied forces in both Southwest Asia and eastern North Africa.

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Miguel Asín Palacios

Miguel Asín Palacios (1871–1944) was a Spanish scholar of Islamic studies and the Arabic language, and a Roman Catholic priest.

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Mika Yamamoto

(26 May 1967 – 20 August 2012) was an award-winning Japanese video and photo journalist for the news agency Japan Press.

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Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 – 10 November 1938) was an army officer, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President.

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Military history of Australia during World War I

In Australia, the outbreak of World War I was greeted with considerable enthusiasm.

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Military history of India

The earliest known references to armies in India are millennia ago in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha.

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Military history of the Crusader states

The military history of the Crusader states begins with the formation of the County of Edessa in 1097 and ends with the loss of Ruad in 1302, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land.

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Military Security Shield Forces

The Military Security Shield Forces (Arabic: Quwat Dir’ al-Amn al-Askari), also called the Military Intelligence Shield Force or simply Military Shield, is a pro-government militia involved in the Syrian Civil War that is affiliated with the Military Intelligence Directorate.

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Millis, Syria

Milles (ملَس) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively belonging to the Idlib Governorate.

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Mimar Sinan

Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ (معمار سينان, "Sinan Agha the Grand Architect"; Modern Turkish: Mimar Sinan,, "Sinan the Architect") (1488/1490 – July 17, 1588) was the chief Ottoman architect (mimar) and civil engineer for Sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II, and Murad III.

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Mir Emad Hassani

Mir Emad (born Emad al-Molk Qazvini Hasani (میرعماد حسنی قزوینی)‎ 1554 – August 15, 1615) is perhaps the most celebrated Persian calligrapher.

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Mirdasid dynasty

The Mirdasid dynasty was an Arab dynasty that controlled the Emirate of Aleppo more or less continuously from 1024 until 1080.

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Miss Syria

Miss Syria is a national beauty pageant in Syria.

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Mitanni

Mitanni (Hittite cuneiform; Mittani), also called Hanigalbat (Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform) in Assyrian or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia from c. 1500 to 1300 BC.

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Miziara

Miziara (known also as Meziara, Arabic: مزيارة) is a town located in the Zgharta District in the North Governorate of Lebanon.

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Mkhitar Sebastatsi

Mkhitar Sebastatsi (Մխիթար Սեբաստացի), anglicized: Mekhitar of Sebaste, Mechitar (17 February 1676–27 April 1749) was an Armenian Catholic monk, as well as prominent scholar and theologian who founded the Mekhitarist Order, which has been based on San Lazzaro island near Venice since 1717.

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Mleh, Prince of Armenia

Mleh I (Մլեհ), also Meleh I, (before 1120 – Sis, May 15, 1175) was the eighth lord of Armenian Cilicia or “Lord of the Mountains” (1170–1175).

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Mohamad Daas

Mohamad Daas is a Syrian footballer who plays for Al-Ahli which compete in the Bahraini Premier League.

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Mohamad Fares (footballer, born 1990)

Mohamad Ahmad Fares (محمد أحمد فارس) (born 21 January 1990 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer.

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Mohamad Fityan

Mohamad Fityan (born 1 August 1984, Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian musician and composer known for his mastery of the ney and kawala.

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Mohamad Mido

Mohamad Mido (محمد ميدو) is a Syrian footballer who plays for El Dakhleya in Egypt.

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Mohamad Yehya Al Rashed

Mohamad Yehya Al Rashed (محمد يحيى الراشد; born February 1, 1982 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian football player who is currently playing for Hutteen in the Syrian Premier League and he is a former member of the Syria national football team.

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Mohamed Al-Zeno

Mohamed Al Zeno (محمد زينو; born 5 February 1983) is a Syrian professional footballer who plays for Al-Hussein in the Jordan League.

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Mohamed Atta

Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta (محمد محمد الأمير عوض السيد عطا; September 1, 1968 – September 11, 2001) was an Egyptian hijacker and one of the ringleaders of the September 11 attacks in which four United States commercial aircraft were commandeered with the intention of destroying specific civilian targets.

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Mohamed Salmeen

Mohamed Ahmed Youssef Salmeen (محمد احمد يوسف سالمين; born 4 November 1980) is a former Bahraini footballer of Muharraq Club and the Bahrain national football team.

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Mohammad Afash

Mohammad Nasser Afash (محمد عفش) (born 21 January 1968) is a retired Syrian international football midfielder.

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Mohammad al-Shaar

Mohammad Ibrahim al-Shaar (محمد إبراهيم الشعار) (born 1950) is a Syrian military leader who was later named Syrian Minister of the Interior.

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Mohammad Hazzory

Mohammad Hazzory (also spelled Hazouri, born 1 January 1983 in Aleppo) is a Syrian triple jumper.

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Mohammad Istanbuli

Mohammad Istanbuli (محمد اسطنبلي) is a Syrian footballer who plays for Naft Al-Janoob.

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Mohammad Nidal al-Shaar

Dr.

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Mohammed Akkad

Mohammed Akkad is a Syrian politician and the former Governor of Aleppo.

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Mohammed Haydar Zammar

Mohammed Haydar Zammar (محمد حيدر زمار Muḥammad Ḥaydar Zammār) (born 1961 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Muslim jihadist who served as an important al-Qaida recruiter, and is currently a member of the Islamic State.

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Mohammed Mohiedin Anis

Mohammed Mohiedin Anis (born 1946/47), also known as Abu Omar, is a Syrian businessman and car collector, based in Aleppo.

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Mohammed Rafeh

Mohammed Rafeh (محمد رافع; 9 March 1982 – 2 November 2012) was a Syrian actor popular around the Arab world.

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Mohsen Khazaei

Mohsen Khazaei (محسن خزایی) was an Iranian correspondent.

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Moise Safra

Moise Yacoub Safra (موسى صفرا; April 5, 1934 – June 15, 2014) was a Brazilian businessman and philanthropist. He co-founded Banco Safra with his brothers Edmond Safra and Joseph Safra.

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Molhem Barakat

Molhem Barakat (8 March 1995, Aleppo – 20 December 2013, Aleppo) was a Syrian child photojournalist who covered the Syrian Civil War for Reuters.

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Monastery of the Holy Saviour, Kreim

The Monastery of the Holy Savior (kreim-Ghosta) is the Mother House where the Congregation of Maronite Lebanese Missionaries was founded in 1865.

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Mongol Armenia

Mongol Armenia or Ilkhanid Armenia refers to the period in which both Armenia (during its union with the Kingdom of Georgia) and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia became tributary and vassal to the Mongol Empire (the later Ilkhanate) in the 1230s.

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Mongol invasions of Anatolia

Mongol invasions of Anatolia occurred at various times, starting with the campaign of 1241–1243 that culminated in the Battle of Köse Dağ.

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Mongol invasions of the Levant

Starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof.

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Mongol raids into Palestine

Mongol raids into Palestine took place towards the end of the Crusades, following the temporarily successful Mongol invasions of Syria, primarily in 1260 and 1300.

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Montgó Massif

Montgó is a mountain in Alicante Province, Spain, which rises to.

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Mordechai HaKohen of Safed

Mordechai HaKohen of Safed (1523–1598) was a scholar and kabbalist who flourished in the second half of the sixteenth century in Safed.

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Mordechai Kahana

Mordechai (Moti) Kahana (born February 28, 1968, Jerusalem, Israel) is an Israeli-American businessman and philanthropist.

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Morning Star (British newspaper)

Morning Star is a left-wing British daily tabloid newspaper with a focus on social, political and trade union issues.

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Moshe Dwek

Moshe Dwek (משה דואק, born 1931) is an Israeli most notable for throwing a hand grenade in the Knesset while it was in session in 1957 and for a failed run for the Knesset in 1988.

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Mosque lamp

Mosque lamps of glass, enamelled and often with gilding, survive in considerable numbers from the Islamic art of the Middle Ages, especially the 13th and 14th centuries, with Cairo in Egypt and Aleppo and Damascus in Syria the most important centres of production.

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Mosque of Amir al-Maridani

The Mosque of Amir Altinbugha al-Maridani, dating from 1340 CE, is a mosque from the era of the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, Egypt.

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Mosul

Mosul (الموصل, مووسڵ, Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq. Located some north of Baghdad, Mosul stands on the west bank of the Tigris, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank. The metropolitan area has grown to encompass substantial areas on both the "Left Bank" (east side) and the "Right Bank" (west side), as the two banks are described by the locals compared to the flow direction of Tigris. At the start of the 21st century, Mosul and its surrounds had an ethnically and religiously diverse population; the majority of Mosul's population were Arabs, with Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens, Kurds, Yazidis, Shabakis, Mandaeans, Kawliya, Circassians in addition to other, smaller ethnic minorities. In religious terms, mainstream Sunni Islam was the largest religion, but with a significant number of followers of the Salafi movement and Christianity (the latter followed by the Assyrians and Armenians), as well as Shia Islam, Sufism, Yazidism, Shabakism, Yarsanism and Mandaeism. Mosul's population grew rapidly around the turn of the millennium and by 2004 was estimated to be 1,846,500. In 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seized control of the city. The Iraqi government recaptured it in the 2016–2017 Battle of Mosul. Historically, important products of the area include Mosul marble and oil. The city of Mosul is home to the University of Mosul and its renowned Medical College, which together was one of the largest educational and research centers in Iraq and the Middle East. Mosul, together with the nearby Nineveh plains, is one of the historic centers for the Assyrians and their churches; the Assyrian Church of the East; its offshoot, the Chaldean Catholic Church; and the Syriac Orthodox Church, containing the tombs of several Old Testament prophets such as Jonah, some of which were destroyed by ISIL in July 2014.

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Mount al-Hass

Mount Ḥaṣṣ or Mount Aḥaṣṣ (جبل الحص or جبل الأحص; North Syrian vernacular: ǧabal əl-Ḥəṣṣ) is a 500-metre-high plateau (maximum height 638 m) on the northern fringe of the Syrian Desert.

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Mount Lebanon

Mount Lebanon (جَبَل لُبْنَان, jabal lubnān, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation; ܛܘܪ ܠܒܢܢ) is a mountain range in Lebanon.

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Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate

The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (متصرفية جبل لبنان; Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı) was one of the Ottoman Empire's subdivisions following the Tanzimat reform.

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Mount Simeon District

Mount Simeon District (manṭiqat Jabal Sem‘ān), also known as Jabal Sem`an, is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria.

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Mountain Hawks Brigade

The Mountain Hawks Brigade (Liwa’ Suqour al-Jabal), formerly the Hawks of Mount Zawiya Brigade (Liwa' Suqour Jabal al-Zawiya), is a Saudi-sponsored Free Syrian Army rebel group operating in northwestern Syria.

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Moustapha Akkad

Moustapha Al Akkad (مصطفى العقاد; July 1, 1930 – November 11, 2005) was a Syrian American film producer and director, best known for producing the original series of Halloween films and directing Mohammad, Messenger of God and Lion of the Desert.

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Mu'in ad-Din Unur

Mu'in ad-Din Unur al-Atabeki (Muiniddin Üner; died August 28, 1149) was the Turkish ruler of Damascus in the mid-12th century.

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Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal

Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal (died 1062) was the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo from 1042 until 1057, and again from 1061 until his death.

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Muhacir

Muhacir, Macırlar, or Muhajir, is a term used to refer to an estimated 10 million Ottoman Muslim citizens, and their descendants born after the onset of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, (including Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Greek Muslims, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, and Pomaks) who emigrated to Anatolia from the late 18th century until the end of the 20th century, mainly to escape ongoing persecution in their homelands.

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Muhamad Aly Rifai

Muhamad Aly Rifai (Arabic الدكتور محمد علي الرفاعي) is a Syrian American internist and psychiatrist and a clinician researcher known for describing the association between psychiatric disorders and hepatitis C. He co-authored a clinical report detailing the association between hepatitis C infection and psychiatric disorders. Rifai is the Director of the Older Adults Behavioral Health Unit at Easton Hospital in Easton, Pennsylvania. He is the President and CEO of Blue Mountain Psychiatry which has locations in Pennsylvania. In May 2000, Rifai was awarded the American Psychiatric Institute for Research and Education's Janssen Scholars Fellowship for research on severe mental illness. In 2006, he became the recipient of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine's William Webb Fellowship. As of 2007, he is a fellow of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. He is also a fellow of the American College of Physicians and the American Psychiatric Association. He is a clinical professor of Medicine and Psychiatry at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine and the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.

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Muhammad al-Ashmar

Muhammad al-Ashmar (محمد الأشمر) (1892–1960) was a Syrian rebel commander during the Great Syrian Revolt and the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, and a prominent communist figure in post-independence Syria.

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Muhammad Al-Munajjid

Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid (محمد صالح المنجد) (born June 7, 1960) is an Islamic scholar known for founding the website IslamQA.info, which provides answers to questions in line with the Salafi school of thought.

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Muhammad Altunji

Muhammad Altunji (محمد ألتونجي/Muḥammad Alūnjī; – 1933) a Syrian linguist, and author.

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Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy

Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn Sa’id ibn Muhammad ibn Ali al-Ninowy (born 1966) is a Syrian-born American Islamic scholar, theologian, and a Medical doctor.

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Muhammad I Tapar

Muhammad I (also known as Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad or Muhammad Tapar, died 1118) was a son of Seljuq Sultan Malik Shah I. In Turkish, Tapar means "he who obtains, finds".

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Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj

Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, also known as Muhammad al-Afshin (died 901), an Iranian appointed general of al-Mu'tadid, was the first Sajid amir of Azerbaijan, from 889 or 890 until his death.

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Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid

Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Ṭughj ibn Juff ibn Yiltakīn ibn Fūrān ibn Fūrī ibn Khāqān (8 February 882 – 24 July 946), better known by the title al-Ikhshīd (الإخشيد) after 939, was an Abbasid commander and governor who became the autonomous ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria (or Levant) from 935 until his death in 946.

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Muhammad Naji al-Otari

Muhammad Naji al-Otari (محمد ناجي عطري also Etri, Itri and Otri) (born 1944) is a Syrian politician who was Prime Minister of Syria from 2003 to 2011.

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Muhammad Qasim

Muhammad Qasim (born on 1 May 1984) is a Pakistani footballer, who plays for KRL FC.

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Muhammad Tulaimat

Muhammad Tulaimat (محمد طليمات) (born 1941) is a modernist painter from the city of Homs, Syria.

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Muhammara

Muhammara (محمرة "reddened") or mhammara is a hot pepper dip originally from Aleppo, Syria, found in Levantine and Turkish cuisines.

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Muhammed Abu Maatouk

Muhammed Abu Maatouk (Arabic:محمد أبو معتوق) (born 1950) is a Syrian playwright, screenwriter and novelist.

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Muhammed Faris

Muhammed Ahmed Faris (محمد أحمد فارس Muḥammad ʾAḥmad Fāris; born 26 May 1951) is a Syrian military aviator.

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Muhammerah

Muhammerah or Muhammira ("The Crimson, The Red") were Mazdaki groups such as the followers of al-Muqanna, the Khurramites and the Kūl’īyyah.

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Muhanna ibn Isa

Husam ad-Din Muhanna ibn Isa (also known as Muhanna II; d. 1335) was the lord of Palmyra and amir al-ʿarab (commander of the Bedouins) under the Mamluk Sultanate.

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Muhassıl Osman Pasha

Muhassıl Osman Pasha ("Osman Pasha the Tax-collector"; died 27 November 1750), also known as Halepli Osman Pasha ("of Aleppo") or Uthman Pasha al-Halabi, was an Ottoman statesman.

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Mujir ad-Din Abaq

Mujīr ad-Dīn ʿAbd al-Dawla Abu Saʿīd Ābaq ibn Jamāl ad-Dīn Muhammad (died 1169) was the governor of Damascus from 1140 to 1154.

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Mulay

Mulay, Mûlay, Bulay, or Molay for the Franks, was a general under the Mongol Ilkhanate ruler Ghazan at the end the 13th century.

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Mumbaqat

Tall Munbāqa (also Ekalte (Mumbaqat)) is a 5000-year-old town complex in northern Syria now lying in ruins.

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Murayghil

Murayghil (مريغل), alternatively spelled Mreighel or Mirgele, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Murder on the Orient Express

Murder on the Orient Express is a detective novel by Agatha Christie featuring the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot.

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Mursili I

Mursili I (sometimes transcribed as Murshili) was a king of the Hittites c. 1556–1526 BC (short chronology), and was likely a grandson of his predecessor, Hattusili I. His sister was Ḫarapšili and his wife was queen Kali.

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Music of Syria

The music of Syria may refer to musical traditions and practices in modern-day Syria (as opposed to Greater Syria), merging the habits of people who settled in Syria throughout its history.

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Music of Tunisia

Tunisia is a North African country with a predominantly Arabic-speaking population.

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Muslim conquest of the Levant

The Muslim conquest of the Levant (اَلْـفَـتْـحُ الْإٍسْـلَامِيُّ لِـلـشَّـامِ, Al-Faṫṫḥul-Islāmiyyuash-Shām) or Arab conquest of the Levant (اَلْـفَـتْـحُ الْـعَـرَبِيُّ لِـلـشَّـامِ, Al-Faṫṫḥul-ʿArabiyyu Lish-Shām) occurred in the first half of the 7th century,"Syria." Encyclopædia Britannica.

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Muslin trade in Bengal

Muslin, a cotton fabric of plain weave, was hand woven in the region around Dhaka, East Bengal (now Bangladesh), and exported to Europe, the Middle East, and other markets, for much of the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Musta'arabi Jews

Musta'arabi Jews (Musta'aribun in Arabic, Musta'arabim or Mista'arevim in Hebrew) are Arabic-speaking Jews, largely Mizrahi and Maghrebi Jews, who lived in the Middle East and North Africa prior to the arrival and integration of Ladino-speaking Sephardi Jews (Jews from Spain and Portugal; Ladino is the Judaeo-Spanish language) following their expulsion from Spain in 1492.

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Mustafa Al-Sheikh

Mustafa Ahmad al-Sheikh (مصطفى أحمد الشيخ) was the founder and head of the Free Syrian Army's Higher Military Council in 2012, during the Syrian Civil War.

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Mustafa al-Shihabi

Prince Mustafa Shahabi ('''الأمير مصطفى الشهابي'''.) was a Syrian agronomist, politician, writer and the third elected director of Arab Academy of Damascus (1959–1968).

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Mustafa Badreddine

Mustafa Badreddine (مصطفى بدر الدين‎; 6 April 1961 – c. 13 May 2016), also known as Mustafa Badr Al Din, Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Mustafa Youssef Badreddine, Sami Issa, and Elias Fouad Saab, was a military leader of Hezbollah and both the cousin and brother-in-law of Imad Mughniyah.

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938.

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Mustafa Naima

Mustafa Naima (مصطفى نعيما; Muṣṭafā Na'īmā; 1655 – 1716) was an Ottoman bureaucrat and historian who wrote the chronicle known as the Tārīḫ-i Na'īmā (Naima's History).

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Mustafa Setmariam Nasar

Abu Musab al-Suri, born Mustafa bin Abd al-Qadir Setmariam Nasar (مصطفى بن عبد القادر ست مريم نصار), is a suspected Al-Qaeda member and writer best known for his 1600-page book The Global Islamic Resistance Call (Da'wat al-muqawamah al-islamiyyah al-'alamiyyah).

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Mustafa Tlass

Mustafa Abdul Qadir Tlass (مصطفى طلاس; 11 May 1932 – 27 June 2017) was a Syrian senior military officer and politician who was Syria's minister of defense from 1972 to 2004.

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Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal

Mustafa Wahbi Al-Tal, better known as Arar (25 May 1897 – 24 May 1949), was a Jordanian nationalist poet, reformist, lawyer, teacher, judge, political agitator and philosopher.

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Muwashshah

Muwashshah (موشح literally means "girdled" in Classical Arabic; plural موشحات or تواشيح) is the name for both an Arabic poetic form and a secular musical genre.

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Nabil Al-Garbi

Nabil Mohammed Saghir Al-Garbi (born 3 November 1993 in Dhamar) is a retired Yemeni middle-distance runner.

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Nabil El-Nayal

Nabil El-Nayal, more commonly known as Nabil Nayal (born 1985 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian-born British fashion designer.

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Nablus

Nablus (نابلس, שכם, Biblical Shechem ISO 259-3 Škem, Νεάπολις Νeapolis) is a city in the northern West Bank, approximately north of Jerusalem, (approximately by road), with a population of 126,132.

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Naddah

Naddah (ندة) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Nadia Hijab

Nadia Hijab (نادية حجاب), is a Palestinian political analyst, author and journalist who comments frequently on human rights and the Middle East, and the situation of the Palestinians in particular.

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Nairi (Armenian usages)

During the late 19th century rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, the word "Nairi" or "Nayiri" (Armenian: Նայիրի in TAO or Նաիրի in RAO) came to be used as a synonym for Armenia among Armenians who came to see the Nairi (see also Mitanni, better known to Armenians as Aram-Naharin), a people located in the wider area of the Armenian Highlands during the Late Bronze Age, as their remote ancestors.

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Naja al-Kasaki

Naja al-Kasaki, or Nadja was a lieutenant serving under the Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, during the tenth Century.

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Najdat Anzour

Najdat Ismail Anzour is a Syrian television director of Circassian origins.

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Naji al Jerf

Naji al Jerf (ناجي الجرف) (1977 – December 27, 2015), also known as "Uncle", a Syrian journalist, filmmaker, editor and both a co-founder and filmmaker for the organization Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently in Gaziantep, Turkey, was known for his reporting about ISIS and uncovering their secrets before he was assassinated.

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Najm Hamad al-Ahmad

Najm Hamad al-Ahmad (نجم حمد الأحمد) (born 1969) is a Syrian jurist and justice minister.

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Najmadeen Mala

Najmadeen Mala (1898 in Sulaymaniyah – 23 April 1962 in Sulaymaniyah) was a Kurdish writer, journalist and teacher.

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Name of Armenia

The name Armenia enters English via Latin, from Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία.

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Napoleon and the Jews

Revolutionary France enacted laws that first emancipated Jews in France, establishing them as equal citizens to other Frenchmen.

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Naqib al-ashraf

Naqib al-ashraf (plural: nuqaba or niqabat) was a governmental post in various Muslim empires denoting the head or supervisor of the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Nasir al-Dawla

Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Abu'l-Hayja 'Abdallah ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (أبو محمد الحسن ابن أبو الهيجاء عبدالله ابن حمدان ناصر الدولة التغلبي; died 968 or 969), more commonly known simply by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Nasir al-Dawla ("Defender of the Dynasty"), was the second Hamdanid ruler of the Emirate of Mosul, encompassing most of the Jazira.

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Nasr al-Thamali

Naṣr ath-Thamali was an Abbasid military commander and governor (wali or amir) of Tarsus and the borderlands with the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia (ath-thughur ash-Shamiya).

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Nasr ibn Shabath al-Uqayli

Nasr ibn Shabath al-Uqayli was the leader of a rebellion of the Qays tribe in the Jazira against the central Abbasid government during the civil war of the Fourth Fitna.

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Nasuhi al-Bukhari

Nasuhi al-Bukhari (نصوحي البخاري) or Nasuh al-Boukhari (نصوح البخاري) (1881 – 1 July 1961) was a Syrian soldier and politician who briefly served as Prime Minister of Syria in 1939.

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Nathan Yellin-Mor

Nathan Yellin-Mor (נתן ילין-מור, Nathan Friedman-Yellin; 1913 – 19 February 1980) was a Revisionist Zionist activist, Lehi leader and Israeli politician.

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National Bloc (Syria)

The National Bloc (الكتلة الوطنية Al-Kutlah Al-Wataniyah; French: Bloc national) was a Syrian political party that emerged to fight for Syrian independence during the French Mandate of Syria period.

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National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

The National Coalition for Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (الائتلاف الوطني لقوى الثورة والمعارضة السورية), commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (الائتلاف الوطني السوري), is a coalition of opposition groups in the Syrian Civil War that was founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012.

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National Library of Aleppo

The National Library of Aleppo (دار الكتب الوطنية) is a Syrian national library in the northern city of Aleppo.

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National Museum of Aleppo

The National Museum of Aleppo (متحف حلب الوطني) is the largest museum in the city of Aleppo, Syria, and was founded in 1931.

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Nawzad Jaadan

Nawzad Jaadan نوزاد جعدان is a Syrian- Kurdish poet.

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Nayarah

Nayarah (نيارة), alternatively spelled Niyarah, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Nayiri (periodical)

Nayiri (Նայիրի), prominent Armenian language long-running literary, cultural and social publication established by the literary Armenian figure Antranig Dzarugian.

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Nazarene (sect)

The Nazarenes originated as a sect of first-century Judaism.

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Nazim al-Kudsi

Nazim al-Kudsi, also spelled "Koudsi", "al-Qudsi" or "al-Cudsi" (February 14, 1906 – February 6, 1998) (ناظم القدسي), was a Syrian politician who served as the President of Syria from December 14, 1961 to March 8, 1963.

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Nazira Farah Sarkis

Nazira Farah Sarkis is a Syrian politician and the State Minister for Environment Affairs of Syria.

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Near East earthquakes of 1759

The Near East earthquakes of 1759 were a series of devastating earthquakes that shook a large portion of the Levant in October and November of that year.

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Nellie Miller-Mann

Nellie Miller Mann (March 27, 1897 – February 2, 1997) was a prominent member of the Mennonite Church and a renowned figure in the Near East Relief, an organization to assist refugees of war and massacre in and around the Middle East.

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Nelly (Egyptian entertainer)

Nelly Artin Kalfayan (Նելլի Արթին Կալֆայան, born 3 January 1949 in Cairo, Egypt), better known by only her mononym Nelly, is an Egyptian actress, singer, comedian, dancer, television personality, and all-around entertainer.

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Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 609 BC, and became the largest empire of the world up till that time.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology, in some parts of Western Asia, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC.

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Neophytos Nasri

Neophytos Nasri (1670–1731) was bishop of Saidnaya of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church and took a preeminent part in the 1724 split of the Melkite Church.

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Neophytos of Chios

Patriarch Neophytos of Chios, was Greek Patriarch of Antioch, from 1673 to 1682.

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Nesimi (film)

Nesimi (Nəsimi) is an Azerbaijani biopic film shot in Baku, Absheron, Gobustan, Nakhichevan, Shamakhi (Azerbaijan), Bukhara, Samarkand (Uzbekistan), Halab, Damascus (Syria) in 1973.

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Nesreen Tafesh

Nesreen Yousef Tafesh (نسرين طافش, born February 15, 1982) is a Palestinian-Algerian actress.

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New Aleppo Neighborhood

New Aleppo (Halab al-Jadida) is one of the largest neighborhoods in Aleppo city in Syria.

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Nişancı Ahmed Pasha

Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (died February 1753), also called Şehla Ahmed Pasha or Hacı Şehla Ahmed Pasha or Kör Vezir Ahmed Pasha ("Ahmed Pasha the Blind Vizier"), was an Ottoman Grand Vizier during the reign of Mahmud I.İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish) He was also the Ottoman governor of Egypt from 1748 to 1751.

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Nicholas Samra

Nicholas James Samra (born August 15, 1944) is the eparch of the Melkite Catholic Eparchy of Newton in the United States, elected in 2011.

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Nick Paton Walsh

Nick Paton Walsh (born 26 November 1977) is a British journalist who is a Senior International correspondent with CNN, currently working as their Beirut Correspondent.

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Nicolas Antiba

Nicolas Antiba (born 25 December 1945 in Aleppo, Syria) is the current archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Bosra and Hauran.

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Nihad Gule

Nihad Gule is a Syrian painter.

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Nihad Sirees

Nihad Sirees (born 1950) is a Syrian writer.

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Nikephoros II Phokas

Nikephoros II Phokas (Latinized: Nicephorus II Phocas; Νικηφόρος Β΄ Φωκᾶς, Nikēphóros II Phōkãs; c. 912 – 11 December 969) was Byzantine Emperor from 963 to 969.

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Niles and Sutherland Report

The Niles and Sutherland Report was a report commissioned by the United States Congress in 1919 to investigate conditions in the Ottoman Empire's eastern provinces in the aftermath of World War I, and to assess what sort of aid was needed and whether that aid could be provided by the American Committee for Relief in the Near East (Near East Relief).

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Ninth Crusade

The Ninth Crusade, which is sometimes grouped with the Eighth Crusade, is commonly considered to be the last major medieval Crusade to the Holy Land.

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Niqmi-Epuh

Niqmi-Epuh, also given as Niqmepa (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding his father Yarim-Lim II.

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No. 1 Squadron RAAF

No.

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Nonny de la Peña

Nonny de la Peña is an American journalist, award-winning documentary filmmaker, and entrepreneur.

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Nor Hachn

Nor Hachn (Նոր Հաճն), is a town and urban municipal community in the Kotayk Province of Armenia, founded in 1953.

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Nor Serount Cultural Association

Nor Serount Cultural Association is an Armenian cultural organization with several branches throughout the world.

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North Syrian Arabic

North Syrian Arabic (اللهجة السورية الشمالية / ALA-LC: al-lahjat as-Sūriyat ash-Shamāliyah) is the variety of Arabic spoken in northern Syria.

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Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)

The northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016) was a military offensive and part of the third phase of Operation Euphrates Shield launched by the Turkish Armed Forces and factions from the Free Syrian Army and allied groups, with the goal of capturing the city of al-Bab located north of Aleppo.

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Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)

The Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016) refers to a military operation launched northwest of Aleppo in early February 2016 by the Syrian Arab Army and its allies.

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Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)

The Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014) was a military offensive launched by armed Syrian opposition forces led by the Free Syrian Army against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the northern Aleppo Governorate.

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Northern Division (Syrian rebel group)

The Northern Division (الفرقة الشمالية), formerly the Knights of Justice Brigade (لواء فرسان الحق), is a Free Syrian Army group sanctioned by the Syrian National Council and formerly part of the Syrian Revolutionary Command Council.

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Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)

The Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018) was a large-scale military operation that initially started with an offensive conducted by ISIL forces on areas controlled by Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) in the northern Hama Governorate.

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Nougat

Nougat (or;; Azerbaijani: لوکا; Persian: نوقا) is a family of confections made with sugar or honey, roasted nuts (almonds, walnuts, pistachios, hazelnuts, and macadamia nuts are common), whipped egg whites, and sometimes chopped candied fruit.

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Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement

The Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement (حركة نور الدين الزنكي Ḥaraka Nūr ad-Dīn az-Zankī) is a Sunni Islamist rebel group involved in the Syrian Civil War.

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Nour Mhanna

Nour Mhanna (نور مهنا) (Nur Mahana) is a Syrian singer.

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Nourhan Manougian

Patriarch Nourhan Manougian (Տէր Նուրհան Արքեպիսկոպես Մանուկեան Երուսաղէմի Հայ Պատրիարք,כבוד הפאטריאך הארמני; born 22 July 1948) is the 97th Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem serving the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

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Nouri Iskandar

Nuri Iskandar (ܢܘܪܝ ܐܣܟܢܕܪ, نوري إسكندر, born 1938 in Deir al-Zur, Syria), is an Assyrian Syrian musicologist and composer, he is known for his work in Syriac sacral and folk music.

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November 1915

The following events occurred in November 1915.

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November 26

No description.

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Nubl

Nubl (نبل, also spelled Nubbul or Nubbol) is a small city in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Numayrid dynasty

The Numayrids were an Arab dynasty based in Diyar Mudar (western Upper Mesopotamia).

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Nur ad-Din (died 1174)

Nūr ad-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿImād ad-Dīn Zengī (February 1118 – 15 May 1174), often shortened to his laqab Nur ad-Din (نور الدين, "Light of the Faith"), was a member of the Oghuz Turkish Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.

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Nusaybin

Nusaybin (Akkadian: Naṣibina; Classical Greek: Νίσιβις, Nisibis; نصيبين., Kurdish: Nisêbîn; ܢܨܝܒܝܢ, Nṣībīn; Armenian: Մծբին, Mtsbin) is a city and multiple titular see in Mardin Province, Turkey.

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Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura

Ovadiah ben Abraham of Bertinoro (עובדיה בן אברהם מברטנורא) (1445 – 1515) was a 15th-century Italian rabbi best known for his popular commentary on the Mishnah, commonly known as "The Bartenura".

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Obadiah the Proselyte

Obadiah the Proselyte (Hebrew: עובדיה הגר) was an early-12th-century Italian convert to Judaism.

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October 11

No description.

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October 2012 Aleppo bombings

On 3 October 2012, three suicide car bombs exploded at the eastern corner of the Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square and the nearby areas killing 40 people.

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Old Aramaic language

Old Aramaic (code: oar) refers to the earliest stage of the Aramaic language, considered to give way to Middle Aramaic by the 3rd century (a conventional date is the rise of the Sasanian Empire in 224 CE).

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Olive oil

Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin.

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Omar Abu Risha

Omar Abu-Riche (عمر أبو ريشة) (10 April 1910 – 15 July 1990) was an influential Syrian poet known for his pioneering works.

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Omar Bakri Muhammad

Omar Bakri Muhammad (عمر بکری فستق; born Omar Bakri Fostock in 1958) is a Syrian Salafi Islamist militant leader, born in Aleppo, Syria.

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Omar Hemidi

Mohamad Omar Hemidi (محمد عمر حميدي, born 1 May 1986 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer who plays as a defender for Al-Jaish, which competes in the Syrian Premier League the top division in Syria and is currently a member of the Syria national football team.

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Ommal Aleppo SC

Ommal Aleppo Sports Club is a Syrian football club based in Aleppo.

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Omran Daqneesh

Omran Daqneesh (عمران دقنيش) is a Syrian boy who, at age five, gained media attention after footage of him injured in what was alleged to have been an air strike appeared on the Internet.

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One Thousand and One Nights

One Thousand and One Nights (ʾAlf layla wa-layla) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age.

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Operation Euphrates Shield

Operation Euphrates Shield (Fırat Kalkanı Harekâtı) was a cross-border operation by the Turkish military and Turkey-aligned Syrian opposition groups in the Syrian Civil War which led to the Turkish occupation of northern Syria. Operations were carried out in the region between the Euphrates river to the east and the rebel-held area around Azaz to the west. The Turkish military and Turkey-aligned Syrian rebel groups, some of which used the Free Syrian Army label, fought against forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as well as against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) from 24 August 2016. On 29 March 2017, the Turkish military officially announced that Operation Euphrates Shield was "successfully completed". The Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on the first day of the operation that it was aimed against both the ISIL and Syrian Kurdish "terror groups that threaten our country in northern Syria". The objective to capture Manbij, under the de facto control of the Rojava administration, that had been promulgated by the Turkish president at the end of February 2017 remained unfulfilled.

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Operation Rainbow (Syrian Civil War)

Operation Rainbow was an operation launched by the Syrian Army, supported by Hezbollah and other allied militias, during the Syrian Civil War, following a successful operation which led to the military encircling Aleppo from the east side and reaching the city's northern approach.

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Operation Shah Euphrates

Operation Shah Euphrates (Şah Fırat Operasyonu) was an operation by the Turkish military to relocate the tomb of Suleyman Shah in Syria conducted on 21/22 February 2015.

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Oqayba

Oqayba (عقيبة, also spelled Aqiba, Akibah or Agiba) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Or Zaruaa Synagogue

The Or Zaruaa Synagogue, Nachlaot, Jerusalem- בית כנסת אור זרוע, נחלאות, ירושלים was founded in 1926 (5687 Jewish Calendar) by Rabbi Amram Aburbeh for the Ma’araviim Jewish congregation in Jerusalem.

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Order of battle for the Battle of Megiddo (1918)

This is the order of battle for the Battle of Megiddo (1918), the concluding engagement of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War.

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Organization of World Heritage Cities

The Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC) is an international non-profit, non-governmental organization of 250 cities in which sites of the UNESCO World Heritage list are located.

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Ornina

Ur-Nanshe (also called Ornina) was a singer of Ishtar's temple in the kingdom of Mari.

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Orontes River

The Orontes (Ὀρόντης) or Asi (العاصي, ‘Āṣī; Asi) is a northward-flowing river which begins in Lebanon and flows through Syria and Turkey before entering the Mediterranean Sea.

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Ottoman Army (1861–1922)

The Ottoman Army was reorganized along modern Western European lines during the Tanzimat modernization period and functioned during the decline and dissolution period that is roughly between 1861 (though as a unit First Army dates 1842) and 1918, end of World War I for the Ottomans.

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Ottoman Bank

The Ottoman Bank (Osmanlı Bankası) (formerly Imperial Ottoman Bank, Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane) was founded in 1856 in the Galata business section of Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, as a joint venture between British interests, the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas of France, and the Ottoman government.

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Ottoman clothing

Ottoman clothing is the style and design of clothing worn by the Ottoman Turks.

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Ottoman Syria

Ottoman Syria refers to the parts of modern-day Syria or of Greater Syria which were subjected to Ottoman rule, anytime between the Ottoman conquests on the Mamluk Sultanate in the early 16th century and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1922.

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Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)

The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

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Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18)

The Ottoman–Safavid War was a war between Safavid Persia under Abbas I of Persia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Ahmed I. It began in 1603 and ended with a decisive Safavid victory in 1618.

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Ouroube SC

Ouroube Sports Club is a Syrian sports club based in Aleppo, best known for their football team and basketball teams.

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Oussama Khatib

Oussama Khatib (أسامة الخطيب) is a roboticist and a professor of computer science at Stanford University, and a Fellow of the IEEE.

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Outline of Syria

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Syria: Syria – country in Western Asia, that borders Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south and Israel to the southwest.

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Ovadia Hedaya

Ovadia Hedaya (עובדיה הדאיה, 24 December 1889 – 8 February 1969) was a leading Israeli rabbi.

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Owen Husney

Owen Robert Husney (born September 8, 1947) is an American music manager, musician, promoter, and record executive.

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Ozar Hatorah

Ozar Hatorah (Hebrew:, "treasure of Torah") is an organization founded in 1945 for Orthodox Jewish education.

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Pailadzo Captanian

Pailadzo Captanian (Փայլածո Կապտանյան), was a survivor of the Armenian Genocide and an author.

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Pakize Tarzi

Pakize İzzet Tarzi (1910–2004) was a Turkish physician.

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Palestine Hotel

The Palestine Hotel (Arabic: فندق فلسطين), often referred to simply as The Palestine, is an 18-story hotel in Baghdad, Iraq located on Firdos Square, across from the Sheraton Ishtar.

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Palestine Railways

| Palestine Railways was a government-owned railway company that ran all public railways in the League of Nations mandate territory of Palestine from 1920 until 1948.

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Palestinian costumes

Palestinian costumes are the traditional clothing worn by Palestinians.

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Palistin

Palistin (or Walistin), was an early Syro-Hittite kingdom located in what is now northwestern Syria and the southeastern Turkish province of Hatay.

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Palmyra

Palmyra (Palmyrene: Tadmor; تَدْمُر Tadmur) is an ancient Semitic city in present-day Homs Governorate, Syria.

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Paolo Alberto Rossi

Paolo Alberto Rossi (28 October 1887 - 2 November 1969) was an Italian diplomat who experienced the fall of Shanghai during the communist Shanghai Campaign and authored The Communist Conquest of Shanghai: A Warning to the West.

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Paradesi Synagogue

The Paradesi Synagogue is the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations,.

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Parshatatar

Parshatatar, Paršatar, Barattarna, or Parattarna was the name of a Hurrian king of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC.

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Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran and Iraq.

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Patrick Russell (herpetologist)

Patrick Russell (6 February 1726, Edinburgh – 2 July 1805, London) was a Scottish surgeon and naturalist who worked in India.

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Paul (Yazigi)

Paul (Yazigi) of Aleppo (born 1959) is the metropolitan of the archdiocese of Aleppo, Syria, of the Church of Antioch.

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Paul Baghdadlian

Paul Baghdadlian (Western Armenian: Փօլ Պաղտատլեան) (July 10, 1953 – June 28, 2011) was often known simply as Paul, was an Armenian, American Armenian singer, songwriter, composer, musician, entertainer, and businessman.

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Paul Coussa

Paul Coussa (9 September 1917 – 7 July 2012) was a Syrian born Iraqi prelate of the Armenian Catholic Church.

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Paul H. Alling

Paul Humiston Alling (July 15, 1896 – January 18, 1949) was an American diplomat.

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Paul II Cheikho

Mar Paul II Cheikho † (ܦܘܠܘܣ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܫܝܟܘ, Arabic: بولس الثاني شيخو) was the patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church from 1958 until his death in 1989.

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Paul II the Black of Alexandria

Paul II the Black of Alexandria (Παυλος Μελανος; ܦܘܠܘܣ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ) was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 550 until his deposition in 575.

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Paul of Aleppo

Paul Zaim, known sometime also as Paul of Aleppo (Paul, Archdeacon of Aleppo) (1627–1669) was an Ottoman Syrian Melkite clergyman and chronicler.

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Paul Zorner

Paul Anton Guido Zorner, born Paul Zloch (31 March 1920 – 27 January 2014) was a German night fighter pilot, who fought in the Luftwaffe during World War II.

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Paula Abdul

Paula Julie Abdul (born June 19, 1962) is an American dancer, choreographer, singer, songwriter, actress, and television personality.

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Pella

Pella (Πέλλα, Pélla) is an ancient city located in Central Macedonia, Greece, best known as the historical capital of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and birthplace of Alexander the Great.

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People's Party (Syria)

The People's Party (حزب الشعب Ḥizb Al-Sha'ab) was a Syrian political party that was active during the 1950s and the early 1960s.

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Persecution of gay and bisexual men by ISIL

Gay and bisexual men have been violently persecuted by the Islamic extremist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) within its region of control in Iraq, Syria and Libya.

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Petachiah of Regensburg

Petachiah of Regensburg, also known as Petachiah ben Yakov, Moses Petachiah, and Petachiah of Ratisbon, was a Bohemian rabbi of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries CE.

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Peter (stratopedarches)

Peter (Πέτρος, died 977) was a Byzantine eunuch general.

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Peter Drummond (RAF officer)

Air Marshal Sir Peter Roy Maxwell Drummond, (2 June 1894 – 27 March 1945) was an Australian-born senior commander in the Royal Air Force (RAF).

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Peter Duck

Peter Duck is the third book in the ''Swallows and Amazons'' series by Arthur Ransome.

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Phantom of Aleppoville

"Phantom of Aleppoville" is a song composed by English artist Benjamin Clementine.

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Philip I Philadelphus

Philip I Epiphanes Philadelphus (Φίλιππος Ἐπιφανής Φιλάδελφος; unknown – 83 or 75 BC) was one of the last Seleucid monarchs of Syria.

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Philip Mansel

Philip Mansel (born 1951) is a historian of courts and cities, and the author of a number of books about revolutionary and post-revolutionary France and the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire.

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Philipp Stamma

Philipp Stamma (c. 1705 – c. 1755), a native of Aleppo, Ottoman Syria, later resident of England and France, was a chess master and a pioneer of modern chess.

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Philippe de Tarrazi

Viscount Philippe de Tarrazi (فيليب دي طرّازي / ALA-LC: Fīlīb dī Ṭarrāzī; 28 April 1865 – 7 August 1956), was a Lebanese polymath, philanthropist, founder of the National Library of Lebanon and a founding member of the Arab Academy of Damascus.

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Philippines national football team results

This article details the international fixtures and results of the Philippines national football team.

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Philistines

The Philistines were an ancient people known for their conflict with the Israelites described in the Bible.

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Physicians for Human Rights

Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) is a US-based not-for-profit human rights NGO that uses medicine and science to document and advocate against mass atrocities and severe human rights violations around the world.

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Piero Parini

Piero Parini (13 November 1894 – 1993) was an Italian journalist, politician and soldier.

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Pierre-Joseph de Beauchamp

Pierre Joseph de Beauchamp (28 June 1752, Vesoul 18 November 1801, Nice) was a French diplomat, clergyman and astronomer.

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Pierre-Macario Saba

Pierre-Macario Saba (born on 14 February 1873 in Aleppo, Syria - died on 28 July 1943) was Archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo in Syria.

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Pietro Della Valle

Pietro della Valle (2 April 1586 – 21 April 1652) was an Italian composer, musicologist, and author who traveled throughout Asia during the Renaissance period.

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Pigeon post

Pigeon post is the use of homing pigeons to carry messages.

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Pinus halepensis

Pinus halepensis, commonly known as the Aleppo pine, is a pine native to the Mediterranean region.

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Pizmonim

Pizmonim (Hebrew פזמונים, singular pizmon) are traditional Jewish songs and melodies sung with the intention of praising God as well as learning certain aspects of traditional religious teachings.

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Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.

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Poona Horse

The Poona Horse is an armoured regiment in the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.

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Pope Andronicus of Alexandria

Pope Andronicus of Alexandria, 37th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

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Popular Committees (Syria)

The Popular Committees (also called Lijan militias; اللجان الشعبية al-Lijan al-Sha'biyah, meaning "people's committees") were militias that emerged in Syria during the Syrian Civil War.

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Popular Resistance Committees

The Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) (Arabic: لجان المقاومة الشعبية, Lijān al-Muqāwama al-Shaʿbiyya) is a coalition of a number of armed Palestinian groups opposed to what they regard as the conciliatory approach of the Palestinian Authority and Fatah towards Israel.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Kuwait

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Kuwait.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Palestine

The postage stamps and postal history of Palestine emerges from its geographic location as a crossroads amidst the empires of the ancient Near East, the Levant and the Middle East.

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Pratap Singh of Idar

Lieutenant-General Pratap Singh, (22 October 1845 – 4 September 1922) was a career British Indian Army officer, Maharaja of the princely state of Idar (Gujarat) and heir to Ahmednagar later renamed as Himmatnagar from 1902 to 1911, when he abdicated in favour of his adopted son.

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Prehistory of the Armenians

The history of Armenia dates back to the 6th century BC Orontid Dynasty The country's name "Armenia" is a creation of the 6th century BC.

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President of Syria

The President of Syria is the head of state of the Syrian Arab Republic.

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Principality of Antioch

The Principality of Antioch was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria.

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Private University of Science and Arts

The Private University of Science and Arts was a private university in Aleppo, Syria, established in 2003.

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Progression of association football caps record

This is a progressive list of men's association footballers who have held or co-held the world record for international caps, beginning with Billy MacKinnon, the only man to play in all of Scotland's first seven internationals.

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Projections of population growth

Projections of population growth established in 2017 predict that the human population is likely to keep growing until 2100, reaching an estimated 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100, while the 7 billion milestone was reached in 2011.

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Pursuit to Haritan

The Pursuit to Haritan occurred between 29 September and 26 October 1918 when the XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) pursued the retreating remnants of the Yildirim Army Group advanced north from Damascus after that city was captured on 1 October during the final weeks of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War.

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Qabb Ilyas

Qabb Ilyas (قب الياس; ALA-LC: Qab Ilyās / Lebanese Arabic) also spelled Kab Elias, Qab Elias, Qob Elias, Qoub Elias) is a municipality in Zahle District, in eastern Lebanon. Qabb Ilyas is 15 kilometers from Zahleh and from the Lebanese capital Beirut. Its average elevations is above sea level. Its area is approximately 32 km².http://www.kabelias.org/Info.aspx Qabb Ilyas is the third largest city in the Beqaa Valley, after Zahleh and Baalbek in terms of area size and geography. The majority of the residents are Sunni Muslims.

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Qabtan

Qabtan (Qabţān) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Qaitbay

Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Qa'it Bay (السلطان أبو النصر سيف الدين الأشرف قايتباي) (c. 1416/14181496) was the eighteenth Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 872-901 A.H. (1468-1496 C.E.). (Other transliterations of his name include Qaytbay and Kait Bey.) He was Circassian (شركسيا) by birth, and was purchased by the ninth sultan Barsbay (1422 to 1438 C.E.) before being freed by the eleventh Sultan Jaqmaq (1438 to 1453 C.E.). During his reign, he stabilized the Mamluk state and economy, consolidated the northern boundaries of the Sultanate with the Ottoman Empire, engaged in trade with other contemporaneous polities, and emerged as a great patron of art and architecture.

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Qal'at Najm

Qal'at Najm (قلعة نجم) is a castle located on the right bank of the Euphrates, near the town of Manbij (Syria).

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Qalaat al-Madiq

Qalaat al-Madiq (قلعة المضيق also spelled Kal'at al-Mudik or Qal'at al-Mudiq; also known as Afamiyya or Famiyyah) is a town and medieval fortress in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located northeast of Hama.

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Qalb Loze

Qalb Loze (قلب لوزة, also spelled Qalb Lawzah or Qalb Lozeh) is a Druze village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate located about west of Aleppo.

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Qaldoun al-Marah

Qaldoun al-Marah (قلدون المراح, also called al-Mirah) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located on the northeast of Damascus, on the ancient caravan route to Homs and Aleppo, in the Qalamoun Mountains.

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Qamishli

Qamishli (القامشلي, Qamişlo, lit or translit) is a city in northeastern Syria on the border with Turkey, adjoining the Turkish city of Nusaybin, and close to Iraq.

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Qaqun

Qaqun (قاقون) was a Palestinian Arab village located northwest of the city of Tulkarm at the only entrance to Mount Nablus from the coastal Sharon plain.

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Qar Kalbin

Qar Kalbin (Qa‘r Kalbīn; Qar Kelbîn) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Qarghuyah

Qarghuyah or Qarquya was an important Arab administrator in the Hamdanid Dynasty under Sayf al-Dawla, who would go on to control Aleppo himself and even sign the Treaty of Safar with the Byzantine Empire as the ruling emir of Aleppo.

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Qasim Melho

Qasim Melho (قاسم ملحو; born 5 February 1968 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian television and theatre actor.

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Qastun

Qastun (قسطون), also spelled Kastun or Kustun, is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located northwest of Hama and 35 kilometers southwest of Idlib.

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Qatar Airways

Qatar Airways Company Q.C.S.C. (القطرية, Al Qatariyah), operating as Qatar Airways, is the state-owned flag carrier of Qatar.

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Qatar National Day

Qatar National Day (اليوم الوطني لقطر; Al-Yaoum al-Watani) is a national commemoration of Qatar's unification in 1878.

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Qatma

Qaṭma, (قطمة) or Qatmet Efrin is a village in northwestern Syria, within Afrin District (Aleppo Governorate).

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Qawsun

Sayf ad-Din Qawsun ibn Abdullah an-Nasiri as-Saqi (1302 – April 1342), commonly known as Qawsun (also spelled Qausun or Qusun) was a prominent Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–41), al-Mansur Abu Bakr (r. 1341) and al-Ashraf Kujuk (r. 1341–42).

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Qays

Qays ʿAylān (قيس عيلان), often referred to simply as Qays (also spelled Qais, Kais or Kays) were an Arab tribal confederation that branched from the Mudhar section of the Adnanites.

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Qinnasrin

Qinnasrin (قنسرين; ܩܢܫܪܝܢ, Qinnašrīn; meaning "Nest of Eagles"), also known by numerous other romanizations and originally known as (Chalcis ad Belum; Χαλκὶς, Khalkìs), was a historical town in northern Syria.

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Qu Bo

Qu Bo (born 15 July 1981) is a retired Chinese footballer.

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Qudud Halabiya

Qudud Halabiya (قدود حلبية) literally means musical measures of Aleppo, is a form of Syrian Arab classical music found in both Arabic poetic form and secular musical genre.

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Qudwa

Al-Qudwa, also spelled, al-Qudwah, Kudwah, Qidwa, (القدوة) is a famous family of notables in the city of Gaza in the State of Palestine of the Ashraf class (الأشراف).

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Queiq River

The Queiq (Modern Standard Arabic: قويق, Quwayq,; North Syrian Arabic: ʾWēʾ), with many variant spellings, anciently known as the Belus (Βήλος, Bēlos) and Chalos, and also known in English as the Aleppo River, is a river and valley of the Aleppo Governorate, Syria and Turkey.

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Quneitra Crossing

The Quneitra Crossing (מעבר קוניטרה, تقاطع القنيطرة) is a border crossing through the purple ceasefire line into the UNDOF controlled area between the Syrian controlled and the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights.

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Qusai Abtini

Qusai Abtini (2002-2016, Aleppo, Syria) was a Syrian child actor who starred in the sit-com ‘Umm Abdou the Aleppan’ broadcast by Syrian opposition outlet Halab Today TV.

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Qustaki al-Himsi

Qustaki al-Himsi (Arabic: قسطاكي الحمصي / ALA-LC: Qusṭākī al-Ḥimṣī; 1858–1941) was a Syrian writer and poet of the Nahda movement (the Arabic renaissance), a prominent figure in the Arabic literature of the 19th and 20th centuries and one of the first reformers of the traditional Arabic poetry.

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Qutb ad-Din Mawdud

Qutb ad-Din Mawdud (died 6 September 1170) was the Zengid Emir of Mosul from 1149 to 1169.

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Qutlubugha al-Fakhri

Qutlubugha al-Fakhri (died May/June 1342) was a Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–1341), al-Mansur Abu Bakr (r. 1341), al-Ashraf Kujuk (r. 1341–1342) and an-Nasir Ahmad (r. 1342).

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Qutuz

Saif ad-Din Qutuz (سيف الدين قطز; 24 October 1260), also romanized as Kutuz, Kotuz, and fully al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz (الملك المظفر سيف الدين قطز), was the third or fourth of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt in the Turkic line.

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Rabbula

Rabbula (Rabula) was a bishop of Edessa from 411 to August 435 AD, noteworthy for his opposition to the views of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius.

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Radwan Kalaji

Mohamad Radwan Kalaji (محمد رضوان قلعجي) (born 19 January 1992 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer.

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Rael, Syria

İreal (İreal, إرعل) or Raeil (Rā'aīl), also spelled Ra'il, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Raghda

Raghda Mahmoud Na'na (رغدة محمود نعنع, born 26 November 1957), better known by the monoynm Raghda, is a Syrian actress.

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Rail transport in Israel

Rail transport in Israel includes heavy rail (inter-city, commuter, and freight rail) as well as light rail.

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Ralph Fitch

Ralph Fitch (c. 1550 – 1611) was a gentleman merchant of London and one of the earliest English travellers and traders to visit Mesopotamia, the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, India and Southeast Asia.

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Ramadan al-Shallash

Ramaḍān Pāshā al-Shallāsh (1879-1946) was a prominent rebel commander of the 1925 Great Syrian Revolt and, prior to that, a military officer in the Ottoman and Sharifian armies.

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Rami Anis

Rami Anis (born March 18, 1991) is a Syrian swimmer, who now resides in Belgium, and representing a small Refugee Olympic Team (ROT) under the Olympic flag, at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

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Ramouseh

Ramouseh (الراموسة) is a suburb of Aleppo, Syria, that has an industrial zone and a major bus station for intercity lines.

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Raqqa

Raqqa (الرقة; Kurdish: Reqa) also called Raqa, Rakka and Al-Raqqah is a city in Syria located on the northeast bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.

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Raqqa campaign (2012–13)

The Raqqa campaign (2012–13) was a series of battles and offensives launched by various Syrian rebel groups, led by the al-Nusra Front, against Syrian government forces in the Raqqa Governorate as part of the Syrian Civil War.

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Raqqa Governorate

Raqqa Governorate (Muḥāfaẓat ar-Raqqah) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.

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Ras al-Ayn Camps

Ra's al-'Ayn camps (also Ras ul-Ain camps) were desert death camps near Ra's al-'Ayn city, where many Armenians were deported and slaughtered during the Armenian Genocide.

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Ras al-Ayn Qibli

Ras al-Ayn Qibli (رأس العين قبلي) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, northeast of Aleppo and south of district center Ayn al-Arab.

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Rashid ad-Din Sinan

Rashīd ad-Dīn Sinān (رشيد الدين سنان), also known as the Old Man of the Mountain (شيخ الجبل Shaykh al-Jabal, Vetulus de Montanis) and also referred to Rashid al-Din Sinan, (1132/1135–1193), was a missionary and a leader of the Syrian branch of the Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins), and a figure in the history of the Crusades.

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Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud

Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud, full name Mahmud bin Shibl al-Dawla Nasr bin Salih bin Mirdas, also known as Abu Salama Mahmud bin Nasr bin Salih, (died 1075) was the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo from 1060 to 1061 and again from 1065 until his death.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ) (632–661) was the first of the four major caliphates established after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.

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Rashiq al-Nasimi

Rashiq al-Nasimi was the governor of Tarsus for the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla from 962 until the city's surrender to the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas in 965.

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Rasm Al-Nafl

Rasm Al-Nafl is a Syrian village located in the countryside of Aleppo city, Aleppo Governorate, As-Safira District.

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Rasm Harmil al-Imam

Rasm al-Harmil al-Imam (رسم الحرمل الإمام) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Dayr Hafir District of the Aleppo Governorate, located 50 east of Aleppo.

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Ratyan

Ratyan (رتيان) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo.

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Raymond III, Count of Tripoli

Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187.

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Raymond of Poitiers

Raymond of Poitiers (c. 1115 – 29 June 1149) was Prince of Antioch from 1136 to 1149.

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Raynald of Châtillon

Raynald of Châtillon, also known as Reynald or Reginald of Châtillon (Renaud de Châtillon; 1125 – 4 July 1187), was Prince of Antioch from 1153 to 1160 or 1161, and Lord of Oultrejordain from 1175 until his death.

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Reda Seyam

Reda Seyam, also known as Ghana Prakesh or Gnanavel (the one with two horns), is a German-Egyptian Islamic militant and an official in the Islamic State (IS).

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Refik Halit Karay

Refik Halit Karay (15 June 1888 – 18 March 1965) was a Turkish writer and journalist.

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Reform of the date of Easter

A reform of the date of Easter has been proposed several times because the current system for determining the date of Easter is seen as presenting two significant problems.

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Refugees of the Syrian Civil War

Refugees of the Syrian Civil War or Syrian refugees are citizens and permanent residents of Syrian Arab Republic, who have fled from their country since the onset of the Syrian Civil War in 2011 and have sought asylum in other parts of the world. In 2016, from an estimated pre-war population of 22 million, the United Nations (UN) identified 13.5 million Syrians requiring humanitarian assistance, of which more than 6 million are internally displaced within Syria, and around 5 million are refugees outside of Syria. The vast majority of the latter are hosted by countries neighboring Syria. Among countries of the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP), a coordination platform including neighboring countries (with the exception of Israel) and Egypt, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) counted 5,165,502 registered refugees, as of August 2017. Turkey is the largest host country of registered refugees with over 3.5 million Syrian refugees. The UNHCR counted almost 1 million asylum applicants in Europe, as of August 2017. Humanitarian aid to internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Syria and Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries is planned largely through the UNHCR. By 2016, various nations had made pledges to the UNHCR to permanently resettle 170,000 registered refugees.

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Regional street food

Street foods, ready-to-eat food or drink sold in a street or other public place, such as a market or fair, by a hawker or vendor, often from a portable stall, have variations within both regions and cultures.

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Religion in Syria

Religion in Syria is made of range of faiths and sects.

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Religious Jewish music

This article describes the principal types of religious Jewish music from the days of the Temple to modern times.

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Renard II of Dampierre-en-Astenois

Renard II, also spelled Reynald, Raynald, Rainard or Renaud (born 1170s, died 1234), was the count, or lord, of Dampierre-le-Château in the Astenois.

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René R. Khawam

René Rizqallah Khawam (1917 in Aleppo, Ottoman Empire – 22 March 2004 in Paris, France) was a French translator foremost known for his translations of the Qur'an, One Thousand and One Nights, The Perfumed Garden and Ahmad al-Tifashi's A Promenade of the Hearts.

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Resafa

Resafa (الرصافة), known in Byzantine times as Sergiopolis (which has namesakes) and briefly as Anastasiopolis, was a city located in the Roman province of Euphratensis, in modern-day Syria.

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Reyhanlı

Reyhanlı (الريحانية, ar-Rayḥānīyah) is a town and district of Hatay Province, on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, near the country's border with Syria.

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Rhodes blood libel

The Rhodes blood libel was an 1840 event of blood libel against Jews, in which the Greek Orthodox community accused Jews on the island of Rhodes (then part of the Ottoman Empire) of the ritual murder of a Christian boy who disappeared in February of that year.

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Rhubarb

Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) is a species of plant in the family Polygonaceae.

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Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium

Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium (ملعب رعاية الشباب) is a multi-use stadium in the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Riad Jarjour

Rev.

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Richard Carline

Richard Cotton Carline (9 February 1896 – 18 November 1980) was a British artist, arts administrator and writer.

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Richard Dekmejian

Richard Hrair Dekmejian (born 1933, Aleppo, Syria) is an Armenian American professor of political science at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.

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Richard Tenguerian

Richard Tenguerian (Տիգրան Թընկըրեան.; born, August 3, 1955) is an architectural model maker of Armenian descent.

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Ridwan Pasha

Riḍwān ibn Muṣṭafā ibn ʿAbd al-Muʿīn Pasha (Turkish transliteration: Ridvan Pasha; died 2 April 1585) was a 16th-century Ottoman statesman.

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Rifq

Abū'l-Faḍl Rifq al-Khādim (ca. 970 — 30 August 1049) was a black African eunuch in the court of Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir (r. 1036–1094) and a commander of the Fatimid army.

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Rita Vorperian

Rita Vorperian (Armenian: Ռիթա Որբերեան) is a journalist, writer, translator, and researcher.

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Riyaq

Riyaq (رياق), also romanized Rayak, is a Lebanese town in the Beqaa Governorate near the city of Zahlé.

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Riyazi

Riyazi (1572-3 –1644), also known as Riyazî Mehmet Efendi was an Ottoman poet and bibliographer.

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Robert de Craon

Robert de Craon or Robert Burgundio (died 13 January 1147) was the second Grand Master of the Knights Templar from June 1136 until his death.

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Robert Frampton

Robert Frampton (26 February 1622 – 25 May 1708) was Bishop of Gloucester in England from 1681 to 1691 and later a Non-juror.

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Robert Huntington

Robert Huntington (1637–1701) was an English churchman, orientalist and manuscript collector.

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Robert John Sholl

Robert John Sholl (16 July 1819 – 19 June 1886) was a government administrator, magistrate, explorer, newspaper editor, entrepreneur, harbourmaster, customs official, postmaster and lay reader in Western Australia (WA), during the colonial era.

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Roger Altounyan

Roger Edward Collingwood Altounyan (1922–1987) was an Anglo-Armenian physician and pharmacologist who pioneered the use of sodium cromoglycate as a remedy for asthma.

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Roger of Salerno

Roger of Salerno (or Roger of the Principate) (died June 28, 1119) was regent of the Principality of Antioch from 1112 to 1119.

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Rojava conflict

The Rojava conflict, also known as the Rojava revolution, is a political upheaval and military conflict taking place in Northern Syria, known among Kurdish nationalists as Western Kurdistan or Rojava.

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Roland Khoury

Roland Khoury (رولان خوري) (1930—1988) was a Syrian painter.

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Rollo Gillespie

Major-General Sir Robert Rollo Gillespie (21 January 1766 – 31 October 1814Dictionary of Indian Biography; Charles E Buckland p166 (1906)) was an officer in the British army.

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Roman metallurgy

Metals and metal working had been known to the people of modern Italy since the Bronze Age.

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Roman Syria

Syria was an early Roman province, annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War, following the defeat of Armenian King Tigranes the Great.

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Romania–Syria relations

Foreign relations between the Romanian People's Republic and the Syrian Republic were established on 9 August 1955.

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Romanian exonyms

Below is list of exonyms of Romanian language, or exonym-words for places outside Romania and Republic of Moldova.

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Romanos II

Romanos (or Romanus) II (Greek: Ρωμανός Β΄, Rōmanos II) (938 – 15 March 963) was a Byzantine Emperor.

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Romanos III Argyros

Romanos III Argyros, or Romanus III Argyrus (Ρωμανός Γ΄ Αργυρός, Rōmanos III Argyros; 968 – 11 April 1034), was Byzantine emperor from 15 November 1028 until his death.

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Romanos IV Diogenes

Romanos IV Diogenes (Ρωμανός Δ΄ Διογένης, Rōmanós IV Diogénēs), also known as Romanus IV, was a member of the Byzantine military aristocracy who, after his marriage to the widowed empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, was crowned Byzantine emperor and reigned from 1068 to 1071.

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Ronaldo Mouchawar

Ronaldo Mouchawar (رونالدو مشحور), is a Syrian entrepreneur who is the CEO and co-founder of Souq.com, the largest e-commerce retailer in the Arab World.

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Royal Gloucestershire Hussars

The Royal Gloucestershire Hussars was a volunteer yeomanry regiment which, in the 20th century, became part of the British Army Reserve.

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Royal Wings

Royal Wings (RW, الأجنحة الملكية) is a Royal Jordanian Group Company and the charter arm of Royal Jordanian, is an airline based in Amman, Jordan.

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Ruben II, Prince of Armenia

Ruben II (Ռուբեն Բ), also Roupen II or Rupen II, (c.1165–1170) was the seventh lord of Armenian Cilicia or “Lord of the Mountains” (1169–1170).

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Rudbar

Rudbar (Rudbār) (Tati:, rubâr) is a city and capital of Rudbar County, Gilan Province, Iran.

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Ruqia Hassan

Ruqia Hassan, also known as Ruqia Hassan Mohammed and by her pen name Nissan Ibrahim, (ca. 1985 – ca. September 2015), was a Syrian independent journalist and blogger based in Raqqa, Syria.

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Rusada

Rusada or Rusado (Dioecesis Rusaditana) is a suppressed and titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov

Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov (Адмира́л фло́та Сове́тского Сою́за Кузнецо́в "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov") is an aircraft carrier (heavy aircraft-carrying missile cruiser, or TAVKR, in Russian classification) serving as the flagship of the Russian Navy.

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Russian Armed Forces casualties in Syria

The Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War started on 30 September 2015, with 4,000 Russian military personnel being stationed in Syria.

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Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

The Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War began in September 2015, after an official request by the Syrian government for military aid against rebel and jihadist groups.

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Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign

During the Syrian Civil War, Russian and Syrian government forces have allegedly conducted a campaign that has focused on the destruction of hospitals and medical facilities within areas not under the control of the Syrian government.

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Sa'd al-Dawla

Sa'd al-Dawla Abu 'l-Ma'ali Sharif, more commonly known by his laqab (honorific epithet), Sa'd al-Dawla (سعد الدولة), was the second ruler of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, encompassing most of northern Syria.

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Sa'id al-Dawla

Abu'l-Fada'il Sa'id al-Dawla was the third Hamdanid ruler of the Emirate of Aleppo.

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Saadallah Agha al-Qalaa

Dr.

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Saadallah al-Jabiri

Saadallah Al Jabiri (سعد الله الجابري; 1893–1947), was a Syrian Arab politician, a two-time prime minister and a two-time Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates of Syria.

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Saadallah al-Jabiri Square

Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square (ساحة سعدالله الجابري) is the central town square at the heart of the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Saadi Shirazi

Abū-Muhammad Muslih al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī (ابومحمد مصلح‌الدین بن عبدالله شیرازی), better known by his pen-name Saadi (سعدی Saʿdī()), also known as Saadi of Shiraz (سعدی شیرازی Saadi Shirazi), was a major Persian poet and literary of the medieval period.

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Saadia Gaon

Rabbi Sa'adiah ben Yosef Gaon (سعيد بن يوسف الفيومي / Saʻīd bin Yūsuf al-Fayyūmi, Sa'id ibn Yusuf al-Dilasi, Saadia ben Yosef aluf, Sa'id ben Yusuf ra's al-Kull; רבי סעדיה בן יוסף אלפיומי גאון' or in short:; alternative English Names: Rabeinu Sa'adiah Gaon ("our Rabbi Saadia Gaon"), RaSaG, Saadia b. Joseph, Saadia ben Joseph or Saadia ben Joseph of Faym or Saadia ben Joseph Al-Fayyumi; 882/892 – 942) was a prominent rabbi, Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the Geonic period who was active in the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Sabaa Bahrat Square (Damascus)

Sabaa Bahrat Square (ساحة السبع بحرات / ALA-LC: sāḥat as-Saba‘a Baḥrāt; which means "square of the Seven Fountains") is a large and important square in Damascus, Syria.

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Sabaa Bahrat Square, Aleppo

Sabaa Bahrat Square (ساحة السبع بحرات) (In Arabic: Square of the Seven Fountains) is one of the most important squares in Aleppo, Syria.

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Sabah Fakhri

Sabah Abu Qaws, also known as Sabah Fakhri (صباح فخري; born May 2, 1933), is an iconic Syrian tenor singer from Aleppo.

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Sabbatai Zevi

Sabbatai Zevi (other spellings include Shabbetai Ẓevi, Shabbeṯāy Ṣeḇī, Shabsai Tzvi, and Sabetay Sevi in Turkish) (August 1, 1626 – c. September 17, 1676) was a Sephardic ordained Rabbi, though of Romaniote origin and a kabbalist, active throughout the Ottoman Empire, who claimed to be the long-awaited Jewish Messiah.

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Sabkhat al-Jabbul

Sabkhat al-Jabbūl or Mamlahat al-Jabbūl or Lake Jabbūl (سبخة الجبول) is a large, traditionally seasonal, saline lake and concurrent salt flats 30 km southeast of Aleppo, Syria, in the Bāb District of Aleppo Governorate.

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Sack of Amorium

The Sack of Amorium by the Abbasid Caliphate in mid-August 838 was one of the major events in the long history of the Arab–Byzantine Wars.

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Safavid Campaign (1554–55)

The Safavid Campaign of 1554–55 was the final bout of hostilities between the Ottomans and the Safavids during the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532–55.

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Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.

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Safiyy al-Dawla

Ṣafiyy al-Dawla Muḥammad ibn ʿAli ibn Jaʾfar ibn Falāh was the Fatimid governor of Aleppo between October 1022 and April 1023.

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Said Bayazid

Said Bayazid (سيد بيازيد) (born 20 January 1977) is a former Syrian footballer.

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Saidnaya

Saidnaya (also transliterated Saydnaya or Sednaya from the ܣܝܕܢܝܐ, صيدنايا) is a city located in the mountains, above sea level, north of the city of Damascus in Syria.

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Saif ad-Din Ghazi I

Saif ad-Din Ghazi I (died 1149) was the Emir of Mosul from 1146 to 1149.

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Saint Elijah Cathedral, Aleppo

Saint Elijah Cathedral (كاتدرائية القدّيِس الياس), is an Eastern Catholic (Maronite) church in Aleppo, Syria, located in the Christian quarter of al-Jdayde.

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Saint Francis of Assisi Church, Aleppo

Saint Francis of Assisi Church also called the Latin church of Aleppo, is a Catholic church in Aleppo, Syria, operating under the regulation of the Apostolic Vicariate of Aleppo.

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Saint Joseph's Cathedral, Aleppo

Saint Joseph's Cathedral, (كاتدرائية القديس يوسف) also called Chaldean Cathedral of Aleppo Is the name given to a religious building that functions as the cathedral of the Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of the city of Aleppo (Eparchia Aleppensis Chaldaeorum), in the north of the Asian country of Syria.

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Saint Moura

Saint Moura, also known as Mart Moura, is a martyr of the 1st centuries of Christianity honored in the Egypt and Middle East.

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Sajur River

The Sājūr River (نهر الساجور, Sayur Çayı) is a long river originating in Turkey and flowing into the Euphrates in Syria.

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Saladin

An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب / ALA-LC: Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb; سەلاحەدینی ئەییووبی / ALA-LC: Selahedînê Eyûbî), known as Salah ad-Din or Saladin (11374 March 1193), was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Saladin Ayubi Brigade

The Saladin Ayubi Brigade (لواء صلاح الدين الأيوبي, Serhêza Selah Eldîn El Eyûbî) was a mainly-Syrian Kurdish armed rebel group that fought in the Syrian Civil War as part of the Free Syrian Army.

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Salah Shahrour

Salah Shahrour (صلاح شحرور; born 1 February 1988 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer who plays as a defender for Al-Nejmeh, which competes in the Lebanese Premier League the top division level in Lebanon and is currently a member of the Syria national football team.

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Salaheddine District

Salaheddine District (حي صلاح الدين) is a district in the southern part of the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Salamiyah

A full view of Shmemis (spring 1995) Salamiyah (سلمية) is a city and district in western Syria, in the Hama Governorate.

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Salem Hanna Khamis

Salem Hanna Khamis (سالم حنا خميس) (November 22, 1919 – June 16, 2005) was a Palestinian economic statistician for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization who helped formalise the Geary-Khamis method of computing purchasing power parity of currencies.

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Salha "Mama" Bobo

Salha "Mama" Bobo (1907–2001) was a Syrian-American Jewish businesswoman, philanthropist, and matriarch of the Bobo family, based in Tampa, Florida.

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Salih ibn Mirdas

Abū ʿAlī Ṣāliḥ ibn Mirdās, also known by the laqab (honorific epithet) Asad al-Dawla ("Lion of the State") (died May 1029), was the founder of the Mirdasid dynasty of Aleppo, ruling between 1025 until his death.

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Salih Muslim

Salih Muslim Muhammad (Kurmanji Salih Muslim Mihemed, Ṣāliḥ Muslim Muḥammad) is the former co-chairman of the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the driving power behind the de facto autonomous Kurdish-controlled region of Rojava in Northern Syria.

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Salim ibn Mustafad

Abūʾl-Murajjā Sālim ibn al-Mustafād al-Ḥamdānī (died 1034) was the commander of Aleppo's ahdath (urban militia) during the reigns of the Mirdasid emirs Salih ibn Mirdas (r. 1024/25–1029) and Nasr ibn Salih (r. 1029–1038).

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Salix babylonica

Salix babylonica (Babylon willow or weeping willow) is a species of willow native to dry areas of northern China, but cultivated for millennia elsewhere in Asia, being traded along the Silk Road to southwest Asia and Europe.

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Salqin

Salqin (سلقين) is a town in Syria, administratively part of Idlib Governorate.

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Sam Nahem

Samuel Ralph "Subway Sam" Nahem (October 19, 1915–April 19, 2004) was a pitcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1938), St. Louis Cardinals (1941), and Philadelphia Phillies (1942 and 1948).

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Sama (airline)

Sama LelTayaran Company Limited, operating as Sama, was a Saudi low-cost airline based at King Fahad International Airport, Dammam operating scheduled flights within Saudi Arabia and the Middle East.

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Samagar

Samagar, also Cemakar, was a Mongol general of the Il-Khan ruler Abaqa Khan (1234–1282), mentioned as leading a Mongol invasion force in 1271, in attempted coordination with the Ninth Crusade.

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Samer Salem

Samer Khaled Salem (سامر خالد سالم; born 15 January 1993), commonly known as Samer Salem, is a Syrian footballer who plays for Al-Jazeera in Jordan Premier League.

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Sami al-Hinnawi

Sami Hilmy al-Hinnawi (محمد سامي حلمي الحناوي) (1898 – October 31, 1950) was a Syrian politician and military officer.

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Samir Altaqi

Ahmad Samir Altaqi (أحمد سمير التقي) (born 1 January 1951) is a Syrian researcher and political activist.

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Samir Nashar

Samir Nashar is the spokesman for the Syrian Free National Party, a small opposition party established in 2005.

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Samsu-Ditana

Samsu-ditāna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform sa-am-su-di-ta-na in the seals of his servants, the 11th and last king of the Amorite or First Dynasty of Babylon, reigned for 31 years,BM 33332 Babylonian King List A i 2.

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Samuel Der-Yeghiayan

Samuel Der-Yeghiayan (born February 16, 1952) is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.

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Sanjar al-Jawli

Sanjar ibn Abdullah Alam al-Din Abu Sa'id al-Jawli (also spelled Sangar al-Gawli, Sanjar al-Jawali or Sinjar al-Jawili, 1255–14 January 1345) was a powerful Mamluk emir and the Governor of Gaza and much of Palestine between 1311–20 during the sultanate of an-Nasir Muhammad and then again for a brief time in 1342 during the reign of the latter's son as-Salih Ismail.

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Sanko Park

Sanko Park is an enclosed shopping mall located in Gaziantep, Turkey.

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Santo Sorge

Santo Sorge (Mussomeli, January 11, 1908 – New York, May, 1972) was a Sicilian Mafioso living in the United States.

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Sari Nusseibeh

Sari Nusseibeh (سري نسيبة) (born in 1949) is a Palestinian Professor of Philosophy and former President of the Al-Quds University in Jerusalem.

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Sarkis Assadourian

Sarkis Assadourian (born January 25, 1948) is an Armenian-Canadian politician from the Liberal Party of Canada.

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Sarkis Rizzi

Sarkis Rizzi, or Sarkis el-Rizzi (in Arabic:سركيس الرزي, in Latin: Sergius Risius, born in 1572 in Bkoufa, Lebanon - died in June 1638 in Rome) was a Lebanese Maronite bishop.

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Sarra-El

Sarra-El also written Šarran (reigned Early 16th century BC - Middle chronology) was a prince of Yamhad who might have regained the throne after the assassination of the Hittite king Mursili I.

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Sarrin

Sarrin (صرين, also spelled Serrin or Sareen) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo.

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Sati' al-Husri

Sāṭi` al-Ḥuṣrī (ساطع الحصري; Mustafa Satı Bey, August 1880 – 1968) was an Ottoman and Syrian writer, educationalist and an influential Arab nationalist thinker in the 20th century.

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Saudi Arabian clubs in the AFC Champions League

The Saudi Pro League clubs in the AFC Champions League.

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Saving Syria's Children

Saving Syria's Children is a BBC Panorama documentary film created by reporter Ian Pannel.

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Sawran, Aleppo Governorate

Sawran (صوران, Soran), also spelled Suran, Souran or Sawwaran, is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Sax Rohmer

Arthur Henry Sarsfield Ward (15 February 1883 – 1 June 1959), better known as Sax Rohmer, was a prolific English novelist.

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Sayat-Nova

Sayat-Nova (Սայաթ-Նովա; Azerbaijani: Səyyad Nova; Persian: سایات‌نوفا; საიათნოვა; born Harutyun Sayatyan; 1712/1722 – 22 September 1795) was an Armenian poet, musician and ashugh, who had compositions in a number of languages.

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Sayf al-Dawla

Ali ibn Abu'l-Hayja 'Abdallah ibn Hamdan ibn al-Harith al-Taghlibi (سيف الدولة أبو الحسن ابن حمدان), more commonly known simply by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Sayf ud-Dawla ("Sword of the Dynasty"), was the founder of the Emirate of Aleppo, encompassing most of northern Syria and parts of western Jazira, and the brother of al-Hasan ibn Abdallah ibn Hamdan (better known as Nasir al-Dawla).

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Sayyed Ahmad Alavi

Sayyed Ahmad Alavi, also known as Ahmad b. Zayn al-'Abidin al-'Abidin al-'Alawi al-'Amili, or Mir Sayyid Ahmad 'Alavi 'Amili, (d. between 1644 - 1650; سید احمد علوی) was a Safavid philosopher and theologian of the Philosophical school of isfahan.

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Sándor Kőrösi Csoma

Sándor Csoma de Kőrös (born Sándor Csoma; 27 March 1784/811 April 1842) was a Hungarian philologist and Orientalist, author of the first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book.

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Scorzonera hispanica

Scorzonera hispanica, black salsify or Spanish salsify, also known as black oyster plant, serpent root, viper's herb, viper's grass or simply scorzonera, is a perennial member of the genus Scorzonera in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), cultivated as a root vegetable in the same way as purple salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius), also in the sunflower family.

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Scouting and Guiding Federation of Turkey

Scouting and Guiding Federation of Turkey (Türkiye İzcilik Federasyonu, TİF) is the national Scouting and Guiding federation of Turkey.

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Scud

Scud is the name of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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Sebastiano Tomada

Sebastiano Tomada is an Italian photojournalist.

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Sebastián Soria

Andrés Sebastián Soria Quintana (أندريس سيبستيان سوريا كوينتانا; born in Paysandú, Uruguay) commonly known as Sebastián Soria, is a Qatari footballer who plays as a striker for Al-Rayyan SC and the Qatar national team.

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Sebu Simonian

Sebu Simonian (born 1978; Սեպուհ Սիմոնեան) is an Armenian-American singer, songwriter, keyboardist, and record producer, one-half of the Los Angeles-based indie pop duo Capital Cities.

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Second Army (Ottoman Empire)

The Second Army of the Ottoman Empire was one of the field armies of the Ottoman Army.

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Second Crusade

The Second Crusade (1147–1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe.

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Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War

The Syrian Civil War is an intensely sectarian conflict.

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Sefire steles

The Sfire or Sefire steles are three 8th-century BCE basalt stelae containing Aramaic inscriptions discovered at Al-Safirah ("Sfire") near Aleppo, Syria.

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Seljuk Empire

The Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (آل سلجوق) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks.

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Semaan

Semaan (Syriac Aramaic: ܫܡܥܘܢ;, Semʻān) (also spelled Sem'an, Semán, Simaan, Sim'an, Samaan, Sam'an) is a Christian surname mainly found in the Levant area of the Middle East.

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September 1961

The following events occurred in September 1961.

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September 2012 Aleppo bombing

On 9 September 2012, car bomb exploded at the Saad al-Ansari district of the Syrian city of Aleppo, targeting al-Hayat hospital near the 7 April Stadium.

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September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid

The Deir ez-Zor air raid was a series of 37 U.S.-led Coalition airstrikes near the Deir ez-Zor Airport in eastern Syria on 17 September 2016, lasting from 3:55 p.m. to 4:56 p.m. Damascus time, that killed between 90 and 106 Syrian Army soldiers and wounded 110 more.

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September 2016 Urum al-Kubra Aid Convoy attack

A United Nations and Syrian Arab Red Crescent aid convoy unloading at a warehouse along Highway 60 in the rebel-held city of Urum al-Kubra, approximately 15 kilometers (9 mi) west of the city of Aleppo in the Aleppo Governorate of Syria, was destroyed during a late night attack on 19 September 2016, during the Syrian Civil War.

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Serjilla

Serjilla (سيرجيلة) is one of the best preserved of the Dead Cities in northwestern Syria.

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Seta Dadoyan

Seta Dadoyan is an Armenian scholar who specializes in medieval Armenian political and intellectual history in their interactive aspects with the Near Eastern world.

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Seta Manoukian

Seta Manoukian (1945) is a Lebanese painter of Armenian descent.

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Seven Pillars of Wisdom

Seven Pillars of Wisdom is the autobiographical account of the experiences of British soldier T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), while serving as a liaison officer with rebel forces during the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Turks of 1916 to 1918.

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Sewickley Public Library

The Sewickley Public Library is the public library serving the Quaker Valley School District.

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Seyahatname

Seyāḥat-nāme (Persian/Ottoman Turkish: سياحت نامه, "book of travels") is the name of a literary form and tradition whose examples can be found throughout centuries in the Middle Ages around the Islamic world, starting with the Arab travellers of the Umayyad period.

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Seydi Ali Reis

Seydi Ali Reis (1498–1563), formerly also written Sidi Ali Reis and Sidi Ali Ben Hossein, was an Ottoman admiral and navigator.

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Seyyid Abdullah Pasha

Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (also known as Boynueğri Seyyid Abdullah Pasha "Seyyid Abdullah Pasha the Crooked-neck"; died March 1761, Aleppo) was an Ottoman statesman who served as grand vizier from 1747 to 1750.

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Shabiha

Shabiha (North Levantine Arabic: شبيحة,; also romanized Shabeeha or Shabbiha; loosely translated "spirits", "ghosts", "shadows", or "apparitions") are mostly Alawite groups of armed militia in support of the Ba'ath Party government of Syria, led by the Al-Assad family.

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Shadi Jamil

Shadi Jamil (شادي جميل) (born 22 September 1955) is a Syrian singer from Aleppo !. Shadi is known as one of the best Arabic singers especially in the Middle East.

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Shafiq Ades

Shafiq Ades (Arabic: شفيق عدس, Hebrew:שפיק עדס) (born in 1900, died on 23 September 1948) was a wealthy Iraqi-Jewish businessman of Syrian origins.

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Shah Nimatullah Wali

Shāh Nimatullāh or Shāh Ni'matullāh Wali, (شاه نعمت‌الله ولی Shāh Ni'matullāh-i Valī), also spelled as Ne'matollah, Ni'matallah and Ni'mat Allāh, was a Persian Sufi Master and poet from the 14th and 15th centuries.

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Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi

"Shahāb ad-Dīn" Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardī (شهاب‌الدین سهروردی, also known as Sohrevardi) (1154-1191) was a PersianC.

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Shahba Canton

The Shahba Canton (Kantona Şehba, مقاطعة الشهباء, translit) is a de facto autonomous region in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria.

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Shahba Mall

Shahba Mall (شهباء مول) was one of the largest shopping malls in Aleppo and Syria.

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Shahd Barmada

Shahd Barmada (شهد برمدا) (born August 14, 1988 in Aleppo, Syria) is a singer known for being runner up of Super Star 3, the pan-Arabic version of Pop Idol.

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Shahen Khachatrian

Shahen Gevorki Khachatryan (born September 28, 1934, Aleppo) is an Armenian art expert.

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Shajar al-Durr

Shajar al-Durr (Arabic: شجر الدر, "Tree of Pearls") (Royal name: al-Malika `Aṣmat ad-Dīn Umm-Khalīl Shajar ad-Durr (Arabic: الملكة عصمة الدين أم خليل شجر الدر) (nicknamed: أم خليل, Umm Khalil; mother of Khalil)) (? – 28 April 1257, Cairo) was the second Muslim woman (after Razia Sultana of Delhi) to become a monarch in Islamic history.

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Shalom Hedaya

Shalom Hedaya (1864 – 1945), the son of Rabbi Moshe Hayyim Hedaya and Sabtiah Shamah, was orphaned at an early age and was very poor.

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Sham Legion

The Sham Legion (فيلق الشام, Faylaq al-Sham) is an alliance of Sunni Islamist rebel groups formed in March 2014, during the Syrian Civil War. The alliance was formed from 19 different groups, some of which were previously affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria and the Shields of the Revolution Council.

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Shamakhi District

Shamakhi or Shamakhy (Şamaxı) is a rayon of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Shamarikh

Shamarikh (شمارخ) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Shamarin

Şemmerin (Şemmerin, Shammaren) or Shamarin (شمارين) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Shamsu-d-Dīn Muḥammad

Shams ad-Dīn Muḥammad (شمس الدین محمد‎; 655-710 AH/1257-1310 CE) was the son of Rukn al-Din Khurshah.

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Sharran

Sharran (شران, also spelled Sharan or Shiran) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo near the Turkish border.

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Shaykh al-Hadid

Shaykh al-Hadid (شيخ الحديد, also spelled Sheikh Hadid, Sheikh El-Hadid) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Afrin District of the Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo near the border with Turkey.

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Shaykh Issa

Shaykh Issa (الشيخ عيسى) is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Shaykh Najjar

Shaykh Najjar (شيخ نجار, also spelled Sheikh Najjar) is an industrial city in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located 10 kilometers northeast of Aleppo.

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Shaykhu

Shaykhu al-Umari an-Nasiri (died October 1357) was a high-ranking Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans al-Muzaffar Hajji (1346–1347), an-Nasir Hasan (1347–1351, 1355–1361) and as-Salih Salih (1351–1355).

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Sheikh Eid bin Mohammad Al Thani Charitable Association

Sheikh Eid Bin Mohammad Al Thani Charitable Association is a NGO and considered to be one of the largest charitable organizations in the Middle East, and was established in 1995 in Doha, Qatar.

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Sheikh Maqsood

Sheikh Maqsood (الشيخ مقصود, Şêxmeqsûd, شێخ مەقسوود), sometimes spelled al-Sheikh Maqsoud, Maqsud or Maksud, is a neighborhood in the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Sheikhdom of Kuwait

The Sheikhdom of Kuwait (مشيخة الكويت) was a sheikhdom which gained independence from the Khalidi Emirate of Al Hasa under Sabah I bin Jaber in the year 1752.

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Sheraton Aleppo Hotel

The Sheraton Aleppo Hotel is a former five-star hotel opened in 2007 in the ancient part of Aleppo city, within the historic walls, on Al-Khandaq street, Aqabeh district, near the Bab al-Faraj clock tower.

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Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry

The Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry (SRY) is one of the five squadrons of the Royal Yeomanry (RY), a light cavalry regiment of the Army Reserve.

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Shia–Sunni relations

Sunni Islam and Shia Islam are the two major denominations of Islam.

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Shibl al-Dawla Nasr

Abu Kamil Nasr ibn Salih ibn Mirdas (died 22 May 1038), also known by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Shibl al-Dawla ("Lion cub of the Dynasty"), was the second Mirdasid emir of Aleppo, ruling between 1029/30 until his death.

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Shihab dynasty

The Shihab dynasty (alternatively spelled Chehab; شهابيون, ALA-LC: Shihābiyūn) were a prominent noble family during the Ottoman era in Mount Lebanon.

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Short chronology

The short chronology is one of the chronologies of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728–1686 BC and the sack of Babylon to 1531 BC.

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Shorta Aleppo SC

Shorta Aleppo Sports Club is a Syrian football club based in Aleppo.

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Shukri al-Quwatli

Shukri al-Quwatli (6 May 189130 June 1967; شكري القوتلي, Şükrü el Kuvvetli) was the first president of post-independence Syria.

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Shuwayrin

Shuwayrin (Shwīrīn), alternatively spelled Shweirin or Shurin, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Shy Abady

Shy Abady is an Israeli artist (born 24 September 1965 in Jerusalem).

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Siege

A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault.

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Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya

The Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kefriya is an ongoing siege of the towns of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya in the Idlib Governorate, during the Syrian Civil War.

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Siege of Aleppo (1260)

The Siege of Aleppo lasted from 18 January to 24 January 1260.

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Siege of Aleppo (1980)

The siege of Aleppo refers to a military operation conducted by forces of the Syrian government led by Hafez al-Assad in 1980 during the armed conflict between the Sunni groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, and the al-Assad government.

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Siege of Aleppo (637)

The Siege of Aleppo, the Byzantine stronghold and one of few remaining Byzantine castles in the northern Levant after the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, was laid between August and October 637.

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Siege of Antioch (968–969)

The Siege of Antioch (968–969) was a successful military offensive undertaken by leading commanders of the Byzantine Empire in order to reconquer the strategically important city of Antioch from the Hamdanid Dynasty.

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Siege of Ascalon

The Siege of Ascalon took place in 1153, resulting in the capture of that Egyptian fortress by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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Siege of Base 46

The Siege of Base 46 (حصار الفوج 46) was a siege of the Syrian Army base at Urum al-Sughra by opposition forces waged from late September 2012 until 19 November 2012 as part of the Syrian Civil War.

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Siege of Damascus (1148)

The Siege of Damascus took place between 24 July and 29 July 1148, during the Second Crusade.

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Siege of Daraa

The Siege of Daraa occurred within the context of Arab Spring protests in Syria, beginning on 15 March 2011, with Daraa as the center of uproar.

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Siege of Edessa

The Siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo.

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Siege of Emesa

The Siege of Emesa was laid by the forces of Rashidun Caliphate from December 635 up until March 636.

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Siege of Kobanî

The Siege of Kobanî was launched by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (also known as ISIL, ISIS, or Daesh) militants on 13 September 2014, in order to capture the Kobanî Canton and its main city of Kobanî (also known as Kobanê or Ayn al-Arab) in northern Syria, in the de facto autonomous region of Rojava. By 2 October 2014, ISIL succeeded in capturing 350 Kurdish villages and towns within the vicinity of Kobanê, generating a wave of some 300,000 displaced Kurds, who fled across the border into Turkey's Şanlıurfa Province. By January 2015, this had risen to 400,000. The Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) backed by Euphrates Volcano joint operations room, some Free Syrian Army (FSA) reinforcements, heavily armed Peshmerga of the Kurdistan Regional Government, and American and US-allied Arab militaries' airstrikes began to recapture Kobane. On 26 January 2015, the YPG and its allies, along with the continued US-led airstrikes, began to retake the city, driving ISIL into a steady retreat. The city of Kobanê was fully recaptured on 27 January; however, most of the remaining villages in the Kobanî Canton remained under ISIL control. Kurdish militia along with allied Arab armed groups backed by further airstrikes, then made rapid advances in rural Kobanî, with ISIL withdrawing 25 km from the city of Kobanî by 2 February. By late April 2015, ISIL had lost almost all of the villages it had captured in the Canton, but maintained control of a few dozen villages it seized in the northwestern part of the Raqqa Governorate. In late June 2015, ISIL launched a new offensive against the city, killing at least 233 civilians. The militants were quickly driven back. The battle for Kobanî was considered a turning point in the war against ISIL.

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Siege of Kut

The Siege of Kut Al Amara (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the First Battle of Kut, was the besieging of an 8,000 strong British-Indian garrison in the town of Kut, south of Baghdad, by the Ottoman Army.

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Siege of Menagh Air Base

The Siege of Menagh Air Base (also spelled Menegh, Mannagh, or Minakh) was an armed confrontation between the Free Syrian Army and aligned Islamist rebel groups on one hand, and the Syrian Armed Forces on the other.

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Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa

The Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa during the Syrian Civil War was laid by rebels to capture two Syrian government-held towns north of Aleppo, after they had seized most of the northern countryside in July 2012.

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Siege of Shaizar

The Siege of Shaizar took place from April 28 to May 21, 1138.

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Sijaraz

Sijraz (سيجراز) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Simeon Stylites

Saint Simeon Stylites or Symeon the Stylite (ܫܡܥܘܢ ܕܐܣܛܘܢܐ, Koine Greek Συμεών ὁ στυλίτης, سمعان العمودي) (c. 390? – 2 September 459) was a Syriac ascetic saint who achieved notability for living 37 years on a small platform on top of a pillar near Aleppo (in modern Syria).

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Simon Simonian

Simon Simonian (Սիմոն Սիմոնեան,, Ayntab - March 11, 1986, Beirut) was an Armenian intellectual who founded the literary and social Armenian periodical Spurk (Սփիւռք in Armenian).

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Sinai and Palestine Campaign

The Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was fought between the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire, supported by the German Empire.

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Sinno family

The Sinno Family (عائلة سنو) is a Lebanese Syrian family, considered one of Beirut's oldest families, and is said to be descending from the Muslim Leader Tarek bin Sinno.

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Sir John Morden, 1st Baronet

Sir John Morden, 1st Baronet (13 August 1623 – 6 September 1708) was a successful English merchant and philanthropist who also served briefly as an MP.

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Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet

Field Marshal Sir William Robert Robertson, 1st Baronet, (29 January 1860 – 12 February 1933) was a British Army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) – the professional head of the British Army – from 1916 to 1918 during the First World War.

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Sitt al-Mulk

Sitt al-Mulk (970–1023) (ست الملك), was the Ruler (de facto Caliph) of the Fatimids in 1021–1023 during the minority of her nephew, Ali az-Zahir, the seventh Fatimid caliph and 17th Ismaili imam (1021–1036).

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SMART News Agency

The SMART News Agency is an independent online Arabic-language media agency that mainly operates in Syria.

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Smoking in Syria

Smoking in Syria is steadily increasing in popularity amongst the Syrian population, mainly in the forms of cigarettes or Narghiles.

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Smpad Piurad

Smpad Piurad (Սմբատ Բյուրատ, March 3, 1862 – 1915) was an Armenian intellectual, writer and public activist.

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Soap

Soap is the term for a salt of a fatty acid or for a variety of cleansing and lubricating products produced from such a substance.

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Sokollu Mehmed Pasha

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (سوکلو محمد پاشا, Sokollu Mehmet Paşa in modern Turkish; Мехмед-паша Соколовић, Arebica: مەحمەد-پاشا سۉقۉلۉوٖىݘ,; 1506 – 11 October 1579) was an Ottoman statesman.

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Sokollu Mehmet Pasha caravanserai

Sokollu Mehmet Pasha caravanserai is a 16th-century caravanserai in Payas, Turkey.

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Sol Picciotto

Sol Picciotto (born 1942) is a Syrian-born British academic, emeritus professor of law at Lancaster University.

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Sophronius II of Constantinople

Sophronius II (Σωφρόνιος Β΄), (? – 19 October 1780) served as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople during the period 1775–80 and, as Sophronius V (Σοφρώνιος Ε΄), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1771–75.

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Sorbonne University Association

Sorbonne University Association (French: Association Sorbonne Université) is a group of 10 academic institutions associated with the Sorbonne University.

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Sosyan

Sosyan (حزوان) or Susiyan is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Souq

A souq or souk (سوق, שוק shuq, Spanish: zoco, also spelled shuk, shooq, soq, esouk, succ, suk, sooq, suq, soek) is a marketplace or commercial quarter in Western Asian, North African and some Horn African cities (ሱቅ sooq).

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South Korea national football team results (2000–09)

This is a list of football games played by the Korea Republic national football team between 2000 and 2009.

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Spain national basketball team head to head

Results of Spain men's national basketball team since 1935, as recognized by the Spanish Basketball Federation: Olympic Games, World Cups, EuroBaskets and the respective qualifying tournaments, as well as seven editions of the Mediterranean Games when the A-team was involved.

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Spanish exonyms

The following is a list of Spanish exonyms, that is to say names for places that do not speak Spanish that have been adapted to Spanish spelling rules, or are historic Spanish names for places even if they do not directly reflect a place's current or native name.

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Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces

Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, commonly known as the Spetsnaz GRU, is the special forces (spetsnaz) of the GRU, the foreign military intelligence agency of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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Spooks (series 4)

The fourth series of the BBC espionage television series Spooks began broadcasting on 12 September 2005 before ending on 10 November 2005.

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Sputnik (news agency)

Sputnik (formerly The Voice of Russia and RIA Novosti) is a news agency, news website platform and radio broadcast service established by the Russian government-controlled news agency Rossiya Segodnya.

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St John Philby

Harry St John Bridger Philby, CIE (3 April 1885 – 30 September 1960), also known as Jack Philby or Sheikh Abdullah (الشيخ عبدالله), was a British Arabist, adviser, explorer, writer, and colonial office intelligence officer.

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St Symeon

St Symeon (modern name Samandağ or Suadiye It may be named after Saint Simeon Stylites the Younger, who dwelt on a mountain only six miles from St Symeon, or the original Saint Simeon Stylites, who was buried in Antioch. Seleucia Pieria had been the Roman port of Antioch, but silting and an earthquake had rendered it unusable. Control of St Symeon was important to the capture of Antioch by the Crusaders at the end of the eleventh century. In November 1097, the Crusaders besieging Antioch were heartened by the appearance of reinforcements in a Genoese squadron at St Symeon, which they were then able to capture. The besiegers were very short of food, and supplies from Cyprus to St Symeon were subject to frequent attack on the road from the port to the Crusader camp. On 4 March 1098 a fleet said to be commanded by the exiled claimant to the English throne, Edgar the Ætheling, sailed into St Symeon with siege materials from Constantinople. Another raid by the Turkish defenders of Antioch seized the materials from the Crusaders, but the Crusaders successfully counter-attacked, killing (it was said) as many as fifteen hundred Turks. At the start of the Crusader period St Symeon was only a local port, but in the second half of the twelfth century Nur ed-Din and later Saladin brought order to Moslem Syria, reviving its prosperity and opening it as a trade route to Iraq and the Far East. St Symeon shared in the prosperity as one of the ports used by the merchants of Aleppo until the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century resulted in a movement of trade routes to the north. In 1268 a Mameluk army under Baibars captured St Symeon and then went on to destroy Antioch. The city and its port never recovered. St Symeon gives its name to a Crusader style of pottery.

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Staffordshire Yeomanry

The Staffordshire Yeomanry (Queen's Own Royal Regiment) was a unit of the British Army.

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Stained glass

The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it.

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Stanley Kerr

Stanley Elphinstone Kerr (March 30, 1894 – December 14, 1976) was an American humanitarian, clinical biochemist and educator.

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State of Aleppo

The State of Aleppo (1920–1924; État d'Alep; دولة حلب) was one of the five states that were established by the French High Commissioner in Syria and Lebanon General Henri Gouraud in the French Mandate of Syria which followed the San Remo conference and the collapse of King Faisal I's short-lived monarchy in Syria.

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State of Damascus

The State of Damascus (1920–1924; État de Damas; دولة دمشق) was one of the six states established by the French General Henri Gouraud in the French Mandate of Syria which followed the San Remo conference and the defeat of King Faisal's short-lived monarchy in Syria.

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Statue of Idrimi

The Statue of Idrimi is an important ancient Middle Eastern sculpture found at the site of Alalakh by the British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1930s.

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Stefan Heidemann

Stefan Heidemann (born 1961 in Versmold in Westphalia) is a German orientalist at Hamburg University, Hamburg.

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Stefan Winter (historian)

Stefan Winter is a Canadian historian specialising in the study of Ottoman Syria.

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Stele of Zakkur

The Stele of Zakkur (or Zakir) is a royal stele of King Zakkur of Hamath and Luhuti (or Lu'aš) in the province Nuhašše of Syria, who ruled around 785 BC.

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Stephanie of Milly

Stephanie of Milly (born c.1145/1155- c.1197) was Lady of Oultrejordain in 1169-1197 and an influential figure in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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Stephen Kinzer

Stephen Kinzer (born August 4, 1951) is an American author, journalist and academic.

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Steve Kerr

Stephen Douglas Kerr (born September 27, 1965) is an American professional basketball coach and former player.

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Steven Sotloff

Steven Joel Sotloff (סטיבן סוטלוף; May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014) was an American-Israeli journalist.

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StG 44

The StG 44 (abbreviation of Sturmgewehr 44, "assault rifle 44") is a German selective-fire rifle developed during World War II.

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Strafing

Strafing is the military practice of attacking ground targets from low-flying aircraft using aircraft-mounted automatic weapons Less commonly, the term can be used—by extension—to describe high-speed firing runs by any land or naval craft (e.g. fast boats) using smaller-caliber weapons and targeting stationary or slow-moving targets.

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Stratopedarches

Stratopedarchēs (στρατοπεδάρχης, "master of the camp"), sometimes Anglicized as Stratopedarch, was a Greek term used with regard to high-ranking military commanders from the 1st century BC on, becoming a proper office in the 10th-century Byzantine Empire.

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Subartu

The land of Subartu (Akkadian Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri, Assyrian mât Šubarri) or Subar (Sumerian Su-bir4/Subar/Šubur) is mentioned in Bronze Age literature.

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Sukhoi Superjet 100

The Sukhoi Superjet 100, also known by its abbreviation SSJ100, is a fly-by-wire twin-engine regional jet with 8 (VIP) to 108 (all economy) passenger seats.

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Suleiman al-Halabi

Suleiman al-Halabi (سليمان الحلبي), also spelled Soleyman El-Halaby (1777–1800), was a Syrian theology student in Cairo who assassinated French general Jean-Baptiste Kléber, leader of the French occupation forces in Egypt.

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Sultan Murad Division

The Sultan Murad Division (فرقة السلطان مراد; Firqat al-Sultan Murad, Sultan Murat Tümeni) is an armed rebel group in the Syrian Civil War, created around Syrian Turkmen identity.

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Sultan Walad

Baha al-Din Muhammad-i Walad (بها الدین محمد ولد), more popularly known as Sultan Walad (سلطان ولد, Sultan Veled) was the eldest son of Jalal Al-Din Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi, and one of the founders of the Mawlawiya (مولویه) order.

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Sultanate of Rum

The Sultanate of Rûm (also known as the Rûm sultanate (سلجوقیان روم, Saljuqiyān-e Rum), Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, Sultanate of Iconium, Anatolian Seljuk State (Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti) or Turkey Seljuk State (Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti)) was a Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim state established in the parts of Anatolia which had been conquered from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Empire, which was established by the Seljuk Turks.

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Sumu-Epuh

Sumu-Epuh (reigned Middle chronology) is the first attested king of Yamhad (Halab).

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Sunbul

Sunbul (اسنبل), alternatively spelled Asanbel, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Sunn pest

A sunn pest is an insect belonging to a group representing several genera of the 'shield bug' (Scutelleridae) and 'stink bug' (Pentatomidae) Families, with the species Eurygaster integriceps being the most economically important.

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Suqour al-Sham Brigades

The Suqour al-Sham Brigades (ألوية صقور الشام, Hawks of the Levant Brigades), also known as the Sham Falcons Brigades, is an armed rebel organisation formed by Ahmed Abu Issa early in the Syrian Civil War to fight against the Syrian Government.

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Suran, Hama Governorate

Suran (Ṣūrān) is a Syrian city administratively belonging to the Hama Governorate.

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Surp Hagop Church

Surp Hagop Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Յակոբ Եկեղեցի); also Saint Jacob or Saint James, is a small Armenian Apostolic church, located on al-Iman street in the Old Syrian quarter of Aleppo, Syria.

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Suzan Kahramaner

Suzan Kahramaner (May 21, 1913 – February 22, 2006) was one of the first female mathematicians in Turkish academia.

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Svalbard Global Seed Vault

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Svalbard globale frøhvelv) is a secure seed bank on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen near Longyearbyen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago, about from the North Pole.

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Swedish exonyms

Below is list of Swedish language exonyms for places in non-Swedish-speaking areas of the world.

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Sweyhat

Tell es-Sweyhat is the name of a large archaeological site on the Euphrates River in northern Syria.

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Sydney Carline

Sydney William Carline (14 August 1888 – 14 February 1929) was a British artist and teacher known for his depictions of aerial combat painted during World War One.

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Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas

Syed Muhammad al Naquib bin Ali al-Attas (سيد محمد نقيب العطاس; born 5 September 1931) is a Malaysian Muslim philosopher.

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Syria

Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

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Syria (region)

The historic region of Syria (ash-Shām, Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; in modern literature called Greater Syria, Syria-Palestine, or the Levant) is an area located east of the Mediterranean sea.

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Syria and weapons of mass destruction

Syria and weapons of mass destruction deals with the research, manufacture, stockpiling and allegedly use by Syria of weapons of mass destruction, which include chemical and nuclear weapons.

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Syria national football team

The Syria national football team (منتخب سوريا لكرة القدم, Équipe de Syrie de football) represents Syria in association football and is controlled by the Syrian Arab Federation for Football, the governing body for football in Syria.

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Syria national football team results

This is a list of the competitive matches played by the Syrian football team since its inception.

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Syria national football team results 2009

In 2009 the Syria national football team had 18 matches currently scheduled.

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Syria–Lebanon Campaign

The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was the British invasion of Vichy French Syria and Lebanon from June–July 1941, during the Second World War.

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Syria–Turkey border

The border between the Syrian Arab Republic and the Republic of Turkey is about long.

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Syria–Turkey relations

Turkey shares its longest common border with Syria; various geographic and historical links also tie the two neighboring countries together.

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Syria–United States relations

Diplomatic relations between Syria and the United States are currently non-existent; they were suspended in 2012 after the onset of the Syrian Civil War.

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Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo

The Syriac Catholic (or Syrian Catholic) Archeparchy of Aleppo (or of Halab or of Beroa) (informally Aleppo of the Syrians) is a non-metropolitan Archeparchy (Eastern Catholic archdiocese) of the Syriac Catholic Church (Antiochian Rite in Syriac language) in part of Syria.

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Syriac Catholic Church

The Syriac Catholic Church (or Syrian Catholic Church) (ʿĪṯo Suryoyṯo Qaṯolīqayṯo), (also known as Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch or Aramean Catholic Church), is an Eastern Catholic Christian Church in the Levant that uses the West Syriac Rite liturgy and has many practices and rites in common with the Syriac Orthodox Church.

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Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch

This is a list of Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch.

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Syriac Orthodox Church

The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (ʿĪṯo Suryoyṯo Trišaṯ Šubḥo; الكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية), or Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, is an Oriental Orthodox Church with autocephalous patriarchate established in Antioch in 518, tracing its founding to St. Peter and St. Paul in the 1st century, according to its tradition.

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Syrian Air

Syrian Arab Airlines (مؤسسة الطيران العربية السورية), operating as SyrianAir (السورية), is the flag carrier airline of Syria.

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Syrian Americans

Syrian Americans are Americans of Syrian descent or background.

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Syrian Army

The Syrian Army, officially the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) (al-Jayš al-ʿArabī as-Sūrī), is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.

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Syrian Basketball League

The Syrian Basketball League (الدوري السوري لكرة السلة) is the top-tier professional men's basketball league in Syria and one of the top leagues in Asia.

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Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes

The Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes were a series of campaigns undertaken by the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes against the Fatimid Caliphate in the Levant and against the Abbasid Caliphate in Syria.

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Syrian Civil War

The Syrian Civil War (الحرب الأهلية السورية, Al-ḥarb al-ʼahliyyah as-sūriyyah) is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, along with its allies, and various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations.

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Syrian clubs in the AFC Cup

The Syrian club's history of playing in the AFC Cup.

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Syrian cuisine

Syrian cuisine may refer to the cooking traditions and practices in modern-day Syria (as opposed to Greater Syria), merging the habits of people who settled in Syria throughout its history.

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Syrian cultural caravan

The Syrian Cultural Caravan is an artistic and cultural movement led by Syrian artists.

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Syrian Cup

The Syrian Cup is Syria's premier knockout tournament in men's football.

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Syrian Democratic Forces

The Syrian Democratic Forces (translit, Hêzên Sûriya Demokratîk, translit), commonly abbreviated as SDF, HSD or QSD, are a multi-ethnic and multi-religious alliance of predominantly Kurdish, but also Arab and Assyrian/Syriac militias, as well as some smaller Turkmen, Armenian, Circassian and Chechen groups/participation in the Syrian Civil War. The SDF is mostly composed of, and militarily led by, the People's Protection Units (YPG), a mostly Kurdish militia. Founded in October 2015, the SDF states its mission as fighting to create a secular, democratic and federal Syria, along the lines of the Rojava Revolution in northern Syria. The updated December 2016 constitution of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria names the SDF as its official defence force. The primary opponents of the SDF and their allies are the Salafist and Islamic fundamentalist groups involved in the civil war, in particular the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), Turkey-backed Syrian opposition groups, al-Qaeda affiliates, and their allies. The SDF has focused primarily on ISIL, successfully driving them from important strategic areas, such as Al-Hawl, Shaddadi, Tishrin Dam, Manbij, al-Tabqah, Tabqa Dam, Baath Dam, and ISIL's former capital of Raqqa.

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Syrian Democratic People's Party

The Syrian Democratic People's Party (Hizb Al-Sha'ab Al-Dimuqratiy Al-Suriy) is a left-wing, democratic opposition party in Syria that is banned by the Syrian government.

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Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement

The Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement (Suriye Demokratik Türkmen Hareketi; الحركة التركمانية الديمقراطية) is one of the two major opposition movements of Syrian Turkmens.

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Syrian Hurriyat

The Syrian Hurriyat claims to be the first underground newspaper in Syria published after the Syrian Civil War.

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Syrian Jewish cuisine

Syrian Jewish cuisine is the cuisine of the Syrian Jews.

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Syrian Jews

Syrian Jews (יהודי סוריה Yehudey Surya, الْيَهُود السُّورِيُّون al-Yahūd as-Sūriyyūn, colloquially called SYs in the United States) are Jews who lived in the region of the modern state of Syria, and their descendants born outside Syria.

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Syrian National Resistance

The Syrian National Resistance (المقاومة الوطنية السورية) was an officially independent political coalition active in Aleppo Governorate and allied with both the Syrian Ba'athist government as well as the Syrian Democratic Forces.

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Syrian parliamentary election, 2007

Parliamentary elections were held in Syria on 22 April 2007.

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Syrian parliamentary election, 2016

Parliamentary elections were held in Syria to elect the People's Council on 13 April 2016.

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Syrian Pearl Airlines

Syrian Pearl, Inc., operated as Syrian Pearl Airlines (طيران لؤلؤة السورية), was a private airline based in Syria.

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Syrian Premier League

The Syrian Premier League (الدوري السوري الممتاز) is the highest division in football in Syria.

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Syrian presidential election, 2014

Presidential elections were held in Syria on 3 June 2014.

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Syrian protests (March–April 2016)

The Syrian protests (March–April 2016) were a series of large-scale protests against the Syrian government and in support of the Syrian opposition taking place throughout opposition-controlled territory in Syria.

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Syrian Railways

General Establishment of Syrian Railways (المؤسسة العامة للخطوط الحديدية, Chemins de fer syriens, CFS) is the national railway operator for the state of Syria, subordinate to the Ministry of Transportation.

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Syrian reactions to the Syrian Civil War

This article details responses from Syrian government officials to widespread civil unrest which began in early 2011 and eventually unraveled into nationwide civil war.

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Syrian refugee camps

Syrian refugee camps and shelters are temporary settlements built to receive internally displaced people and refugees of the Syrian Civil War.

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Syrian Revolution Network

The Syrian Revolution Network (شبكة الثورة السورية), originally called the Syrian Revolution 2011 and the Syrian Days of Rage, is a Syrian opposition activist organization active in the Syrian Civil War.

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Syrian Revolutionaries Front

The Syrian Revolutionaries Front (جبهة ثوار سوريا, Jabhat Thowar Suriya, SRF, also translated Syrian Rebel Front) is, according to Lebanon's Daily Star, an alliance of 14 relatively moderate Islamist and some secular armed groups fighting under the banner of the Free Syrian Army, formed in December 2013, thus according to Arutz Sheva further sidelining the FSA and its leadership Supreme Military Council.

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Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center

The Scientific Studies and Research Center (SSRC), or Centre D'Etudes et de Recherches Scientifiques (CERS, the acronym by which it is better known), is a Syrian government agency that has the goal of advancing and coordinating scientific activities in the country.

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Syrian Special Mission Forces

The Syrian Special Mission Forces are a Quick reaction force of the Ministry of Interior.

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Syrian Support Group

The Syrian Support Group (SSG) was a Washington, D.C.-based non-governmental organization that was founded in December 2011 in response to the actions of the Syrian government in the Syrian civil war.

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Syrian Turkmen

Syrian Turkmen (also referred to as Syrian Turkomans or simply Syrian Turks or Turks of Syria) (تركمان سوريا, Suriye Türkmenleri or Suriye Türkleri), are Syrian citizens of mainly Turkish origin whose families had migrated to Syria from Anatolia during the centuries of Ottoman rule (1516-1918).

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Syrian Venezuelans

Syrian Venezuelans refers to Venezuelan citizens of Syrian origin.

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Syro-Hittite states

The states that are called Neo-Hittite or, more recently, Syro-Hittite were Luwian-, Aramaic- and Phoenician-speaking political entities of the Iron Age in northern Syria and southern Anatolia that arose following the collapse of the Hittite Empire in around 1180 BC and lasted until roughly 700 BC.

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Syro-Lebanese in Egypt

The Syro-Lebanese of Egypt (شوام مصر, transliterated: Shawam Masr) (Syro-Libanais d'Egypte), also known as the Levantines of Egypt, are an ethnic minority group in Egypt.

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SYSACCO

SYSACCO is a Syrian-Saudi Chemical Company with headquarter in Aleppo, Syria.

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T-72 Adra

The T-72 Adra is a Syrian tank.

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Taanah, Syria

Taanah (Ţa‘ānah), alternatively spelled Tana, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tabqa Dam

The Tabqa Dam (سد الطبقة, Sadd al-Ṭabqa; Bendava Tebqa; Sekro d'Tabqa), or al-Thawra Dam as it is also named (سد الثورة, Sadd al-thawra, literally "Dam of the Revolution"), most commonly known as Euphrates Dam (سد الفرات, Sadd al-Furāt; Bendava Firatê; Sekro d'Frot), is an earthen dam on the Euphrates, located upstream from the city of Raqqa in Raqqa Governorate, Syria.

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Tadef

Tadef (تادف; also spelled Tedef or Tadif) is a town just southeast of Al-Bab, about east of Aleppo, Syria and less than south of Al Bab.

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Taghlib

The Banu Taghlib, also known as Taghlib ibn Wa'il, were an Arab tribe that originated in Najd, but inhabited Upper Mesopotamia from the late 6th century onward.

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Taha Dyab

Taha Dyab (طه دياب; born 23 July 1990 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Al-Safa' SC, which competes in the Lebanese Premier League and is currently a member of the Syria national football team.

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Taj al-Din al-Hasani

Taj al-Din al-Hasani (تاج الدين الحسني; 1885 – 17 January 1943) was a French-appointed Syrian leader and politician.

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Taj al-Din Shah-i Shahan Abu'l Fath

Taj al-Din Shah-i Shahan Abu'l Fath or Shah-i-Shahan of Sistan (Shāhshāhān-i Sīstanī) (c. 1349 – February or March 1403) was the Mihrabanid malik of Sistan from 1383 until his death.

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Takbir

The Takbīr (تَكْبِير), also transliterated Tekbir or Takbeer, is the Arabic phrase (الله أكبر), usually translated as "God is greatest".

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Tal'ar Gharbi

Tal'ar Gharbi (Tall‘ār Ghārbī, Tel Ar Garbî) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tal'ar Sharqi

Tal'ar Sharqi (Tall‘ār Shārqī, Tel Ar Şarkî) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tall Battal

Tall Battal (Tall Baţţāl), also spelled Til Betal or Tal Bital, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tall Tanah

Tall Tanah (Thalthānah) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tamer Rashid

Mohamad Tamer Mamdouh Rashid (محمد تامر ممدوح رشيد) (born 15 January 1988 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer.

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Tankiz

Sayf ad-Din Tankiz ibn Abdullah al-Husami an-Nasiri better known simply as Tankiz (تنكيز) (died May 1340) was the Damascus-based Turkic na'ib al-saltana (viceroy) of Syria from 1312 to 1340 during the reign of the Bahri Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Muhammad.

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Tarḫunz

Tarḫunz (Stem: Tarḫunt-) was the weather god and chief god of the Luwians, a people of Bronze Age and early Iron Age Anatolia.

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Tarsus, Mersin

Tarsus (Hittite: Tarsa; Greek: Ταρσός Tarsós; Armenian: Տարսոն Tarson; תרשיש Ṭarśīś; طَرَسُوس Ṭarsūs) is a historic city in south-central Turkey, 20 km inland from the Mediterranean.

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Tat Hims

Tat Hims (طاط حمس), alternatively spelled Tathumus, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tatiyah

Tatiyah (طاطية) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tawhid Mosque

Tawhid Mosque (Arabic: جامع التوحيد) is a contemporary mosque in Aleppo, Syria, located on Khalil al-Hindawi street, on the right bank of the Queiq River.

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Taxidevontas me tin Magia Tsokli

Taxidevontas me tin Magia Tsokli (Greek: Ταξιδεύοντας με την Μάγια Τσόκλη; English: Travelling with Magia Tsokli) is a Greek television travelling documentary series airing on ERT.

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Taybat al-Imam

Taybat al-Imam (طيبة الإمام, also spelled Tayyibat al-Imam or Taibet el-Imam) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 18 kilometers northwest of Hama.

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Töregene Khatun

Töregene Khatun (also Turakina) (d. 1246) was the Great Khatun and regent of the Mongol Empire from the death of her husband Ögedei Khan in 1241 until the election of her eldest son Güyük Khan in 1246.

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Tell Abu Hureyra

Tell Abu Hureyra (تل أبو هريرة) is an archaeological site in the Euphrates valley in modern Syria.

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Tell Afis

Tell Afis is an archaeological site in the Idlib region of northern Syria, and lies about fifty kilometres southeast of Aleppo.

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Tell Aran

Tell Aran (تل عرن; also spelled, Tell Arn; ancient Arne) is a Kurdish-majority town in northern Syria, administratively part of the al-Safira District of the Aleppo Governorate, located southeast of Aleppo close to Sabkhat al-Jabbul.

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Tell Barri

Tell Barri (ancient Kahat) is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in north-eastern Syria in the Al-Hasakah Governorate.

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Tell Halula

Tell Halula is a large, prehistoric, neolithic tell, about in size, located around east of Aleppo and northwest of Membij in the Raqqa Governorate of Syria.

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Tell Jabin

Tell Jabin (تل جبين) is a Kurdish town in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located north of Aleppo.

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Tell Qaramel

Tell Qaramel (also Tel Qaramel or Tel al-Qaramel, تل القرامل) is a tell, or archaeological mound, located in the north of present-day Syria, 25 km north of Aleppo and about 65 km south of the Taurus mountains, adjacent to the river Quweiq that flows to Aleppo.

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Tell Rahal

Tell Rahal (تل رحال) is a village located northeast of the city of Aleppo in northern-central Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tell Rifaat

Tell Rifaat (تل رفعت, also spelled Tel Rifaat, Tel Rif'at or Tal Rifaat) is a city in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tell Shughayb

Tell Shughayb (تل شغيب, also transliterated Tel Shegheb) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of Aleppo Governorate, located just southwest of Aleppo.

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Tell Sultan

Tell Sultan (تل سلطان; also spelled Tall as-Sultan) is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located southeast of Idlib and 37 kilometers southwest of Aleppo.

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Tell Tamer

Tell Tamer (تل تمر, ܬܠ ܬܡܪ, Girê Xurma) also known as Tal Tamr or Tal Tamir, is a small town in western al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria.

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Tell Touqan

Tell Touqan (تل طوقان, also spelled Tell Toqan or Tall Tukan) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located about 45 kilometers southeast of Aleppo.

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Tenedos

Tenedos (Tenedhos) or Bozcaada (Bozcaada) is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea.

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Terence Mitford

Terence Bruce Mitford FBA FSA (sometimes known as Terence Bruce-Mitford) (11 May 1905 – 8 November 1978) was a Scottish archaeologist and classicist.

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Terrorism in Syria

Terrorism in Syria has a long history dating from the Islamist Uprising in the early 80s and to the ongoing Syrian Civil War which witnessed the rise of radical Islamist groups such as ISIL, al-Nusra and other al-Qaeda affiliated groups.

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Thai clubs in the AFC Cup

Thai clubs history of playing in the AFC Cup.

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Thalthana

Thalthana (Arabic: ثلثانة) is a village in the north of Syria, about 40 km north east of Aleppo and part of the Aleppo Governorate, near the Turkish border.

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Thanaa Debsi

Thanaa Debsi (ثناء دبسي) (born 1941) is a Syrian actress.

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The Berlin-Baghdad Express

The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power is a book by Sean McMeekin, first published in 2010.

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The Memoirs of Naim Bey

The Memoirs of Naim Bey: Turkish Official Documents Relating to the Deportation and the Massacres of Armenians, also known as the "Talat Pasha telegrams", is a book written by historian and journalist Aram Andonian in 1919.

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The Natural History of Aleppo

The Natural History of Aleppo is a 1756 book by naturalist Alexander Russell on the natural history of Aleppo.

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Theodore Parsakoutenos

Theodore Parsakoutenos (Θεόδωρος Παρσακουτηνός) was a Byzantine general in the 960s and nephew of Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas.

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Theodoulos Parsakoutenos

Theodoulos Parsakoutenos (Θεόδουλος Παρσακουτηνός) was a Byzantine general who married into the Phokas clan.

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Thomas Crofts

The Reverend and Learned Thomas Crofts FRS FSA (1722 – 8 November 1781) was a British bibliophile, Anglican priest, Fellow of the Royal Society and European traveller.

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Thomas Obicini

Thomas Obicini of Novara (Tomasso Obicini da Novara; 1585– 7 November 1632) was a Franciscan friar, originally from Novara, Italy.

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Thoros II, Prince of Armenia

Toros II the Great (Թորոս Բ), also Thoros II, (unknown – February 6, 1169) was the sixth lord of Armenian Cilicia or “Lord of the Mountains” (1144/1145–1169).

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Thoros of Edessa

Thoros (short in Armenian for Theodoros; Թորոս կուրապաղատ, T'oros the Curopalates; d. March 9, 1098) was an Armenian ruler of Edessa at the time of the First Crusade.

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Thu'ban ibn Muhammad

Sadīd al-Mulk Thuʿbān ibn Muḥammad ibn Thuʿbān was the Fatimid governor of Aleppo between 27 July 1024 and 30 June 1025.

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Thutmose III

Thutmose III (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis III, Thothmes in older history works, and meaning "Thoth is born") was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

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Tiberias

Tiberias (טְבֶרְיָה, Tverya,; طبرية, Ṭabariyyah) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee.

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Tiger versus lion

Historically, the comparative merits of the tiger (Panthera tigris) versus the lion (Panthera leo) have been a popular topic of discussion by hunters, naturalists, artists and poets, and continue to inspire the popular imagination in the present day.

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Tilalyan

Tilalyan (Arabic: تلالين Tlālayn) also known as Til Alyan is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tilly Kettle

Tilly Kettle (1735–1786) was a portrait painter and the first prominent English portrait painter to operate in India.

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Timeline of 10th-century Muslim history

No description.

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Timeline of Aleppo

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Timeline of historical geopolitical changes

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world.

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Timeline of Homs

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Homs, Syria.

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Timeline of human prehistory

This timeline of human prehistory comprises the time from the first appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa 300,000 years ago to the invention of writing and the beginning of historiography, after 5,000 years ago.

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Timeline of ISIL-related events (2014)

No description.

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Timeline of ISIL-related events (2015)

This article contains a timeline of events from January 2015 to December 2015 related to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL/ISIS).

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Timeline of ISIL-related events (2016)

No description.

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Timeline of Jerusalem

This is a timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history.

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Timeline of Latakia

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Latakia, Syria.

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Timeline of the Arab Spring

Protests arose in Tunisia following Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation.

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Timeline of the Ilkhanate

This is a timeline of the Ilkhanate.

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Timeline of the Mongol Empire

This is the timeline of the Mongol Empire from the birth of Temüjin, later Genghis Khan, to the end of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, though the title of Khagan continued to be used by the rulers of the Northern Yuan dynasty, a far less powerful successor entity, until 1634.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (August–December 2014)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from August to December 2014.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2011)

Protests began in Syria as early as 26 January 2011, and erupted on 15 March 2011 with a "Day of Rage" protest generally considered to mark the start of a nationwide uprising.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2012)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from January to April 2012, during which time the spate of protests that began in January 2011 lasted into another calendar year.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–July 2015)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from January to July 2015.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2011)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from May to August 2011, including the escalation of violence in many Syrian cities.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from May to August 2012.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–December 2013)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from May to December 2013.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2011)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian uprising from September to December 2011.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from September to December 2012.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2016)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from September to December 2016.

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Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)

Below is the identified timeline of the History of the Turkic peoples between 6th and 14th centuries.

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Timeline of violent events relating to the Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon (2011–14)

From its inception, the Syrian Civil War has produced and inspired a great deal of strife and unrest in the nation of Lebanon.

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Timelines of Ottoman Syria history

Following are timelines of the history of Ottoman Syria, taken as the parts of either modern-day Syria or of Greater Syria as they were subjected to Ottoman rule.

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Timur

Timur (تیمور Temūr, Chagatai: Temür; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane (تيمور لنگ Temūr(-i) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror.

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Timurid Empire

The Timurid Empire (تیموریان, Timuriyān), self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان, Gurkāniyān), was a PersianateB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary India, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey. The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan and, while not descended from Genghis, regarded himself as Genghis's heir and associated much with the Borjigin. The ruling Timurid dynasty, or Timurids, lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation in 1467, but members of the dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and parts of India. In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid prince from Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there, and from there 20 years later he invaded India to establish the Mughal Empire.

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Timurid relations with Europe

Timurid relations with Europe developed in the early 15th century, as the Turco-Mongol ruler Timur (Tamerlane) and European monarchs attempted to operate a rapprochement against the expansionist Ottoman Empire.

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Tishrin Dam

The Tishrin Dam (lit, Bendava Tişrîn, Sekro d'Teshrin) is a dam on the Euphrates, located east of Aleppo in Aleppo Governorate, Syria.

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Toghtekin

Toghtekin (Modern Tuğtekin; Arabicised epithet: ظاهر الدين طغتكين Zahir ad-Din Toghtekin; died February 12, 1128), also spelled Tughtigin, was a Turkic military leader, who was atabeg of Damascus from 1104 to 1128.

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Tony Clement

Tony Peter Clement, (born January 27, 1961) is a Canadian federal politician and Member of Parliament of the Conservative Party of Canada.

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Tony Rezko

Antoin "Tony" Rezko (born 1955) is an American businessman.

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Top Gear: Middle East Special

Top Gear: Middle East Special (or Top Gear: Nativity Special) is a 76-minute-long extended episode of ''Top Gear'' series 16.

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Tourism in Lebanon

The tourism industry in Lebanon has been historically important to the local economy and remains to this day to be a major source of revenue for Lebanon.

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Tourism in Syria

Although it has some of the oldest cities in Western Asia, such as Damascus and Aleppo (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), tourism in Syria has been greatly reduced by the Syrian Civil War and its associated refugee crisis.

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Tracey Shelton

Tracey Shelton is an Australian journalist for the news site GlobalPost.

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Transformation of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire in 1683, at the height of its territorial expansion in Europe. The Transformation of the Ottoman Empire, also known as the Era of Transformation, constitutes a period in the history of the Ottoman Empire from to, spanning roughly from the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent to the Treaty of Karlowitz at the conclusion of the War of the Holy League.

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Translanguaging

Translanguaging is the process whereby multilingual speakers utilize their languages as an integrated communication system.

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Translations of One Thousand and One Nights

The translations of One Thousand and One Nights have been made into virtually every major language of the world.

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Transport in Syria

This article deals with the system of transport in Syria, both public and private.

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Trapessac

Trapessac (Darbı Sak Kalesi) is a medieval fortress located 4 km north of the town of Kırıkhan in Hatay Province, Turkey.

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Treaty of Devol

The Treaty of Devol (συνθήκη της Δεαβόλεως) was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade.

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Treaty of Safar

The Treaty of Safar put a formal end to the extended collapse of the Hamdanid Dynasty.

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Trincomalee

Trincomalee (திருகோணமலை Tirukōṇamalai; ත්‍රිකුණාමළය Trikuṇāmalaya) also known as Gokanna, is the administrative headquarters of the Trincomalee District and major resort port city of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka.

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Tripoli, Lebanon

Tripoli (طرابلس / ALA-LC: Ṭarābulus; Lebanese Arabic: Ṭrāblos; Trablusşam) is the largest city in northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in the country.

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Tughj ibn Juff

ughj ibn Juff ibn Yiltakīn ibn Fūrān ibn Fūrī ibn Khāqān (died 906) was a Turkic military officer who served the Abbasid Caliphate and the autonomous Tulunid dynasty.

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Tuhaf al-Uqul

Tuhaf al-Uqul (Arabic: تُحَفُ العُقول في ما جاءَ مِنَ الحِکَمِ وَ المَواعِظَ مِن آلِ الرَّسول) (the masterpieces of the mind) is a hadith book written by Abu Mohammed al-Hasan bin Ali bin al-Husain bin Shu’ba al-Harrani.

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Tuhama Mahmoud Ma'rouf

Tuhama Mahmoud Ma'rouf (تهامة محمود معروف; born 1964) is a Syrian dentist who was detained from February 2010 to June 2011 for her involvement in the banned Communist Labour Party in the early 1990s.

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Tulayl ash-Sham

Tulayl ash-Sham (تليل الشام) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Tulipa aleppensis

Tulipa aleppensis is a wild tulip found in Southeastern Turkey, Syria, near Beirut in Lebanon and Israel.

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Turban

A turban (from Persian دولبند‌, dulband; via Middle French turbant) is a type of headwear based on cloth winding.

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Turkey–ISIL conflict

The Turkey–ISIL conflict is an ongoing series of attacks and clashes between Turkey and the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as part of the spillover of the Syrian Civil War.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa.

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Turkish bath

A Turkish bath (hamam, translit) is a type of public bathing associated with the culture of the Ottoman Empire and more widely the Islamic world.

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Turkish dialects

There is considerable dialectal variation in Turkish.

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Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Turkey, which had had a relatively friendly relationship with Syria over the decade prior to the start of the civil unrest in Syria in the spring of 2011, condemned the Syrian president Bashar Assad over the violent crackdown on protests in 2011 and later that year joined a number of other countries demanding his resignation.

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Turkish occupation of northern Syria

The Turkish occupation of northern Syria refers to areas of Syria captured by the Turkish Armed Forces and their proxy forces since August 2016 during the Syrian Civil War.

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Turkish State Railways

The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları), abbreviated as TCDD, is a government-owned national railway company responsible with the ownership and maintenance of railway infrastructure in Turkey, as well as the planning and construction of new lines.

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Turkman Bareh

Turkman Bareh (Turkumān Bāriḩ, Türkmenbarı),Günümüzde Suriye Türkmenleri — ORSAM Rapor № 83.

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Tushratta

Tushratta (Sanskrit Tvesa-ratha, "his chariot charges") was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten—approximately the late 14th century BC.

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U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria

The U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria refers to several American-Russian initiatives, including joint United States–Russia proposal issued in May 2013 to organize a conference for obtaining a political solution to the Syrian Civil War.

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Uiver Collection

Uiver Collection is a heritage-listed museum collection at 553 Kiewa Street, Albury, City of Albury, New South Wales, Australia.

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Ulrich Jasper Seetzen

Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (January 30, 1767September 1811) was a German explorer of Arabia and Palestine from Jever, German Frisia.

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Umar II

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz or Omar ibn Abd al-Aziz (2 November 682 (26th Safar, 63 AH) – February 720 (16th Rajab, 101 AH)) (ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 717 to 720.

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Umayyad architecture

Umayyad architecture developed in the Umayyad Caliphate between 661 and 750, primarily in its heartlands of Syria and Palestine.

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Umayyad Square

Umayyad Square (ساحة الأمويين / ALA-LC: sāḥat al-Umawiyīn) is a large and important square in Damascus, Syria.

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Umberto Cassuto

Umberto Cassuto, also known as Moshe David Cassuto (1883–1951), was a rabbi and Biblical scholar born in Florence, Italy.

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Umm el-Marra

Umm el-Marra, أم المرى, east of modern Aleppo in the Jabbul Plain of northern Syria, was one of the ancient Near East's oldest cities, located on a crossroads of two trade routes northwest of Ebla, in a landscape that was much more fertile than it is today.

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Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East

The Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East (Մերձաւոր Արեւելքի Հայ Աւետարանական Եկեղեցիներու Միութիւն, ՄԱՀԱԵՄ), abbreviated as UAECNE, is an autonomous body of Armenian Evangelical churches comprising 25 congregations throughout Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Iran, Iraq and Australia.

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United States presidential election, 2016

The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016.

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University of Aleppo

University of Aleppo (جامعة حلب, also called Aleppo University) is a public university located in Aleppo, Syria.

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Upper Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia is the name used for the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.

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Uqaylid dynasty

The 'Uqailids or 'Uqaylid dynasty was a Shi'a Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq in the late tenth and eleventh centuries.

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Urban history

Urban history is a field of history that examines the historical nature of cities and towns, and the process of urbanization.

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Urfa

Urfa, officially known as Şanlıurfa (Riha); Ուռհա Uṙha in Armenian, and known in ancient times as Edessa, is a city with 561,465 inhabitants in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province.

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Urfalim

Urfalim (אוּרְפָלִים) or Urfan Jews, also related as Urfan Levites, are a Jewish (predominantly Levite) community originating from Urfa, in south-eastern Anatolia, in modern Turkey.

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Urum al-Kubra

Urum al-Kubrah (أورم الكبرى, also spelled Urem al-Kubra) is a town in western Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Usama ibn Munqidh

Majd ad-Dīn Usāma ibn Murshid ibn ʿAlī ibn Munqidh al-Kināni al-Kalbi (also Usamah, Ousama, etc.; أسامة بن منقذ) (July 4, 1095 – November 17, 1188) was a medieval Muslim poet, author, faris (knight), and diplomat from the Banu Munqidh dynasty of Shaizar in northern Syria.

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Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War

The use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War has been confirmed by the United Nations.

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Uthman Taha

Uthman ibn Abduh ibn Husayn ibn Taha Alkurdi (or Uthman Taha, عثمان طه) is an Arab calligrapher renowned for hand-writing Mushaf al-Madinah issued by the King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qur'an.

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Uzbek Wikipedia

The Uzbek Wikipedia () is the Uzbek-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia.

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Uzi Baram

Uzi Baram (עוזי ברעם, born 6 April 1937) is an Israeli former politician, who served as a member of the Knesset between 1977 and 2001, and was Minister of Tourism and Minister of Internal Affairs in the 1990s.

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Uzun Hasan

Uzun Hasan or Uzun Hassan (1423 – January 6, 1478) (اوزون حسن, Uzun Həsən; Uzun Hasan, where uzun means "tall"; اوزون حسن) was the 9th shahanshah of the Oghuz Turkic Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, also known as the White Sheep Turkomans, and generally considered to be its strongest ruler.

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Vahan Kurkjian

Vahan M. Kurkjian (Վահան Մ. Քուրքջյան; 1863–1961) was an Armenian author, historian, teacher, and community leader.

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Vahe Vahian

Vahe-Vahian (Armenian: Վահէ-Վահեան), born Sarkis Abdalian (22 December 1908, Gürün Turkey, died in 1998, Beirut, Lebanon), was an Armenian poet, writer, editor, pedagogue and orator.

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Valmar (painter)

Volodya Margaryan known as Valmar (Վալմար; born 21 April 1948), is an Armenian painter.

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Van, Turkey

Van (Van; Վան; Wan; فان; Εύα, Eua) is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province, located on the eastern shore of Lake Van.

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Vardan Aygektsi

Vardan Aygektsi or Vardan of Aygek (Վարդան Այգեկցին, died 1250) was an Armenian author, and priest.

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Varieties of Arabic

There are many varieties of Arabic (dialects or otherwise) in existence.

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Vartan Oskanian

Vartan Oskanian (Վարդան Օսկանյան.; born February 7, 1954) is the former Foreign Minister of Armenia (1998–2008) and founder of the Civilitas Foundation.

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Venetian Crusade

The Venetian Crusade of 1122–24 was an expedition to the Holy Land launched by the Republic of Venice that succeeded in capturing Tyre.

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Venezuelans in Syria

Venezuelans in Syria consist mostly of migrants, from Venezuela and their descendants in Syria.

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Veria (disambiguation)

Veria may refer to.

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VI Corps (Ottoman Empire)

The VI Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 6 ncı Kolordu or Altıncı Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.

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Vic Tayback

Victor "Vic" Tayback (January 6, 1930 – May 25, 1990) was an American actor.

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Vietnam national football team results

Vietnam national football team results, including the results of former French Cochinchina, State of Vietnam, South Vietnam and North Vietnam.

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VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)

The VIII Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 8 nci Kolordu or Sekizinci Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.

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Villa Rose

Villa Rose (فيلا روز), is a private mansion in the Syrian city of Aleppo dating back to 1928.

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Village

A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand.

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Vincent Grimm

Vincent (Vincenz, Vince) Grimm (1800, Vienna – 15 January 1872, Budapest) was a Hungarian chess master.

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Virgin Megastores

Virgin Megastores is an international entertainment retailing chain, founded by Sir Richard Branson as a record shop on London's Oxford Street in early 1976.

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Vocativ

Vocativ is an American media and technology company founded in 2013 by Mati Kochavi.

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WABA Champions Cup

The WABA Champions Cup, between 2011 and 2012 known as the West Asian Basketball League (WABL), is the West Asian club championship for basketball organized by West Asia Basketball Association, and takes place every year, It also serves as a qualifying tournament for the FIBA Asia Champions Cup.

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Wadi al-Uyun

Wadi al-'Uyun (وادي العيون, also spelled Wadi al-Oyun, Wady Aloyon or Wadi al-Ayun; transliteration: "Valley of the Springs") is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located west of Hama.

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Wael Ayan

Wael Ayan (وائل عيان; born June 13, 1985 in Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian footballer.

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Wael Sharaf

Wael Sharaf (وائل شرف; born 15 July 1982) is a Syrian actor and director.

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WAFF Championship

The WAFF Championship or West Asian Football Federation Championship is a football competition consisting mainly of West Asian countries and territories.

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Wahbi al-Hariri

Wahbi al-Hariri-Rifai وهبي الحريري آلرفاعي (1914-16 August 1994) was a Syrian American artist who has often been called "the last of the classicists".

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Walter M. Geddes

Walter Mackintosh Geddes (November 13, 1885 – November 7, 1915) was an American businessman who was an important witness to the Armenian Genocide.

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Walter the Chancellor

Walter the Chancellor (also known as Galterius cancellarius, the Latinized form of his French name, Gautier) was a French or Norman crusader and author of the twelfth century.

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War correspondent

A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone.

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War of the Antiochene Succession

The War of the Antiochene Succession, also known as the Antiochene War of Succession, comprised a series of armed conflicts in northern Syria between 1201 and 1219, connected to the disputed succession of Bohemond III of Antioch.

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Watani: My Homeland

Watani: My Homeland is a 2016 documentary short film directed, produced and written by Marcel Mettelsiefen.

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Water resources management in Syria

Water resources management in Syria is confronted with numerous challenges.

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Water supply and sanitation in Syria

This article has last been comprehensively updated in November 2010. Syria is a semiarid country with scarce water resources.

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Weh Antiok Khosrow

Wēh Antīōk Khosrow (Middle Persian; literally, "better than Antioch, Khosrow built this"),Beate Dignas, Engelbert Winter: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity.

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Wer (god)

Wer is an Akkadian storm god, a minor deity linked with Adad and Amurru.

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Western al-Hasakah offensive

The Western al-Hasakah offensive, dubbed Operation Commander Rûbar Qamishlo by the Kurds, was a military operation during May 2015 in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, during the Syrian Civil War, conducted by Kurdish YPG and allied forces against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

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Western Neo-Aramaic

Western Neo-Aramaic is a modern Aramaic language.

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White Helmets (Syrian Civil War)

The White Helmets (al-Ḫawdh al-bayḍāʾ / al-Qubaʿāt al-Bayḍāʾ), officially known as Syria Civil Defence (SCD; الدفاع المدني السوري ad-Difāʿ al-Madanī as-Sūrī), is a volunteer organisation that operates in parts of rebel-controlled Syria and in Turkey.

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William Barrett (consul)

William Barrett (died 1584) was English consul at Aleppo.

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William Burckhardt Barker

William Burckhardt Barker (1810?–1856) was an English orientalist.

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William Finch (merchant)

William Finch (died 1613) was an English merchant in the service of the East India Company (EIC).

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William Guerra

William Marino Guerra (born 24 February 1968 in Detroit, Michigan) is a former footballer who played international football for San Marino as a defender.

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Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian Genocide

Witnesses and testimony of the Armenian Genocide provide an important and valuable insight into the events during and after the Armenian Genocide.

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Wiz Kilo

Wissam Kilo, (born March 5, 1984) better known by his stage name Wiz Kilo, is a Canadian hip hop and Electronic artist, songwriter, music producer, dancer, actor, model and hip hop instructor.

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Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world

The tradition of women's literary circles in the Arab world dates back to the pre-Islamic period when the eminent literary figure, Al-Khansa, would stand in the 'Ukaz market in Mecca, reciting her poetry and airing her views on the scholarship of others.

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World News Tonight (Sky TV)

Sky World News Tonight (also known on air as World News Tonight) was an international news programme transmitted between 20:00 and 21:00 UK time weekdays on Sky News.

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World News Tonight (UK TV series)

Sky World News Tonight (also referred to on air as World News Tonight) was a dedicated international news programme which was shown between 8pm and 9pm British time every weekday on Sky News.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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Yaakov Ades

Yaakov Hai Zion Ades (יעקב חי ציון עדס, February 24, 1898 – July 19, 1963), also spelled Adas or Adess, was a Sephardi Hakham, Rosh Yeshiva, and Rabbinical High Court judge.

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Yağısıyan

Yağısıyan was a Turkish commander in the 11th century.

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Yahdun-Lim

Yahdunlim (or Yakhdunlim) was the name of two different kings in Upper Mesopotamia: one of Mari during the 19th century BC and one of Karkemish during the 18th century BC.

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Yahmul

Yahmul (يحمول) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Yahya ibn Abi Mansur

Yahya ibn Abi Mansur (یحیی ابن ابی منصور), was a senior Persian official from the Banu al-Munajjim family, who served as an astronomer/astrologer at the court of Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun.

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Yakubiyah

Yakubiyah (اليعقوبية, Յակուբիե; also spelled Yacoubiyah, Yakoubieh, Yacoubeh or Yaqubiyah) is a village in north-west Syria, administratively part of the Jisr ash-Shugur District, subordinate to the Idlib Governorate, located west of Idlib and just southeast of the border with Turkey.

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Yamhad

Yamhad was an ancient Semitic kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo), Syria.

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Yamhad dynasty

The Yamhad dynasty was an ancient Amorite royal family founded in c. 1810 BC by Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad who had his capital in the city of Aleppo.

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Yaqut al-Hamawi

Yāqūt ibn-'Abdullah al-Rūmī al-Hamawī (1179–1229) (ياقوت الحموي الرومي) was an Arab biographer and geographer of Greek origin, renowned for his encyclopedic writings on the Muslim world.

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Yarankash

Yarankash (or Yaranqash) (died 1146) was a Frankish slave who assassinated his owner Zengi, the atabeg of the Seljukn city of Aleppo.

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Yarim-Lim I

Yarim-Lim I, also given as Yarimlim, (reigned) was the second king of the ancient Amorite kingdom of Yamhad in modern-day Aleppo, Syria.

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Yarim-Lim II

Yarim-Lim II (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab, Aleppo) succeeding his father Abba-El I.

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Yarim-Lim III

Yarim-Lim III (reigned c. Middle 17th century BC - c. 1625 BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Hammurabi II.

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Yasser Shahen

Yasser Shahen (ياسر شاهين, born in Homs) is a Syrian footballer, who currently play for Al-Ahli SC in the Lebanese Second Division.

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Yassin al-Haj Saleh

Yassin al-Haj Saleh (born in Raqqa in 1961), Haus der Kulturen der Welt, 2008 is a Syrian writer and political dissident.

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Yehuda Alharizi

Yehuda Alharizi, also Judah ben Solomon Harizi or al-Harizi (יהודה בן שלמה אלחריזי, Yehudah ben Shelomo al-Harizi, يحيا بن سليمان بن شاؤل أبو زكريا الحريزي اليهودي من أهل طليطلة, Yahya bin Sulaiman bin Sha'ul abu Zakaria al-Harizi al-Yahudi min ahl Tulaitila) was a rabbi, translator, poet and traveller active in Spain in the Middle Ages (1165 in Toledo? – 1225 in Aleppo).

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Yervant Pamboukian

Yervant Pamboukian (Երուանդ Փամպուքեան) is an Armenian historian, editor and a member of ARF party.

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Yisroel Meir Gabbai

Yisroel Meir Gabbai is a Breslover Hasid who travels the world to locate, repair and maintain Jewish cemeteries and kevarim (gravesites) of Torah notables.

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Yohanna Ibrahim

Yohanna Ibrahim (Arabic: يوحنا إبراهيم) also Gregorios Yohanna or Mor Gregorios Yohanna Ibrahim (born August 18, 1948) is the Syriac Orthodox archbishop of Aleppo.

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Youssef Ziedan

Youssef Ziedan (يوسف زيدان) (born June 30, 1958) is an Egyptian scholar who specializes in Arabic and Islamic studies.

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Yousuf Karsh

Yousuf Karsh, CC (Armenian name: Hovsep Karsh; December 23, 1908 – July 13, 2002) was an Armenian-Canadian photographer known for his portraits of notable individuals.

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Youth activism

Youth activism is youth engagement in community organizing for social change.

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YPG–FSA relations

Relations between the People's Protection Units (YPG) and the Free Syrian Army (FSA) are unclear and varied among the different FSA factions.

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Yuhanon Qashisho

Yuhanon Qashisho (1918 in Esfes, Ottoman Empire – 2001 in Sweden) was a praised Assyrian author and poet.

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Yunus Pasha

Yunus Pasha (died September 13, 1517) was an Ottoman statesman.

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Yusuf al-'Azma

Yusuf al-'Azma (يوسف العظمة, ALA-LC: Yūsuf al-‘Aẓmah; 9 April 1884 – 24 July 1920) was the Syrian minister of war in the governments of prime ministers Rida al-Rikabi and Hashim al-Atassi, and the Arab Army's chief of general staff under King Faisal.

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Yusuf al-Sa'dun

Yusuf al-Sa'dun (يوسف السعدون) (1888-1980) was a Syrian rebel commander in the Hananu Revolt based in the Jabal Qusayr area near Antioch in modern-day Turkey.

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Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi

Jamal al-Din, Abi al-Hajjaj, Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi (يوسف بن عبدالرحمن المزي) was an Islamic scholar from the Levant.

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Yusuf Nabi

Yusuf Nabi (1642 – 10 April 1712) was a Turkish Divan poet in the court of Mehmet IV.

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Yves Debay

Yves Debay (24 December 1954 – 17 January 2013), a veteran French-Finnish war correspondent, founded and reported for French-language magazines Raids and later Assaut (Translation: Assault), which is published out of Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, France.

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Zahir al-Umar

Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani (alternatively spelled Dhaher al-Omar or Dahir al-Umar) (ظاهر آل عمر الزيداني; Ẓāhir āl-ʿUmar az-Zaydānī, 1689/90 – 21 August 1775) was the virtually autonomous Arab ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-18th century,Philipp, ed.

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Zahiri Revolt

The Zahiri Revolt was a conspiracy leading to a failed coup d'état against the government of the 14th-century Mamluk Sultanate, having been characterized as both a political struggle and a theological conflict.

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Zahlé

Zahlé (زحلة) is the capital and the largest city of Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon.

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Zaina Erhaim

Zaina Erhaim is a Syrian journalist, currently based in Turkey.

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Zaki al-Arsuzi

Zakī al-Arsūzī (زكي الأرسوزي; June 1899 – 2 July 1968) was a Syrian philosopher, philologist, sociologist, historian, and Arab nationalist.

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Zaki Cohen

Zaki Cohen (Arabic: زكي كوهن) born in 1829 in Aleppo in the Ottoman Empire, was a Chief Rabbi of the Jewish community in Beirut, Lebanon.

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Zakkur

Zakkur (or Zakir) was the ancient king of Hamath and Luhuti (also known as Nuhašše) in Syria.

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Zardana

Zardana (زردنا, also spelled Zerdana or Zirdana) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of Idlib Governorate.

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Zareh I

Zareh I Payaslian (Զարեհ Ա. Փայասլեան) (14 February 1915, Marash – 18 February 1963, Beirut, Lebanon) was Catholicos of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church from 1956 to 1963.

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Zareh Moskofian

Zareh Moskofian (Զարեհ Մոսքոֆեան, 1898 in Izmit, Ottoman Empire – 1987 in Lyon, France) was an Ottoman painter of Armenian descent.

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Zayzafun

Zayzafun (Zayzafūn), or İğde (İğde, Īkhdah), also known as Ikadah (Īkidah) which may be alternatively spelled Aykadah or Ekdeh, is a village in the northern Aleppo countryside, Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Zechariah Dhahiri

Zechariah (Yaḥya) al-Ḍāhirī (זכריה אלצ'אהרי,, b. circa 1531 – d. 1608), often spelled Zechariah al-Dhahiri (زكريا الضاهري) (16th century Yemen), was the son of Saʻīd (Saʻadia) al-Ḍāhirī, from Kawkaban, in the District of al-Mahwit, Yemen, a place north-west of Sana’a.

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Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)

The Zeitun rebellion or Second Zeitun Resistance (Zeyt'uni yerkrord goyamartĕ) took place in the winter of 1895–1896, during the Hamidian massacres, when the Armenians of Zeitun (modern Süleymanlı), fearing the prospect of massacre, took up arms to defend themselves from Ottoman troops.

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Zeki Majed

Zeki Majed (born November 13, 1996) is a Kurdish filmmaker and poet.

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Zeki Pasha

Zeki Pasha or Zekki Pasha or Zeki Kolaçİzzettin Çalışlar, On yıllık savaşın günlüğü: Balkan, Birinci Dünya ve İstiklal Savaşları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1997, or Mehmet Zeki Baraz (Halepli Zeki Paşa; 1862–1943), known as Zeki Baraz Kolaç Kılıçoğlu after the 1934 Surname Law,Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu name, Osmanlı Askerlik Literatürü Tarihi: History of Military Art and Science Literature during the Ottoman Period, İslâm Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA), 2004, was a Turkish Balkan Wars and World War I field marshal of the Ottoman Army.

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Zengid dynasty

The Zengid or Zangid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turk origin, which ruled parts of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia on behalf of the Seljuk Empire.

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Ziade Palace

The Ziade Palace (قصر زيادة) is a 19th-century grand mansion located in Beirut's Zokak el-Blat quarter.

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Ziadiyah

Ziadiyah (az-Ziyādīyah) is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria.

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Zimri-Lim

Zimri-Lim was king of Mari from about 1775 to 1761 BC.

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Zobah

Zobah or Aram-Zobah (Hebrew צובה or ארם צובא) was an early Aramean state which extended from the Beqaa Valley along the eastern side of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains reaching Hamath to the north and Damascus to the south, at one time of considerable importance.

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Zuhair Masharqa

Muhammad Zuhair Masharqa (1938 – 23 April 2007) (زهير مشارقة) was a Syrian politician who served as Vice President of Syria from 1984 to 2006.

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1002

Year 1002 (MII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1009

Year in topic Year 1009 (MIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1016

Year 1016 (MXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1022

Year 1022 (MXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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10th century in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 10th century.

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10th Indian Infantry Division

The 10th Indian Infantry Division was a war formed infantry division of the Indian Army during World War II.

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1119

Year 1119 (MCXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1138

Year 1138 (MCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1138 Aleppo earthquake

The 1138 Aleppo earthquake was among the deadliest earthquakes in history.

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1170 Syria earthquake

The 1170 Syria earthquake was one of the largest earthquakes to hit Syria.

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1176

Year 1176 (MCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1236

Year 1236 (MCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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13th Division (Syrian rebel group)

The 13th Division (الفرقة 13) is a Syrian rebel group sanctioned by the Syrian National Council.

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14th century in architecture

No description.

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14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)

The 14th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted infantry or light horse unit of the Australian Army.

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15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade

The 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade was a brigade-sized formation that served alongside British Empire forces in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, during the First World War.

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1600s BC (decade)

The 1600s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1609 BC to December 31, 1600 BC.

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1680s in architecture

No description.

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16th century BC

The 16th century BC is a century which lasted from 1600 BC to 1501 BC.

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1704

In the Swedish calendar it was a leap year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

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1704 in England

Events from the year 1704 in England.

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1838 Druze revolt

The 1838 Druze revoltGoren, Haim.

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1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari

A series of massacres in Hakkari in the years 1843 and 1846 of Assyrians were carried out by the Kurdish emirs of Bohtan and Hakkari, Bedr Khan Bey and Nurallah.

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1860 Mount Lebanon civil war

The 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war (also called the 1860 Civil War in Syria) was the culmination of a peasant uprising, which began in the north of Mount Lebanon as a rebellion of Maronite peasants against their Druze overlords and culminated in a massacre in Damascus.

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18th Brigade (Australia)

The 18th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Australian Army.

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1916

Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix.

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1919 England to Australia flight

In 1919 the Australian government offered a prize of £A10,000 for the first Australians in a British aircraft to fly from Great Britain to Australia.

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1920 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1920.

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1920 in France

Events from the year 1920 in France.

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1925 Hama uprising

The 1925 Hama uprising was one of the major events of the Great Syrian Revolt.

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1927 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1927.

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1928–29 in Mandatory Palestine football

The 1928–29 season was the 2nd season of competitive football in the British Mandate for Palestine under the Eretz Israel Football Association, which was established during the previous season.

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1930 in science

The year 1930 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1936 Syrian general strike

The 1936 Syrian general strike (الإضراب الستيني) was a 50-day strike that was organized as a response to the policies of the French occupation of Syria and Lebanon.

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1944

Below, events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.

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1946 Birthday Honours

The 1946 King's Birthday Honours, celebrating the official birthday of King George VI, were announced on 13 June 1946 for the United Kingdom and British Empire.

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1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo

The 1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo were an attack against Jews in Aleppo, Syria in December 1947, following the United Nations vote in favour of partitioning Palestine.

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1949 Menarsha synagogue attack

The Menarsha synagogue attack took place on August 5, 1949, in the Jewish quarter of Damascus, Syria.

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1961 Syrian coup d'état

The Syrian coup d'état of 1961 was an uprising by disgruntled Syrian Army officers on September 28, 1961, that resulted in the break-up of the United Arab Republic and the restoration of an independent Syrian Republic.

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1963 Syrian coup d'état

The 1963 Syrian coup d'état, referred to by the Syrian government as the 8 March Revolution (ثورة الثامن من آذار), was the successful seizure of power in Syria by the military committee of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.

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1966 Syrian coup d'état

The 1966 Syrian coup d'état refers to events between 21 and 23 February in which the government of the Syrian Arab Republic was overthrown and replaced.

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1988 AFC Youth Championship

The 1988 AFC Youth Championship finals were held between October 17 and October 28 in Doha, capital of Qatar.

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1988 OFC U-20 Championship

The OFC U-20 Championship 1988 was held in Suva, Fiji.

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1992 Arab Nations Cup

The 1992 Arab Nations Cup is the sixth edition of the Arab Nations Cup hosted by Syria, in 2 Provinces Aleppo and Damascus.

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19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras)

The 19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras) was a Volunteer unit of the British Army in existence from 1860 to 1961 under various titles.

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1st Free French Division

The 1st Free French Division (1re Division Française Libre, 1re DFL) was one of the principal units of the Free French Forces (FFL) during World War II, renowned for having fought the Battle of Bir Hakeim.

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1st Light Car Patrol (Australia)

The 1st Light Car Patrol was formed in Melbourne during 1916 as part of the Australian Imperial Force during World War I. First named the 1st Armoured Car Section, it was also known as the 1st Armoured Car Battery.

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1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery

1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery is a regiment of the Royal Horse Artillery in the British Army.

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2/10th Battalion (Australia)

The 2/10th Battalion ("The Adelaide Rifles") was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that was raised for overseas service as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) during World War II.

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2/12th Battalion (Australia)

The 2/12th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army which served during World War II.

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2/17th Battalion (Australia)

The 2/17th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army.

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2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)

The 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion was formed in June 1940 as part of the 7th Division and served in Egypt, Syria, the Netherlands East Indies and New Guinea during World War II.

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2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)

The 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was a cavalry regiment of the Australian Army that served during the Second World War and was later converted into a commando unit.

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2/7th Field Regiment (Australia)

The 2/7th Field Regiment was an Australian Army field artillery regiment that served during the Second World War.

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2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification

2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification is the qualification process organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) to determine the participating teams for the 2000 AFC Asian Cup.

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2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC First Round

The AFC First Round of 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification was contested between 39 AFC members.

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2002 World Monuments Watch

The World Monuments Watch is a flagship advocacy program of the New York-based private non-profit organization, World Monuments Fund (WMF) that is dedicated to preserving and safeguarding the historic, artistic, and architectural heritage of humankind.

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2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification

The qualification process for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup football competition began on March 2003.

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2006 AFC Champions League

The 2006 AFC Champions League was the 25th edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament and the 4th edition under the current AFC Champions League title.

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2006 AFC U-17 Championship qualification

AFC U-17 Championship 2006 Qualification in a 2005.

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2006 in South Korean football

SK, the owners of a K-League team based in Bucheon (Bucheon SK), surprised many when, with little warning, they moved the whole club to the island of Jeju, renaming the club Jeju United FC.

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2006 WABA Super League

The West Asian Basketball Super League 2006 (WASL) was the 1st staging of the WASL League, the basketball club league of West Asia Basketball Association.

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2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification

The 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification was held in late 2005 and the final qualification round was held from February to November 2006 with 25 nations participating.

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2007 AFC Champions League

The 2007 AFC Champions League was the 26th edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament and the 5th edition under the current AFC Champions League title.

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2007 FIBA Asia Champions Cup

The FIBA Asia Champions Cup 2007 was the 18th staging of the FIBA Asia Champions Cup, the basketball club tournament of FIBA Asia.

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2007 in Iraqi football

Despite the nation being torn apart by civil war, Iraqi football in 2007 went as scheduled for the most part.

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2007 WABA Champions Cup

The WABA Champions Cup 2007 was the 10th staging of the WABA Champions Cup, the basketball club tournament of West Asia Basketball Association.

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2007–08 Sepahan F.C. season

This is a list of Sepahan F.C.'s results at the IPL 2007/08, the 2007 ACL, the 2007 Club World Cup, and the 2008 ACL.

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2007–08 Syrian Premier League

The 2007–08 Syrian Premier League is the 37th season of the Syrian Premier League, Syria's premier football league.

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2008 AFC Champions League

The 2008 AFC Champions League was the 27th AFC Champions League, the top-level Asian club football tournament, and the 6th under the current AFC Champions League title.

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2008 Arab Capital of Culture

The 2008 Arab Capital of Culture was chosen to be Damascus, Syria.

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2008 FC Bunyodkor season

The 2008 season was Bunyodkor's second season in the Uzbek League in Uzbekistan.

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2008–09 Syrian Cup

The 2008-09 version of the Syrian Cup is the 39th edition to be played.

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2008–09 Syrian Premier League

The 2008–09 Syrian Premier League is the 38th season of the Syrian Premier League, Syria's premier football league.

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2009 Arab Youth Athletics Championships

The 2009 Arab Youth Athletics Championships was the third edition of the international athletics competition for under-18 athletes from Arab countries.

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2009 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group III

The Asian and Oceanian Zone is one of the three zones of regional Davis Cup competition in 2009.

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2009 in Chinese football

No description.

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2009 Qatar national football team results

This article details the fixtures and results of the Qatar national football team in 2009.

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2009–10 Syrian Premier League

The 2009–10 Syrian Premier League was the 39th season of the Syrian Premier League.

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2010 AFC Cup group stage

The 2010 AFC Cup group stage matches took place between 23 February and 28 April 2010.

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2010 AFC Cup knockout stage

The 2010 AFC Cup was the 7th edition of the competition, played between clubs from nations who are members of the Asian Football Confederation.

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2010–11 Syrian Premier League

The 2010–11 Syrian Premier League season is the 40th since its establishment.

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2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification

The 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification saw various countries take part to determine 10 spots to the final tournament in Qatar under the new qualification system set by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

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2011 AFC Cup group stage

A total of 32 teams, 20 from West Asia and 12 from East Asia, competed in the 2011 AFC Cup group stage.

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2011–12 Syrian Premier League

The 2011–12 Syrian Premier League season is the 41st since its establishment.

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2012 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2012.

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2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War

The 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War refers to the third phase of the Syrian Civil War, which gradually escalated from a UN-mediated cease fire attempt during April–May 2012 and deteriorated into radical violence, escalating the conflict level to a full-fledged civil war.

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2013 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2013.

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2013 Syrian Premier League

The 2013 Syrian Premier League season is the 42nd since its establishment.

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2014 Aleppo bombing

On 8 May 2014, a bomb blast leveled the Carlton Citadel Hotel in Aleppo, Syria, killing 14–50.

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2014 Eastern Syria offensive

The 2014 Eastern Syria offensive was an offensive launched by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS or IS) against government-held military installations in eastern Syria during the Syrian Civil War, after expelling the Syrian rebels from the region.

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2014 Hama offensive

The 2014 Hama offensive, codenamed Ghazwat Badr al-Sham al-Kubra, was a military operation launched by Syrian rebels during the Syrian Civil War in the northern parts of Hama Governorate, in an attempt to reach the Hama Military Airport and the provincial capital of the province.

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2014 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2014.

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2014 Latakia offensive

The 2014 Latakia offensive was a rebel offensive in the Latakia Governorate of Syria launched on 21 March 2014 by rebel Islamist groups including Al-Nusra Front, which called the offensive "Anfal", while a coalition of Supreme Military Council rebel groups called the offensive "The Martyrs Mothers".

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2014 Syrian Premier League

The 2014 Syrian Premier League season is the 43rd since its establishment.

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2015 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2015.

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2015 Qatari hunters kidnapping

The 2015 Qatari hunters kidnapping set off a hostage crisis of nearly a year and a half in Iraq and involved negotiations and deals between many neighboring states.

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2016 Aleppo summer campaign

The 2016 Aleppo summer campaign started with a military operation launched on the northern outskirts of Aleppo in late June 2016, by the Syrian Arab Army.

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2016 Ansbach bombing

On 24 July 2016, fifteen people were injured, four seriously, in a suicide bombing outside a wine bar in Ansbach, Germany.

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2016 Dabiq offensive

The 2016 Dabiq offensive was a military offensive and part of the third phase of Operation Euphrates Shield launched by the Turkish Armed Forces and factions from the Free Syrian Army (FSA, a Syrian rebel group) and allied groups, with the goal of capturing the town of Dabiq, north of Aleppo from Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

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2016 Hama offensive

The 2016 Hama offensive, codenamed as the Battle for the sake of God by the rebels, was a military offensive operation launched by Syrian rebels during the Syrian Civil War in the northern parts of Hama Governorate as an attempt to relieve pressure on rebels fighting in Aleppo city.

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2016 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2016.

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2016 Khanasir offensive

The 2016 Khanasir offensive was a military operation conducted by ISIL and Jund al-Aqsa, during the Syrian Civil War, with the aim of cutting the Syrian government's only supply route to the northern part of the Aleppo Governorate, which runs through the town of Khanasir.

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2016 Latakia offensive

The 2016 Latakia offensive, code-named Battle of Yarmouk, refers to a rebel operation launched in the northern Latakia Governorate in late June 2016.

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2016 Southern Aleppo campaign

The 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign was a series of military operations that started on 1 April when the Islamist rebel coalition Army of Conquest, led by the al-Nusra Front, launched a surprise offensive south of Aleppo.

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2016–17 Syrian Premier League

The 2016–17 Syrian Premier League season is the 46th since its establishment.

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2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing

On 15 April 2017, a car bomb detonated near a convoy of buses in the al-Rashideen neighbourhood of western Aleppo, Syria.

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2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike

On 18 June 2017, under Operation Laylat al-Qadr (عملیات لیلةالقدر), Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) fired six surface-to-surface mid-range ballistic missile from domestic bases targeting ISIL forces in the Syrian Deir ez-Zor Governorate in response to the terrorist attacks in Tehran earlier that month.

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2017 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2017.

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2017 Tehran attacks

On 7 June 2017, two terrorist attacks were simultaneously carried out by five terrorists belonging to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) against the Iranian Parliament building and the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini, both in Tehran, Iran, leaving 17 civilians dead and 43 wounded.

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2017–18 Syrian Premier League

The 2017–18 Syrian Premier League season is the 47th since its establishment.

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22nd Battalion (New Zealand)

The 22nd Battalion, also known as the "Wellington Battalion", was an infantry battalion of the New Zealand Military Forces, which served during the Second World War.

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23rd Division (Syrian rebel group)

The 16th Infantry Division (الفرقة 16 مشاة) was a Syrian rebel group affiliated with the Free Syrian Army.

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24th Battalion (New Zealand)

The 24th Auckland Battalion was an infantry battalion of the New Zealand Army during the Second World War.

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3M-54 Kalibr

The Russian 3M-54 Калибр (Kalibr) and 3M-14 Бирюза (Biryuza, Turqoise) (NATO codename SS-N-27 Sizzler and SS-N-30A) are Russian surface ship and submarine-launched anti-ship and coastal anti ship (AShM) and land attack cruise missiles (LACM) developed by the Novator Design Bureau (OKB-8).

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3rd Armoured Division (Syria)

The 3rd Armoured Division is a formation of the Syrian Army responsible for securing the northern approach to Damascus.

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637

Year 637 (DCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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7 April Stadium (Aleppo)

7 April Stadium (ملعب السابع من نيسان) is a football stadium in the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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720

Year 720 (DCCXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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7th Division (Australia)

The 7th Division was an infantry division of the Australian Army.

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8th Infantry Division (India)

The 8th Mountain Division was raised as the 8th Indian Infantry division of the British Indian Army.

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944

Year 944 (CMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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952

Year 952 (CMLII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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953

Year 953 (CMLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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960

Year 960 (CMLX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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962

Year 962 (CMLXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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969

Year 969 (CMLXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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977

Year 977 (CMLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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983

Year 983 (CMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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991

Year 991 (CMXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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995

Year 995 (CMXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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Redirects here:

'ħalab, Alep, Alepine, Alepo, Aleppine, Aleppo, Syria, Aleppo,Syria, Allepo, Alleppo, Emirate of Aleppo, Geography of Aleppo, Halab, Halap, Haleb, Heleb, History of Aleppo, حلب, Ḥalab, Ḩalab.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo