Communication

525 relations: A5/1, ABC News, ABC News (Australia), AC-2, Activism, Address book, Afghan War documents leak, Afghanistan, Agence France-Presse, Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna, Al Jazeera, Al-Qaeda, Alan Rusbridger, Ali Khamenei, Alice Springs, Allies of World War II, American Civil Liberties Union, Amnesty International, Andi Mallarangeng, Andrei Soldatov, Android (operating system), Angela Davis, Angela Merkel, Angry Birds, Anonymous (group), Apple Inc., Application software, Ars Technica, Associated Press, AT&T, Atlantic Crossing 1, Attorney-General for Australia, Attorney–client privilege, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station, Australian Intelligence Community, Australian Signals Directorate, Babar the Elephant, Bad Aibling Station, Baltic states, Barack Obama, Barton Gellman, BBC, Berlin, Bild am Sonntag, BIOS, BlackBerry, Blarney (code name), Blenheim, New Zealand, Blogger (service), ..., Bloomberg Television, Bob Cesca, Boediono, Booz Allen Hamilton, Boundless Informant, Brandenburg Gate, Brussels, BT Group, Bundestag, Business card, Call detail record, Call logging, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Canberra, Carl Bildt, CBS News, Central Intelligence Agency, Centre for Investigative Journalism, Centro Nacional de Inteligencia, Certificate authority, Chancellor of Germany, Channel 4, Chelsea Manning, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Circe (cable system), Cisco PIX, Clare Short, Classified information, CNN, Coalition, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, Communications Security Establishment, Computer file, Computer reservation system, Contact list, Continuous-wave radar, Covert listening device, Criminal charge, Cyberattack, Cyberwarfare, Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Daniel Ellsberg, Danish Security and Intelligence Service, Darwin, Northern Territory, Data center, Data set, Database, David Cameron, David Omand, David Shayler, De Telegraaf, Deep packet inspection, Dell PowerEdge, Denial-of-service attack, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Der Spiegel, Deutsche Welle, Dilma Rousseff, Dino Patti Djalal, Diplomatic cable, Directorate-General for External Security, Dishfire, Dropmire, Drug Enforcement Administration, DSMA-Notice, Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service, ECHELON, Edward Lucas (journalist), Edward Snowden, El Mundo (Spain), El País, Electromagnetic radiation, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Embassy of Italy, Washington, D.C., Embassy of the United Kingdom, Berlin, Embassy of the United States, Ottawa, Encryption, Enrique Peña Nieto, Epilepsy, Equation Group, Eric Holder, Espionage, Espionage Act of 1917, Ethnic group, Euromaidan, European Union, Ewen MacAskill, Executive Order 12333, Facebook, Facial recognition system, Falter, Faraday cage, FASCIA (database), Feature phone, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Intelligence Service (Germany), Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany), Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Felipe Calderón, Fiber-optic communication, Financial Times, Financial transaction, Firewall (computing), First Look Media, Five Eyes, Flickr, Flip chip, Forbes, Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence, Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Freedom House, Gemalto, General Intelligence and Security Service, Geographic Messaging Service, Geolocation, George Brandis, George W. Bush, Geraldton, Gerhard Schröder, German Chancellery, German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal, Germany, Gesetz zur Beschränkung des Brief-, Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnisses, Gigabit Ethernet, Glenn Greenwald, Global Crossing, Global surveillance, Global surveillance whistleblowers, Global Telecoms Exploitation, Gmail, Google, Google Earth, Google Maps, Government Accountability Project, Government Communications Headquarters, Government Communications Security Bureau, GSM, Hans-Christian Ströbele, Hans-Peter Friedrich, Hard disk drive, Harris Corporation, Hatta Rajasa, Headquarters of the United Nations, Helle Thorning-Schmidt, History of the United States, HMAS Harman, HTTP cookie, Hu Jintao, Huawei, HuffPost, Human intelligence (intelligence gathering), Human Rights Watch, ICANN, Index on Censorship, Information privacy, Interception Modernisation Programme, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Internet, Internet access, Internet Archive, Internet service provider, Interoute, IOS, IOS 4, IP address, IPhone, IPhone OS 3, Iran, Iranian Kurdistan, Iraq War, Israel, Jacob Appelbaum, James Bamford, Janine Gibson, Jay Carney, John Doe (Panama Papers' whistleblower), John Tye (whistleblower), Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group, Julian Assange, Julie Bishop, Juniper Networks, Jusuf Kalla, Karin Enström, Karma Police (surveillance program), Katharine Gun, Keith B. Alexander, Kenya, Keystroke logging, Klayman v. Obama, Kofi Annan, Kola Peninsula, L'espresso, La Nación, Laura Poitras, Law of Sweden, Law of the United States, Le Monde, Le Parisien, Level 3 Communications, Liberty (advocacy group), Like button, LinkedIn, List of charges in United States v. Manning, List of European Council meetings, List of German interior ministers, List of human rights organisations, List of Secretaries General of OPEC, Lockheed Corporation, Login, Los Angeles Times, Lustre (treaty), MAINWAY, Malware, Man-in-the-middle attack, Map, Marital status, Mark Klein, Marty Natalegawa, Masha Gessen, Mass surveillance industry, Massively multiplayer online role-playing game, Master boot record, Mastering the Internet, Mayer Brown, Metadata, Metropolitan Police Service, Mexico, MI5, Michael Hastings (journalist), Microchip implant (human), Microsoft, Milan, Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden), Minister of Defence (Sweden), Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Mines and Energy (Brazil), Missed call, Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation, Motherboard, Motorola Slvr, MSNBC, Multi-chip module, Munich, MUSCULAR (surveillance program), Myriad, MYSTIC (surveillance program), National Counterterrorism Center, National Defence Radio Establishment, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, National Post, National Security Agency, NATO, NBC, NBC News, Network switching subsystem, Neutral country, New Statesman, New York City, News leak, Nick Clegg, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Norwegian Intelligence Service, NPR, NRC Handelsblad, NSA ANT catalog, NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007), Numerama, Ny Teknik, O Globo, Occupy Wall Street, OneDrive, OPEC, Operating system, Optic Nerve (GCHQ), Optical fiber cable, Orange S.A., ORF (broadcaster), Outlook.com, Pacnet, Panama Papers, PBS, PEC (cable system), Pentagon Papers, People's Liberation Army, Perry Fellwock, Peter Maass, Petrobras, Philippines, Phishing, Pine Gap, Presidency of Barack Obama, Presidency of George W. Bush, President of Indonesia, President of the United States, Presidential Policy Directive 20, Printed circuit board, Prior restraint, PRISM (surveillance program), Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board report on mass surveillance, Privacy International, Privacy law, Professional network service, Project 6, ProPublica, Prosecutor, Proximus Group, Pulitzer Prize, Quantum computing, Qubit, Radio France Internationale, Radio frequency, Real-time data, Reichstag building, Restore the Fourth, Retroreflector, Reuters, Right of asylum, Riksdag, Roaming, Rolling Stone, Ronald Plasterk, Room 641A, Russ Tice, Russia–United States relations, Salon (website), Süddeutsche Zeitung, Screenshot, SEA-ME-WE 3, SEA-ME-WE 4, Sean Wilentz, Search and seizure, Second Life, Secret treaty, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Security and Intelligence Division, Semiconductor, Sensitive Compartmented Information, September 11 attacks, Server (computing), Sexual orientation, Shami Chakrabarti, Shoal Bay Receiving Station, Signals intelligence, Smartphone, Smith v. Maryland, SMS, Social media, Social movement, Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, Sofyan Djalil, Solomon Islands, SORM, South China Morning Post, Special Collection Service, Special Source Operations, Spencer Ackerman, Squeaky Dolphin, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Stasi, Stateroom (surveillance program), Steffen Seibert, Stellar Wind, Stockholm, Strait of Hormuz, Stuxnet, Subscriber identity module, Svenska Dagbladet, Sveriges Radio, Sveriges Television, Swedish neutrality, Swedish Security Service, Swiss intelligence agencies, Sydsvenskan, T-Mobile US, Tailored Access Operations, Tamedia, Task force, TAT-14, Team sport, Telecommunication, Telephone company, Tempora, Terabyte, Terrorist Surveillance Program, The Australian, The Copenhagen Post, The Daily Telegraph, The Day We Fight Back, The Economist, The Globe and Mail, The Guardian, The Independent, The Intercept, The Local, The New Republic, The New York Times, The New Zealand Herald, The Pentagon, The Register, The Shadow Brokers, The Sydney Morning Herald, The Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Theft, Thomas A. Drake, Thomas de Maizière, Thuraya, Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå, Time (magazine), Tony Abbott, Tor (anonymity network), Transceiver, Transparency International, Trésor public, Tsinghua University, TURBINE (US government project), Twitter, UKUSA Agreement, ULYSSES (cable system), Unit 8200, United Kingdom, United States, United States Attorney General, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of State, United States diplomatic cables leak, United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, United States Intelligence Community, USA Today, USB flash drive, User behavior analytics, Verizon Communications, Verizon Wireless, Viatel, Vice News, Video Graphics Array, Virtual private network, Virtual world, Vodafone, Voicemail, Waihopai Station, Westdeutscher Rundfunk, Western world, Whistleblower, White House, White House Press Secretary, Wi-Fi, Widodo Adi Sutjipto, WikiLeaks, William Binney (intelligence official), William Hague, Windows Embedded Compact, Windows Management Instrumentation, Windows Mobile, Windows XP, Wired (magazine), Wireless LAN, World Bank, World of Warcraft, World Trade Organization, World War II, Xbox, XKeyscore, Yahoo!, Yahoo! Messenger, YouTube, ZDNet, ZIP Code, 1984 (advertisement), 2009 G20 London summit, 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, 2010 G20 Toronto summit, 3G. Expand index (475 more) » « Shrink index

A5/1

A5/1 is a stream cipher used to provide over-the-air communication privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard.

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ABC News

ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.

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ABC News (Australia)

ABC News is a national news service in Australia produced by the News and Current Affairs division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

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AC-2

Yellow / AC-2 (Atlantic Crossing 2) is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the USA and the UK.

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Activism

Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society.

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Address book

An address book or a name and address book (NAB) is a book or a database used for storing entries called contacts.

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Afghan War documents leak

The Afghan War documents leak, also called the Afghan War Diary, is the disclosure of a collection of internal U.S. military logs of the War in Afghanistan, which were published by WikiLeaks on 2010.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.

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Agence France-Presse

Agence France-Presse (AFP) is an international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.

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Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna

The Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna (in Italian for "External Intelligence and Security Agency"), commonly known as AISE and formerly known as SISMI, is the foreign intelligence service of Italy.

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Al Jazeera

Al Jazeera (translit,, literally "The Island", though referring to the Arabian Peninsula in context), also known as JSC (Jazeera Satellite Channel), is a state-funded broadcaster in Doha, Qatar, owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network.

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Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda (القاعدة,, translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988.

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Alan Rusbridger

Alan Charles Rusbridger (born 29 December 1953) is a British journalist, Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford and the former editor-in-chief of The Guardian.

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Ali Khamenei

Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei (سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای,; born 17 July 1939) is a ''marja'' and the second and current Supreme Leader of Iran, in office since 1989.

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Alice Springs

Alice Springs (Arrernte: Mparntwe) is the third-largest town in the Northern Territory of Australia.

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Allies of World War II

The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).

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American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonprofit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." Officially nonpartisan, the organization has been supported and criticized by liberal and conservative organizations alike.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a London-based non-governmental organization focused on human rights.

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Andi Mallarangeng

Andi Alfian Mallarangeng (born March 14, 1963 in Makassar, South Sulawesi) is an Indonesian politician who served as Minister of Youth and Sports at Second United Indonesia Cabinet.

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Andrei Soldatov

Andrei Alekseyevich Soldatov (Андрей Алексеевич Солдатов, born 4 October 1975 in Moscow, Russia) is a Russian investigative journalist and Russian security services expert.

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Android (operating system)

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

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Angela Davis

Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944) is an American political activist, academic, and author.

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Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (Kasner, born 17 July 1954) is a German politician serving as Chancellor of Germany since 2005 and leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2000.

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Angry Birds

Angry Birds is a video game franchise created by Finnish company Rovio Entertainment.

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Anonymous (group)

Anonymous is a decentralized international hacktivist group that is widely known for its various DDOS cyber attacks against several governments, government institutions & government agencies, corporations, and the Church of Scientology.

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Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services.

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Application software

An application software (app or application for short) is a computer software designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user.

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Ars Technica

Ars Technica (a Latin-derived term that the site translates as the "art of technology") is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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AT&T

AT&T Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered at Whitacre Tower in Downtown Dallas, Texas.

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Atlantic Crossing 1

Atlantic Crossing 1 (AC-1) is an optical submarine telecommunications cable system linking the USA and three European countries.

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Attorney-General for Australia

The Attorney-General for AustraliaThe title is officially "Attorney-General".

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Attorney–client privilege

In the law of the United States, attorney–client privilege or lawyer–client privilege is a "client's right privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications between the client and the attorney." The attorney–client privilege is one of the oldest recognized privileges for confidential communications.

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Australian Broadcasting Corporation

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) founded in 1929 is Australia's national broadcaster, funded by the Australian Federal Government but specifically independent of Government and politics in the Commonwealth.

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Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station

The Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station (ADSCS), an Earth station in Australia is located at Kojarena, east of Geraldton, Western Australia.

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Australian Intelligence Community

The Australian Intelligence Community (AIC) and the National Intelligence Community (NIC) or National Security Community of the Australian Government are the collectives of statutory intelligence agencies, policy departments, and other government agencies concerned with protecting and advancing the national security and national interests of the Commonwealth of Australia.

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Australian Signals Directorate

Australian Signals Directorate (ASD; until 2013: Defence Signals Directorate, DSD) is an Australian government foreign intelligence collection agency responsible for foreign signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information security (INFOSEC).

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Babar the Elephant

Babar the Elephant is a fictional character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff.

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Bad Aibling Station

The Bad Aibling Station (abbreviated BAS, also known as Field station 81, which had an official designation as the 18th United States Army Security Agency Field Station, or as the pseudonym Hortensie III) is a satellite tracking station operated by the German intelligence agency Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) in Bad Aibling, Bavaria.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.

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Barton Gellman

Barton David Gellman (born 1960) is an American journalist and bestselling author known for his reports on the September 11 attacks, on Dick Cheney's vice presidency and on the global surveillance disclosure.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Bild am Sonntag

Bild am Sonntag (BamS) is the largest-selling German national Sunday newspaper published in Berlin, Germany.

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BIOS

BIOS (an acronym for Basic Input/Output System and also known as the System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS) is non-volatile firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power-on startup), and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs.

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BlackBerry

BlackBerry is a line of smartphones, tablets, and services originally designed and marketed by Canadian company BlackBerry Limited (formerly known as Research In Motion, or RIM).

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Blarney (code name)

BLARNEY is a communications surveillance program of the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States.

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Blenheim, New Zealand

Blenheim (Waiharakeke) is the most populous town in the region of Marlborough, in the north east of the South Island of New Zealand.

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Blogger (service)

Blogger is a blog-publishing service that allows multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries.

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Bloomberg Television

Bloomberg Television (typically referred to on-air as simply Bloomberg) is an American-based international cable and satellite business news television channel, owned by Bloomberg L.P. It is distributed globally, reaching over 310 million homes worldwide.

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Bob Cesca

Bob Cesca (born July 12, 1971) is an American director, producer, writer, actor, blogger and political commentator.

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Boediono

Boediono (EYD: Budiono) (pronounced; born 25 February 1943) was the Vice President of Indonesia from 2009 to 2014.

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Booz Allen Hamilton

Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. (informally: Booz Allen) is an American management and information technology consulting firm, sometimes referred to as a government-services company, headquartered in McLean, Virginia, in Greater Washington, D.C., with 80 other offices around the globe.

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Boundless Informant

Boundless Informant (stylized as BOUNDLESSINFORMANT) is a big data analysis and data visualization tool used by the United States National Security Agency (NSA).

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Brandenburg Gate

The Brandenburg Gate (Brandenburger Tor) is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after the (temporarily) successful restoration of order during the early Batavian Revolution.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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BT Group

BT Group plc (trading as BT and formerly British Telecom) is a British multinational telecommunications holding company with head offices in London, United Kingdom.

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Bundestag

The Bundestag ("Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament.

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Business card

Business cards are cards bearing business information about a company or individual.

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Call detail record

A call detail record (CDR) is a data record produced by a telephone exchange or other telecommunications equipment that documents the details of a telephone call or other telecommunications transaction (e.g., text message) that passes through that facility or device.

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Call logging

Call logging is the collection, evaluation, and reporting of technical and statistical data about telephone calls.

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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Société Radio-Canada), branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television.

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Canberra

Canberra is the capital city of Australia.

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Carl Bildt

Nils Daniel Carl Bildt (born 15 July 1949) is a conservative Swedish politician and diplomat who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1991 to 1994.

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CBS News

CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Centre for Investigative Journalism

The Centre for Investigative Journalism (CIJ) is a British non-profit organisation providing training to journalists, researchers, producers and students in the practice and methodology of investigative journalism.

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Centro Nacional de Inteligencia

The National Intelligence Center (Centro Nacional de Inteligencia, CNI) is the Spanish official intelligence agency.

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Certificate authority

In cryptography, a certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity that issues digital certificates.

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Chancellor of Germany

The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany.

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Channel 4

Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982.

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Chelsea Manning

Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning, December 17, 1987) is an American activist, whistleblower, politician, and former United States Army soldier.

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Chinese University of Hong Kong

The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) is a public research university in Shatin, Hong Kong formally established in 1963 by a charter granted by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

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Circe (cable system)

Circe is a submarine communications cable that connects network switches in the United Kingdom with those in Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands.

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Cisco PIX

Cisco PIX (Private Internet eXchange) was a popular IP firewall and network address translation (NAT) appliance.

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Clare Short

Clare Short (born 15 February 1946) is a British Labour Party politician.

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Classified information

Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

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Coalition

The term "coalition" is the denotation for a group formed when two or more persons, faction, states, political parties, militaries etc.

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Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act

The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) is a United States wiretapping law passed in 1994, during the presidency of Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001-1010).

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Communications Security Establishment

The Communications Security Establishment (CSE; Centre de la sécurité des télécommunications, CST), formerly called the Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC), is the Government of Canada's national cryptologic agency.

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Computer file

A computer file is a computer resource for recording data discretely in a computer storage device.

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Computer reservation system

A computer reservation system or central reservation system (CRS) is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other activities.

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Contact list

A contact list is a collection of screen names.

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Continuous-wave radar

Continuous-wave radar is a type of radar system where a known stable frequency continuous wave radio energy is transmitted and then received from any reflecting objects.

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Covert listening device

A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug or a wire, is usually a combination of a miniature radio transmitter with a microphone.

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Criminal charge

A criminal charge is a formal accusation made by a governmental authority (usually the public prosecutor or the police) asserting that somebody has committed a crime.

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Cyberattack

A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, or personal computer devices.

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Cyberwarfare

Cyberwarfare is the use or targeting in a battlespace or warfare context of computers, online control systems and networks.

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Dagbladet

Dagbladet (lit.: The Daily Magazine) is Norway's sixth largest newspaper with a circulation of 46,250 copies in 2016, down from a peak of 228,834 in 1994.

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Dagens Nyheter

Dagens Nyheter (lit. "the day's news"), abbreviated DN, is a daily newspaper in Sweden.

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Daniel Ellsberg

Daniel Ellsberg (born April 7, 1931) is an American activist and former United States military analyst who, while employed by the RAND Corporation, precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

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Danish Security and Intelligence Service

Politiets Efterretningstjeneste (PET) (official name in English: Danish Security and Intelligence Service, or DSIS) is the national security and intelligence agency of Denmark.

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Darwin, Northern Territory

Darwin is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia.

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Data center

A data center (American English) or data centre (Commonwealth English) is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.

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Data set

A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data.

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Database

A database is an organized collection of data, stored and accessed electronically.

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David Cameron

David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016.

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David Omand

Sir David Bruce Omand (born 15 April 1947) is a British former senior civil servant who served as the Director of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) from 1996 to 1997.

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David Shayler

David Shayler (born 24 December 1965) is a British former MI5 officer.

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De Telegraaf

De Telegraaf (The Telegraph) is the largest Dutch daily morning newspaper.

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Deep packet inspection

Deep packet inspection is a type of data processing that inspects in detail the data being sent over a computer network, and usually takes action by blocking, re-routing, or logging it accordingly.

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Dell PowerEdge

The Dell PowerEdge (PE) line is Dell's server computer product line.

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Denial-of-service attack

In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet.

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Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (DPM) is a senior member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.

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Der Spiegel

Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.

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Deutsche Welle

Deutsche Welle ("German wave" in German) or DW is Germany's public international broadcaster.

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Dilma Rousseff

Dilma Vana Rousseff (often known mononymously as Dilma; born 14 December 1947) is a Brazilian economist and politician who served as the 36th President of Brazil, holding the position from 2011 until her impeachment and removal from office on 31 August 2016, becoming the first democratically-elected female President in the world to be impeached and removed.

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Dino Patti Djalal

Dr.

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Diplomatic cable

A diplomatic cable, also known as a diplomatic telegram or embassy cable, is a confidential text message exchanged between a diplomatic mission, like an embassy or a consulate, and the foreign ministry of its parent country.

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Directorate-General for External Security

The General Directorate for External Security (Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure, DGSE) is France's external intelligence agency.

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Dishfire

Dishfire (stylised DISHFIRE) is a covert global surveillance collection system and database run by the United States of America's National Security Agency (NSA) and the United Kingdom's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) that collects hundreds of millions of text messages on a daily basis from around the world.

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Dropmire

Dropmire is a surveillance program by the United States's National Security Agency (NSA) aimed at surveillance of foreign embassies and diplomatic staff, including those of NATO allies.

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Drug Enforcement Administration

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States.

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DSMA-Notice

A DSMA-Notice (Defence and Security Media Advisory Notice) — formerly a DA-Notice (Defence Advisory Notice), and before that called a Defence Notice (D-Notice) until 1993—is an official request to news editors not to publish or broadcast items on specified subjects for reasons of national security.

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Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service

Militaire Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst (MIVD) is the Military Intelligence and Security Service of the Netherlands.

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ECHELON

ECHELON, originally a secret government code name, is a surveillance program (signals intelligence/SIGINT collection and analysis network) operated by the US with the aid of four other signatory nations to the UKUSA Security Agreement Given the 5 dialects that use the terms, UKUSA can be pronounced from "You-Q-SA" to "Oo-Coo-SA", AUSCANNZUKUS can be pronounced from "Oz-Can-Zuke-Us" to "Orse-Can-Zoo-Cuss".

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Edward Lucas (journalist)

Edward Lucas (born 3 May 1962) is a British writer and security-policy expert.

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Edward Snowden

Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American computer professional, former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013 without authorization.

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El Mundo (Spain)

El Mundo (The World), formally El Mundo del Siglo Veintiuno (The World of the Twenty-First Century) is the second largest printed daily newspaper in Spain.

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El País

El País (literally The Country) is the most read newspaper (231,140 printed copies) in Spain and the most circulated daily newspaper (180,765 circulation average), according to data certified by the Office of Justification of Dissemination (OJD) and referring to the period of January 2017 to December 2017.

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Electromagnetic radiation

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.

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Electronic Frontier Foundation

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an international non-profit digital rights group based in San Francisco, California.

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Embassy of Italy, Washington, D.C.

The Italian Embassy in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of the Italian Republic to the United States.

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Embassy of the United Kingdom, Berlin

The British Embassy in Berlin (Britische Botschaft, Berlin) is the United Kingdom's diplomatic mission to Germany.

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Embassy of the United States, Ottawa

The Embassy of the United States of America in Ottawa (Ambassade des États-Unis au Canada) is the diplomatic mission of the United States of America in Canada.

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Encryption

In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding a message or information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it and those who are not authorized cannot.

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Enrique Peña Nieto

Enrique Peña Nieto (born 20 July 1966), commonly referred to by his initials EPN, is a Mexican politician serving as the 57th President of Mexico, since 2012.

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Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.

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Equation Group

"Equation Group" is an informal name for the Tailored Access Operations (TAO) unit of the United States National Security Agency (NSA).

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Eric Holder

Eric Himpton Holder Jr. (born January 21, 1951) is an American attorney who served as the 82nd Attorney General of the United States from 2009 to 2015.

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Espionage

Espionage or spying, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information without the permission of the holder of the information.

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Espionage Act of 1917

The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years.

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Ethnic group

An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.

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Euromaidan

Euromaidan (Євромайдан, Евромайдан,, literally "Euro Square") was a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, which began on the night of 21 November 2013 with public protests in Maidan Nezalezhnosti ("Independence Square") in Kiev.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Ewen MacAskill

Ewen MacAskill (born c.1952)Bryan Burrough, Sarah Ellison and Suzanna Andrews, Vanity Fair, May 2014 is a Scottish journalist.

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Executive Order 12333

Executive Order 12333, signed on December 4, 1981 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, was an Executive Order intended to extend powers and responsibilities of U.S. intelligence agencies and direct the leaders of U.S. federal agencies to co-operate fully with CIA requests for information.

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Facebook

Facebook is an American online social media and social networking service company based in Menlo Park, California.

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Facial recognition system

A facial recognition system is a technology capable of identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source.

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Falter

Falter (Butterfly) is a weekly news magazine published in Vienna, Austria.

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Faraday cage

A Faraday cage or Faraday shield is an enclosure used to block electromagnetic fields.

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FASCIA (database)

FASCIA is a massive database of the U.S. National Security Agency that contains trillions of device-location records that are collected from a variety of sources.

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Feature phone

Feature phone is a term typically used as a retronym to describe a class of mobile phone handheld computers.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)

The Federal Intelligence Service (German: Bundesnachrichtendienst;, BND) is the foreign intelligence agency of Germany, directly subordinated to the Chancellor's Office.

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Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of Defence (Bundesministerium der Verteidigung), abbreviated BMVg, is a top-level federal agency, headed by the Federal Minister of Defence as a member of the Cabinet of Germany.

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Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution

The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz or BfV) is the Federal Republic of Germany's domestic security agency.

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Felipe Calderón

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa, GCB, R.E. (born 18 August 1962) is a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from 1 December 2006, to 30 November 2012.

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Fiber-optic communication

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.

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Financial Times

The Financial Times (FT) is a Japanese-owned (since 2015), English-language international daily newspaper headquartered in London, with a special emphasis on business and economic news.

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Financial transaction

A financial transaction is an agreement, or communication, carried out between a buyer and a seller to exchange an asset for payment.

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Firewall (computing)

In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

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First Look Media

First Look Media is an American media organization founded in October 2013 as a venue for "original, independent journalism" by Pierre Omidyar.

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Five Eyes

The Five Eyes, often abbreviated as FVEY, is an intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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Flickr

Flickr (pronounced "flicker") is an image hosting service and video hosting service.

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Flip chip

Flip chip, also known as controlled collapse chip connection or its abbreviation, C4, is a method for interconnecting semiconductor devices, such as IC chips and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), to external circuitry with solder bumps that have been deposited onto the chip pads.

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Forbes

Forbes is an American business magazine.

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Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence

Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence, FISINT (Foreign Instrumentation Signals INTelligence) is intelligence from the interception of foreign electromagnetic emissions associated with the testing and operational deployment of foreign aerospace, surface, and subsurface systems.

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Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

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Freedom House

Freedom House is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) U.S. government-funded non-governmental organization (NGO) that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

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Gemalto

Gemalto is an international digital security company providing software applications, secure personal devices such as smart cards and tokens, and managed services.

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General Intelligence and Security Service

The General Intelligence and Security Service (Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD)) is the Intelligence and Security agency of the Netherlands.

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Geographic Messaging Service

Geographic Messaging Service, or GMS in short, is a new form of messaging for cell phones.

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Geolocation

Geolocation is the identification or estimation of the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a radar source, mobile phone, or Internet-connected computer terminal.

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George Brandis

George Henry Brandis (born 22 June 1957) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since May 2018.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Geraldton

Geraldton is a coastal city in the Mid West region of Western Australia, north of Perth.

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Gerhard Schröder

Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (born 7 April 1944) is a German politician, and served as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005, during which his most important political project was the Agenda 2010.

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German Chancellery

The German Chancellery (Bundeskanzleramt, more faithfully translated as Federal Chancellery) is an agency serving the executive office of the Chancellor of Germany, the head of the federal government, currently Angela Merkel.

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German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal

The German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal (official title: 1. Untersuchungsausschuss „NSA“) was started on March 20, 2014, by the German Parliament in order to investigate the extent and background of foreign secret services spying in Germany in the light of the Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present).

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Gesetz zur Beschränkung des Brief-, Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnisses

The Act on Restrictions on the Secrecy of Mail, Post and Telecommunications, Gesetz zur Beschränkung des Brief-, Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnisses in German, also known as the G-10 Act, is a German federal law that regulates the surveillance powers of Germany's intelligence agencies.

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Gigabit Ethernet

In computer networking, Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second (1,000,000,000 bits per second), as defined by the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard.

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Glenn Greenwald

Glenn Edward Greenwald (born March 6, 1967) is an American lawyer, journalist, and author, best known for his role in a series of reports published by The Guardian newspaper beginning in June 2013, detailing the United States and British global surveillance programs, and based on classified documents disclosed by Edward Snowden.

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Global Crossing

Global Crossing was a telecommunications company that provided computer networking services and operated a tier 1 carrier.

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Global surveillance

Global surveillance refers to the mass surveillance of entire populations across national borders.

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Global surveillance whistleblowers

Global surveillance whistleblowers are whistleblowers who provided public knowledge of global surveillance.

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Global Telecoms Exploitation

Global Telecoms Exploitation is reportedly a secret British telephonic mass surveillance programme run by the British signals intelligence and computer security agency, the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ).

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Gmail

Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service developed by Google.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.

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Google Earth

Google Earth is a computer program that renders a 3D representation of Earth based on satellite imagery.

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Google Maps

Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google.

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Government Accountability Project

The Government Accountability Project (GAP) is a whistleblower protection and advocacy organization in the United States.

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Government Communications Headquarters

The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is an intelligence and security organisation responsible for providing signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance to the government and armed forces of the United Kingdom.

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Government Communications Security Bureau

The Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) (Te Tira Tiaki, formerly Te Tari Whakamau Irirangi) is the public-service department of New Zealand charged with promoting New Zealand's national security by collecting and analysing information of an intelligence nature.

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GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as tablets, first deployed in Finland in December 1991.

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Hans-Christian Ströbele

Hans-Christian Ströbele,, (born 7 June 1939) is a German politician and lawyer.

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Hans-Peter Friedrich

Hans-Peter Friedrich (born 10 March 1957) is a German politician, representative of the Christian Social Union (CSU).

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Hard disk drive

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.

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Harris Corporation

Harris Corporation is an American technology company, defense contractor and information technology services provider that produces wireless equipment, tactical radios, electronic systems, night vision equipment and both terrestrial and spaceborne antennas for use in the government, defense and commercial sectors.

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Hatta Rajasa

Muhammad Hatta Rajasa (born 18 December 1953 in Palembang, South Sumatra) was the former Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs in the Second United Indonesia Cabinet and the vice presidential candidate with Prabowo Subianto in the Indonesian Presidential Election, 2014.

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Headquarters of the United Nations

The United Nations is headquartered in New York City, in a complex designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and built by the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz.

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Helle Thorning-Schmidt

Helle Thorning-Schmidt (born 14 December 1966) is a retired Danish politician who served as the 26th Prime Minister of Denmark from 2011 to 2015, and Leader of the Social Democrats from 2005 to 2015.

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History of the United States

The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC.

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HMAS Harman

HMAS Harman is a Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base that serves as a communications and logistics facility.

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HTTP cookie

An HTTP cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie, or simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser while the user is browsing.

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Hu Jintao

---- Hu Jintao (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of China from 2002 to 2012.

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Huawei

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. is a Chinese multinational networking, telecommunications equipment, and services company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong.

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HuffPost

HuffPost (formerly The Huffington Post and sometimes abbreviated HuffPo) is a liberal American news and opinion website and blog that has both localized and international editions.

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Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)

Human intelligence (frequently abbreviated HUMINT and sometimes pronounced as hyoo-mint) is intelligence gathered by means of interpersonal contact, as opposed to the more technical intelligence gathering disciplines such as signals intelligence (SIGINT), imagery intelligence (IMINT) and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT).

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

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ICANN

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a nonprofit organization responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces and numericalspaces of the Internet, ensuring the network's stable and secure operation.

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Index on Censorship

Index on Censorship is a campaigning publishing organisation for freedom of expression, which produces a quarterly magazine of the same name from London.

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Information privacy

Information privacy, or data privacy (or data protection), is the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political issues surrounding them.

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Interception Modernisation Programme

The Interception Modernisation Programme (IMP) is a UK government initiative to extend the government's capabilities for lawful interception and storage of communications data.

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International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) is an independent Washington D.C.-based international network.

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Internet

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.

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Internet access

Internet access is the ability of individuals and organizations to connect to the Internet using computer terminals, computers, and other devices; and to access services such as email and the World Wide Web.

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Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and nearly three million public-domain books.

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Internet service provider

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet.

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Interoute

Interoute Communications Ltd, was a privately held telecommunications company, that operated Europe's largest cloud services platform.

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IOS

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware.

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IOS 4

iOS 4 is the fourth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iPhone OS 3.

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IP address

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

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IPhone

iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPhone line of products use Apple's iOS mobile operating system software.

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IPhone OS 3

iPhone OS 3 is the third major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iPhone OS 2.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Iranian Kurdistan

Iranian Kurdistan, or Eastern Kurdistan (Kurdish: Rojhilatê Kurdistanê), is an unofficial name for the parts of northwestern Iran inhabited by Kurds which borders Iraq and Turkey.

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Iraq War

The Iraq WarThe conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, and Gulf War II.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.

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Jacob Appelbaum

Jacob Appelbaum (born 1 April 1983) is an American independent journalist, computer security researcher, artist, and hacker.

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James Bamford

V.

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Janine Gibson

Janine Victoria Gibson (born 17 June 1972), Debrett's is a British journalist who is editor-in-chief of the BuzzFeed UK website.

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Jay Carney

James "Jay" Carney (born May 22, 1965) is an American journalist who served as White House press secretary for President Barack Obama.

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John Doe (Panama Papers' whistleblower)

John Doe is the pseudonym used by the whistleblower in the 2016 Panama Papers leak, who turned over 11.5 million documents from the law firm Mossack Fonseca to the newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung.

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John Tye (whistleblower)

John Napier Tye (born c. 1976) is a former official of the U.S. State Department who came forward in 2014 as a whistleblower seeking to publicize certain electronic surveillance practices of the U.S. government under Executive Order 12333.

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Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group

The Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group (JTRIG) is a unit of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the British intelligence agency.

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Julian Assange

Julian Paul Assange (born Hawkins; 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer and the editor of WikiLeaks.

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Julie Bishop

Julie Isabel Bishop (born 17 July 1956) is an Australian politician serving as Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2013 and Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party since 2007.

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Juniper Networks

Juniper Networks, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California that develops and markets networking products.

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Jusuf Kalla

Muhammad Jusuf Kalla (born 15 May 1942) is an Indonesian politician who has been Vice President of Indonesia since 2014, having previously served from 2004 to 2009.

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Karin Enström

Karin Märta Elisabeth Enström, previously Landerholm (born 23 March 1966) is a Swedish Moderate Party politician and military officer, who served as Minister for Defence in the Swedish government from 2012 to 2014.

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Karma Police (surveillance program)

Karma Police is the code name for an Internet mass surveillance and data collection program operated by Britain's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ).

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Katharine Gun

Katharine Teresa Gun (née Harwood, born 1974) is a British former translator for the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), a British intelligence agency.

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Keith B. Alexander

Keith Brian Alexander (born December 2, 1951) is a retired four-star general of the United States Army who served as director of the National Security Agency (DIRNSA), chief of the Central Security Service (CHCSS) and commander of the United States Cyber Command.

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Kenya

Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.

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Keystroke logging

Keystroke logging, often referred to as keylogging or keyboard capturing, is the action of recording (logging) the keys struck on a keyboard, typically covertly, so that the person using the keyboard is unaware that their actions are being monitored.

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Klayman v. Obama

Klayman v. Obama was an American federal court case concerning the legality of the bulk collection of both phone and Internet metadata by the United States.

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Kofi Annan

Kofi Atta Annan (born 8 April 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006.

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Kola Peninsula

The Kola Peninsula (Ко́льский полуо́стров, Kolsky poluostrov; from Куэлнэгк нёаррк, Kuelnegk njoarrk; Guoládatnjárga; Kuolan niemimaa; Kolahalvøya) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia.

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L'espresso

L'Espresso is an Italian weekly news magazine.

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La Nación

La Nación (The Nation) is an Argentine daily newspaper.

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Laura Poitras

Laura Poitras (born February 2, 1964) is an American director and producer of documentary films.

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Law of Sweden

The law of Sweden is a civil law system, whose essence is manifested in its dependence on statutory law.

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Law of the United States

The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States.

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Le Monde

Le Monde (The World) is a French daily afternoon newspaper founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry at the request of Charles de Gaulle (as Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic) on 19 December 1944, shortly after the Liberation of Paris, and published continuously since its first edition.

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Le Parisien

Le Parisien (French for "The Parisian") is a French daily newspaper covering both international and national news, and local news of Paris and its suburbs.

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Level 3 Communications

Level 3 Communications was an American multinational telecommunications and Internet service provider company headquartered in Broomfield, Colorado.

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Liberty (advocacy group)

Liberty, formerly and still formally called the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL), is an advocacy group based in the United Kingdom, which campaigns to protect civil liberties and promote human rights – through the courts, in Parliament and in the wider community.

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Like button

A like button, like option, or recommend button is a feature in communication software such as social networking services, Internet forums, news websites and blogs where the user can express that they like, enjoy or support certain content.

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LinkedIn

LinkedIn is a business and employment-oriented service that operates via websites and mobile apps.

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List of charges in United States v. Manning

United States v. Manning is the court-martial case involving United States Army Private First Class Bradley Manning (now known as Chelsea Manning), who delivered U.S. government documents to persons not authorized to receive them in 2009 and 2010.

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List of European Council meetings

This is a list of meetings of the European Council (informally referred to as EU summits); the meetings of the European Council, an institution of the European Union (EU) comprising heads of state or government of EU member states.

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List of German interior ministers

The Federal Minister of the Interior (Bundesminister des Innern) is the head of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and a member of the Cabinet of Germany.

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List of human rights organisations

The following is a list of articles on the human rights organisations of the world.

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List of Secretaries General of OPEC

Below is a list with each Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), based on the organization's official publications.

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Lockheed Corporation

The Lockheed Corporation was an American aerospace company.

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Login

In computer security, logging in (or logging on or signing in or signing on) is the process by which an individual gains access to a computer system by identifying and authenticating themselves.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Lustre (treaty)

Lustre is the codename of a secret treaty signed by France and the Five Eyes (FVEY) for cooperation in signals intelligence and for mutual data exchange between their respective intelligence agencies.

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MAINWAY

MAINWAY is a database maintained by the United States' National Security Agency (NSA) containing metadata for hundreds of billions of telephone calls made through the four largest telephone carriers in the United States: AT&T, SBC, BellSouth (all three now called AT&T), and Verizon.

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Malware

Malware (a portmanteau for malicious software) is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server or computer network.

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Man-in-the-middle attack

In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM) is an attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other.

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Map

A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.

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Marital status

Civil status, or marital status, is any of several distinct options that describe a person's relationship with a significant other.

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Mark Klein

Mark Klein is a former AT&T technician and whistleblower who revealed details of the company's cooperation with the United States National Security Agency in installing network hardware at a site known as Room 641A to monitor, capture and process American telecommunications.

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Marty Natalegawa

Raden Mohammad Marty Muliana Natalegawa, more commonly known as Marty Natalegawa (born 22 March 1963 in Bandung, West Java), is an Indonesian diplomat and was the Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Second United Indonesia Cabinet.

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Masha Gessen

Maria Alexandrovna "Masha" Gessen (p; born 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist who has been an outspoken critic of the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin and the President of the U.S.A., Donald Trump.

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Mass surveillance industry

The mass surveillance industry is a multibillion-dollar economic sector which has undergone phenomenal growth rates since 2001.

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Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) are a combination of role-playing video games and massively multiplayer online games in which a very large number of players interact with one another within a virtual world.

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Master boot record

A master boot record (MBR) is a special type of boot sector at the very beginning of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives intended for use with IBM PC-compatible systems and beyond.

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Mastering the Internet

Mastering the Internet (MTI) is a mass surveillance project led by the British communications intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) budgeted at over £1 billion.

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Mayer Brown

Mayer Brown International LLP is a global law firm founded in Chicago and the 15th largest law firm in the United States.

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Metadata

Metadata is "data that provides information about other data".

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Metropolitan Police Service

The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), commonly known as the Metropolitan Police and informally as the Met, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London, which is the responsibility of the City of London Police.

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Mexico

Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.

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MI5

The Security Service, also MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5), is the United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of its intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and Defence Intelligence (DI).

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Michael Hastings (journalist)

Michael Mahon Hastings (January 28, 1980 – June 18, 2013) was an American journalist, author, contributing editor to Rolling Stone and reporter for BuzzFeed.

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Microchip implant (human)

A human microchip implant is typically an identifying integrated circuit device or RFID transponder encased in silicate glass and implanted in the body of a human being.

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Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation (abbreviated as MS) is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington.

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Milan

Milan (Milano; Milan) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome, with the city proper having a population of 1,380,873 while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,235,000.

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Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)

The Minister for Foreign Affairs (utrikesminister) is the foreign minister of Sweden and the head of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

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Minister of Defence (Sweden)

The Minister for Defence of Sweden (försvarsminister; formal title: statsråd och chef för försvarsdepartementet) is a member of the Government of Sweden (Regeringen).

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Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ministry in the government of France that handles France's foreign relations.

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Ministry of Mines and Energy (Brazil)

The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) is a Brazilian government ministry established in 1960.

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Missed call

A missed call is a telephone call that is deliberately terminated by the caller before being answered by its intended recipient, in order to communicate a pre-agreed message.

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Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation

The Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation was released on 7 October 2013 by the leaders of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global technical infrastructure.

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Motherboard

A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, baseboard, planar board or logic board, or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in general purpose microcomputers and other expandable systems.

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Motorola Slvr

The Motorola Slvr (styled SLVR) is a series of mobile phones from Motorola, and is one of the series in the 4LTR line.

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MSNBC

MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events.

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Multi-chip module

A multi-chip module (MCM) is generically an electronic assembly (such as a package with a number of conductor terminals or "pins") where multiple integrated circuits (ICs or "chips"), semiconductor dies and/or other discrete components are integrated, usually onto a unifying substrate, so that in use it is treated as if it were a single component (as though a larger IC).

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Munich

Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.

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MUSCULAR (surveillance program)

MUSCULAR (DS-200B), located in the United Kingdom, is the name of a surveillance programme jointly operated by Britain's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) that was revealed by documents which were released by Edward Snowden and interviews with knowledgeable officials.

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Myriad

A myriad (from Ancient Greek label) is technically the number ten thousand; in that sense, the term is used almost exclusively in translations from Greek, Latin, or Chinese, or when talking about ancient Greek numbers.

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MYSTIC (surveillance program)

MYSTIC is a formerly secret program used since 2009 by the US National Security Agency (NSA) to collect the metadata as well as the content of phone calls from several entire countries.

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National Counterterrorism Center

The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is a United States government organization responsible for national and international counterterrorism efforts.

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National Defence Radio Establishment

The National Defence Radio Establishment (Försvarets radioanstalt, FRA) is a Swedish government agency organised under the Ministry of Defence.

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National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) is both a combat support agency under the United States Department of Defense and an intelligence agency of the United States Intelligence Community, with the primary mission of collecting, analyzing, and distributing geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) in support of national security.

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National Post

The National Post is a conservative Canadian English-language newspaper.

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National Security Agency

The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.

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NBC

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English language commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC, formerly known as the National Broadcasting Company when it was founded on radio.

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Network switching subsystem

Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) is the component of a GSM system that carries out call switching and mobility management functions for mobile phones roaming on the network of base stations.

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Neutral country

A neutral country is a state, which is either neutral towards belligerents in a specific war, or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into military alliances such as NATO).

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New Statesman

The New Statesman is a British political and cultural magazine published in London.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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News leak

A news leak is the unsanctioned release of confidential information to news media.

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Nick Clegg

Sir Nicholas William Peter Clegg (born 7 January 1967) is a British politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2015 and as Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2007 to 2015.

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Norddeutscher Rundfunk

Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR; Northern German Broadcasting) is a public radio and television broadcaster, based in Hamburg.

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Norwegian Intelligence Service

The Norwegian Intelligence Service (NIS) or Etterretningstjenesten (E-tjenesten) is a Norwegian military intelligence agency under the Chief of Defence and the Ministry of Defence.

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NPR

National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.

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NRC Handelsblad

NRC Handelsblad, often abbreviated to NRC, is a daily evening newspaper published in the Netherlands by NRC Media.

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NSA ANT catalog

The NSA ANT catalog is a 50-page classified document listing technology available to the United States National Security Agency (NSA) Tailored Access Operations (TAO) by the Advanced Network Technology (ANT) Division to aid in cyber surveillance.

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NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)

NSA warrantless surveillance (also commonly referred to as "warrantless-wiretapping" or "-wiretaps") refers to the surveillance of persons within the United States, including United States citizens, during the collection of notionally foreign intelligence by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the Terrorist Surveillance Program.

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Numerama

Numerama (formerly Ratiatum) is a French language news website that focuses on economic, legal, social, and technological issues.

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Ny Teknik

Ny Teknik (meaning New Technology in English) is a weekly Swedish magazine with news, debates and ads in the field of technology and engineering.

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O Globo

O Globo (The Globe) is a Brazilian newspaper based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Occupy Wall Street

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest movement that began on September 17, 2011, in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district, receiving global attention and spawning a surge in the movement against economic inequality worldwide.

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OneDrive

OneDrive (previously SkyDrive, Windows Live SkyDrive, and Windows Live Folders) is a file hosting service operated by Microsoft as part of its suite of Office Online services.

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OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC,, or OPEP in several other languages) is an intergovernmental organization of nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria.

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Operating system

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

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Optic Nerve (GCHQ)

Optic Nerve is a mass surveillance programme run by the British signals intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), with help from the US National Security Agency, that surreptitiously collects private webcam still images from users while they are using a Yahoo! webcam application.

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Optical fiber cable

An optical fiber cable, also known as a fiber optic cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable, but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light.

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Orange S.A.

Orange S.A., formerly France Télécom S.A., is a French multinational telecommunications corporation.

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ORF (broadcaster)

Österreichischer Rundfunk (Austrian Broadcasting Corporation, ORF) is the Austrian national public service broadcaster.

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Outlook.com

Outlook.com is a web-based suite of webmail, contacts, tasks, and calendaring services from Microsoft.

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Pacnet

Pacnet was a global telecommunications service provider between 2008 and 2015.

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Panama Papers

The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor.

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PEC (cable system)

PEC or Pan European Crossing is a fibre optic cable network that links many countries in Western Europe.

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Pentagon Papers

The Pentagon Papers, officially titled Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force, is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967.

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People's Liberation Army

The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Communist Party of China (CPC).

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Perry Fellwock

Perry Fellwock (born 1947) is a former National Security Agency (NSA) analyst and whistleblower who revealed the existence of the NSA and its worldwide covert surveillance network in an interview, using the pseudonym Winslow Peck, with Ramparts in 1971.

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Peter Maass

Peter Maass (born 1960) is an American journalist and author.

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Petrobras

Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. — Petrobras, more commonly known as simply Petrobras, is a semi-public Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Philippines

The Philippines (Pilipinas or Filipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas), is a unitary sovereign and archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

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Phishing

Phishing is the fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and money), often for malicious reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.

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Pine Gap

Pine Gap is the commonly used name for an Australian Earth station approximately south-west of the town of Alice Springs, Northern Territory in the centre of Australia which is operated by both Australia and the United States.

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Presidency of Barack Obama

The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20, 2009, when Barack Obama was inaugurated as 44th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2017.

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Presidency of George W. Bush

The presidency of George W. Bush began at noon EST on January 20, 2001, when George W. Bush was inaugurated as 43rd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2009.

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President of Indonesia

The President of the Republic of Indonesia (Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the head of state and also head of government of the Republic of Indonesia.

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President of the United States

The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.

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Presidential Policy Directive 20

Presidential Policy Directive 20 (PPD-20), provides a framework for U.S. cybersecurity by establishing principles and processes.

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Printed circuit board

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.

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Prior restraint

Prior restraint (also referred to as prior censorship or pre-publication censorship) is censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression.

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PRISM (surveillance program)

PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies.

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Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board report on mass surveillance

The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board report on mass surveillance was issued in January 2014 in light of the global surveillance disclosures of 2013, recommending the US end bulk data collection.

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Privacy International

Privacy International (PI) is a UK-based registered charity that defends and promotes the right to privacy across the world.

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Privacy law

Privacy law refers to the laws that deal with the regulating, storing, and using of personally identifiable information of individuals, which can be collected by governments, public or private organizations, or other individuals.

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Professional network service

A professional network service (or, in an Internet context, simply professional network) is a type of social network service that is focused solely on interactions and relationships of a business nature rather than including personal, nonbusiness interactions.

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Project 6

Project 6, or simply P6, is a global surveillance project jointly operated by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in close cooperation with the German intelligence agencies Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) and Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV).

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ProPublica

ProPublica is an American nonprofit organization based in New York City.

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Prosecutor

A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system.

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Proximus Group

The Proximus Group (previously known as Belgacom Group) is the largest telecommunications company in Belgium, headquartered in Brussels.

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Pulitzer Prize

The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States.

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Quantum computing

Quantum computing is computing using quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement.

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Qubit

In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit (sometimes qbit) is a unit of quantum information—the quantum analogue of the classical binary bit.

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Radio France Internationale

Radio France Internationale generally referred to by its acronym RFI, is a French public radio service that broadcasts in Paris and all over the world.

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Radio frequency

Radio frequency (RF) refers to oscillatory change in voltage or current in a circuit, waveguide or transmission line in the range extending from around twenty thousand times per second to around three hundred billion times per second, roughly between the upper limit of audio and the lower limit of infrared.

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Real-time data

Real-time data (RTD) is information that is delivered immediately after collection.

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Reichstag building

The Reichstag (Reichstagsgebäude; officially: Deutscher Bundestag - Plenarbereich Reichstagsgebäude) is a historic edifice in Berlin, Germany, constructed to house the Imperial Diet (German: Reichstag) of the German Empire.

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Restore the Fourth

Restore the Fourth is an American 501(c)(4) nonprofit that seeks to strengthen the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and end programs that violate it.

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Retroreflector

A retroreflector (sometimes called a retroflector or cataphote) is a device or surface that reflects light back to its source with a minimum of scattering.

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Reuters

Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

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Right of asylum

The right of asylum (sometimes called right of political asylum, from the Ancient Greek word ἄσυλον) is an ancient juridical concept, under which a person persecuted by his own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, such as another country or church official, who in medieval times could offer sanctuary.

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Riksdag

The Riksdag (riksdagen or Sveriges riksdag) is the national legislature and the supreme decision-making body of Sweden.

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Roaming

Roaming is a wireless telecommunication term typically used with mobile devices (like mobile phones).

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Rolling Stone

Rolling Stone is an American monthly magazine that focuses on popular culture.

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Ronald Plasterk

Ronald Hans Anton Plasterk (born 12 April 1957) is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA).

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Room 641A

Room 641A is a telecommunication interception facility operated by AT&T for the U.S. National Security Agency that commenced operations in 2003 and was exposed in 2006.

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Russ Tice

Russell D. Tice (born 1961) is a former intelligence analyst for the United States Air Force, Office of Naval Intelligence, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and National Security Agency (NSA).

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Russia–United States relations

Russia–United States relations refers to the bilateral relationship between the United States and Russia.

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Salon (website)

Salon is an American news and opinion website, created by David Talbot in 1995 and currently owned by the Salon Media Group.

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Süddeutsche Zeitung

The Süddeutsche Zeitung (German for South German Newspaper), published in Munich, Bavaria, is one of the largest daily newspapers in Germany.

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Screenshot

A screenshot (or screen grab) is a digital image of what should be visible on a monitor, television, or other visual output device.

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SEA-ME-WE 3

SEA-ME-WE3 or South-East Asia - Middle East - Western Europe 3 is an optical submarine telecommunications cable linking those regions and is the longest in the world, completed in late 2000.

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SEA-ME-WE 4

South East Asia–Middle East–Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) is an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Egypt, Italy, Tunisia, Algeria and France.

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Sean Wilentz

Robert Sean Wilentz (born February 20, 1951) is the Sidney and Ruth Lapidus Professor of the American Revolutionary Era at Princeton University, where he has taught since 1979.

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Search and seizure

Search and Seizure is a procedure used in many civil law and common law legal systems by which police or other authorities and their agents, who, suspecting that a crime has been committed, commence a search of a person's property and confiscate any relevant evidence found in connection to the crime.

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Second Life

Second Life is an online virtual world, developed and owned by the San Francisco-based firm Linden Lab and launched on June 23, 2003.

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Secret treaty

A secret treaty is "an international agreement in which the contracting parties have agreed, either in the treaty instrument or separately, to conceal its existence or at least its substance from other states and the public." According to one compilation of secret treaties published in 2004, there have been 593 secret treaties negotiated by 110 countries and independent political entities since the year 1521.

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Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, normally referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a senior, high-ranking official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

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Security and Intelligence Division

The Security and Intelligence Division (abbreviation: SID) is the external intelligence agency of Singapore responsible for gathering and analysing intelligence related to the country's external security.

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Semiconductor

A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor – such as copper, gold etc.

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Sensitive Compartmented Information

Sensitive compartmented information (SCI) is a type of United States classified information concerning or derived from sensitive intelligence sources, methods, or analytical processes.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

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Server (computing)

In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients".

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Sexual orientation

Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender.

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Shami Chakrabarti

Sharmishta Chakrabarti, Baroness Chakrabarti, (born 16 June 1969), commonly known as Shami Chakrabarti, is a British Labour Party politician and member of the House of Lords.

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Shoal Bay Receiving Station

Shoal Bay Receiving Station is a signals intelligence-gathering facility, located on the shores of Shoal Bay, from Darwin in Australia's Northern Territory.

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Signals intelligence

Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT).

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Smartphone

A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS, and Internet data communication; most, if not all, smartphones also support Wi-Fi.

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Smith v. Maryland

Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the installation and use of the pen register was not a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, and hence no warrant was required.

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SMS

SMS (short message service) is a text messaging service component of most telephone, internet, and mobile-device systems.

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Social media

Social media are computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks.

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Social movement

A social movement is a type of group action.

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Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication

The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) provides a network that enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions in a secure, standardized and reliable environment.

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Sofyan Djalil

Sofyan A. Djalil (born September 23, 1953 in East Aceh Regency, Indonesia) is the current Minister of Agriculture and Land Planning.

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Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands is a sovereign country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu and covering a land area of.

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SORM

SORM (lit) is the technical specification for lawful interception interfaces of telecommunications and telephone networks operating in Russia.

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South China Morning Post

The South China Morning Post (also known as SCMP or The Post), with its Sunday edition, the Sunday Morning Post, is a Hong Kong English-language newspaper and Hong Kong's newspaper of record.

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Special Collection Service

The Special Collection Service (SCS), codenamed F6, is a highly classified joint U.S. Central Intelligence Agency–National Security Agency program charged with inserting eavesdropping equipment in difficult-to-reach places, such as foreign embassies, communications centers, and foreign government installations.

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Special Source Operations

Special Source Operations is a division in the American National Security Agency (NSA) which is responsible for all programs aimed at collecting data from major fiber-optic cables and switches, both inside the US and abroad, and also through corporate partnerships.

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Spencer Ackerman

Spencer Ackerman is an American national security reporter and blogger.

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Squeaky Dolphin

Squeaky Dolphin is a program developed by the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), a British intelligence and security organization, to collect and analyze data from social media networks.

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Sri Mulyani Indrawati

Sri Mulyani Indrawati (born 26 August 1962) is an Indonesian economist who has been Minister of Finance of Indonesia since 2016; previously she served in the same post from 2005 to 2010.

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Stasi

The Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS) or State Security Service (Staatssicherheitsdienst, SSD), commonly known as the Stasi, was the official state security service of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

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Stateroom (surveillance program)

STATEROOM is the code name of a highly secretive signals intelligence collection program involving the interception of international radio, telecommunications and internet traffic.

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Steffen Seibert

Steffen Seibert (born June 7 1960 in Munich) is a German former journalist and television anchor, and the current head of the German governmental press- and information-agency, which resembles the British Central Office of Information, making him the de facto press secretary of the Chancellor's office.

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Stellar Wind

"Stellar Wind" (or "Stellarwind") was the code name of a warrantless surveillance program begun under the George W. Bush administration's President's Surveillance Program (PSP).

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Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 952,058 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area.

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Strait of Hormuz

The Strait of Hormuz (تنگه هرمز Tangeye Hormoz) is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

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Stuxnet

Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm, first uncovered in 2010.

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Subscriber identity module

A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module (SIM), widely known as a SIM card, is an integrated circuit that is intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers).

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Svenska Dagbladet

Svenska Dagbladet ("The Swedish Daily News"), abbreviated SvD, is a daily newspaper published in Stockholm, Sweden.

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Sveriges Radio

Sveriges Radio AB ("Swedish Radio") is Sweden's national publicly funded radio broadcaster.

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Sveriges Television

SVT is the Swedish national public TV broadcaster, funded by a television licence fee payable by all owners of television sets, and set by the Riksdag.

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Swedish neutrality

Swedish neutrality refers to Sweden's former policy of neutrality in armed conflicts, which was in effect from the early 19th century, until 2009, when Sweden entered into various mutual defence treaties with the EU, and other Nordic countries.

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Swedish Security Service

The Swedish Security Service (Säkerhetspolisen, abbreviated Säpo, until 1989 Rikspolisstyrelsens säkerhetsavdelning abbreviated RPS/Säk) is a Swedish government agency organised under the Ministry of Justice.

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Swiss intelligence agencies

The Swiss intelligence community is a group of agencies with responsibilities to protect the interests and infrastructure of Switzerland.

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Sydsvenskan

Sydsvenska Dagbladet Snällposten, generally known simply as Sydsvenskan (The South Swedish), is a daily newspaper published in Scania in Sweden.

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T-Mobile US

T-Mobile US, Inc., commonly shortened to T-Mobile, is a United States-based wireless network operator whose majority shareholder is the German telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom (DT). Its headquarters are located in Bellevue, Washington, in the Seattle metropolitan area. T-Mobile is the third largest wireless carrier in the United States with 74 million customers as of Q1 2018. T-Mobile US provides wireless voice and data services in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands under the T-Mobile and MetroPCS brands (which it acquired in a reverse takeover in 2013, resulting in the company going public on the NASDAQ stock exchange), and also serves as the host network for many mobile virtual network operators. The company has annual revenues of over $40 billion. In 2015, Consumer Reports named T-Mobile the number one American wireless carrier. In 2017, T-Mobile was ranked #1 in Customer Service Satisfaction by Nielsen.

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Tailored Access Operations

The Office of Tailored Access Operations (TAO) is a cyber-warfare intelligence-gathering unit of the National Security Agency (NSA).

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Tamedia

Tamedia AG is a media company headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland.

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Task force

A task force (TF) is a unit or formation established to work on a single defined task or activity.

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TAT-14

TAT-14 is the 14th consortium transatlantic telecommunications cable system.

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Team sport

A team sport includes any sport which involves two or more players working together towards a shared objective.

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Telecommunication

Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.

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Telephone company

A telephone company, also known as a telco, telephone service provider, or telecommunications operator, is a kind of communications service provider (CSP) (more precisely a telecommunications service provider or TSP) that provides telecommunications services such as telephony and data communications access.

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Tempora

Tempora is the codeword for a formerly secret computer system that is used by the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ).

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Terabyte

The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.

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Terrorist Surveillance Program

The Terrorist Surveillance Program was an electronic surveillance program implemented by the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States in the wake of the September 11, 2001, attacks.

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The Australian

The Australian is a broadsheet newspaper published in Australia from Monday to Saturday each week since 14 July 1964.

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The Copenhagen Post

The Copenhagen Post is a weekly newspaper providing Danish news in English both nationally and internationally; it is the only English-language newspaper published in Denmark.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Day We Fight Back

The Day We Fight Back was a one-day global protest against mass surveillance by the US National Security Agency (NSA), the UK GCHQ, and the other Five Eyes partners involved in global surveillance.

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The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.

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The Globe and Mail

The Globe and Mail is a Canadian newspaper printed in five cities in western and central Canada.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

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The Intercept

The Intercept is an online news publication dedicated to what it describes as "adversarial journalism".

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The Local

The Local is an English-language digital news publisher with local editions in Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, Austria and Italy.

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The New Republic

The New Republic is a liberal American magazine of commentary on politics and the arts, published since 1914, with influence on American political and cultural thinking.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The New Zealand Herald

The New Zealand Herald is a daily newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand, owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment.

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The Pentagon

The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. As a symbol of the U.S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S. Department of Defense.

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The Register

The Register (nicknamed El Reg) is a British technology news and opinion website co-founded in 1994 by Mike Magee, John Lettice and Ross Alderson.

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The Shadow Brokers

The Shadow Brokers (TSB) is a hacker group who first appeared in the summer of 2016.

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The Sydney Morning Herald

The Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia.

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The Times

The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Theft

In common usage, theft is the taking of another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it.

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Thomas A. Drake

Thomas Andrews Drake (born 1957) is a former senior executive of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), a decorated United States Air Force and United States Navy veteran, and a whistleblower.

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Thomas de Maizière

Karl Ernst Thomas de Maizière (born 21 January 1954) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union serving as the Federal Minister of the Interior since 17 December 2013 as part of the third cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel.

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Thuraya

Thuraya (الثريا), from the Arabic name for the constellation of the Pleiades, "Thurayya", is a regional Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) provider.

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Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå

TT News Agency (TT) – former Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå – is a Swedish news agency, the largest in Scandinavia, owned jointly by the country's newspapers and the media groups behind them.

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Time (magazine)

Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.

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Tony Abbott

Anthony John Abbott (born 4 November 1957) is an Australian politician who served as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia, in office from 2013 to 2015.

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Tor (anonymity network)

Tor is free software for enabling anonymous communication.

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Transceiver

A transceiver is a device comprising both a transmitter and a receiver that are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing.

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Transparency International

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is an international non-governmental organization which is based in Berlin, Germany, and was founded in 1993.

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Trésor public

The Trésor public (Public treasury) is the national administration of the Treasury in France.

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Tsinghua University

Tsinghua University (abbreviated THU;; also romanized as Qinghua) is a major research university in Beijing, China and a member of the elite C9 League of Chinese universities.

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TURBINE (US government project)

TURBINE is the codename of an automated system which in essence enables the automated management and control of a large network of implants (a form of remotely transmitted malware on selected individual computer devices or in bulk on tens of thousands of devices).

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Twitter

Twitter is an online news and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets".

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UKUSA Agreement

The United Kingdom – United States of America Agreement (UKUSA) is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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ULYSSES (cable system)

ULYSSES is a submarine communications cable network divided into two sections: ULYSSES-1 and ULYSSES-2 that transit the English Channel and the North Sea, respectively.

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Unit 8200

Unit 8200 (יחידה 8200, Yehida Shmoneh-Matayim) is an Israeli Intelligence Corps unit responsible for collecting signal intelligence (SIGINT) and code decryption.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Attorney General

The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government.

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United States Department of Defense

The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), often referred to as the State Department, is the United States federal executive department that advises the President and represents the country in international affairs and foreign policy issues.

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United States diplomatic cables leak

The United States diplomatic cables leak, widely known as Cablegate, began on Sunday, 28 November 2010 when WikiLeaks—a non-profit organization that publishes submissions from anonymous whistleblowers—began releasing classified cables that had been sent to the U.S. State Department by 274 of its consulates, embassies, and diplomatic missions around the world.

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United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court

The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC, also called the FISA Court) is a U.S. federal court established and authorized under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants against foreign spies inside the United States by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

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United States Intelligence Community

The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is a federation of 16 separate United States government agencies that work separately and together to conduct intelligence activities to support the foreign policy and national security of the United States.

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USA Today

USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily, middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company.

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USB flash drive

A USB flash drive, also variously known as a thumb drive, pen drive, gig stick, flash stick, jump drive, disk key, disk on key (after the original M-Systems DiskOnKey drive from 2000), flash-drive, memory stick (not to be confused with the Sony Memory Stick), USB stick or USB memory, is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface.

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User behavior analytics

User behavior analytics ("UBA") as defined by Gartner is a cybersecurity process about detection of insider threats, targeted attacks, and financial fraud.

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Verizon Communications

Verizon Communications Inc., or simply Verizon, is an American multinational telecommunications conglomerate and a corporate component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

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Verizon Wireless

Cellco Partnership, d/b/a Verizon Wireless (commonly shortened to Verizon, and stylized as verizon), is an American telecommunications company which offers wireless products and services.

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Viatel

Viatel is a Dublin-based telecoms operator.

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Vice News

Vice News (stylized as VICE News) is Vice Media, Inc.'s current affairs channel, producing daily documentary essays and video through its website and YouTube channel.

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Video Graphics Array

Video Graphics Array (VGA) is the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, following CGA and EGA introduced in earlier IBM personal computers.

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Virtual private network

A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, and enables users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing devices were directly connected to the private network.

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Virtual world

A virtual world is a computer-based simulated environment which may be populated by many users who can create a personal avatar, and simultaneously and independently explore the virtual world, participate in its activities and communicate with others.

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Vodafone

Vodafone Group plc is a British multinational telecommunications conglomerate, with headquarters in London.

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Voicemail

A voicemail system (also known as voice message or voice bank) is a computer-based system that allows users and subscribers to exchange personal voice messages; to select and deliver voice information; and to process transactions relating to individuals, organizations, products and services, using an ordinary telephone.

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Waihopai Station

The Waihopai Station is a secure communication facility, located near Blenheim, run by New Zealand's Government Communications Security Bureau.

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Westdeutscher Rundfunk

Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln (WDR, West German Broadcasting Cologne) is a German public-broadcasting institution based in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia with its main office in Cologne.

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Western world

The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.

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Whistleblower

A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.

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White House Press Secretary

The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States government administration, especially with regard to the President, senior executives, and policies.

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Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi or WiFi is technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards.

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Widodo Adi Sutjipto

Admiral Widodo Adi Sutjipto (born 1 August 1944 in Boyolali, Central Java) is a former Commander of the National Armed Forces (TNI) of Indonesia.

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WikiLeaks

WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources.

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William Binney (intelligence official)

William Edward BinneyVideo-Interview by is a former highly placed intelligence official with the United States National Security Agency (NSA) turned whistleblower who resigned on October 31, 2001, after more than 30 years with the agency.

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William Hague

William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond, (born 26 March 1961), is a British Conservative politician and life peer.

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Windows Embedded Compact

Windows Embedded Compact, formerly Windows Embedded CE and Windows CE, is an operating system subfamily developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows Embedded family of products.* Unlike Windows Embedded Standard, which is based on Windows NT, Windows Embedded Compact uses a different hybrid kernel.

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Windows Management Instrumentation

Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) consists of a set of extensions to the Windows Driver Model that provides an operating system interface through which instrumented components provide information and notification.

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Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile is a discontinued family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones and Pocket PCs.

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Windows XP

Windows XP (codenamed Whistler) is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Wired (magazine)

Wired is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics.

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Wireless LAN

A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building.

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World Bank

The World Bank (Banque mondiale) is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects.

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World of Warcraft

World of Warcraft (WoW) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) released in 2004 by Blizzard Entertainment.

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Xbox

Xbox is a video gaming brand created and owned by Microsoft.

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XKeyscore

XKeyscore (XKEYSCORE or XKS) is a formerly secret computer system first used by the United States National Security Agency for searching and analyzing global Internet data, which it collects on a daily basis.

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Yahoo!

Yahoo! is a web services provider headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and wholly owned by Verizon Communications through Oath Inc..

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Yahoo! Messenger

Yahoo! Messenger (sometimes abbreviated Y!M) is an advertisement-supported instant messaging client and associated protocol provided by Yahoo!.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California.

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ZDNet

ZDNet is a business technology news website published by CBS Interactive, along with TechRepublic.

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ZIP Code

ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS) since 1963.

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1984 (advertisement)

"1984" is an American television commercial that introduced the Apple Macintosh personal computer.

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2009 G20 London summit

The 2009 G20 London Summit was the second meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state, which was held in London on 2 April 2009 at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre to discuss financial markets and the world economy.

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2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7 and 18 December.

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2010 G20 Toronto summit

The 2010 G20 Toronto summit was the fourth meeting of the G20 heads of state/government, to discuss the global financial system and the world economy, which took place at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, during June 26–27, 2010.

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3G

3G, short for third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013–present)

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