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83 relations: Adrenal gland, Adrenal medulla, Adrenaline, Alkaloid, Amine, Amino acid, AMPT, Area postrema, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Benzene, Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, Blood pressure, Blood sugar level, Brainstem, Carcinoid syndrome, Catechol, Catechol-O-methyltransferase, Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Central nervous system, Chromaffin cell, Clinical urine tests, Cofactor (biochemistry), Dopamine, Dopamine beta-hydroxylase, Emergency medicine, Ethyl group, Ethylene, Ferrous, Fight-or-flight response, Gibberellin, Health effects from noise, Heart rate, History of catecholamine research, Homovanillic acid, Hormone, Hydroxy group, Hydroxylation, Hypoglycemia, Iron, Julius Axelrod, L-DOPA, Light pollution, Locus coeruleus, Medicinal plants, Monoamine neurotransmitter, Monoamine oxidase, Monoamine oxidase A, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Neuroendocrine tumor, Neuromelanin, ..., Neuromodulation, Neurotransmitter, Norepinephrine, Nucleus (neuroanatomy), Organic compound, Oxygen, Peptide hormone, Phenethylamine, Phenylalanine, Phenylalanine hydroxylase, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, Pheochromocytoma, Postganglionic nerve fibers, Pyridoxal phosphate, S-Adenosyl methionine, Side chain, Solitary tract, Steroid hormone, Stimulant, Stress (biology), Substantia nigra, Substituent, Substituted amphetamine, Sympathetic nervous system, Sympathomimetic drug, Synapse, Tetrahydrobiopterin, Tolcapone, Tyrosine, Tyrosine hydroxylase, Vanillylmandelic acid, Ventral tegmental area, Vitamin C. Expand index (33 more) »
Adrenal gland
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.
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Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla (medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland.
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
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Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
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Amine
In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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AMPT
Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) is a tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor.
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Area postrema
The area postrema is a medullary structure in the brain that controls vomiting.
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Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, is a lyase enzyme.
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Benzene
Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.
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Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase
Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH) are a family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes which includes phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase, tyrosine 3-hydroxylase, and tryptophan 5-hydroxylase.
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Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
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Blood sugar level
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals.
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Brainstem
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord.
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Carcinoid syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome comprising the signs and symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid tumors.
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Catechol
Catechol, also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H4(OH)2.
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure.
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Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited disorder that predisposes those affected to potentially life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Chromaffin cell
Chromaffin cells, also pheochromocytes, are neuroendocrine cells found mostly in the medulla of the adrenal glands in mammals.
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Clinical urine tests
Clinical urine tests are various tests of urine for diagnostic purposes.
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), also known as dopamine beta-monooxygenase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DBH gene.
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Emergency medicine
Emergency medicine, also known as accident and emergency medicine, is the medical specialty concerned with caring for undifferentiated, unscheduled patients with illnesses or injuries requiring immediate medical attention.
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Ethyl group
In chemistry, an ethyl group is an alkyl substituent derived from ethane (C2H6).
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Ethylene
Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or H2C.
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Ferrous
In chemistry, ferrous (Fe2+), indicates a divalent iron compound (+2 oxidation state), as opposed to ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound (+3 oxidation state).
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Fight-or-flight response
The fight-or-flight response (also called hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.
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Gibberellin
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development and leaf and fruit senescence.
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Health effects from noise
Noise health effects are the physical and psychological health consequences of regular exposure, to consistent elevated sound levels.
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Heart rate
Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute (bpm).
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History of catecholamine research
The catecholamines comprise the endogenous substances dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine) as well as numerous artificially synthesized compounds such as isoprenaline.
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Homovanillic acid
Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Hydroxy group
A hydroxy or hydroxyl group is the entity with the formula OH.
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Hydroxylation
Hydroxylation is a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group (-OH) into an organic compound.
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Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Julius Axelrod
Julius Axelrod (May 30, 1912 – December 29, 2004) was an American biochemist.
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L-DOPA
L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.
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Light pollution
Light pollution, also known as photopollution, is the presence of anthropogenic light in the night environment.
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Locus coeruleus
The locus coeruleus (\-si-ˈrü-lē-əs\, also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus) is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.
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Medicinal plants
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times.
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Monoamine neurotransmitter
Monoamine neurotransmitters are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (such as -CH2-CH2-). All monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.
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Monoamine oxidase
L-Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines.
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Monoamine oxidase A
Monoamine oxidase A, also known as MAO-A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOA gene.
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B).
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Neuroendocrine tumor
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems.
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Neuromelanin
Neuromelanin (NM) is a dark pigment found in the brain which is structurally related to melanin.
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Neuromodulation
Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons.
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
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Nucleus (neuroanatomy)
In neuroanatomy, a nucleus (plural form: nuclei) is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Peptide hormone
Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively.
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Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans.
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Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.
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Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the aromatic side-chain of phenylalanine to generate tyrosine.
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Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is an enzyme found primarily in the adrenal medulla that converts norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to epinephrine (adrenaline).
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Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands (originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth, that secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent.
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Postganglionic nerve fibers
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers.
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Pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P), the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions.
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S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl methionineSAM-e, SAMe, SAM, S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, AdoMet, ademetionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.
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Side chain
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called "main chain" or backbone.
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Solitary tract
The solitary tract (tractus solitarius, or fasciculus solitarius) is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla.
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Steroid hormone
A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone.
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Stimulant
Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects.
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Stress (biology)
Physiological or biological stress is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition.
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Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
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Substituent
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms which replaces one or more hydrogen atoms on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon, becoming a moiety of the resultant new molecule.
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Substituted amphetamine
Substituted amphetamines are a class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; it includes all derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents.
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Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Sympathomimetic drug
Sympathomimetic drugs (also known as adrenergic drugs and adrenergic amines) are stimulant compounds which mimic the effects of endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target efferent cell.
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Tetrahydrobiopterin
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, THB), also known as sapropterin, is a naturally occurring essential cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and is a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide synthases.
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Tolcapone
Tolcapone (brand name Tasmar) is a drug used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA).
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Vanillylmandelic acid
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of artificial vanilla flavorings and is an end-stage metabolite of the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
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Ventral tegmental area
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
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A-methyltyrosine, Adrenergic fibers, Catchecholamines, Catecholamine hormone, Catecholamine hypothesis, Catecholamine plasma membrane transport proteins, Catecholamine synthesis, Catecholamine synthetis, Catecholamines, Catecolamine, Methyltyrosine, Receptors, catecholamine, Α-methyltyrosine.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine
