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126 relations: ABC-CLIO, Albi, Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, Amaury VI of Montfort, Ancient Diocese of Narbonne, Arnaud Amalric, Avignon, Avignon Papacy, Baptism, Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of Muret, Béziers, Beaucaire, Gard, Bernard Gui, Beynac, Bigorre, Blanche of Castile, Bogomilism, Bourges, Bram, Aude, Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius., Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Castres, Cathar Perfect, Catharism, Château de Montfort, Château de Termes, Cistercians, Consolamentum, Council of Bourges, Count of Barcelona, Count of Foix, County of Toulouse, Crown of Aragon, Crusades, Demiurge, Dominican Order, Domme, Dordogne, Dualistic cosmology, Eucharist in the Catholic Church, Excommunication, Fanjeaux, Fifth Crusade, Fourth Council of the Lateran, France, France in the Middle Ages, Genocide, Gnosticism, God, ..., Guillaume de Puylaurens, Heresy, Holy Land, Humbert V de Beaujeu, Incarnation (Christianity), Interdict, Joan, Countess of Toulouse, John, King of England, Joseph Strayer, Labécède-Lauragais, Languedoc, Lastours, Laurence Marvin, Les Cassés, Limoux, Lombardy, Lombers, Louis IX of France, Louis VIII of France, Lourdes, Lyon, Malise Ruthven, Mark Gregory Pegg, Marmande, Mass murder, Massacre at Béziers, Meaux, Medieval Inquisition, Minerve, Hérault, Montferrand, Aude, Montpellier, Montréal, Aude, Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, Montségur, Moors, Muslim, New Testament, Papal States, Pelagianism, Peter II of Aragon, Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay, Philip II of France, Philip IV of France, Pierre de Castelnau, Pierre Roger de Cabaret, Polity, Pope, Pope Boniface VIII, Pope Clement V, Pope Gregory IX, Pope Honorius III, Pope Innocent III, Priesthood in the Catholic Church, Raphael Lemkin, Raymond Roger Trencavel, Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, Robert E. Lerner, Sacrament of Penance, Sacraments of the Catholic Church, Saint Dominic, Seneschal, Siege of Minerve, Siege of Toulouse (1217–18), Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, Sixth Crusade, Squire, The Atlantic, The Catholic Historical Review, The Holocaust, Third Council of the Lateran, Toulouse, Tours, Treaty of Paris (1229), Waldensians, William of Tudela. Expand index (76 more) »
ABC-CLIO
ABC-CLIO, LLC is a publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.
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Albi
Albi (Albi) is a commune in southern France.
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Alphonse, Count of Poitiers
Alphonse or Alfonso (11 November 122021 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as Alphonse II) from 1249.
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Amaury VI of Montfort
Amaury VI de Montfort (1195–1241) was the son of the elder Simon de Montfort and Alice of Montmorency, and the brother of the younger Simon de Montfort.
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Ancient Diocese of Narbonne
The former Catholic diocese of Narbonne existed from early Christian times until the French Revolution.
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Arnaud Amalric
Arnaud Amaury (Arnoldus Amalricus; died 1225) was a Cistercian abbot who played a prominent role in the Albigensian Crusade.
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Avignon
Avignon (Avenio; Provençal: Avignoun, Avinhon) is a commune in south-eastern France in the department of Vaucluse on the left bank of the Rhône river.
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Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome.
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Baptism
Baptism (from the Greek noun βάπτισμα baptisma; see below) is a Christian sacrament of admission and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water, into Christianity.
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Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (معركة العقاب), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain.
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Battle of Muret
At the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213 the Crusader army of Simon IV de Montfort defeated the Catharist, Aragonese and Catalan forces of Peter II of Aragon, at Muret near Toulouse.
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Béziers
Béziers (Besièrs) is a town in Languedoc in southern France.
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Beaucaire, Gard
Beaucaire is a French commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of southern France.
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Bernard Gui
Bernard Gui (1261 or 1262 – 30 December 1331), born Bernard Guidoni, also known as Bernardo Gui or Bernardus Guidonis, was a French inquisitor of the Dominican Order in the Late Middle Ages during the Medieval Inquisition, Bishop of Lodève, and one of the most prolific writers of the Middle Ages.
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Beynac
Beynac is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central-western France.
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Bigorre
Bigorre (Gascon: Bigòrra) is a region in southwest France, historically an independent county and later a French province, located in the upper watershed of the Adour, on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees, part of the larger region known as Gascony.
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Blanche of Castile
Blanche of Castile (Blanca; 4 March 1188 – 27 November 1252) was Queen of France by marriage to Louis VIII.
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Bogomilism
Bogomilism (Богомилство, Bogumilstvo/Богумилство) was a Christian neo-Gnostic or dualist sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar Peter I in the 10th century.
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Bourges
Bourges is a city in central France on the Yèvre river.
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Bram, Aude
Bram is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
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Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius.
"Caedite eos.
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Carcassonne
Carcassonne (Carcaso) is a French fortified city in the department of Aude, in the region of Occitanie.
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Castelnaudary
Castelnaudary (Castèlnòu d'Arri) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region in south France.
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Castres
Castres (Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan) is a commune, and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France.
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Cathar Perfect
Perfect (also known as a Parfait in French or Perfectus in Latin) was the name given by Bernard of Clairvaux to the ‘leader’ of the medieval Christian religious movement of southern France and northern Italy commonly referred to as the Cathars.
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Catharism
Catharism (from the Greek: καθαροί, katharoi, "the pure ") was a Christian dualist or Gnostic revival movement that thrived in some areas of Southern Europe, particularly northern Italy and what is now southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries.
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Château de Montfort
The Château de Montfort is a castle in the French commune of Vitrac in the Dordogne département, part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
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Château de Termes
The Château de Termes is a ruined castle near the village of Termes in the Aude département of France.
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Cistercians
A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (abbreviated as OCist, SOCist ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), or ‘’’OCSO’’’ (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), which are religious orders of monks and nuns. They are also known as “Trappists”; as Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though that term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania); or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking to restore the simpler lifestyle of the original Cistercians began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, leading eventually to the Holy See’s reorganization in 1892 of reformed houses into a single order Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. Cistercians who did not observe these reforms became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century.
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Consolamentum
Consolamentum, known as heretication to its Catholic opponents, was the unique sacrament of the Cathars.
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Council of Bourges
The Council of Bourges was a Catholic council convened in November 1225 in Bourges, France; it was the second largest church assembly held in the West up to that time, exceeded in the numbers of prelates that attended only by the Fourth Lateran Council.
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Count of Barcelona
The Count of Barcelona (Comte de Barcelona, Conde de Barcelona) was the ruler of Catalonia for much of Catalan history, from the 9th century until the 15th century.
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Count of Foix
The Count of Foix ruled the independent County of Foix, in what is now southern France, during the Middle Ages.
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County of Toulouse
The County of Toulouse was a territory in southern France consisting of the city of Toulouse and its environs, ruled by the Count of Toulouse from the late 9th century until the late 13th century.
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Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon (Corona d'Aragón, Corona d'Aragó, Corona de Aragón),Corona d'AragónCorona AragonumCorona de Aragón) also referred by some modern historians as Catalanoaragonese Crown (Corona catalanoaragonesa) or Catalan-Aragonese Confederation (Confederació catalanoaragonesa) was a composite monarchy, also nowadays referred to as a confederation of individual polities or kingdoms ruled by one king, with a personal and dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy (a state with primarily maritime realms) controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean "empire" which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388). The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes. Put in contemporary terms, it has sometimes been considered that the different lands of the Crown of Aragon (mainly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia) functioned more as a confederation than as a single kingdom. In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. In 1469, a new dynastic familial union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains" led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain under King Philip II. The Crown existed until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Demiurge
In the Platonic, Neopythagorean, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy, the demiurge is an artisan-like figure responsible for fashioning and maintaining the physical universe.
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Dominican Order
The Order of Preachers (Ordo Praedicatorum, postnominal abbreviation OP), also known as the Dominican Order, is a mendicant Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Dominic of Caleruega in France, approved by Pope Honorius III via the Papal bull Religiosam vitam on 22 December 1216.
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Domme, Dordogne
Domme is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
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Dualistic cosmology
Dualism in cosmology is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other.
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Eucharist in the Catholic Church
The Eucharist in the Catholic Church is the celebration of Mass, the eucharistic liturgy.
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Excommunication
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular receiving of the sacraments.
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Fanjeaux
Fanjeaux is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
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Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was an attempt by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt.
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Fourth Council of the Lateran
The Fourth Council of the Lateran was convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull Vineam domini Sabaoth of 19 April 1213, and the Council gathered at Rome's Lateran Palace beginning 11 November 1215.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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France in the Middle Ages
The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 9th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions) that had developed following the Viking invasions and through the piecemeal dismantling of the Carolingian Empire and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis of the Hundred Years' War with the Kingdom of England (1337–1453) compounded by the catastrophic Black Death epidemic (1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.
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Genocide
Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.
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Gnosticism
Gnosticism (from γνωστικός gnostikos, "having knowledge", from γνῶσις, knowledge) is a modern name for a variety of ancient religious ideas and systems, originating in Jewish-Christian milieus in the first and second century AD.
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God
In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.
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Guillaume de Puylaurens
Guillaume de Puylaurens (in Occitan, Guilhèm de Puèglaurenç; in Latin, Guillelmus de Podio Laurenti; in English, William of Puylaurens) is a 13th-century Latin chronicler, author of a history of Catharism and of the Albigensian Crusade.
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Heresy
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization.
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Holy Land
The Holy Land (Hebrew: אֶרֶץ הַקּוֹדֶשׁ, Terra Sancta; Arabic: الأرض المقدسة) is an area roughly located between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea that also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River.
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Humbert V de Beaujeu
Humbert V de Beaujeu (1198 – mid 1250) was Constable of France (1240) under King Louis IX.
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Incarnation (Christianity)
In Christian theology, the doctrine of the Incarnation holds that Jesus, the preexistent divine Logos (Koine Greek for "Word") and the second hypostasis of the Trinity, God the Son and Son of the Father, taking on a human body and human nature, "was made flesh" and conceived in the womb of Mary the Theotokos (Greek for "God-bearer"). The doctrine of the Incarnation, then, entails that Jesus Christ is fully God and fully human, his two natures joined in hypostatic union.
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Interdict
In Catholic canon law, an interdict is an ecclesiastical censure, or ban that prohibits persons, certain active Church individuals or groups from participating in certain rites, or that the rites and services of the church are banished from having validity in certain territories for a limited or extended time.
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Joan, Countess of Toulouse
Joan (1220 – Castle of Corneto near Siena, 25 August 1271), was Countess of Toulouse from 1249 until her death.
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John, King of England
John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216.
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Joseph Strayer
Joseph Reese Strayer (1904–1987) was an American medievalist historian.
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Labécède-Lauragais
Labécède-Lauragais is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
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Languedoc
Languedoc (Lengadòc) is a former province of France.
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Lastours
Lastours (Las Tors) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
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Laurence Marvin
Laurence W. Marvin is assistant professor of history in the Evans School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Berry College whose primary scholarly focus is the Albigensian Crusade.
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Les Cassés
Les Cassés is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
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Limoux
Limoux (Limós) is a commune and subprefecture in the Aude department, a part of the ancient Languedoc province and the present-day Occitanie region in southern France.
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Lombardy
Lombardy (Lombardia; Lumbardia, pronounced: (Western Lombard), (Eastern Lombard)) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of.
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Lombers
Lombers is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.
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Louis IX of France
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint.
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Louis VIII of France
Louis VIII the Lion (Louis VIII le Lion; 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) was King of France from 1223 to 1226.
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Lourdes
Lourdes (Lorda in Occitan) is a small market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees.
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Lyon
Lyon (Liyon), is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France.
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Malise Ruthven
Malise Walter Maitland Knox Hore-Ruthven (born 14 May 1942) is an Anglo-Irish academic and writer.
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Mark Gregory Pegg
Mark Gregory Pegg (born 1963) is an Australian professor of medieval history, currently teaching in the United States at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
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Marmande
Marmande (in Occitan, Marmanda) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne département in south-western France.
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Mass murder
Mass murder is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.
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Massacre at Béziers
The Massacre at Béziers refers to the slaughter of the inhabitants during the sack of Béziers, an event that took place on 22 July 1209, and was the first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade.
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Meaux
Meaux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in the metropolitan area of Paris, France.
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Medieval Inquisition
The Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184–1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s).
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Minerve, Hérault
Minerve (Menèrba) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
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Montferrand, Aude
Montferrand is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
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Montpellier
Montpellier (Montpelhièr) is a city in southern France.
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Montréal, Aude
Montréal is a commune just south of Carcassonne in the Aude department, a part of the ancient Languedoc province and the present-day Occitanie region in southern France.
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Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies
The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (MIGS) is a research institute based at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Montségur
Montségur is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
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Moors
The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta during the Middle Ages.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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New Testament
The New Testament (Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, trans. Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē; Novum Testamentum) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible.
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Papal States
The Papal States, officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa,; Status Ecclesiasticus; also Dicio Pontificia), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope, from the 8th century until 1870.
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Pelagianism
Pelagianism is the belief that original sin did not taint human nature and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without special divine aid.
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Peter II of Aragon
Peter II the Catholic (July 1178 – 12 September 1213) was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona from 1196 to 1213.
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Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay
Peter of Vaux de Cernay (died c.1218) was a Cistercian monk of Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey, in what is now Yvelines, northern France, and a chronicler of the Albigensian Crusade.
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Philip II of France
Philip II, known as Philip Augustus (Philippe Auguste; 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223, a member of the House of Capet.
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Philip IV of France
Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called the Fair (Philippe le Bel) or the Iron King (le Roi de fer), was King of France from 1285 until his death.
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Pierre de Castelnau
Pierre de Castelnau (? - died 15 January 1208), French ecclesiastic, was born in the diocese of Montpellier.
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Pierre Roger de Cabaret
Pierre Roger de Cabaret (French) or Pèire Rogièr de Cabaret (Occitan) (fl. 13th century) was a military leader of the Occitan forces in the Albigensian Crusade.
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Polity
A polity is any kind of political entity.
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Pope
The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.
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Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (Bonifatius VIII; born Benedetto Caetani (c. 1230 – 11 October 1303), was Pope from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303. He organized the first Catholic "jubilee" year to take place in Rome and declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff. Today, he is probably best remembered for his feuds with King Philip IV of France, who caused the Pope's death, and Dante Alighieri, who placed the pope in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy, among the simoniacs.
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Pope Clement V
Pope Clement V (Clemens V; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Guoth and de Goth), was Pope from 5 June 1305 to his death in 1314.
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Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX Gregorius IX (born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241), was Pope from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241.
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Pope Honorius III
Pope Honorius III (1150 – 18 March 1227), born as Cencio Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death in 1227.
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Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216.
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Priesthood in the Catholic Church
The ministerial orders of the Catholic Church (for similar but different rules among Eastern Catholics see Eastern Catholic Church) are those of bishop, presbyter (more commonly called priest in English), and deacon.
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Raphael Lemkin
Raphael Lemkin (June 24, 1900 – August 28, 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent who is best known for coining the word genocide and initiating the Genocide Convention.
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Raymond Roger Trencavel
Raymond Roger Trencavel (also Raimond, Raimon Rogièr; 1185 – 10 November 1209) was a member of the noble Trencavel family.
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Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse
Raymond VI (Ramon; October 27, 1156 – August 2, 1222) was Count of Toulouse and Marquis of Provence from 1194 to 1222.
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Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse
Raymond VII of Saint-Gilles (July 1197 – 27 September 1249) was Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence from 1222 until his death.
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Robert E. Lerner
Robert E. Lerner (born 1940 in New York) is an American medieval historian and professor of history emeritus at Northwestern University.
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Sacrament of Penance
The Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation (commonly called Penance, Reconciliation, or Confession) is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church (called sacred mysteries in the Eastern Catholic Churches), in which the faithful obtain absolution for the sins committed against God and neighbour and are reconciled with the community of the Church.
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Sacraments of the Catholic Church
There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church.
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Saint Dominic
Saint Dominic (Santo Domingo), also known as Dominic of Osma and Dominic of Caleruega, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo Félix de Guzmán (8 August 1170 – 6 August 1221), was a Castilian priest and founder of the Dominican Order.
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Seneschal
A seneschal was a senior court appointment within a royal, ducal, or noble household during the Middle Ages and early Modern period, historically a steward or majordomo of a medieval great house, such as a royal household.
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Siege of Minerve
The Siege of Minerve was a military engagement which took place in June and July 1210 during the Albigensian Crusade.
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Siege of Toulouse (1217–18)
A Siege of Toulouse occurred from October 1217 to June 1218 during Albigensian Crusade.
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Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester
Simon IV (or V) de Montfort (– 25 June 1218), also known as Simon de Montfort the Elder, was a French nobleman and soldier who took part in the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) and was a prominent leader of the Albigensian Crusade.
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Sixth Crusade
The Sixth Crusade started in 1228 as an attempt to regain Jerusalem.
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Squire
Starting in the Middle Ages, a squire was the shield- or armour-bearer of a knight.
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The Atlantic
The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts.
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The Catholic Historical Review
The Catholic Historical Review is the official organ of the American Catholic Historical Association.
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.
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Third Council of the Lateran
The Third Council of the Lateran met in March 1179 as the eleventh ecumenical council.
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Toulouse
Toulouse (Tolosa, Tolosa) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie.
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Tours
Tours is a city located in the centre-west of France.
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Treaty of Paris (1229)
The Treaty of Paris, also known as Treaty of Meaux, was signed on April 12, 1229 between Raymond VII of Toulouse and Louis IX of France in Meaux near Paris.
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Waldensians
The Waldensians (also known variously as Waldenses, Vallenses, Valdesi or Vaudois) are a pre-Protestant Christian movement founded by Peter Waldo in Lyon around 1173.
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William of Tudela
William of Tudela (in Occitan, Guilhem de Tudela; in French, Guillaume de Tudèle; fl. 1199-1214) was the author of the first part of the Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise or Song of the Albigensian Crusade, an epic poem in Occitan giving a contemporary account of the crusade against the Cathars.
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Redirects here:
Albigenses Crusade, Albigensian Crusades, Albigensian War, Albigensian crusade, Albigensian war, Cathar Crusade, Cathar crusade, Crusade against the Albigenses, The Albigensian Crusade.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade
