Communication

457 relations: Abdominal pain, Absorption (pharmacology), Acetamide, Acetonitrile, Acetylcholine, Acid dissociation constant, Action potential, Adderall, Addiction, Adenylyl cyclase, Adjuvant therapy, Adrenaline, Adrenergic storm, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Aerobic exercise, Agonist, Alcoholism, Alertness, Allyl chloride, Alpha and beta carbon, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, Amine, Ammonia, Anaerobic exercise, Analgesic, Anorectic, Anorexia (symptom), Anorexia nervosa, Antidepressant, Antihypertensive drug, Antipsychotic, Anuria, Anxiety, Aphrodisiac, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Arousal, Arteriosclerosis, Astrocyte, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Autoreceptor, Autoxidation, Axon terminal, Basal ganglia, Behavioral addiction, Benzaldehyde, Benzene, Benzoic acid, Benzoyl-CoA, Benzphetamine, Benzyl chloride, ..., Benzyl group, Binding site, Bioavailability, Biological half-life, Biological target, Bipolar disorder, Black market, Blood plasma, Blood proteins, Blood–brain barrier, Blurred vision, Brand, Bruxism, Bupropion, Butyrate—CoA ligase, C-Fos, C2-Symmetric ligands, Calcium channel, CAMK, Cannabinoid, Carbon dioxide, Cardiac arrest, Cardiogenic shock, Cardiovascular disease, Carnitine, Catecholamine, Cathinone, Caudate nucleus, Cell membrane, Central nervous system, Cerebrospinal fluid, Chemical classification, Chemical synapse, Chiral resolution, Chronic pain, Circulatory collapse, Circulatory system, Clandestine chemistry, Clinical trial, Clobenzorex, Cmax (pharmacology), Cocaine, Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, Cochrane (organisation), Cognitive behavioral therapy, Coma, Combination therapy, Concentration, Conditioned place preference, Confidence interval, Contraindication, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, Controlled Substances Act, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Corticosteroid, Craving (withdrawal), CREB, Curtius rearrangement, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CYP2D6, D1-like receptor, Decongestant, Delusion, Depressant, Derivative (chemistry), Detrusor muscle, Dextroamphetamine, Diastereomer, Dietary supplement, Disease, Distribution (pharmacology), Dopamine, Dopamine beta-hydroxylase, Dopamine dysregulation syndrome, Dopamine receptor, Dopamine receptor D1, Dopamine receptor D2, Dopamine transporter, Dopaminergic pathways, Dosage form, Drug action, Drug diversion, Drug interaction, Drug metabolism, Drug test, Drug tolerance, Drug withdrawal, Dysphoria, Dysuria, Effect size, Effective dose (pharmacology), EHMT2, Elimination (pharmacology), Empathogen–entactogen, Enantiomer, Enantiopure drug, Enantioselective synthesis, Endocytosis, Endurance, Energy homeostasis, Enuresis, Enzyme, Enzyme inhibitor, Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, Ephedrine, Epigenetics, Epileptic seizure, Episodic memory, Epithelium, Erectile dysfunction, Ethyl acetoacetate, Euphoria, Euro, Excretion, Executive functions, Experimental drug, Famprofazone, Fatigue, Fenproporex, Fever, Fixation (psychology), Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, Food and Drug Administration, Formamide, Formetorex, Formic acid, FOSB, Fractional crystallization (chemistry), Free base, Functional group, G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel, G protein–coupled receptor, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Gastrointestinal physiology, Gene expression, Genitourinary system, Gi alpha subunit, Glaucoma, Glossary of gene expression terms, Glutamate (neurotransmitter), Glutamate transporter, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Glycine N-acyltransferase, Gordon Alles, Gq alpha subunit, Grading in education, Grandiosity, Gs alpha subunit, H2 antagonist, Heart arrhythmia, Hippuric acid, Histamine, Histone methyltransferase, History of Benzedrine, Hofmann rearrangement, Homologous series, Human body temperature, Human brain, Human musculoskeletal system, Hydrogenation, Hydrolysis, Hyperkalemia, Hyperreflexia, Hypersensitivity, Hypertension, Hyperthermia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypoactive sexual desire disorder, Hypokalemia, Hypotension, Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, Imine, Immunoassay, In vitro, Indication (medicine), Indirect agonist, Inhaler, Inhibitory control, Insomnia, Insufflation (medicine), Intelligence quotient, International nonproprietary name, International Programme on Chemical Safety, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Intramuscular injection, Intravenous therapy, Ion, Irritability, Isomer, JunD, Kidney, Kidney failure, Knoevenagel condensation, L-DOPA, Lazăr Edeleanu, Leuckart reaction, Levoamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine, Libido, Ligand (biochemistry), Ligand-gated ion channel, Lipid, Liquid, Lisdexamfetamine, List of Schedule II drugs (US), Lithium aluminium hydride, Locus coeruleus, Lucid dream, Magnesium, Magnesium aspartate, Magnesium chloride, Magnetic resonance imaging, Mania, Marathon, Mast cell, MDMA, Medium spiny neuron, Membrane transport protein, Memory consolidation, Mental chronometry, Mesocarb, Mesolimbic pathway, Messenger RNA, Meta-analysis, Metabolic acidosis, Metabolite, Methamphetamine, Methyl group, Methyl iodide, Methylphenethylamine, Methylphenidate, Millimeter of mercury, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Model organism, Molar concentration, Monoamine neurotransmitter, Monoamine oxidase, Monoamine oxidase A, Monoamine oxidase B, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Monoamine releasing agent, Monoamine transporter, Mosher's acid, Motivational salience, Muscle contraction, Myalgia, Mydriasis, Myocardial infarction, N-Methylphenethylamine, Narcolepsy, Nausea, Necessity and sufficiency, Neurobiological effects of physical exercise, Neurodegeneration, Neuropeptide, Neurotoxicity, Neurotransmission, Neurotransmitter, NF-κB, Nicotine, Nitro compound, Nitroethane, NMDA receptor, Nootropic, Norepinephrine, Norepinephrine transporter, Nucleus accumbens, Obesity, Off-label use, Opioid, Opioid peptide, Opium Law, Oral administration, Orally disintegrating tablet, Organic redox reaction, Organosulfate, Over-the-counter drug, Oxime, P-Hydroxynorephedrine, Paranoia, Performance-enhancing substance, PH, Pharmacotherapy, Phencyclidine, Phenethylamine, Phenyl-2-nitropropene, Phenylacetone, Phenylalanine, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenylpropene, Phosphorylation, Physical dependence, Physical strength, Polyphagia, Potency (pharmacology), Prefrontal cortex, Prenylamine, Prescription drug, Priapism, Prodrug, Propofol, Prospective cohort study, Protein kinase A, Protein kinase C, Proton-pump inhibitor, Psychological dependence, Psychomotor retardation, Psychosis, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary hypertension, Quality of life, Racemic mixture, Randomized controlled trial, Rating of perceived exertion, Raynaud syndrome, Reactive oxygen species, Recall (memory), Recreational drug use, Red blood cell, Reflex syncope, Reinforcement, Relapse, Respiratory alkalosis, Respiratory center, Respiratory system, Reuptake, Reuptake inhibitor, Reverse transport, Reward system, Rhabdomyolysis, Rhinitis medicamentosa, Ritter reaction, Salt (chemistry), Schiff base, Sedative, Seizure threshold, Selegiline, Self-administration, Self-confidence, Serine, Serotonin, Serotonin syndrome, Serotonin transporter, Sexual addiction, Side effect, Signal transduction, Skeletal formula, SLC1A1, SLC22A3, SLC22A5, Smith, Kline & French, Smooth muscle tissue, Stereocenter, Stereotypy, Stimulant, Stimulant psychosis, Striatum, Stroke, Structural isomer, Substance abuse, Substance use disorder, Substituent, Substituted amphetamine, Substituted phenethylamine, Suppository, Sympathomimetic drug, Synaptic vesicle, Systematic review, TAAR1, Tachycardia, Tartaric acid, Teratology, Thyroid, Tic, Tic disorder, Tonne, Tourette syndrome, Trace amine, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Treatment-resistant depression, Tremor, Tuberomammillary nucleus, United Nations, United States Adopted Name, Urinary incontinence, Urinary retention, Ventral tegmental area, Vesicular monoamine transporter, Vesicular monoamine transporter 1, Vesicular monoamine transporter 2, Viral vector, Volatility (chemistry), Wakefulness, Weight loss, Working memory, Xerostomia, Zinc, Zinc sulfate (medical use), 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol, 4-Hydroxyamphetamine, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetone, 5-HT1A receptor. Expand index (407 more) » « Shrink index

Abdominal pain

Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues.

New!!: Amphetamine and Abdominal pain · See more »

Absorption (pharmacology)

In pharmacology (and more specifically pharmacokinetics), absorption is the movement of a drug from the site of administration to bloodstream.

New!!: Amphetamine and Absorption (pharmacology) · See more »

Acetamide

Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2.

New!!: Amphetamine and Acetamide · See more »

Acetonitrile

Acetonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula.

New!!: Amphetamine and Acetonitrile · See more »

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells.

New!!: Amphetamine and Acetylcholine · See more »

Acid dissociation constant

An acid dissociation constant, Ka, (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.

New!!: Amphetamine and Acid dissociation constant · See more »

Action potential

In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise.

New!!: Amphetamine and Action potential · See more »

Adderall

Adderall, Adderall XR, and Mydayis are combination drugs containing four salts of the two enantiomers of amphetamine, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class.

New!!: Amphetamine and Adderall · See more »

Addiction

Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences.

New!!: Amphetamine and Addiction · See more »

Adenylyl cyclase

Adenylyl cyclase (also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylate cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in essentially all cells.

New!!: Amphetamine and Adenylyl cyclase · See more »

Adjuvant therapy

Adjuvant therapy, also known as adjunct therapy, add-on therapy, and adjuvant care, is therapy that is given in addition to the primary or initial therapy to maximize its effectiveness.

New!!: Amphetamine and Adjuvant therapy · See more »

Adrenaline

Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.

New!!: Amphetamine and Adrenaline · See more »

Adrenergic storm

An adrenergic storm is a sudden and dramatic increase in serum levels of the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline (also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine respectively), with a less significant increase in dopamine transmission.

New!!: Amphetamine and Adrenergic storm · See more »

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, also adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

New!!: Amphetamine and Adrenocorticotropic hormone · See more »

Aerobic exercise

Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process.

New!!: Amphetamine and Aerobic exercise · See more »

Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.

New!!: Amphetamine and Agonist · See more »

Alcoholism

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems.

New!!: Amphetamine and Alcoholism · See more »

Alertness

Alertness is the state of active attention by high sensory awareness such as being watchful and prompt to meet danger or emergency, or being quick to perceive and act.

New!!: Amphetamine and Alertness · See more »

Allyl chloride

Allyl chloride is the organic compound with the formula CH2.

New!!: Amphetamine and Allyl chloride · See more »

Alpha and beta carbon

The alpha carbon (Cα) in organic molecules refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a carbonyl.

New!!: Amphetamine and Alpha and beta carbon · See more »

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor

The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein.

New!!: Amphetamine and Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor · See more »

Amine

In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.

New!!: Amphetamine and Amine · See more »

Ammonia

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

New!!: Amphetamine and Ammonia · See more »

Anaerobic exercise

Anaerobic exercise is a physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate to form.

New!!: Amphetamine and Anaerobic exercise · See more »

Analgesic

An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Analgesic · See more »

Anorectic

An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss.

New!!: Amphetamine and Anorectic · See more »

Anorexia (symptom)

Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite.

New!!: Amphetamine and Anorexia (symptom) · See more »

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin, resulting in food restriction.

New!!: Amphetamine and Anorexia nervosa · See more »

Antidepressant

Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions, including dysthymia, anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, neuropathic pain and, in some cases, dysmenorrhoea, snoring, migraine, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction, dependence, and sleep disorders.

New!!: Amphetamine and Antidepressant · See more »

Antihypertensive drug

Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).

New!!: Amphetamine and Antihypertensive drug · See more »

Antipsychotic

Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

New!!: Amphetamine and Antipsychotic · See more »

Anuria

Anuria, sometimes called anuresis, is nonpassage of urine, in practice is defined as passage of less than 100 milliliters of urine in a day.

New!!: Amphetamine and Anuria · See more »

Anxiety

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.

New!!: Amphetamine and Anxiety · See more »

Aphrodisiac

An aphrodisiac or love drug is a substance that increases libido when consumed.

New!!: Amphetamine and Aphrodisiac · See more »

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, is a lyase enzyme.

New!!: Amphetamine and Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase · See more »

Arousal

Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception.

New!!: Amphetamine and Arousal · See more »

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis is the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries.

New!!: Amphetamine and Arteriosclerosis · See more »

Astrocyte

Astrocytes (Astro from Greek astron.

New!!: Amphetamine and Astrocyte · See more »

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type.

New!!: Amphetamine and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder · See more »

Autoreceptor

An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of presynaptic nerve cells.

New!!: Amphetamine and Autoreceptor · See more »

Autoxidation

Autoxidation is any oxidation that occurs in open air or in presence of oxygen (and sometimes UV radiation) and forms peroxides and hydroperoxides.

New!!: Amphetamine and Autoxidation · See more »

Axon terminal

Axon terminals (also called synaptic boutons or terminal boutons) are distal terminations of the telodendria (branches) of an axon.

New!!: Amphetamine and Axon terminal · See more »

Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) is a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates including humans, which are situated at the base of the forebrain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Basal ganglia · See more »

Behavioral addiction

Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-drug-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being.

New!!: Amphetamine and Behavioral addiction · See more »

Benzaldehyde

Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent.

New!!: Amphetamine and Benzaldehyde · See more »

Benzene

Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.

New!!: Amphetamine and Benzene · See more »

Benzoic acid

Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid.

New!!: Amphetamine and Benzoic acid · See more »

Benzoyl-CoA

Benzoyl-CoA is a molecule implied in the activity of the different enzymes 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase, benzoyl-CoA reductase, benzoyl-CoA 3-monooxygenase, benzoate-CoA ligase, 2alpha-hydroxytaxane 2-O-benzoyltransferase, anthranilate N-benzoyltransferase, biphenyl synthase, glycine N-benzoyltransferase, ornithine N-benzoyltransferase and phenylglyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating).

New!!: Amphetamine and Benzoyl-CoA · See more »

Benzphetamine

Benzphetamine (brand name Didrex) is a substituted amphetamine used short-term along with a doctor-approved, reduced-calorie diet, exercise, and behavioral program for weight loss.

New!!: Amphetamine and Benzphetamine · See more »

Benzyl chloride

Benzyl chloride, or α-chlorotoluene, is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2Cl.

New!!: Amphetamine and Benzyl chloride · See more »

Benzyl group

In organic chemistry, benzyl is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure C6H5CH2–.

New!!: Amphetamine and Benzyl group · See more »

Binding site

In biochemistry, a binding site is a region on a protein or piece of DNA or RNA to which ligands (specific molecules and/or ions) may form a chemical bond.

New!!: Amphetamine and Binding site · See more »

Bioavailability

In pharmacology, bioavailability (BA or F) is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Bioavailability · See more »

Biological half-life

The biological half-life of a biological substance is the time it takes for half to be removed by biological processes when the rate of removal is roughly exponential.

New!!: Amphetamine and Biological half-life · See more »

Biological target

A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function.

New!!: Amphetamine and Biological target · See more »

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood.

New!!: Amphetamine and Bipolar disorder · See more »

Black market

A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules.

New!!: Amphetamine and Black market · See more »

Blood plasma

Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells.

New!!: Amphetamine and Blood plasma · See more »

Blood proteins

Blood proteins, also termed plasma proteins, are proteins present in blood plasma.

New!!: Amphetamine and Blood proteins · See more »

Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).

New!!: Amphetamine and Blood–brain barrier · See more »

Blurred vision

Blurred vision is an ocular symptom.

New!!: Amphetamine and Blurred vision · See more »

Brand

A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes an organization or product from its rivals in the eyes of the customer.

New!!: Amphetamine and Brand · See more »

Bruxism

Bruxism is excessive teeth grinding or jaw clenching.

New!!: Amphetamine and Bruxism · See more »

Bupropion

Bupropion, sold under the brand names Wellbutrin and Zyban among others, is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid.

New!!: Amphetamine and Bupropion · See more »

Butyrate—CoA ligase

Butyrate—CoA ligase, also known as xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid-ligase (XM-ligase), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, carboxylic acid, and CoA, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and acyl-CoA.

New!!: Amphetamine and Butyrate—CoA ligase · See more »

C-Fos

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos.

New!!: Amphetamine and C-Fos · See more »

C2-Symmetric ligands

In homogeneous catalysis, a C2-symmetric ligands usually describes bidentate ligands that are dyssymmetric but not asymmetric by virtue of their C2-symmetry.

New!!: Amphetamine and C2-Symmetric ligands · See more »

Calcium channel

A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions.

New!!: Amphetamine and Calcium channel · See more »

CAMK

CAMK, also written as CaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes.

New!!: Amphetamine and CAMK · See more »

Cannabinoid

A cannabinoid is one of a class of diverse chemical compounds that acts on cannabinoid receptors in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cannabinoid · See more »

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

New!!: Amphetamine and Carbon dioxide · See more »

Cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest is a sudden loss of blood flow resulting from the failure of the heart to effectively pump.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cardiac arrest · See more »

Cardiogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock is a medical emergency resulting from inadequate blood flow due to the dysfunction of the ventricles of the heart.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cardiogenic shock · See more »

Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cardiovascular disease · See more »

Carnitine

Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid, 3-hydroxy-4-N,N,N- trimethylaminobutyrate) is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants and some bacteria. Carnitine may exist in two isomers, labeled D-carnitine and L-carnitine, as they are optically active. At room temperature, pure carnitine is a white powder, and a water-soluble zwitterion with low toxicity. Carnitine only exists in animals as the L-enantiomer, and D-carnitine is toxic because it inhibits the activity of L-carnitine. Carnitine, derived from an amino acid, is found in nearly all organisms and animal tissue. Carnitine is the generic expression for a number of compounds that include L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine. It is most accumulated in cardiac and skeletal muscles as it accounts for 0.1% of its dry matter. It was first derived from meat extracts in 1905, therefore the name carnitine is derived from Latin "carnus" or flesh. The body synthesizes enough carnitine from lysine side chains to keep up with the needs of energy production in the body as carnitine acts as a transporter of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria to be oxidized and produce energy. Some individuals with genetic or medical disorders (like preterm infants) cannot make enough, so this makes carnitine a conditionally essential nutrient for them.

New!!: Amphetamine and Carnitine · See more »

Catecholamine

A catecholamine (CA) is a monoamine, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups at carbons 1 and 2) and a side-chain amine.

New!!: Amphetamine and Catecholamine · See more »

Cathinone

Cathinone (also known as benzoylethanamine, or β-keto-amphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (khat) and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine, methcathinone and other amphetamines.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cathinone · See more »

Caudate nucleus

The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the dorsal striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia.

New!!: Amphetamine and Caudate nucleus · See more »

Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

New!!: Amphetamine and Cell membrane · See more »

Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

New!!: Amphetamine and Central nervous system · See more »

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cerebrospinal fluid · See more »

Chemical classification

Chemical classification systems attempt to classify elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties.

New!!: Amphetamine and Chemical classification · See more »

Chemical synapse

Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be exchanged to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.

New!!: Amphetamine and Chemical synapse · See more »

Chiral resolution

Chiral resolution in stereochemistry is a process for the separation of racemic compounds into their enantiomers.

New!!: Amphetamine and Chiral resolution · See more »

Chronic pain

Chronic pain is pain that lasts a long time.

New!!: Amphetamine and Chronic pain · See more »

Circulatory collapse

A circulatory collapse is defined as a general or specific failure of the circulation, either cardiac or peripheral in nature.

New!!: Amphetamine and Circulatory collapse · See more »

Circulatory system

The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.

New!!: Amphetamine and Circulatory system · See more »

Clandestine chemistry

Clandestine chemistry is chemistry carried out in secret, and particularly in illegal drug laboratories.

New!!: Amphetamine and Clandestine chemistry · See more »

Clinical trial

Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research.

New!!: Amphetamine and Clinical trial · See more »

Clobenzorex

Clobenzorex (Asenlix, Dinintel, Finedal, Rexigen) is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes used as an appetite suppressant.

New!!: Amphetamine and Clobenzorex · See more »

Cmax (pharmacology)

Cmax is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administrated and before the administration of a second dose.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cmax (pharmacology) · See more »

Cocaine

Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cocaine · See more »

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, also known as CART, is a neuropeptide protein that in humans is encoded by the CARTPT gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript · See more »

Cochrane (organisation)

Cochrane is a non-profit, non-governmental organization formed to organize medical research findings so as to facilitate evidence-based choices about health interventions faced by health professionals, patients, and policy makers.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cochrane (organisation) · See more »

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psycho-social intervention that is the most widely used evidence-based practice aimed at improving mental health.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cognitive behavioral therapy · See more »

Coma

Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awaken; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.

New!!: Amphetamine and Coma · See more »

Combination therapy

Combination therapy or polytherapy is therapy that uses more than one medication or modality (versus monotherapy, which is any therapy taken alone).

New!!: Amphetamine and Combination therapy · See more »

Concentration

In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.

New!!: Amphetamine and Concentration · See more »

Conditioned place preference

Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a form of Pavlovian conditioning used to measure the motivational effects of objects or experiences.

New!!: Amphetamine and Conditioned place preference · See more »

Confidence interval

In statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is a type of interval estimate, computed from the statistics of the observed data, that might contain the true value of an unknown population parameter.

New!!: Amphetamine and Confidence interval · See more »

Contraindication

In medicine, a contraindication is a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the patient.

New!!: Amphetamine and Contraindication · See more »

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act

The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Loi réglementant certaines drogues et autres substances) (the Act) is Canada's federal drug control statute.

New!!: Amphetamine and Controlled Drugs and Substances Act · See more »

Controlled Substances Act

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the statute establishing federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances is regulated.

New!!: Amphetamine and Controlled Substances Act · See more »

Convention on Psychotropic Substances

The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine-type stimulants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics signed in Vienna, Austria on 21 February 1971.

New!!: Amphetamine and Convention on Psychotropic Substances · See more »

Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.

New!!: Amphetamine and Corticosteroid · See more »

Craving (withdrawal)

When going through withdrawal, craving is a psychological urge to administer a discontinued medication or recreational drug.

New!!: Amphetamine and Craving (withdrawal) · See more »

CREB

CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.

New!!: Amphetamine and CREB · See more »

Curtius rearrangement

The Curtius rearrangement (or Curtius reaction or Curtius degradation), first defined by Theodor Curtius in 1885, is the thermal decomposition of an acyl azide to an isocyanate with loss of nitrogen gas.

New!!: Amphetamine and Curtius rearrangement · See more »

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes.

New!!: Amphetamine and Cyclic adenosine monophosphate · See more »

CYP2D6

Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2D6 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and CYP2D6 · See more »

D1-like receptor

The D1-like receptors are a subfamily of dopamine receptors that bind the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine.

New!!: Amphetamine and D1-like receptor · See more »

Decongestant

A decongestant, or nasal decongestant, is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract.

New!!: Amphetamine and Decongestant · See more »

Delusion

A delusion is a mistaken belief that is held with strong conviction even in the presence of superior evidence to the contrary.

New!!: Amphetamine and Delusion · See more »

Depressant

A depressant, or central depressant, is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Depressant · See more »

Derivative (chemistry)

In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound by a chemical reaction.

New!!: Amphetamine and Derivative (chemistry) · See more »

Detrusor muscle

The detrusor muscle, also detrusor urinae muscle, muscularis propria of the urinary bladder and (less precise) muscularis propria, is smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder.

New!!: Amphetamine and Detrusor muscle · See more »

Dextroamphetamine

Dextroamphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and amphetamine enantiomer that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine · See more »

Diastereomer

Diastereomers (sometimes called diastereoisomers) are a type of a stereoisomer.

New!!: Amphetamine and Diastereomer · See more »

Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dietary supplement · See more »

Disease

A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.

New!!: Amphetamine and Disease · See more »

Distribution (pharmacology)

Distribution in pharmacology is a branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of a drug from one location to another within the body.

New!!: Amphetamine and Distribution (pharmacology) · See more »

Dopamine

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dopamine · See more »

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), also known as dopamine beta-monooxygenase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DBH gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dopamine beta-hydroxylase · See more »

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) is a dysfunction of the reward system observed in some individuals taking dopaminergic medications for an extended length of time.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dopamine dysregulation syndrome · See more »

Dopamine receptor

Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS).

New!!: Amphetamine and Dopamine receptor · See more »

Dopamine receptor D1

Dopamine receptor D1, also known as DRD1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD1 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dopamine receptor D1 · See more »

Dopamine receptor D2

Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dopamine receptor D2 · See more »

Dopamine transporter

The dopamine transporter (also dopamine active transporter, DAT, SLC6A3) is a membrane-spanning protein that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dopamine transporter · See more »

Dopaminergic pathways

Dopaminergic pathways, sometimes called dopaminergic projections, are the sets of projection neurons in the brain that synthesize and release the neurotransmitter dopamine.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dopaminergic pathways · See more »

Dosage form

Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dosage form · See more »

Drug action

The action of drugs on the human body is called pharmacodynamics, and what the body does with the drug is called pharmacokinetics.

New!!: Amphetamine and Drug action · See more »

Drug diversion

Drug diversion is a medical and legal concept involving the transfer of any legally prescribed controlled substance from the individual for whom it was prescribed to another person for any illicit use.

New!!: Amphetamine and Drug diversion · See more »

Drug interaction

A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together.

New!!: Amphetamine and Drug interaction · See more »

Drug metabolism

Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.

New!!: Amphetamine and Drug metabolism · See more »

Drug test

A drug test is a technical analysis of a biological specimen, for example urine, hair, blood, breath, sweat, and/or oral fluid/saliva — to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites.

New!!: Amphetamine and Drug test · See more »

Drug tolerance

Drug tolerance is a pharmacological concept describing subjects' reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use.

New!!: Amphetamine and Drug tolerance · See more »

Drug withdrawal

Drug withdrawal is the group of symptoms that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation or decrease in intake of medications or recreational drugs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Drug withdrawal · See more »

Dysphoria

Dysphoria (from δύσφορος (dysphoros), δυσ-, difficult, and φέρειν, to bear) is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dysphoria · See more »

Dysuria

In medicine, specifically urology, dysuria refers to painful urination.

New!!: Amphetamine and Dysuria · See more »

Effect size

In statistics, an effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon.

New!!: Amphetamine and Effect size · See more »

Effective dose (pharmacology)

An effective dose (ED) in pharmacology is the dose or amount of drug that produces a therapeutic response or desired effect in some fraction of the subjects taking it.

New!!: Amphetamine and Effective dose (pharmacology) · See more »

EHMT2

Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), also known as G9a, is a histone methyltransferase that in humans is encoded by the EHMT2 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and EHMT2 · See more »

Elimination (pharmacology)

In pharmacology the elimination or excretion of a drug is understood to be any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.

New!!: Amphetamine and Elimination (pharmacology) · See more »

Empathogen–entactogen

Empathogens or entactogens are a class of psychoactive drugs that produce experiences of emotional communion, oneness, relatedness, emotional openness—that is, empathy or sympathy—as particularly observed and reported for experiences with 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).

New!!: Amphetamine and Empathogen–entactogen · See more »

Enantiomer

In chemistry, an enantiomer, also known as an optical isomer (and archaically termed antipode or optical antipode), is one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable (not identical), much as one's left and right hands are the same except for being reversed along one axis (the hands cannot be made to appear identical simply by reorientation).

New!!: Amphetamine and Enantiomer · See more »

Enantiopure drug

An enantiopure drug is a pharmaceutical that is available in one specific enantiomeric form.

New!!: Amphetamine and Enantiopure drug · See more »

Enantioselective synthesis

Enantioselective synthesis, also called asymmetric synthesis, is a form of chemical synthesis.

New!!: Amphetamine and Enantioselective synthesis · See more »

Endocytosis

Endocytosis is a form of bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

New!!: Amphetamine and Endocytosis · See more »

Endurance

Endurance (also related to sufferance, resilience, constitution, fortitude, and hardiness) is the ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time, as well as its ability to resist, withstand, recover from, and have immunity to trauma, wounds, or fatigue.

New!!: Amphetamine and Endurance · See more »

Energy homeostasis

In biology, energy homeostasis, or the homeostatic control of energy balance, is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow).

New!!: Amphetamine and Energy homeostasis · See more »

Enuresis

Enuresis (from the Ancient Greek ἐνούρησις enoúrēsis) is a repeated inability to control urination.

New!!: Amphetamine and Enuresis · See more »

Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

New!!: Amphetamine and Enzyme · See more »

Enzyme inhibitor

4QI9) An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.

New!!: Amphetamine and Enzyme inhibitor · See more »

Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique

Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is a common method for qualitative and quantitative determination of therapeutic and recreational drugs and certain proteins in serum and urine.

New!!: Amphetamine and Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique · See more »

Ephedrine

Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant.

New!!: Amphetamine and Ephedrine · See more »

Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.

New!!: Amphetamine and Epigenetics · See more »

Epileptic seizure

An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Epileptic seizure · See more »

Episodic memory

Episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured.

New!!: Amphetamine and Episodic memory · See more »

Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

New!!: Amphetamine and Epithelium · See more »

Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is a type of sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity.

New!!: Amphetamine and Erectile dysfunction · See more »

Ethyl acetoacetate

The organic compound ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) is the ethyl ester of acetoacetic acid.

New!!: Amphetamine and Ethyl acetoacetate · See more »

Euphoria

Euphoria is an affective state in which a person experiences pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness.

New!!: Amphetamine and Euphoria · See more »

Euro

The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the European Union.

New!!: Amphetamine and Euro · See more »

Excretion

Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism.

New!!: Amphetamine and Excretion · See more »

Executive functions

Executive functions (collectively referred to as executive function and cognitive control) are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals.

New!!: Amphetamine and Executive functions · See more »

Experimental drug

An experimental drug is a medicinal product (a drug or vaccine) that has not yet received approval from governmental regulatory authorities for routine use in human or veterinary medicine.

New!!: Amphetamine and Experimental drug · See more »

Famprofazone

Famprofazone (Gewodin, Gewolen) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) of the pyrazolone series which is available over-the-counter in some countries such as Taiwan.

New!!: Amphetamine and Famprofazone · See more »

Fatigue

Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset.

New!!: Amphetamine and Fatigue · See more »

Fenproporex

Fenproporex (Perphoxene) is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which was developed in the 1960s.

New!!: Amphetamine and Fenproporex · See more »

Fever

Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.

New!!: Amphetamine and Fever · See more »

Fixation (psychology)

"Fixation" (Fixierung) is a concept (in human psychology) that was originated by Sigmund Freud (1905) to denote the persistence of anachronistic sexual traits.

New!!: Amphetamine and Fixation (psychology) · See more »

Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3

Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), also known as dimethylaniline monooxygenase 3 and trimethylamine monooxygenase, is a flavoprotein enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FMO3 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 · See more »

Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.

New!!: Amphetamine and Food and Drug Administration · See more »

Formamide

Formamide, also known as methanamide, is an amide derived from formic acid.

New!!: Amphetamine and Formamide · See more »

Formetorex

Formetorex (INN), also known as formetamide or N-formylamphetamine, is an amphetamine described as an anorectic which does not appear to have ever been marketed.

New!!: Amphetamine and Formetorex · See more »

Formic acid

Formic acid, systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid.

New!!: Amphetamine and Formic acid · See more »

FOSB

FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, also known as Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, FOSB or FosB, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOSB gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and FOSB · See more »

Fractional crystallization (chemistry)

In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a method of refining substances based on differences in solubility.

New!!: Amphetamine and Fractional crystallization (chemistry) · See more »

Free base

Free base (freebase, free-base) is the conjugate base (deprotonated) form of an amine, as opposed to its conjugate acid (protonated) form.

New!!: Amphetamine and Free base · See more »

Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

New!!: Amphetamine and Functional group · See more »

G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel

The G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) are a family of inward-rectifier potassium ion channels which are activated (opened) via a signal transduction cascade starting with ligand-stimulated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

New!!: Amphetamine and G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel · See more »

G protein–coupled receptor

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.

New!!: Amphetamine and G protein–coupled receptor · See more »

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.

New!!: Amphetamine and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry · See more »

Gastrointestinal physiology

Gastrointestinal physiology is the branch of human physiology that addresses the physical function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

New!!: Amphetamine and Gastrointestinal physiology · See more »

Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

New!!: Amphetamine and Gene expression · See more »

Genitourinary system

The genitourinary system or urogenital system is the organ system of the reproductive organs and the urinary system.

New!!: Amphetamine and Genitourinary system · See more »

Gi alpha subunit

Gi alpha subunit (Gαi, or Gi/G0 or Gi protein) is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP.

New!!: Amphetamine and Gi alpha subunit · See more »

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.

New!!: Amphetamine and Glaucoma · See more »

Glossary of gene expression terms

No description.

New!!: Amphetamine and Glossary of gene expression terms · See more »

Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

In neuroscience, glutamate refers to the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells.

New!!: Amphetamine and Glutamate (neurotransmitter) · See more »

Glutamate transporter

Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane.

New!!: Amphetamine and Glutamate transporter · See more »

Glutamic acid

Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.

New!!: Amphetamine and Glutamic acid · See more »

Glycine

Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Glycine · See more »

Glycine N-acyltransferase

In enzymology, a glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT), also known as acyl-CoA:glycine N-acyltransferase (ACGNAT), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and glycine, whereas its two products are CoA and N-acylglycine.

New!!: Amphetamine and Glycine N-acyltransferase · See more »

Gordon Alles

Gordon A. Alles (November 26, 1901 – January 21, 1963), was an American chemist and pharmacologist who did much research on the isolation and properties of insulin for the treatment of diabetics.

New!!: Amphetamine and Gordon Alles · See more »

Gq alpha subunit

Gq protein (Gαq, or Gq/11) is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that activates phospholipase C (PLC).

New!!: Amphetamine and Gq alpha subunit · See more »

Grading in education

Grading in education is the process of applying standardized measurements of varying levels of achievement in a course.

New!!: Amphetamine and Grading in education · See more »

Grandiosity

Grandiosity refers to an unrealistic sense of superiority, a sustained view of oneself as better than others that causes the narcissist to view others with disdain or as inferior, as well as to a sense of uniqueness: the belief that few others have anything in common with oneself and that one can only be understood by a few or very special people.

New!!: Amphetamine and Grandiosity · See more »

Gs alpha subunit

The Gs alpha subunit (Gαs, Gsα, or Gs protein) is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that activates the cAMP-dependent pathway by activating adenylyl cyclase.

New!!: Amphetamine and Gs alpha subunit · See more »

H2 antagonist

H2 antagonists, sometimes referred to as H2RA and also called H2 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the histamine H2 receptors of the parietal cells in the stomach.

New!!: Amphetamine and H2 antagonist · See more »

Heart arrhythmia

Heart arrhythmia (also known as arrhythmia, dysrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat) is a group of conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular, too fast, or too slow.

New!!: Amphetamine and Heart arrhythmia · See more »

Hippuric acid

Hippuric acid (Gr. hippos, horse, ouron, urine) is a carboxylic acid found in the urine of horses and other herbivores.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hippuric acid · See more »

Histamine

Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.

New!!: Amphetamine and Histamine · See more »

Histone methyltransferase

Histone methyltransferases (HMT) are histone-modifying enzymes (e.g., histone-lysine N-methyltransferases and histone-arginine N-methyltransferases), that catalyze the transfer of one, two, or three methyl groups to lysine and arginine residues of histone proteins.

New!!: Amphetamine and Histone methyltransferase · See more »

History of Benzedrine

Benzedrine pills, colloquially referred to as bennies, is the brand name of the first pharmaceutical drug that contained amphetamine.

New!!: Amphetamine and History of Benzedrine · See more »

Hofmann rearrangement

The Hofmann rearrangement is the organic reaction of a primary amide to a primary amine with one fewer carbon atom.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hofmann rearrangement · See more »

Homologous series

In organic chemistry, a homologous series is a series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.

New!!: Amphetamine and Homologous series · See more »

Human body temperature

Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is the typical temperature range found in humans.

New!!: Amphetamine and Human body temperature · See more »

Human brain

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

New!!: Amphetamine and Human brain · See more »

Human musculoskeletal system

The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems.

New!!: Amphetamine and Human musculoskeletal system · See more »

Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation – to treat with hydrogen – is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hydrogenation · See more »

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hydrolysis · See more »

Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia, also spelled hyperkalaemia, is an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hyperkalemia · See more »

Hyperreflexia

Hyperreflexia (or hyper-reflexia) is defined as overactive or overresponsive reflexes.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hyperreflexia · See more »

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hypersensitivity · See more »

Hypertension

Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hypertension · See more »

Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hyperthermia · See more »

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hyperthyroidism · See more »

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) or inhibited sexual desire (ISD) is considered a sexual dysfunction and is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity, as judged by a clinician.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hypoactive sexual desire disorder · See more »

Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia, also spelled hypokalaemia, is a low level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hypokalemia · See more »

Hypotension

Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.

New!!: Amphetamine and Hypotension · See more »

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the thalamus), and the adrenal (also called "suprarenal") glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).

New!!: Amphetamine and Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis · See more »

Imine

An imine is a functional group or chemical compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond.

New!!: Amphetamine and Imine · See more »

Immunoassay

An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a macromolecule or a small molecule in a solution through the use of an antibody (usually) or an antigen (sometimes).

New!!: Amphetamine and Immunoassay · See more »

In vitro

In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.

New!!: Amphetamine and In vitro · See more »

Indication (medicine)

In medicine, an indication is a valid reason to use a certain test, medication, procedure, or surgery.

New!!: Amphetamine and Indication (medicine) · See more »

Indirect agonist

In pharmacology, an indirect agonist or indirect-acting agonist is a substance that enhances the release or action of an endogenous neurotransmitter but has no specific agonist activity at the neurotransmitter receptor itself.

New!!: Amphetamine and Indirect agonist · See more »

Inhaler

An inhaler (puffer or pump) is a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Inhaler · See more »

Inhibitory control

Inhibitory control, also known as response inhibition, is a cognitive process that permits an individual to inhibit their impulses and natural, habitual, or dominant behavioral responses to stimuli (prepotent responses) in order to select a more appropriate behavior that is consistent with completing their goals.

New!!: Amphetamine and Inhibitory control · See more »

Insomnia

Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.

New!!: Amphetamine and Insomnia · See more »

Insufflation (medicine)

Insufflation (lit) is the act of blowing something (such as a gas, powder, or vapor) into a body cavity.

New!!: Amphetamine and Insufflation (medicine) · See more »

Intelligence quotient

An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.

New!!: Amphetamine and Intelligence quotient · See more »

International nonproprietary name

The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is an official generic and non-proprietary name given to a pharmaceutical drug or an active ingredient.

New!!: Amphetamine and International nonproprietary name · See more »

International Programme on Chemical Safety

The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was formed in 1980 and is a collaboration between three United Nations bodies, the World Health Organization, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, to establish a scientific basis for safe use of chemicals and to strengthen national capabilities and capacities for chemical safety.

New!!: Amphetamine and International Programme on Chemical Safety · See more »

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries.

New!!: Amphetamine and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry · See more »

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as cerebral bleed, is a type of intracranial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ventricles.

New!!: Amphetamine and Intracerebral hemorrhage · See more »

Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular (also IM or im) injection is the injection of a substance directly into muscle.

New!!: Amphetamine and Intramuscular injection · See more »

Intravenous therapy

Intravenous therapy (IV) is a therapy that delivers liquid substances directly into a vein (intra- + ven- + -ous).

New!!: Amphetamine and Intravenous therapy · See more »

Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

New!!: Amphetamine and Ion · See more »

Irritability

Irritability is the excitatory ability that living organisms have to respond to changes in their environment.

New!!: Amphetamine and Irritability · See more »

Isomer

An isomer (from Greek ἰσομερής, isomerès; isos.

New!!: Amphetamine and Isomer · See more »

JunD

Transcription factor JunD is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUND gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and JunD · See more »

Kidney

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.

New!!: Amphetamine and Kidney · See more »

Kidney failure

Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys no longer work.

New!!: Amphetamine and Kidney failure · See more »

Knoevenagel condensation

The Knoevenagel condensation reaction is an organic reaction named after Emil Knoevenagel.

New!!: Amphetamine and Knoevenagel condensation · See more »

L-DOPA

L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.

New!!: Amphetamine and L-DOPA · See more »

Lazăr Edeleanu

Lazăr Edeleanu (1 September 1861, Bucharest – 7 April 1941) was a Romanian chemist of Jewish origin.

New!!: Amphetamine and Lazăr Edeleanu · See more »

Leuckart reaction

The Leuckart reaction is the chemical reaction that converts aldehydes or ketones to amines by reductive amination in the presence of heat.

New!!: Amphetamine and Leuckart reaction · See more »

Levoamphetamine

Levoamphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant known to increase wakefulness and concentration in association with decreased appetite and fatigue.

New!!: Amphetamine and Levoamphetamine · See more »

Levomethamphetamine

LevomethamphetamineOther names include l-methamphetamine, levodesoxyephedrine, l-desoxyephedrine, levmetamfetamine (INN and USAN).

New!!: Amphetamine and Levomethamphetamine · See more »

Libido

Libido, colloquially known as sex drive, is a person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity.

New!!: Amphetamine and Libido · See more »

Ligand (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.

New!!: Amphetamine and Ligand (biochemistry) · See more »

Ligand-gated ion channel

Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.

New!!: Amphetamine and Ligand-gated ion channel · See more »

Lipid

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.

New!!: Amphetamine and Lipid · See more »

Liquid

A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.

New!!: Amphetamine and Liquid · See more »

Lisdexamfetamine

Lisdexamfetamine (contracted from L-'''lys'''ine-'''dex'''tro'''amphetamine''') is a substituted amphetamine and an inactive prodrug of the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant dextroamphetamine that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge eating disorder.

New!!: Amphetamine and Lisdexamfetamine · See more »

List of Schedule II drugs (US)

This is the list of Schedule II drugs as defined by the United States Controlled Substances Act.

New!!: Amphetamine and List of Schedule II drugs (US) · See more »

Lithium aluminium hydride

Lithium aluminium hydride, commonly abbreviated to LAH, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiAlH4.

New!!: Amphetamine and Lithium aluminium hydride · See more »

Locus coeruleus

The locus coeruleus (\-si-ˈrü-lē-əs\, also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus) is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.

New!!: Amphetamine and Locus coeruleus · See more »

Lucid dream

A lucid dream is a dream during which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming.

New!!: Amphetamine and Lucid dream · See more »

Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.

New!!: Amphetamine and Magnesium · See more »

Magnesium aspartate

Magnesium aspartate, the chelated magnesium salt of aspartic acid, it is a mineral supplement.

New!!: Amphetamine and Magnesium aspartate · See more »

Magnesium chloride

Magnesium chloride is the name for the chemical compound with the formula MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x.

New!!: Amphetamine and Magnesium chloride · See more »

Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

New!!: Amphetamine and Magnetic resonance imaging · See more »

Mania

Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect." Although mania is often conceived as a "mirror image" to depression, the heightened mood can be either euphoric or irritable; indeed, as the mania intensifies, irritability can be more pronounced and result in violence, or anxiety.

New!!: Amphetamine and Mania · See more »

Marathon

The marathon is a long-distance race, completed by running, walking, or a run/walk strategy.

New!!: Amphetamine and Marathon · See more »

Mast cell

A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a type of white blood cell.

New!!: Amphetamine and Mast cell · See more »

MDMA

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug.

New!!: Amphetamine and MDMA · See more »

Medium spiny neuron

Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons, are a special type of GABAergic inhibitory cell representing 95% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure.

New!!: Amphetamine and Medium spiny neuron · See more »

Membrane transport protein

A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane.

New!!: Amphetamine and Membrane transport protein · See more »

Memory consolidation

Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition.

New!!: Amphetamine and Memory consolidation · See more »

Mental chronometry

Mental chronometry is the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations.

New!!: Amphetamine and Mental chronometry · See more »

Mesocarb

Mesocarb (brand names Sidnocarb, Sydnocarb) is a stimulant drug which was developed in the USSR in the 1970s.

New!!: Amphetamine and Mesocarb · See more »

Mesolimbic pathway

The mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Mesolimbic pathway · See more »

Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

New!!: Amphetamine and Messenger RNA · See more »

Meta-analysis

A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.

New!!: Amphetamine and Meta-analysis · See more »

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis is a condition that occurs when the body produces excessive quantities of acid or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body.

New!!: Amphetamine and Metabolic acidosis · See more »

Metabolite

A metabolite is the intermediate end product of metabolism.

New!!: Amphetamine and Metabolite · See more »

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity.

New!!: Amphetamine and Methamphetamine · See more »

Methyl group

A methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms — CH3.

New!!: Amphetamine and Methyl group · See more »

Methyl iodide

Methyl iodide, also called iodomethane, and commonly abbreviated "MeI", is the chemical compound with the formula CH3I.

New!!: Amphetamine and Methyl iodide · See more »

Methylphenethylamine

Methylphenethylamine may refer to.

New!!: Amphetamine and Methylphenethylamine · See more »

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate, sold under various trade names, Ritalin being one of the most commonly known, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine and piperidine classes that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

New!!: Amphetamine and Methylphenidate · See more »

Millimeter of mercury

A millimeter of mercury is a manometric unit of pressure, formerly defined as the extra pressure generated by a column of mercury one millimetre high and now defined as precisely pascals.

New!!: Amphetamine and Millimeter of mercury · See more »

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971

The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

New!!: Amphetamine and Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 · See more »

Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

New!!: Amphetamine and Model organism · See more »

Molar concentration

Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.

New!!: Amphetamine and Molar concentration · See more »

Monoamine neurotransmitter

Monoamine neurotransmitters are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (such as -CH2-CH2-). All monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.

New!!: Amphetamine and Monoamine neurotransmitter · See more »

Monoamine oxidase

L-Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines.

New!!: Amphetamine and Monoamine oxidase · See more »

Monoamine oxidase A

Monoamine oxidase A, also known as MAO-A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOA gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Monoamine oxidase A · See more »

Monoamine oxidase B

Monoamine oxidase B, also known as MAOB, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOB gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Monoamine oxidase B · See more »

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B).

New!!: Amphetamine and Monoamine oxidase inhibitor · See more »

Monoamine releasing agent

A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of a monoamine neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter.

New!!: Amphetamine and Monoamine releasing agent · See more »

Monoamine transporter

Monoamine transporters (MATs) are protein structures that function as integral plasma-membrane transporters to regulate concentrations of extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters.

New!!: Amphetamine and Monoamine transporter · See more »

Mosher's acid

Mosher's acid, or α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (MTPA) is a carboxylic acid which was first used by Harry Stone Mosher as a chiral derivatizing agent.

New!!: Amphetamine and Mosher's acid · See more »

Motivational salience

Motivational salience is a cognitive process and a form of attention that motivates, or propels, an individual's behavior towards or away from a particular object, perceived event, or outcome.

New!!: Amphetamine and Motivational salience · See more »

Muscle contraction

Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle fibers.

New!!: Amphetamine and Muscle contraction · See more »

Myalgia

Myalgia, or muscle pain, is a symptom of many diseases and disorders.

New!!: Amphetamine and Myalgia · See more »

Mydriasis

Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, usually having a non-physiological cause, or sometimes a physiological pupillary response.

New!!: Amphetamine and Mydriasis · See more »

Myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.

New!!: Amphetamine and Myocardial infarction · See more »

N-Methylphenethylamine

N-Methylphenethylamine (NMPEA) is a naturally occurring trace amine neuromodulator in humans that is derived from the trace amine, phenethylamine (PEA).

New!!: Amphetamine and N-Methylphenethylamine · See more »

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

New!!: Amphetamine and Narcolepsy · See more »

Nausea

Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.

New!!: Amphetamine and Nausea · See more »

Necessity and sufficiency

In logic, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe an implicational relationship between statements.

New!!: Amphetamine and Necessity and sufficiency · See more »

Neurobiological effects of physical exercise

The are numerous and involve a wide range of interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and cognition.

New!!: Amphetamine and Neurobiological effects of physical exercise · See more »

Neurodegeneration

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.

New!!: Amphetamine and Neurodegeneration · See more »

Neuropeptide

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules (peptides) used by neurons to communicate with each other.

New!!: Amphetamine and Neuropeptide · See more »

Neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.

New!!: Amphetamine and Neurotoxicity · See more »

Neurotransmission

Neurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through"), also called synaptic transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and activate the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron).

New!!: Amphetamine and Neurotransmission · See more »

Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.

New!!: Amphetamine and Neurotransmitter · See more »

NF-κB

NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.

New!!: Amphetamine and NF-κB · See more »

Nicotine

Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants.

New!!: Amphetamine and Nicotine · See more »

Nitro compound

Nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (−2).

New!!: Amphetamine and Nitro compound · See more »

Nitroethane

Nitroethane is an organic compound having the chemical formula C2H5NO2.

New!!: Amphetamine and Nitroethane · See more »

NMDA receptor

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells.

New!!: Amphetamine and NMDA receptor · See more »

Nootropic

Nootropics, also known as smart drugs and cognitive enhancers, are drugs, supplements, and other substances that purport to improve cognitive function, particularly executive functions, memory, creativity, or motivation, in healthy individuals.

New!!: Amphetamine and Nootropic · See more »

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.

New!!: Amphetamine and Norepinephrine · See more »

Norepinephrine transporter

The norepinephrine transporter (NET), also known as solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A2 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Norepinephrine transporter · See more »

Nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc), also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus adjacent to the septum) is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.

New!!: Amphetamine and Nucleus accumbens · See more »

Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.

New!!: Amphetamine and Obesity · See more »

Off-label use

Off-label use is the use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of administration.

New!!: Amphetamine and Off-label use · See more »

Opioid

Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.

New!!: Amphetamine and Opioid · See more »

Opioid peptide

Opioid peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides.

New!!: Amphetamine and Opioid peptide · See more »

Opium Law

The Opium Law (or Opiumwet in Dutch) is the section of the Dutch law which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Opium Law · See more »

Oral administration

| name.

New!!: Amphetamine and Oral administration · See more »

Orally disintegrating tablet

An orally disintegrating tablet or orally dissolving tablet (ODT) is a drug dosage form available for a limited range of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications.

New!!: Amphetamine and Orally disintegrating tablet · See more »

Organic redox reaction

Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds.

New!!: Amphetamine and Organic redox reaction · See more »

Organosulfate

Organosulfates are a class of organic compounds sharing a common functional group commonly with the structure R-O-SO3−.

New!!: Amphetamine and Organosulfate · See more »

Over-the-counter drug

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be sold only to consumers possessing a valid prescription.

New!!: Amphetamine and Over-the-counter drug · See more »

Oxime

An oxime is a chemical compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula R1R2C.

New!!: Amphetamine and Oxime · See more »

P-Hydroxynorephedrine

p-Hydroxynorephedrine, or 4-hydroxynorephedrine, is the para-hydroxy analog of norephedrine and an active sympathomimetic metabolite of amphetamine in humans.

New!!: Amphetamine and P-Hydroxynorephedrine · See more »

Paranoia

Paranoia is an instinct or thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of delusion and irrationality.

New!!: Amphetamine and Paranoia · See more »

Performance-enhancing substance

Performance-enhancing substances, also known as performance-enhancing drugs (PED), are substances that are used to improve any form of activity performance in humans.

New!!: Amphetamine and Performance-enhancing substance · See more »

PH

In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

New!!: Amphetamine and PH · See more »

Pharmacotherapy

Pharmacotherapy is therapy using pharmaceutical drugs, as distinguished from therapy using surgery (surgical therapy), radiation (radiation therapy), movement (physical therapy), or other modes.

New!!: Amphetamine and Pharmacotherapy · See more »

Phencyclidine

Phencyclidine (PCP), also known as angel dust among other names, is a drug used for its mind altering effects.

New!!: Amphetamine and Phencyclidine · See more »

Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans.

New!!: Amphetamine and Phenethylamine · See more »

Phenyl-2-nitropropene

Phenyl-2-nitropropene is a chemical compound with the chemical formula is C9H9NO2.

New!!: Amphetamine and Phenyl-2-nitropropene · See more »

Phenylacetone

Phenylacetone is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH2COCH3.

New!!: Amphetamine and Phenylacetone · See more »

Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.

New!!: Amphetamine and Phenylalanine · See more »

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is an enzyme found primarily in the adrenal medulla that converts norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to epinephrine (adrenaline).

New!!: Amphetamine and Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase · See more »

Phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a sympathomimetic agent which is used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant.

New!!: Amphetamine and Phenylpropanolamine · See more »

Phenylpropene

Phenylpropene is a chemical compound.

New!!: Amphetamine and Phenylpropene · See more »

Phosphorylation

In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.

New!!: Amphetamine and Phosphorylation · See more »

Physical dependence

Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms.

New!!: Amphetamine and Physical dependence · See more »

Physical strength

Physical strength is the measure of an animal's exertion of force on physical objects.

New!!: Amphetamine and Physical strength · See more »

Polyphagia

Polyphagia or hyperphagia is excessive hunger or increased appetite.

New!!: Amphetamine and Polyphagia · See more »

Potency (pharmacology)

In the field of pharmacology, potency is a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity.

New!!: Amphetamine and Potency (pharmacology) · See more »

Prefrontal cortex

In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe.

New!!: Amphetamine and Prefrontal cortex · See more »

Prenylamine

Prenylamine (Segontin) is a calcium channel blocker of the amphetamine chemical class which was used as a vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris; it was introduced in the 1960s by German manufacturer Albert-Roussel pharma gmbh which was acquired by Hoechst AG in 1974 and which in turn became part of Sanofi Aventis in 2005.

New!!: Amphetamine and Prenylamine · See more »

Prescription drug

A prescription drug (also prescription medication or prescription medicine) is a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed.

New!!: Amphetamine and Prescription drug · See more »

Priapism

Priapism is a condition in which a penis remains erect for hours in the absence of stimulation or after stimulation has ended.

New!!: Amphetamine and Priapism · See more »

Prodrug

A prodrug is a medication or compound that, after administration, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug.

New!!: Amphetamine and Prodrug · See more »

Propofol

Propofol, marketed as Diprivan among others, is a short-acting medication that results in a decreased level of consciousness and lack of memory for events.

New!!: Amphetamine and Propofol · See more »

Prospective cohort study

A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.

New!!: Amphetamine and Prospective cohort study · See more »

Protein kinase A

In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

New!!: Amphetamine and Protein kinase A · See more »

Protein kinase C

Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.

New!!: Amphetamine and Protein kinase C · See more »

Proton-pump inhibitor

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid production.

New!!: Amphetamine and Proton-pump inhibitor · See more »

Psychological dependence

Psychological dependence is a form of dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., a state of unease or dissatisfaction, a reduced capacity to experience pleasure, or anxiety) upon cessation of drug use or exposure to a stimulus.

New!!: Amphetamine and Psychological dependence · See more »

Psychomotor retardation

Psychomotor retardation (also known as "psychomotor impairment" or "motormental retardation" or "psychomotor slowing") involves a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual.

New!!: Amphetamine and Psychomotor retardation · See more »

Psychosis

Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that results in difficulties telling what is real and what is not.

New!!: Amphetamine and Psychosis · See more »

Pulmonary artery

A pulmonary artery is an artery in the pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Pulmonary artery · See more »

Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Pulmonary edema · See more »

Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Pulmonary hypertension · See more »

Quality of life

Quality of life (QOL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.

New!!: Amphetamine and Quality of life · See more »

Racemic mixture

In chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate, is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule.

New!!: Amphetamine and Racemic mixture · See more »

Randomized controlled trial

A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a type of scientific (often medical) experiment which aims to reduce bias when testing a new treatment.

New!!: Amphetamine and Randomized controlled trial · See more »

Rating of perceived exertion

In sports and particularly exercise testing, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), as measured by the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE scale), is a frequently used quantitative measure of perceived exertion during physical activity.

New!!: Amphetamine and Rating of perceived exertion · See more »

Raynaud syndrome

Raynaud syndrome, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a medical condition in which spasm of arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow.

New!!: Amphetamine and Raynaud syndrome · See more »

Reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.

New!!: Amphetamine and Reactive oxygen species · See more »

Recall (memory)

Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieval of information from the past.

New!!: Amphetamine and Recall (memory) · See more »

Recreational drug use

Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user.

New!!: Amphetamine and Recreational drug use · See more »

Red blood cell

Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

New!!: Amphetamine and Red blood cell · See more »

Reflex syncope

Reflex syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure.

New!!: Amphetamine and Reflex syncope · See more »

Reinforcement

In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus.

New!!: Amphetamine and Reinforcement · See more »

Relapse

In medicine, relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past (typically medical) condition.

New!!: Amphetamine and Relapse · See more »

Respiratory alkalosis

Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition in which increased respiration elevates the blood pH beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45) with a concurrent reduction in arterial levels of carbon dioxide.

New!!: Amphetamine and Respiratory alkalosis · See more »

Respiratory center

The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem.

New!!: Amphetamine and Respiratory center · See more »

Respiratory system

The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.

New!!: Amphetamine and Respiratory system · See more »

Reuptake

Reuptake is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal (i.e., the pre-synaptic neuron at a synapse) or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.

New!!: Amphetamine and Reuptake · See more »

Reuptake inhibitor

A reuptake inhibitor (RI) is a type of drug known as a reuptake modulator that inhibits the plasmalemmal transporter-mediated reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse into the pre-synaptic neuron.

New!!: Amphetamine and Reuptake inhibitor · See more »

Reverse transport

Reverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved in the opposite direction to that of their typical movement by the transporter.

New!!: Amphetamine and Reverse transport · See more »

Reward system

The reward system is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positive emotions, particularly ones which involve pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).

New!!: Amphetamine and Reward system · See more »

Rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly.

New!!: Amphetamine and Rhabdomyolysis · See more »

Rhinitis medicamentosa

Rhinitis medicamentosa (or RM) is a condition of rebound nasal congestion brought on by extended use of topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays) and certain oral medications (e.g., sympathomimetic amines and various 2-imidazolines) that constrict blood vessels in the lining of the nose.

New!!: Amphetamine and Rhinitis medicamentosa · See more »

Ritter reaction

The Ritter reaction is a chemical reaction that transforms a nitrile into an N-alkyl amide using various electrophilic alkylating reagents.

New!!: Amphetamine and Ritter reaction · See more »

Salt (chemistry)

In chemistry, a salt is an ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

New!!: Amphetamine and Salt (chemistry) · See more »

Schiff base

A Schiff base (named after Hugo Schiff) is a compound with the general structure R2C.

New!!: Amphetamine and Schiff base · See more »

Sedative

A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.

New!!: Amphetamine and Sedative · See more »

Seizure threshold

The term seizure threshold is used to describe the balance between excitatory and inhibitory forces in the brain which affect how susceptible a person is to seizures.

New!!: Amphetamine and Seizure threshold · See more »

Selegiline

Selegiline, also known as L-deprenyl, is a substituted phenethylamine.

New!!: Amphetamine and Selegiline · See more »

Self-administration

Self-administration is, in its medical sense, the process of a subject administering a pharmacological substance to him-, her-, or itself.

New!!: Amphetamine and Self-administration · See more »

Self-confidence

The concept of self-confidence is commonly used as self-assurance in one's personal judgment, ability, power, etc.

New!!: Amphetamine and Self-confidence · See more »

Serine

Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

New!!: Amphetamine and Serine · See more »

Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.

New!!: Amphetamine and Serotonin · See more »

Serotonin syndrome

Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a group of symptoms that may occur following use of certain serotonergic medications or drugs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Serotonin syndrome · See more »

Serotonin transporter

The serotonin transporter (SERT or 5-HTT) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and solute carrier family 6 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Serotonin transporter · See more »

Sexual addiction

Sexual addiction, also known as sex addiction, is a proposed state characterized by compulsive participation or engagement in sexual activity, particularly sexual intercourse, despite negative consequences.

New!!: Amphetamine and Sexual addiction · See more »

Side effect

In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.

New!!: Amphetamine and Side effect · See more »

Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

New!!: Amphetamine and Signal transduction · See more »

Skeletal formula

The skeletal formula, also called line-angle formula or shorthand formula, of an organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula that serves as a shorthand representation of a molecule's bonding and some details of its molecular geometry.

New!!: Amphetamine and Skeletal formula · See more »

SLC1A1

SLC1A1, also known as excitatory amino-acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A1 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and SLC1A1 · See more »

SLC22A3

Solute carrier family 22 member 3 (SLC22A3) also known as the organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) or extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC22A3 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and SLC22A3 · See more »

SLC22A5

SLC22A5 is a membrane transport protein associated with primary carnitine deficiency.

New!!: Amphetamine and SLC22A5 · See more »

Smith, Kline & French

Smith, Kline & French (SKF) was an American pharmaceutical company.

New!!: Amphetamine and Smith, Kline & French · See more »

Smooth muscle tissue

Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle.

New!!: Amphetamine and Smooth muscle tissue · See more »

Stereocenter

In a molecule, a stereocenter is a particular instance of a stereogenic element that is geometrically a point.

New!!: Amphetamine and Stereocenter · See more »

Stereotypy

A stereotypy is a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance.

New!!: Amphetamine and Stereotypy · See more »

Stimulant

Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects.

New!!: Amphetamine and Stimulant · See more »

Stimulant psychosis

Stimulant psychosis, also known as stimulant-induced psychotic disorder, is a psychosis symptom which involves hallucinations, paranoia, and/or delusions and typically occurs following an overdose on psychostimulants; however, it has also been reported to occur in approximately 0.1% of individuals, or 1 out of every 1,000 people, within the first several weeks after starting amphetamine or methylphenidate therapy.

New!!: Amphetamine and Stimulant psychosis · See more »

Striatum

The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the neostriatum and the striate nucleus) is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Striatum · See more »

Stroke

A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.

New!!: Amphetamine and Stroke · See more »

Structural isomer

Structural isomerism, or constitutional isomerism (per IUPAC), is a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have different bonding patterns and atomic organization, as opposed to stereoisomerism, in which molecular bonds are always in the same order and only spatial arrangement differs.

New!!: Amphetamine and Structural isomer · See more »

Substance abuse

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of substance-related disorder.

New!!: Amphetamine and Substance abuse · See more »

Substance use disorder

A substance use disorder (SUD), also known as a drug use disorder, is a condition in which the use of one or more substances leads to a clinically significant impairment or distress.

New!!: Amphetamine and Substance use disorder · See more »

Substituent

In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms which replaces one or more hydrogen atoms on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon, becoming a moiety of the resultant new molecule.

New!!: Amphetamine and Substituent · See more »

Substituted amphetamine

Substituted amphetamines are a class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; it includes all derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents.

New!!: Amphetamine and Substituted amphetamine · See more »

Substituted phenethylamine

Substituted phenethylamines (or simply phenethylamines) are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure; the class is composed of all the derivative compounds of phenethylamine which can be formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents.

New!!: Amphetamine and Substituted phenethylamine · See more »

Suppository

A suppository is a solid dosage form that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository), or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and exerts local or systemic effects.

New!!: Amphetamine and Suppository · See more »

Sympathomimetic drug

Sympathomimetic drugs (also known as adrenergic drugs and adrenergic amines) are stimulant compounds which mimic the effects of endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system.

New!!: Amphetamine and Sympathomimetic drug · See more »

Synaptic vesicle

In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.

New!!: Amphetamine and Synaptic vesicle · See more »

Systematic review

Systematic reviews are a type of literature review that uses systematic methods to collect secondary data, critically appraise research studies, and synthesize studies.

New!!: Amphetamine and Systematic review · See more »

TAAR1

Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR1 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and TAAR1 · See more »

Tachycardia

Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate.

New!!: Amphetamine and Tachycardia · See more »

Tartaric acid

Tartaric acid is a white crystalline organic acid that occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes, but also in bananas, tamarinds and citrus.

New!!: Amphetamine and Tartaric acid · See more »

Teratology

Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development.

New!!: Amphetamine and Teratology · See more »

Thyroid

The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

New!!: Amphetamine and Thyroid · See more »

Tic

A tic is a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups.

New!!: Amphetamine and Tic · See more »

Tic disorder

Tic disorders is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic movements).

New!!: Amphetamine and Tic disorder · See more »

Tonne

The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.

New!!: Amphetamine and Tonne · See more »

Tourette syndrome

Tourette syndrome (TS or simply Tourette's) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.

New!!: Amphetamine and Tourette syndrome · See more »

Trace amine

Trace amines are an endogenous group of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists – and hence, monoaminergic neuromodulators – that are structurally and metabolically related to classical monoamine neurotransmitters.

New!!: Amphetamine and Trace amine · See more »

Transcription (biology)

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

New!!: Amphetamine and Transcription (biology) · See more »

Transcription factor

In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

New!!: Amphetamine and Transcription factor · See more »

Treatment-resistant depression

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) or treatment-refractory depression is a term used in clinical psychiatry to describe cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) that do not respond adequately to appropriate courses of at least two antidepressants.

New!!: Amphetamine and Treatment-resistant depression · See more »

Tremor

A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts.

New!!: Amphetamine and Tremor · See more »

Tuberomammillary nucleus

The tuberomammillary nucleus is a histaminergic nucleus located within the posterior third of the hypothalamus.

New!!: Amphetamine and Tuberomammillary nucleus · See more »

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.

New!!: Amphetamine and United Nations · See more »

United States Adopted Name

United States Adopted Names are unique nonproprietary names assigned to pharmaceuticals marketed in the United States.

New!!: Amphetamine and United States Adopted Name · See more »

Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine.

New!!: Amphetamine and Urinary incontinence · See more »

Urinary retention

Urinary retention is an inability to completely empty the bladder.

New!!: Amphetamine and Urinary retention · See more »

Ventral tegmental area

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.

New!!: Amphetamine and Ventral tegmental area · See more »

Vesicular monoamine transporter

The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) is a transport protein integrated into the membrane of synaptic vesicles of presynaptic neurons.

New!!: Amphetamine and Vesicular monoamine transporter · See more »

Vesicular monoamine transporter 1

Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) also known as chromaffin granule amine transporter (CGAT) or solute carrier family 18 member 1 (SLC18A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A1 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 · See more »

Vesicular monoamine transporter 2

The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) also known as solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A2 gene.

New!!: Amphetamine and Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 · See more »

Viral vector

Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells.

New!!: Amphetamine and Viral vector · See more »

Volatility (chemistry)

In chemistry and physics, volatility is quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize.

New!!: Amphetamine and Volatility (chemistry) · See more »

Wakefulness

Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world such as communication, ambulation, eating, and sex.

New!!: Amphetamine and Wakefulness · See more »

Weight loss

Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue.

New!!: Amphetamine and Weight loss · See more »

Working memory

Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing.

New!!: Amphetamine and Working memory · See more »

Xerostomia

Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth and dry mouth syndrome, is dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of saliva, or reduced salivary flow, or have no identifiable cause.

New!!: Amphetamine and Xerostomia · See more »

Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

New!!: Amphetamine and Zinc · See more »

Zinc sulfate (medical use)

Zinc sulfate is used medically as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Amphetamine and Zinc sulfate (medical use) · See more »

1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol

1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) is an organic compound that is often used as a ligand for transition-metal catalysed asymmetric synthesis.

New!!: Amphetamine and 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol · See more »

4-Hydroxyamphetamine

4-Hydroxyamphetamine (4HA), also known as hydroxyamfetamine, hydroxyamphetamine, oxamphetamine, norpholedrine, para-hydroxyamphetamine, and α-methyltyramine, is a drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.

New!!: Amphetamine and 4-Hydroxyamphetamine · See more »

4-Hydroxyphenylacetone

4-Hydroxyphenylacetone is the para-hydroxy analog of phenylacetone, an inactive metabolite of amphetamine in humans.

New!!: Amphetamine and 4-Hydroxyphenylacetone · See more »

5-HT1A receptor

The serotonin 1A receptor (or 5-HT1A receptor) is a subtype of serotonin receptor (5-HT receptor) that binds the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT).

New!!: Amphetamine and 5-HT1A receptor · See more »

Redirects here:

1-Phenyl-2-Aminopropane, 1-Phenyl-2-aminopropane, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, 1-phenylpropan-2-amine, 2-Phenylisopropylamine, 2-phenylisopropylamine, ATC code N06BA01, ATCvet code QN06BA01, Actedron, Adipan, Allodene, Alpha-Methylphenethylamine, Alpha-methylphenethylamine, Alpha-methylphenylethylamine, Amfetamin, Amfetamine, Amp aspartate, Amph, Amphet, Amphetamien, Amphetamin, Amphetamine Abuse, Amphetamine Sulfate (2:1), Amphetamine addiction, Amphetamine adipate, Amphetamine aspartate, Amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, Amphetamine base, Amphetamine effects, Amphetamine freebase, Amphetamine hydrochloride, Amphetamine pharmacology, Amphetamine phosphate, Amphetamine polistirex, Amphetamine saccharate, Amphetamine sulfate, Amphetamine tannate, Amphetamine tartrate, Amphetamine-related disorders, Amphetimine, Amphets, Anorexide, Anorexine, Benzadrene, Benzadrine, Benzebar, Benzedrene, Benzedrine, Benzedrine sulfate, Benzidrene, Benzidrine, Benzodrene, Benzolone, Benzyl methyl carbinamine, Centramina, D/l-amphetamine, Desoxynorephedrine, Dexampex, Dl-Amphetamine, Dl-amphetamine, Dyanavel, Dyanavel XR, Elastonon, Evekeo, Fenamin, Fenamine, Ferndex, Greenie (drug), Isoamycin, Isoamyne, Isomyn, Legal status of amphetamine, Mecodrin, Mydrial, NT 0202, NT-0202, NT0202, Norephedrane, Novydrine, Oktedrin, Ortedrine, Percomon, Phenamine, Phenedrine, Phenopromin, Phenyl-2-propylamine, Phenylisopropylamine, Phetamine, Profamina, Propisamine, Psychedrine, Racemic amphetamine, Racemic amphetamine sulfate, Raphetamine, Rhinalator, Side effects of amphetamine, Simpatedrin, Simpatina, Speed (drug), Speedfreak, Sympamine, Sympatedrine, Thyramine, Weckamine, White cross (drug), Α-Methyl-2-phenylethylamine, Α-Methylphenethylamine, Α-methyl-2-phenylethylamine, Α-methyl-phenethylamine, Α-methyl-phenyl-ethyl-amine, Α-methylphenethylamine, Αlpha-methyl-phenethylamine, Αlpha-methyl-phenyl-ethyl-amine, Β-Phenylisopropylamine, Β-phenylisopropylamine.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine

Unionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia – dictionary. It gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships.

This is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. It's a tool, resource or reference for study, research, education, learning or teaching, that can be used by teachers, educators, pupils or students; for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; for papers, reports, projects, ideas, documentation, surveys, summaries, or thesis. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. More languages soon.

All the information was extracted from Wikipedia, and it's available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Unionpedia is not endorsed by or affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation.

Google Play, Android and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Privacy Policy

OutgoingIncoming