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118 relations: Abd ar-Rahman II, Abdessadeq Cheqara, Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari, Adufe, Al-Andalus, Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Alboka, Algeria, Algiers, Andalusi nubah, Andalusia, Annaba, Arabic music, Avempace, Balaban (instrument), Banjo, Bass drum, Béjaïa, Blida, Bore (wind instruments), Bowed clavier, Caliphate of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain, Cello, Chefchaouen, Cherchell, Cinquecento, Cithara, Clarinet, Communal work, Constantine, Algeria, Contrabass, Daf, Dulzaina, Fez, Morocco, Fistula, Flute, Galician gaita, Gharnati music, Goblet drum, Granada, Greek language, Guitar, Henry George Farmer, Ibn al-Khatib, Iraq, Israeli Andalusian Orchestra, Juan Andrés, Kairouan, Kamancheh, ..., Koléa, Libya, Lute, Ma'luf, Maghreb, Malhun, Mode (music), Mohamed Bajeddoub, Mohammed al-Haik, Moors, Morocco, Mostaganem, Music of Algeria, Music of Libya, Music of Morocco, Music of Tunisia, Musical instrument, Musical notation, Muslim, Naqareh, Nedroma, Oran, Organ pipe, Oud, Oujda, Persian language, Piano, Piyyut, Provence, Qanun (instrument), Rabat, Rackett, Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Rebab, Rebec, Reconquista, Reed (mouthpiece), Rhaita, Romanization of Arabic, Safi, Morocco, Salé, Sana'a, Sephardi Jews, Shawm, Sidi Bel Abbès, Solfège, Solmization, Souk Ahras, Taarija, Tambourine, Tangier, Tétouan, Testour, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Tlemcen, Tripoli, Troubadour, Trouvère, Tuna (music), Tunis, Tunisia, Violin, Vulgar Latin, William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine, Wind instrument, Ziryab, Zither, Zurna. Expand index (68 more) »
Abd ar-Rahman II
Abd ar-Rahman II (عبد الرحمن الثاني) (792–852) was the fourth Umayyad Emir of Córdoba in the Al-Andalus Iberia from 822 until his death.
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Abdessadeq Cheqara
Abdessadeq Cheqara (1931 – October 31, 1998) (in Arabic: عبد الصادق شقارة) was a Moroccan singer of traditional Andalusian classical music and Moroccan folk music.
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Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari
Abu-al-Hasan Ali ben Abdallah al-Nuymari as-Shushtari (Arabic: ابو الحسن الششتري) or Al-Sustari (1212 in Guadix – 1269 in Damietta) was an Andalusian Sufi poet.
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Adufe
The adufe is a traditional square tambourine of Moorish origin, which is used in Portugal.
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Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.
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Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
Muhammad ibn Abbad al-Mu'tamid (المعتمد بن عباد; reigned c. 1069–1091, lived 1040–1095) was the third and last ruler of the taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus.
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Alboka
The Basque alboka (albogue), is a single-reed woodwind instrument consisting of a single reed, two small diameter melody pipes with finger holes and a bell traditionally made from animal horn.
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Algeria
Algeria (الجزائر, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ; Dzayer; Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast.
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Algiers
Algiers (الجزائر al-Jazā’er, ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻ, Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria.
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Andalusi nubah
Andalusī nūbah (نوبة أندلسيّة), also transliterated nūba, nūbā, or nouba (pl. nūbāt), or in its classical Arabic form, nawba, nawbah, or nōbah, is a musical genre found in the North African Maghrib states of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya but, as the name indicates, it has its origins in Arabo-Andalusian music.
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Andalusia
Andalusia (Andalucía) is an autonomous community in southern Spain.
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Annaba
Annaba (عنّابة), ("Jujube Town"), formerly known as Bona, and then Bône, is a seaport city in the northeastern corner of Algeria, close to Tunisia.
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Arabic music
Arabic music or Arab music (Arabic: الموسيقى العربية – ALA-LC) is the music of the Arab people.
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Avempace
Avempace (– 1138) is the Latinate form of Ibn Bâjja (ابن باجه), full name Abû Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣâ’igh at-Tûjîbî Ibn Bâjja al-Tujibi (أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصائغ), was an Arab Andalusian polymath: his writings include works regarding astronomy, physics, and music, as well as philosophy, medicine, botany, and poetry.
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Balaban (instrument)
Balaban, or balaman (Balaban) is cylindrical-bore, double-reed wind instrument about long with eight finger holes and one thumb hole.
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Banjo
The banjo is a four-, five- or six-stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity as a resonator, called the head.
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Bass drum
A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch.
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Béjaïa
Béjaïa (بِجَايَة, Bijayah; Bgayet, Bgayeth, ⴱⴳⴰⵢⴻⵜ), formerly Bougie and Bugia, is a Mediterranean port city on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province, Kabylia.
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Blida
Blida (البليدة) is a city in Algeria.
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Bore (wind instruments)
In music, the bore of a wind instrument (including woodwind and brass) is its interior chamber.
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Bowed clavier
The bowed clavier (Bogenclavier, Streichklavier or Geigenwerk in German) is a keyboard instrument strung with gut strings, the tone of which is produced by a steadily revolving, well rosined cylinder powered by a foot pedal, a mechanism similar to that found in the hurdy-gurdy.
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Caliphate of Córdoba
The Caliphate of Córdoba (خلافة قرطبة; trans. Khilāfat Qurṭuba) was a state in Islamic Iberia along with a part of North Africa ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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Córdoba, Spain
Córdoba, also called Cordoba or Cordova in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.
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Cello
The cello (plural cellos or celli) or violoncello is a string instrument.
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Chefchaouen
Chefchaouen (شفشاون (pronounced IPA); Ashawen), also known as Chaouen, is a city in northwest Morocco.
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Cherchell
Cherchell (older Cherchel, شرشال) is a seaport town in the Province of Tipaza, Algeria, 55 miles west of Algiers.
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Cinquecento
The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1500 to 1599 are collectively referred to as the Cinquecento (from the Italian for the number 500, in turn from millecinquecento, which is Italian for the year 1500. Cinquecento encompasses the styles and events of the Italian Renaissance.
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Cithara
The cithara or kithara (translit, cithara) was an ancient Greek musical instrument in the lyre or lyra family.
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Clarinet
The clarinet is a musical-instrument family belonging to the group known as the woodwind instruments.
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Communal work
Communal work is a gathering for mutually accomplishing a task or for communal fundraising, for example through a knitting bee.
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Constantine, Algeria
Not to be confused with Constantinople, the historical city from 330 to 1453 in Thrace, now Istanbul, Turkey. Constantine (قسنطينة, ⵇⵙⴻⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ), also spelled Qacentina or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria.
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Contrabass
Contrabass (from contrabbasso) refers to a musical instrument of very low pitch—generally one octave below bass register instruments.
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Daf
The daf (دف daf; دُفْ duf) is a large Middle Eastern frame drum used in popular and classical music.
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Dulzaina
The dulzaina or dolçaina is a Spanish double reed instrument in the oboe family.
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Fez, Morocco
Fez (فاس, Berber: Fas, ⴼⴰⵙ, Fès) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fas-Meknas administrative region.
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Fistula
A fistula is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs.
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Flute
The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group.
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Galician gaita
The Galician gaita (Gaita galega in galician/Portuguese, and Gaita gallega in Spanish) is the traditional instrument of Galicia and northern Portugal.
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Gharnati music
Gharnati refers to a variety of Algerian music originating in Al-Andalus.
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Goblet drum
The goblet drum (also chalice drum, tarabuka, tarabaki, darbuka, derbake, debuka, doumbek, dumbec, dumbeg, dumbelek, tablah, toumperleki or zerbaghali, دربوكة / ALA-LC: darbūkah) is a single head membranophone with a goblet shaped body used mostly in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, and Eastern Europe.
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Granada
Granada is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Guitar
The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that usually has six strings.
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Henry George Farmer
The British musicologist and Arabist, Henry George Farmer (17 January 1882 – 20 December 1965) studied under Thomas Hunter Weir, Professor of Oriental Languages at University of Glasgow.
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Ibn al-Khatib
Lisan ad-Din ibn al-Khatib (لسان الدين ابن الخطيب) (Born 16 November 1313, Loja– died 1374, Fes, Morocco) (Full name Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Said ibn Ali ibn Ahmad al-Salmani) (محمد بن عبد الله بن سعيد بن عبد الله بن سعيد بن علي بن أحمدالسّلماني) was an Arab Andalusian polymath poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician and politician from Emirate of Granada.
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Iraq
Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.
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Israeli Andalusian Orchestra
The Israeli Andalusian Orchestra- Ashdod (התזמורת האנדלוסית הישראלית) is an award-winning Israeli orchestra founded in 1994 in Ashdod, Israel.
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Juan Andrés
Juan Andrés y Morell (15 February 1740 in Planes, Alicante12 January 1817 in Rome) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, Christian humanist and literary critic of the Age of Enlightenment.
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Kairouan
Kairouan (القيروان, also known as al-Qayrawan), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia.
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Kamancheh
The kamancheh (also kamānche or kamāncha) (کمانچه) is an Iranian bowed string instrument, used also in Armenian, Azerbaijani, Turkish and Kurdish music and related to the rebab, the historical ancestor of the kamancheh and also to the bowed Byzantine lyra, ancestor of the European violin family.
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Koléa
Kolea is a city in Tipaza Province, northern Algeria, located approximately southwest of Algiers.
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Libya
Libya (ليبيا), officially the State of Libya (دولة ليبيا), is a sovereign state in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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Lute
A lute is any plucked string instrument with a neck (either fretted or unfretted) and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body.
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Ma'luf
Ma'luf (acquainted, familiar Ma'lūf) (Malouf) is a genre of art music in the Andalusian classical music tradition of Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia.
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Maghreb
The Maghreb (al-Maɣréb lit.), also known as the Berber world, Barbary, Berbery, and Northwest Africa, is a major region of North Africa that consists primarily of the countries Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania.
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Malhun
Malhun (Arabic الملحون / ALA-LC: al-malḥūn), meaning "the melodic poem", is a form of music originated in MoroccoMounira Soliman,, p.58 (Routledge 2013) - that borrows its modes from the Andalusian music.
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Mode (music)
In the theory of Western music, a mode is a type of musical scale coupled with a set of characteristic melodic behaviors.
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Mohamed Bajeddoub
Mohamed Bajeddoub (محمد باجدوب; born 1945 in Safi, Morocco) is an acclaimed Moroccan artist of the traditional Andalusian music.
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Mohammed al-Haik
Ibn Abdallah Mohammed ibn al-Hussein al-Haik (born in Tétouan, Morocco) was a Moroccan poet, musician and author of a songbook (el-kunash) comprising eleven nubas, that had been handed down for generations.
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Moors
The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta during the Middle Ages.
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Morocco
Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.
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Mostaganem
Mostaganem (Mustɣanem; مستغانم) is a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province, in the northwest of Algeria.
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Music of Algeria
Algerian music is virtually synonymous with Raï among foreigners; the musical genre has achieved great popularity in France, Spain and other parts of Europe.
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Music of Libya
Various kinds of Arab music are popular in Libya such as Andalusi music, locally known as Ma'luf, Chabi and Arab classical music.
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Music of Morocco
Andalusian classical music (Arabic: طرب أندَلُسي, موسيقى الآلة tranلابs. ṭarab andalusi or Musiqa al-Ala, Spanish: música andalusí) is a style of Arabic music found in different styles across the Maghreb (Morocco, and to a lesser degree in Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the form of the Ma'luf style).
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Music of Tunisia
Tunisia is a North African country with a predominantly Arabic-speaking population.
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Musical instrument
A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds.
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Musical notation
Music notation or musical notation is any system used to visually represent aurally perceived music played with instruments or sung by the human voice through the use of written, printed, or otherwise-produced symbols.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Naqareh
The naqqāra, nagara or nagada is a Middle Eastern drum with a rounded back and a hide head, usually played in pairs.
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Nedroma
Nedroma (ندرومة) is a city in Tlemcen Province, in northwestern Algeria, about from Tlemcen.
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Oran
Oran (وَهران, Wahrān; Berber language: ⵡⴻⵂⵔⴰⵏ, Wehran) is a major coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria.
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Organ pipe
An organ pipe is a sound-producing element of the pipe organ that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air (commonly referred to as wind) is driven through it.
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Oud
The oud (عود) is a short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped stringed instrument (a chordophone in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of instruments) with 11 or 13 strings grouped in 5 or 6 courses, commonly used in Egyptian, Syrian, Palestinian, Lebanese, Iraqi, Arabian, Jewish, Persian, Greek, Armenian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, North African (Chaabi, Classical, and Spanish Andalusian), Somali, and various other forms of Middle Eastern and North African music.
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Oujda
Oujda (ūʒda) is the capital city of the Oriental region of eastern Morocco.
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Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Piano
The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori around the year 1700 (the exact year is uncertain), in which the strings are struck by hammers.
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Piyyut
A piyyut or piyut (plural piyyutim or piyutim, פִּיּוּטִים / פיוטים, פִּיּוּט / פיוט; from Greek ποιητής poiētḗs "poet") is a Jewish liturgical poem, usually designated to be sung, chanted, or recited during religious services.
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Provence
Provence (Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west to the Italian border to the east, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
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Qanun (instrument)
The kanun, ganoun or kanoon (qānūn;kanonaki; קָנוֹן, qanon; fa, qānūn; kanun; k’anon; qanun) is a string instrument played either solo, or more often as part of an ensemble, in much of the Middle East, Maghreb, West Africa, Central Asia, and southeastern regions of Europe.
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Rabat
Rabat (الرِّبَاط,; ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟ) is the capital city of Morocco and its third largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 (2014) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million.
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Rackett
The rackett, cervelas, or Sausage Bassoon is a Renaissance-era double reed wind instrument, introduced late in the sixteenth century and already superseded by bassoons at the end of the seventeenth century.
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Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Ramón Menéndez Pidal (13 March 1869 - 14 November 1968) was a Spanish philologist and historian.
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Rebab
The rebab (ربابة, rabāb, variously spelled rebap, rabab, rebeb, rababa and rabeba, also known as جوزه jawza or joza in Iraq) is a type of a bowed string instrument so named no later than the 8th century and spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, the Middle East, parts of Europe, and the Far East.
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Rebec
The rebec (sometimes rebecha, rebeckha, and other spellings, pronounced or) is a bowed stringed instrument of the Medieval era and the early Renaissance era.
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Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for the "reconquest") is a name used to describe the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.
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Reed (mouthpiece)
A reed is a thin strip of material which vibrates to produce a sound on a musical instrument.
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Rhaita
The rhaita or ghaita (غيطة) is a double reed instrument from North Africa.
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Romanization of Arabic
The romanization of Arabic writes written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script in one of various systematic ways.
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Safi, Morocco
Safi (Berber: Asfi, ⴰⵙⴼⵉ; أسفي, Portuguese: Safim) is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean.
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Salé
Salé (سلا Sala, Berber ⵙⵍⴰ Sla) is a city in north-western Morocco, on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river, opposite the national capital Rabat, for which it serves as a commuter town.
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Sana'a
Sana'a (صنعاء, Yemeni Arabic), also spelled Sanaa or Sana, is the largest city in Yemen and the centre of Sana'a Governorate.
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Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews, also known as Sephardic Jews or Sephardim (סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Hebrew: Sefaraddim, Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm; also Ye'hude Sepharad, lit. "The Jews of Spain"), originally from Sepharad, Spain or the Iberian peninsula, are a Jewish ethnic division.
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Shawm
The shawm (/ʃɔːm/) is a conical bore, double-reed woodwind instrument made in Europe from the 12th century to the present day.
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Sidi Bel Abbès
Sidi Bel Abbès (سيدي بلعباس), also called Bel Abbès is capital (2005 pop. 200,000)Sidi Bel Abbes, lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.
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Solfège
In music, solfège or solfeggio, also called sol-fa, solfa, solfeo, among many names, is a music education method used to teach pitch and sight singing of Western music.
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Solmization
Solmization is a system of attributing a distinct syllable to each note in a musical scale.
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Souk Ahras
Souk Ahras (Berber: Tagast; ancient name: Thagast; سوق أهراس) is a municipality in Algeria.
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Taarija
A taarija (plural: tara'ij) is a Moroccan membranophone (drum), single skin and tube, played singly, unlike the tabla, which is a pair of drums, and is related to the darbouka.
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Tambourine
The tambourine is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called "zils".
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Tangier
Tangier (طَنجة Ṭanjah; Berber: ⵟⴰⵏⴵⴰ Ṭanja; old Berber name: ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ Tingi; adapted to Latin: Tingis; Tanger; Tánger; also called Tangiers in English) is a major city in northwestern Morocco.
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Tétouan
Tétouan (تطوان, ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ, Tétouan, Tetuán) is a city in northern Morocco.
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Testour
Testour (تستور) is a small town located in the north of Tunisia.
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The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians.
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Tlemcen
Tlemcen (تلمسان Tlemsan; ⵜⵍⴻⵎⵙⴰⵏ) is a city in north-western Algeria, and the capital of the province of the same name.
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Tripoli
Tripoli (طرابلس,; Berber: Oea, or Wy't) is the capital city and the largest city of Libya, with a population of about 1.1 million people in 2015.
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Troubadour
A troubadour (trobador, archaically: -->) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350).
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Trouvère
Trouvère, sometimes spelled trouveur, is the Northern French (langue d'oïl) form of the langue d'oc (Occitan) word trobador.
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Tuna (music)
A tuna is a group of university students in traditional university dress who play traditional instruments and sing serenades.
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Tunis
Tunis (تونس) is the capital and the largest city of Tunisia.
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Tunisia
Tunisia (تونس; Berber: Tunes, ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ; Tunisie), officially the Republic of Tunisia, (الجمهورية التونسية) is a sovereign state in Northwest Africa, covering. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and, by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel, feature the African mainland's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a high human development index. It has an association agreement with the European Union; is a member of La Francophonie, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, the OIC, the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States. In addition, Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation and industrial modernization. In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage. A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years, introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater. After several attempts starting in 647, the Muslims conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, followed by the Ottoman Empire between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by parliamentary elections. The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014.
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Violin
The violin, also known informally as a fiddle, is a wooden string instrument in the violin family.
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Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin or Sermo Vulgaris ("common speech") was a nonstandard form of Latin (as opposed to Classical Latin, the standard and literary version of the language) spoken in the Mediterranean region during and after the classical period of the Roman Empire.
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William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine
William VIII (– 25 September 1086), born Guy-Geoffrey (Gui-Geoffroi), was duke of Gascony (1052–1086), and then duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers (as William VI) between 1058 and 1086, succeeding his brother William VII (Pierre-Guillaume).
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Wind instrument
A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at or near the end of the resonator.
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Ziryab
Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi or Ziryab (789–857; rtl) was a singer, oud player, composer, poet, and teacher who lived and worked in Iraq, Northern Africa, and Andalusia of the medieval Islamic period.
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Zither
Zither is a class of stringed instruments.
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Zurna
The zurna (also called surnay, birbynė, lettish horn, zurla, surla, sornai, dili tuiduk, zournas, or zurma), is a wind instrument played in central Eurasia, ranging from the Balkans to Central Asia.
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Redirects here:
Andalusi music, Andalusian music (Morocco), Andalusian music, (Morocco), Arabo-Andalusian music, Classical Andalusian music, Musiqa al-Ala, Música andalusí, Tarab andalusi, Ṭarab andalusi.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music
