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Androgen receptor

Index Androgen receptor

The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus. [1]

158 relations: Agonist, AKT1, Alternative splicing, Andarine, Androgen, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androstenediol, Androstenedione, Androsterone, Antagonist, Apalutamide, Aromatization, BAG1, Bardoxolone methyl, Beta-catenin, Bicalutamide, Bisphenol A, BRCA1, C-jun, C-terminus, Calmodulin 1, Caveolin 1, Cell nucleus, Chlormadinone acetate, Circulating tumor cell, Coactivator (genetics), COX5B, CREB-binding protein, Cyclin D1, Cyclin-dependent kinase 7, Cyclin-dependent kinase 9, Cyproterone acetate, Cytosol, DACH1, Death-associated protein 6, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Dihydrotestosterone, Discovery and development of antiandrogens, DNA, DNA-binding domain, EFCAB6, Endogeny (biology), Enobosarm, Enzalutamide, EP300, EPI-001, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Epiphysis, Estrogen insensitivity syndrome, Estrogen receptor, ..., Flutamide, FOXO1, Gelsolin, Gene, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GSK3B, Hair follicle, HDAC1, Heat shock protein, Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1, Hormone response element, Hsp90, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, Intramolecular force, Ion channel, KAT5, KAT7 (gene), Knockout mouse, L-DOPA, Leucine, Ligand, MAGEA11, MED1, Membrane androgen receptor, Mesonephric duct, Messenger RNA, Metandienone, Methyltestosterone, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, N-Terminal domain antiandrogen, N-terminus, Nandrolone, NCOA4, NCOA6, NFE2L2, Nilutamide, NONO (protein), Nonsteroidal, Nonsteroidal antiandrogen, Nuclear export signal, Nuclear localization sequence, Nuclear receptor, Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2, Nuclear receptor coactivator 1, Nuclear receptor coactivator 2, Nuclear receptor coactivator 3, Organic compound, Ovarian follicle, Oxandrolone, Oxendolone, PA2G4, PAK6, PATZ1, Phenotype, Phenylalanine, Progesterone receptor, Progestin, Prostate cancer, Protein domain, Protein inhibitor of activated STAT2, Protein isoform, Protein–protein interaction, Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, PRPF6, PTEN (gene), RAD9A, Ralaniten, RANBP9, RCHY1, Receptor for activated C kinase 1, Retinoblastoma protein, Ribosome, RNF14, RNF4, SART3, Secondary sex characteristic, Selective androgen receptor modulator, Serum response factor, Sex organ, Signal transduction, Sirtuin 1, Small heterodimer partner, Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, Spironolactone, Stanozolol, STAT3, Steroid, Steroidal antiandrogen, Sulforaphane, SVIL, Testicular receptor 2, Testicular receptor 4, Testis-determining factor, Testosterone, TGFB1I1, TMF1, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Trenbolone, TRIM68, UBE2I, Unified atomic mass unit, Urogenital sinus, UXT, X chromosome, ZMIZ1, 5α-Reductase. Expand index (108 more) »

Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.

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AKT1

RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT1 gene.

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Alternative splicing

Alternative splicing, or differential splicing, is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.

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Andarine

Andarine (developmental code names GTx-007, S-4) is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed by GTX, Inc for treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting, osteoporosis and benign prostatic hypertrophy, using the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide as a lead compound.

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Androgen

An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.

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Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an intersex condition in which there is a partial or complete inability of many cells in the affected genetic male to respond to androgenic hormones.

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Androstenediol

Androstenediol, or 5-androstenediol (abbreviated as A5 or Δ5-diol), also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol, is an endogenous weak androgen and estrogen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

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Androstenedione

Androstenedione, or 4-androstenedione (abbreviated as A4 or Δ4-dione), also known as androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous weak androgen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of estrone and of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

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Androsterone

Androsterone, or 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one, is an endogenous steroid hormone, neurosteroid, and putative pheromone.

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Antagonist

An antagonist is a character, group of characters, institution or concept that stands in or represents opposition against which the protagonist(s) must contend.

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Apalutamide

Apalutamide, sold under the brand name Erleada, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Aromatization

Aromatization is a chemical reaction in which an aromatic system is formed.

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BAG1

BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAG1 gene.

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Bardoxolone methyl

Bardoxolone methyl (also known as “RTA 402”, “CDDO-methyl ester”, and CDDO-Me) is an experimental and orally-bioavailable semi-synthetic triterpenoid, based on the scaffold of the natural product oleanolic acid.

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Beta-catenin

Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.

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Bicalutamide

Bicalutamide, sold under the brand name Casodex among others, is an antiandrogen medication that is primarily used to treat prostate cancer.

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Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 belonging to the group of diphenylmethane derivatives and bisphenols, with two hydroxyphenyl groups.

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BRCA1

BRCA1 and BRCA1 are a human gene and its protein product, respectively.

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C-jun

c-Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene.

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C-terminus

The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).

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Calmodulin 1

Calmodulin 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALM1 gene.

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Caveolin 1

Caveolin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAV1 gene.

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Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Chlormadinone acetate

Chlormadinone acetate (CMA), sold under the brand names Belara, Lutéran, and Prostal among others, is a progestin and antiandrogen medication which is used in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy, as a component of menopausal hormone therapy, and in the treatment of gynecological disorders as well as androgen-dependent conditions like enlarged prostate and prostate cancer in men and acne and hirsutism in women.

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Circulating tumor cell

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that have shed into the vasculature or lymphatics from a primary tumor and are carried around the body in the blood circulation.

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Coactivator (genetics)

A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes.

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COX5B

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial is an enzyme in humans that is a subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex, also known as Complex IV, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

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CREB-binding protein

CREB-binding protein, also known as CREBBP or CBP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CREBBP gene.

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Cyclin D1

Cyclin D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND1 gene.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 7

Cell division protein kinase 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK7 gene.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 9

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 or CDK9 is a cyclin-dependent kinase associated with P-TEFb.

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Cyproterone acetate

Cyproterone acetate (CPA), sold alone under the brand name Androcur or with ethinylestradiol (EE) under the brand names Diane or Diane-35 among others, is an antiandrogen and progestogen which is used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like acne, excessive hair growth, early puberty, and prostate cancer, as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, and in birth control pills.

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Cytosol

The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.

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DACH1

Dachshund homolog 1, also known as DACH1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DACH1 gene.

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Death-associated protein 6

Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAXX gene.

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Dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone.

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Dihydrotestosterone

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), also known as androstanolone or stanolone, is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone.

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Discovery and development of antiandrogens

This article is about the discovery and development of antiandrogens, or androgen receptor (AR) antagonists.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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DNA-binding domain

A DNA-binding domain (DBD) is an independently folded protein domain that contains at least one structural motif that recognizes double- or single-stranded DNA.

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EFCAB6

EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFCAB6 gene.

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Endogeny (biology)

Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.

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Enobosarm

Enobosarm, also known as ostarine, is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed by GTX, Inc for the treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and osteoporosis, formerly under development by Merck & Company.

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Enzalutamide

Enzalutamide, sold under the brand name Xtandi, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.

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EP300

Histone acetyltransferase p300 also known as p300 HAT or E1A-associated protein p300 (where E1A.

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EPI-001

EPI-001 is a novel experimental nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) that is under investigation for the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Epidermal growth factor receptor

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB-1; HER1 in humans) is a transmembrane protein that is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family (EGF family) of extracellular protein ligands.

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Epiphysis

The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s).

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Estrogen insensitivity syndrome

Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS), or estrogen resistance, is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency or hypoestrogenism which is caused by a defective estrogen receptor (ER) – specifically, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) – that results in an inability of estrogen to mediate its biological effects in the body.

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Estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells.

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Flutamide

Flutamide, sold under the brand name Eulexin among others, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used primarily to treat prostate cancer.

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FOXO1

Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) also known as forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXO1 gene.

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Gelsolin

Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein that is a key regulator of actin filament assembly and disassembly.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviated as GAPDH or less commonly as G3PDH) is an enzyme of ~37kDa that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules.

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GSK3B

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, also known as GSK3B, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene.

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Hair follicle

The hair follicle is a dynamic organ found in mammalian skin.

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HDAC1

Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC1 gene.

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Heat shock protein

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions.

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Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1

Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSP90AA1 gene.

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Hormone response element

A hormone response element (HRE) is a short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene that is able to bind to a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription.

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Hsp90

Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) is a chaperone protein that assists other proteins to fold properly, stabilizes proteins against heat stress, and aids in protein degradation.

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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.

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Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor is a protein found on the surface of human cells.

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Intramolecular force

An intramolecular force is any force that binds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound, not to be confused with intermolecular forces, which are the forces present between molecules.

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Ion channel

Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.

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KAT5

Histone acetyltransferase KAT5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KAT5 gene.

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KAT7 (gene)

Histone acetyltransferase KAT7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KAT7 gene.

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Knockout mouse

A knockout mouse or knock-out mouse is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or "knocked out", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.

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L-DOPA

L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.

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Leucine

Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Ligand

In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.

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MAGEA11

Melanoma-associated antigen 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAGEA11 gene.

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MED1

Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1 also known as DRIP205 or Trap220 is a subunit of the Mediator complex and is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MED1 gene.

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Membrane androgen receptor

Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which bind and are activated by testosterone and/or other androgens.

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Mesonephric duct

The mesonephric duct (also known as the Wolffian duct, archinephric duct, Leydig's duct or nephric duct) is a paired organ found in mammals including humans during embryogenesis.

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Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

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Metandienone

Metandienone, also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is mostly no longer used.

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Methyltestosterone

Methyltestosterone, sold under the brand names Android, Metandren, and Testred among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men, delayed puberty in boys, at low doses as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, osteoporosis, and low sexual desire in women, and to treat breast cancer in women.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene.

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N-Terminal domain antiandrogen

N-Terminal domain antiandrogens are a novel type of antiandrogen that bind to the ''N''-terminal domain of the androgen receptor (AR) instead of the ligand-binding domain (where all currently-available antiandrogens bind) and disrupt interactions between the AR and its coregulatory binding partners, thereby blocking AR-mediated gene transcription.

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N-terminus

The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.

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Nandrolone

Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate (brand name Deca-Durabolin) and nandrolone phenylpropionate (brand name Durabolin).

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NCOA4

Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA4 gene.

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NCOA6

Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA6 gene.

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NFE2L2

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, also known as NFE2L2 or Nrf2, is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L2 gene.

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Nilutamide

Nilutamide, sold under the brand names Nilandron and Anandron, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.

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NONO (protein)

Non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the nono gene.

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Nonsteroidal

Nonsteroidal is a term which is used to describe a compound that is not a steroid.

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Nonsteroidal antiandrogen

A nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) is an antiandrogen with a nonsteroidal chemical structure.

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Nuclear export signal

A nuclear export signal (NES) is a short amino acid sequence of 4 hydrophobic residues in a protein that targets it for export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex using nuclear transport.

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Nuclear localization sequence

A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport.

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Nuclear receptor

In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules.

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Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2

The nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor-interacting domains.

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Nuclear receptor coactivator 1

The nuclear receptor coactivator 1 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains and an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity.

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Nuclear receptor coactivator 2

The nuclear receptor coactivator 2 also known as NCoA-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA2 gene.

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Nuclear receptor coactivator 3

The nuclear receptor coactivator 3 also known as NCOA3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NCOA3 gene.

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Organic compound

In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.

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Ovarian follicle

An ovarian follicle is a roughly spheroid cellular aggregation set found in the ovaries.

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Oxandrolone

Oxandrolone, sold under the brand names Oxandrin and Anavar among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used to help promote weight gain in various situations, to help offset protein catabolism caused by long-term corticosteroid therapy, to support recovery from severe burns, to treat bone pain associated with osteoporosis, to aid in the development of girls with Turner syndrome, and for other indications.

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Oxendolone

Oxendolone, sold under the brand names Prostetin and Roxenone, is an antiandrogen and progestin medication which is used in Japan in the treatment of enlarged prostate.

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PA2G4

Proliferation-associated protein 2G4 (PA2G4) also known as ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PA2G4 gene.

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PAK6

Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAK6 gene.

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PATZ1

POZ-, AT hook-, and zinc finger-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PATZ1 gene.

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Phenotype

A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).

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Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.

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Progesterone receptor

The progesterone receptor (PR), also known as NR3C3 or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 3, is a protein found inside cells.

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Progestin

A progestin is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy.

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Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.

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Protein domain

A protein domain is a conserved part of a given protein sequence and (tertiary) structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain.

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Protein inhibitor of activated STAT2

E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIAS2 gene.

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Protein isoform

A protein isoform, or "protein variant" is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences.

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Protein–protein interaction

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by electrostatic forces including the hydrophobic effect.

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Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src

Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, also known as proto-oncogene c-Src or simply c-Src, is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the SRC gene.

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PRPF6

Pre-mRNA-processing factor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF6 gene.

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PTEN (gene)

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PTEN gene.

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RAD9A

Cell cycle checkpoint control protein RAD9A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD9A gene.

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Ralaniten

Ralaniten (developmental code name EPI-002) is an N-terminal domain antiandrogen which was never marketed.

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RANBP9

Ran-binding protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RANBP9 gene.

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RCHY1

RING finger and CHY zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RCHY1 gene.

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Receptor for activated C kinase 1

Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), also known as guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1 (GNB2L1), is a 35 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the RACK1 gene.

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Retinoblastoma protein

The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated pRb; gene name abbreviated RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers.

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Ribosome

The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).

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RNF14

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF14 gene.

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RNF4

RING finger protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF4 gene.

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SART3

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SART3 gene.

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Secondary sex characteristic

Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during puberty in humans, and at sexual maturity in other animals.

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Selective androgen receptor modulator

Selective androgen receptor modulators or SARMs are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands.

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Serum response factor

Serum response factor, also known as SRF, is a transcription factor protein.

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Sex organ

A sex organ (or reproductive organ) is any part of an animal's body that is involved in sexual reproduction.

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Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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Sirtuin 1

Sirtuin 1, also known as NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIRT1 gene.

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Small heterodimer partner

The small heterodimer partner (SHP) also known as NR0B2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR0B2 gene.

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Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), popularly known as Kennedy's disease, is a progressive debilitating neurodegenerative disorder resulting in muscle cramps and progressive weakness due to degeneration of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.

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Spironolactone

Spironolactone, sold under the brand name Aldactone among others, is a medication that is primarily used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease.

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Stanozolol

Stanozolol, sold under many brand names, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

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STAT3

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene.

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Steroid

A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

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Steroidal antiandrogen

A steroidal antiandrogen (SAA) is an antiandrogen with a steroidal chemical structure.

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Sulforaphane

Sulforaphane (sulphoraphane in British English) is a compound within the isothiocyanate group of organosulfur compounds.

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SVIL

Supervillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SVIL gene.

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Testicular receptor 2

The testicular receptor 2 (TR2) also known as NR2C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group C, member 1) is protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2C1 gene.

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Testicular receptor 4

Testicular receptor 4 also known as NR2C2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group C, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2C2 gene.

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Testis-determining factor

Testis-determining factor (TDF), also known as sex-determining region Y (SRY) protein, is a DNA-binding protein (also known as gene-regulatory protein/transcription factor) encoded by the SRY gene that is responsible for the initiation of male sex determination in humans.

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Testosterone

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

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TGFB1I1

Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB1I1 gene.

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TMF1

TATA element modulatory factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMF1 gene.

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Transcription (biology)

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

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Transcription factor

In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

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Trenbolone

Trenbolone is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) of the nandrolone group which itself was never marketed.

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TRIM68

Tripartite motif-containing protein 68 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM68 gene.

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UBE2I

SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBE2I gene.

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Unified atomic mass unit

The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).

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Urogenital sinus

The urogenital sinus is a part of the human body only present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.

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UXT

Protein UXT (Ubiquitously eXpressed Transcript protein) also known as androgen receptor trapped clone 27 (ART-27) protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UXT gene.

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X chromosome

The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes (allosomes) in many organisms, including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome), and is found in both males and females.

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ZMIZ1

Zinc finger MIZ domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZMIZ1 gene.

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5α-Reductase

5α-reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.

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Redirects here:

AR (gene), AR inhibitor, AR-A, AR-B, AR-V7, Androgen receptor A, Androgen receptor B, Androgen receptor isoform A, Androgen receptor isoform B, Androgen receptor mutation, Androgen receptor-A, Androgen receptor-B, Androgen receptors, NR3C4, Receptors, androgen.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_receptor

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