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163 relations: ACE inhibitor, ACE inhibitor and thiazide combination, Aldosterone, Aliskiren, Alpha blocker, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, American Heart Association, Amiloride, Amlodipine, Angioedema, Angiotensin, Angiotensin II receptor, Angiotensin II receptor blocker, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Anxiety, Aortic dissection, Asthma, Atenolol, Autoreceptor, Azilsartan, Benazepril, Bendroflumethiazide, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Beta blocker, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Blood pressure, Bosentan, Bucindolol, Bumetanide, Calcium channel blocker, Candesartan, Captopril, Cardiovascular disease, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Chlorothiazide, Chlortalidone, Chronic kidney disease, Cilnidipine, Circulation (journal), Clevidipine, Clinical endpoint, Clonidine, Combination drug, Coronary artery disease, Cough, CYT006-AngQb, Death, Dementia, ..., Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Dihydropyridine, Diltiazem, Diuretic, Doxazosin, Enalapril, Endothelin, Epitizide, Eplerenone, Eprosartan, Etacrynic acid, Ethnic group, Evidence-based medicine, Felodipine, Fimasartan, Fosinopril, Furosemide, Gestational hypertension, Gout, Guanabenz, Guanethidine, Guanfacine, Heart block, Heart failure, Hormone, Hydralazine, Hydrochlorothiazide, Hyperaldosteronism, Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperkalemia, Hypertension, Hypertensive emergency, Impaired glucose tolerance, Indapamide, Indoramin, Irbesartan, Isradipine, JAMA (journal), Kidney, Kidney stone disease, Labetalol, Lercanidipine, Levamlodipine, Lisinopril, Loop diuretic, Losartan, Mayo Clinic, McGraw-Hill Education, Mecamylamine, Medication, Methyclothiazide, Methyldopa, Metolazone, Metoprolol, Minoxidil, Moexipril, Moxonidine, Myocardial infarction, Nadolol, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Nebivolol, Negative feedback, Nicardipine, Nicotinic antagonist, Nifedipine, Nimodipine, Nisoldipine, Nitrendipine, Olmesartan, Oxprenolol, Penbutolol, Perindopril, Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Pindolol, Polythiazide, Potassium-sparing diuretic, Prazosin, Propranolol, Pulmonary artery, Quinapril, Ramipril, Receptor antagonist, Renal function, Renin, Renin inhibitor, Renin–angiotensin system, Reserpine, Retina, Smooth muscle tissue, Sodium nitroprusside, Spironolactone, Stroke, Telmisartan, Terazosin, The BMJ, The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine, Therapy, Thiazide, Timolol, Tolazoline, Tonic (physiology), Torasemide, Trandolapril, Tremor, Triamterene, Valsartan, Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation, Verapamil, Vesicular monoamine transporter. Expand index (113 more) »
ACE inhibitor
An angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) is a pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension (elevated blood pressure) and congestive heart failure.
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ACE inhibitor and thiazide combination
An ACE inhibitor and thiazide combination is a drug combination used to treat hypertension.
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.
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Aliskiren
Aliskiren (trade names Tekturna and Rasilez) is the first in a class of drugs called direct renin inhibitors.
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Alpha blocker
Alpha-blockers, also known as α-blockers or α-adrenoreceptor antagonists, are a class of pharmacological agents that act as antagonists on α-adrenergic receptors (α-adrenoceptors).
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Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein.
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American Heart Association
The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke.
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Amiloride
Amiloride, sold under the trade name Midamor among others, is a medication typically used with other medications to treat high blood pressure or swelling due to heart failure or cirrhosis of the liver.
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Amlodipine
Amlodipine, sold under the brand name Norvasc among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.
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Angioedema
Angioedema is an area of swelling of the lower layer of skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes.
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Angiotensin
Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.
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Angiotensin II receptor
The angiotensin II receptors, (AGTR1) and (AGTR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ligands.
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Angiotensin II receptor blocker
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), also known as angiotensin II receptor antagonists, AT1 receptor antagonists or sartans, are a group of pharmaceuticals that modulate the renin–angiotensin system.
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.
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Aortic dissection
Aortic dissection (AD) occurs when an injury to the innermost layer of the aorta allows blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall, forcing the layers apart.
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Asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
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Atenolol
Atenolol is a selective β1 receptor antagonist, a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers (sometimes written β-blockers), a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases.
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Autoreceptor
An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of presynaptic nerve cells.
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Azilsartan
Azilsartan (INN) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, developed by Takeda.
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Benazepril
Benazepril, brand name Lotensin (Novartis), is an ACE inhibitor used primarily in treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and heart attacks, and also in preventing the renal and retinal complications of diabetes.
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Bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide (INN), formerly bendrofluazide (BAN), trade name Aprinox, is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension.
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate.
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Beta blocker
Beta blockers, also written β-blockers, are a class of medications that are particularly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms, and to protect the heart from a second heart attack (myocardial infarction) after a first heart attack (secondary prevention).
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Betaxolol
Betaxolol (trade names Betoptic, Betoptic S, Lokren, Kerlone) is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma.
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Bisoprolol
Bisoprolol, marketed under the tradename Zebeta among others, is a medication most commonly used for heart diseases.
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Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
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Bosentan
Bosentan is a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH).
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Bucindolol
Bucindolol is a non-selective beta blocker with additional weak alpha-blocking properties and some intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
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Bumetanide
Bumetanide (trade names Bumex or Burinex) is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category, most often used to treat heart failure.
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Calcium channel blocker
Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are several medications that disrupt the movement of calcium through calcium channels.
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Candesartan
Candesartan (rINN) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.
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Captopril
Captopril, sold under the trade name Capoten, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Carteolol
Carteolol (trade names Cartrol, Ocupress, Teoptic, Arteolol, Arteoptic, Calte, Cartéabak, Carteol, Cartéol, Cartrol, Elebloc, Endak, Glauteolol, Mikelan, Poenglaucol, Singlauc) is a non-selective beta blocker used to treat glaucoma.
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Carvedilol
Carvedilol, sold under the brand name Coreg among others, is a medication used for treating mild to severe congestive heart failure (CHF), left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) following heart attack in people who are otherwise stable, and for treating high blood pressure.
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Chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide sodium (Diuril) is an organic compound used as a diuretic and as an antihypertensive.
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Chlortalidone
Chlortalidone (INN/BAN) or chlorthalidone (USAN) is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), originally marketed as Hygroton in the USA.
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Chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of kidney disease in which there is gradual loss of kidney function over a period of months or years.
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Cilnidipine
Cilnidipine (INN) is a calcium channel blocker.
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Circulation (journal)
Circulation is a scientific journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins for the American Heart Association.
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Clevidipine
Clevidipine (INN, trade name Cleviprex) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker indicated for the reduction of blood pressure when oral therapy is not feasible or not desirable.
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Clinical endpoint
In a clinical research trial, a clinical endpoint generally refers to occurrence of a disease, symptom, sign or laboratory abnormality that constitutes one of the target outcomes of the trial, but may also refer to any such disease or sign that strongly motivates the withdrawal of that individual or entity from the trial, then often termed humane (clinical) endpoint.
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Clonidine
Clonidine (trade names Catapres, Kapvay, Nexiclon, Clophelin, and others) is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, tic disorders, withdrawal (from either alcohol, opioids, or smoking), migraine, menopausal flushing, diarrhea, and certain pain conditions.
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Combination drug
A combination drug is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) that includes two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) combined in a single dosage form, which is manufactured and distributed in fixed doses.
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Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.
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Cough
A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring, protective reflex, which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes.
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CYT006-AngQb
CYT006-AngQb was an investigational vaccine against angiotensin II, designed to lower blood pressure.
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Death
Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.
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Dementia
Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Diabetes mellitus type 2
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
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Dihydropyridine
Dihydropyridine is a molecule based upon pyridine, and the parent of a class of molecules that have been semi-saturated with two substituents replacing one double bond.
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Diltiazem
Diltiazem (INN) is a nondihydropyridine (non-DHP) calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia.
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Diuretic
A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine.
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Doxazosin
Doxazosin mesylate, a quinazoline compound sold by Pfizer under the brand names Cardura and Carduran, is an α1-selective alpha blocker used to treat high blood pressure and urinary retention associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
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Enalapril
Enalapril, sold under the brand name Vasotec among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure.
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Endothelin
Endothelins are peptides with receptors and effects in many body organs.
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Epitizide
Epitizide is a diuretic.
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Eplerenone
Eplerenone is a steroidal antimineralocorticoid of the spirolactone group that is used as an adjunct in the management of chronic heart failure.
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Eprosartan
Eprosartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.
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Etacrynic acid
Etacrynic acid (INN) or ethacrynic acid (USAN), trade name Edecrin, is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and the swelling caused by diseases like congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure.
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Ethnic group
An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.
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Evidence-based medicine
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is an approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision-making by emphasizing the use of evidence from well-designed and well-conducted research.
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Felodipine
Felodipine is a medication of the calcium channel blocker type which is used to treat high blood pressure.
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Fimasartan
Fimasartan is a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.
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Fosinopril
Fosinopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure.
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Furosemide
Furosemide, sold under the brand name Lasix among others, is a medication used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease.
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Gestational hypertension
Gestational hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is the development of new hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks' gestation without the presence of protein in the urine or other signs of pre-eclampsia.
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Gout
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint.
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Guanabenz
Guanabenz (pronounced GWAHN-a-benz, sold under the trade name Wytensin) is an alpha agonist of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor that is used as an antihypertensive drug.
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Guanethidine
Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine.
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Guanfacine
Guanfacine (trade names Estulic, Tenex, and, in extended release form, Intuniv) is a sympatholytic drug used to treat hypertension and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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Heart block
Heart block is a disease or inherited condition that causes a fault within the heart's natural pacemaker due to some kind of obstruction (or "block") in the electrical conduction system of the heart.
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Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Hydralazine
Hydralazine, sold under the brand name Apresoline among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.
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Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ or HCT) is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up.
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Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperaldosteronism, also aldosteronism, is a medical condition wherein too much aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands, which can lead to lowered levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia) and increased hydrogen ion excretion (alkalosis).
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Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
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Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia, also spelled hyperkalaemia, is an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum.
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Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Hypertensive emergency
A hypertensive emergency, also known as malignant hypertension, is high blood pressure with potentially life-threatening symptoms and signs indicative of acute impairment of one or more organ systems (especially the central nervous system, cardiovascular system or the kidneys).
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Impaired glucose tolerance
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a pre-diabetic state of hyperglycemia that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology.
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Indapamide
Indapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated heart failure.
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Indoramin
Indoramin (trade names Baratol and Doralese) is a piperidine antiadrenergic agent.
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Irbesartan
Irbesartan (INN) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.
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Isradipine
Isradipine (tradenames DynaCirc, Prescal) is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class.
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JAMA (journal)
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Kidney stone disease
Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract.
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Labetalol
Labetalol is a medication used to treat high blood pressure.
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Lercanidipine
Lercanidipine (trade name Zanidip, among others) is an antihypertensive (blood pressure lowering) drug.
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Levamlodipine
Levamlodipine (INN), also known as levoamlodipine or S-amlodipine is a pharmacologically active enantiomer of amlodipine.
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Lisinopril
Lisinopril is a drug of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class used primarily in treatment of high blood pressure, heart failure, and after heart attacks.
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Loop diuretic
Loop diuretics are diuretics that act at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney.
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Losartan
Losartan, sold under the trade name Cozaar among others, is a medication mainly used to treat high blood pressure.
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Mayo Clinic
The Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit academic medical center based in Rochester, Minnesota focused on integrated clinical practice, education, and research.
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McGraw-Hill Education
McGraw-Hill Education (MHE) is a learning science company and one of the "big three" educational publishers that provides customized educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education.
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Mecamylamine
Mecamylamine (INN, BAN; or mecamylamine hydrochloride (USAN); brand names Inversine, Vecamyl) is a non-selective, non-competitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that was introduced in the 1950s as an antihypertensive drug.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic.
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Methyldopa
Methyldopa, sold under the brand name Aldomet among others, is a medication used for high blood pressure.
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Metolazone
Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic marketed under the brand names Zytanix from Zydus Cadila, Zaroxolyn, and Mykrox.
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Metoprolol
Metoprolol, marketed under the tradename Lopressor among others, is a medication of the selective β1 receptor blocker type.
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Minoxidil
No description.
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Moexipril
Moexipril hydrochloride is a potent orally active nonsulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) which is used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
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Moxonidine
Moxonidine (INN) is a new-generation alpha-2/imidazoline receptor agonist antihypertensive drug licensed for the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.
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Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
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Nadolol
Nadolol (Corgard) is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure and chest pain.
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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health in the United Kingdom, which publishes guidelines in four areas.
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Nebivolol
Nebivolol is a β1 receptor blocker with nitric oxide-potentiating vasodilatory effect used in treatment of hypertension and, in Europe, also for left ventricular failure.
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Negative feedback
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.
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Nicardipine
Nicardipine (Cardene) is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and angina.
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Nicotinic antagonist
A nicotinic antagonist is a type of anticholinergic drug that inhibits the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Nifedipine
Nifedipine, sold under the brand names Adalat among others, is a medication used to manage angina, high blood pressure, Raynaud's phenomenon, and premature labor.
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Nimodipine
Nimodipine (marketed by Bayer as Nimotop) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker originally developed for the treatment of high blood pressure.
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Nisoldipine
Nisoldipine (INN) is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class.
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Nitrendipine
Nitrendipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker.
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Olmesartan
Olmesartan medoxomil is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist which is used for the treatment of high blood pressure.
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Oxprenolol
Oxprenolol (brand names Trasacor, Trasicor, Coretal, Laracor, Slow-Pren, Captol, Corbeton, Slow-Trasicor, Tevacor, Trasitensin, Trasidex) is a non-selective beta blocker with some intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
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Penbutolol
Penbutolol (brand names Levatol, Levatolol, Lobeta, Paginol, Hostabloc, Betapressin) is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure.
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Perindopril
Perindopril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, or stable coronary artery disease in form of perindopril arginine (trade names include Coversyl, Coversum) or perindopril erbumine (Aceon).
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Phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine (marketed under the trade name Dibenzyline) is a non-selective, irreversible alpha blocker.
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Phentolamine
Phentolamine (Regitine) is a reversible nonselective α-adrenergic antagonist.
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Pindolol
Pindolol, sold under the brand name Visken among others, is a beta blocker which is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.
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Polythiazide
Polythiazide is a thiazide diuretic.
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Potassium-sparing diuretic
Potassium-sparing diuretics are diuretic drugs that do not promote the secretion of potassium into the urine.
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Prazosin
Prazosin, trade names Minipress, Vasoflex, Lentopres and Hypovase, is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Propranolol
Propranolol, sold under the brand name Inderal among others, is a medication of the beta blocker type. It is used to treat high blood pressure, a number of types of irregular heart rate, thyrotoxicosis, capillary hemangiomas, performance anxiety, and essential tremors. It is used to prevent migraine headaches, and to prevent further heart problems in those with angina or previous heart attacks. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein. The formulation that is taken by mouth comes in short-acting and long-acting versions. Propranolol appears in the blood after 30 minutes and has a maximum effect between 60 and 90 minutes when taken by mouth. Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation. It should not be used in those with an already slow heart rate and most of those with heart failure. Quickly stopping the medication in those with coronary artery disease may worsen symptoms. It may worsen the symptoms of asthma. Caution is recommended in those with liver or kidney problems. Propranolol may cause harmful effects in the baby if taken during pregnancy. Its use during breastfeeding is probably safe, but the baby should be monitored for side effects. It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. Propranolol was discovered in 1964. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Propranolol is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.24 and 2.16 per month as of 2014. In the United States it costs about $15 per month at a typical dose.
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Pulmonary artery
A pulmonary artery is an artery in the pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.
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Quinapril
Quinapril (marketed under the brand name Accupril by Pfizer) is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
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Ramipril
Ramipril, sold under the brand name Altace among others, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and congestive heart failure.
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Receptor antagonist
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.
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Renal function
Renal function, in nephrology, is an indication of the kidney's condition and its role in renal physiology.
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Renin
Renin (etymology and pronunciation), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)—also known as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis—that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction.
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Renin inhibitor
Renin inhibitors are a group of pharmaceutical drugs used primarily in treatment of essential hypertension (high blood pressure).
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Renin–angiotensin system
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) or the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
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Reserpine
Reserpine (also known by trade names Raudixin, Serpalan, Serpasil) is an indole alkaloid, Major Types Of Chemical Compounds In Plants & Animals Part II: Phenolic Compounds, Glycosides & Alkaloids. Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History.
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Retina
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
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Smooth muscle tissue
Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle.
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Sodium nitroprusside
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), sold under the brand name Nitropress among others, is a medication used to lower blood pressure.
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Spironolactone
Spironolactone, sold under the brand name Aldactone among others, is a medication that is primarily used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Telmisartan
Telmisartan (INN) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (angiotensin receptor blocker, ARB) used in the management of hypertension.
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Terazosin
Terazosin (marketed as Hytrin or Zayasel) is a selective alpha-1 antagonist used for treatment of symptoms of an enlarged prostate (BPH).
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The BMJ
The BMJ is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.
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The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal.
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The New England Journal of Medicine
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society.
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Therapy
Therapy (often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx) is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis.
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Thiazide
Thiazide is a type of molecule and a class of diuretics often used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema (such as that caused by heart failure, liver failure, or kidney failure).
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Timolol
Timolol is a medication used either by mouth or as eye drops.
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Tolazoline
Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
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Tonic (physiology)
Tonic in physiology refers to a physiological response which is slow and may be graded.
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Torasemide
Torasemide or torsemide is a pyridine-sulfonyl urea type loop diuretic mainly used in the management of edema associated with congestive heart failure.
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Trandolapril
Trandolapril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure, it may also be used to treat other conditions.
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Tremor
A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts.
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Triamterene
Triamterene (trade name Dyrenium) is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and edema.
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Valsartan
Valsartan (trade name Diovan) is mainly used for treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and to increase the chances of living longer after a heart attack.
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.
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Vasodilation
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels.
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Verapamil
Verapamil, sold under various trade names, is a medication used for the treatment of high blood pressure, angina (chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart), and supraventricular tachycardia.
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Vesicular monoamine transporter
The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) is a transport protein integrated into the membrane of synaptic vesicles of presynaptic neurons.
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Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, Alpha-2 agonists, Anti-hypertensive, Anti-hypertensives, Antih y-pertensives, Antihypertension, Antihypertensive, Antihypertensive Drug, Antihypertensive agent, Antihypertensive agents, Antihypertensive drugs, Antihypertensive therapy, Antihypertensives, Antihypertensives Drugs, Antipressor therapy, Blood pressure medication, High blood pressure medication, Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension, Treatment of hypertension.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug
