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142 relations: 'Adud al-Dawla, Abaqa Khan, Abbasid Caliphate, Abu Taghlib, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, Abu'l-Fida, Al Fadl, Al-Baladhuri, Al-Basasiri, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Al-Husayn ibn Zikrawayh, Al-Ma'mun, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Al-Maqdisi, Al-Mujahid, Al-Mustakfi, Al-Mustansir Billah, Al-Tabari, ALA-LC romanization, Aleppo, Ali ibn al-Athir, Alp Arslan, An-Nasir Muhammad, Anah, Anbar (town), Arabs, Ayyubid dynasty, Öljaitü, Baghdad, Baha' al-Dawla, Baibars, Bajkam, Banu Kilab, Banu Shayban, Bar Hebraeus, Barracks, Bedouin, Birecik, Buyid dynasty, Cambridge University Press, Caravanserai, Casemate, Chamfer, Circesium, Cistern, Concentric castle, Conglomerate (geology), Curtain wall (architecture), Da'i, Damascus, ..., Deir ez-Zor, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, Diyar Mudar, Duqaq, Egypt, Euphrates, Fatimid Caliphate, Fletching, Gasparo Balbi, Glacis, Guillaume-Antoine Olivier, Gypsum, Hamdanid dynasty, Harran, Hillah, Homs, Ibn Battuta, Ibn Nazif, Ilkhanate, Imad ad-Din Zengi, Institut français du Proche-Orient, Iqta', Isa ibn Muhanna, Isma'ilism, Istakhri, Izz al-Dawla, Jama Masjid, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Jerusalem, Keep, Kerbogha, Khabur (Euphrates), Khafaja, Khutbah, Limestone, Lumière University Lyon 2, Malik ibn Tawk, Malik-Shah I, Mamluk, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mayadin, Merlon, Michael the Syrian, Mirdasid dynasty, Mongol invasions of the Levant, Mortar (masonry), Mosul, Mound, Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal, Mudbrick, Muhammad I Tapar, Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, Muhammad ibn Shirkuh, Muhanna ibn Isa, Nasir al-Dawla, Numayrid dynasty, Nur ad-Din (died 1174), Oratory (worship), Ottoman Empire, Palmyra, Palmyra Castle, Parapet, Persian people, Puddingstone (rock), Qarmatians, Quince, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, Raqqa, Rehoboth (Bible), Saladin, Salamiyah, Salih ibn Mirdas, Seljuk Empire, Seljuq dynasty, Sherd, Shirkuh, Shmemis, Suruç, Syria, Syriac Orthodox Church, Syrian Civil War, Syrian Desert, Talmud, Toghtekin, Tutush I, Uqaylid dynasty, Venice, Vizier, Yaqut al-Hamawi, Zengid dynasty, 1157 Hama earthquake. Expand index (92 more) »
'Adud al-Dawla
Fannā (Panāh) Khusraw (فنا خسرو), better known by his laqab of ʿAḍud al-Dawla (عضد الدولة, "Pillar of the Dynasty") (September 24, 936 – March 26, 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983, and at his height of power ruling an empire stretching from Makran as far to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Abaqa Khan
Abaqa Khan (1234–1282, ᠠᠪᠠᠬᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (Traditional script), "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (Ilkhan) of the Ilkhanate.
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Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate (or ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّة) was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Abu Taghlib
Fadl Allah Abu Taghlib al-Ghadanfar ʿUddat al-Dawla (فضل الله أبو تغلب الغضنفر عدة الدولة), usually known simply by his kunya as Abu Taghlib, was the third Hamdanid ruler of the Emirate of Mosul, encompassing most of the Jazira.
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Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
Abū Tāhir Sulaymān al-Jannābī (906–944) (ابو طاهر سلیمان الجنّابي) was the ruler of the Qarmatian state in Bahrain (historical region) and Eastern Arabia, who in 930 led the sacking of Mecca.
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Abu'l-Fida
Abu al-Fida (أبو الفداء; November 1273October 27, 1331), fully Abu Al-fida' Isma'il Ibn 'ali ibn Mahmud Al-malik Al-mu'ayyad 'imad Ad-din and better known in English as Abulfeda, was a Kurdish historian, geographer and local governor of Hama.
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Al Fadl
Al Fadl (ALA-LC: Āl Faḍl) were an Arab tribe that dominated the Syrian Desert and steppe during the Middle Ages, and whose modern-day descendants largely live in southern Syria and eastern Lebanon.
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Al-Baladhuri
ʾAḥmad Ibn Yaḥyā al-Balādhurī (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري) was a 9th-century Muslim historian.
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Al-Basasiri
Basasiri (died 1059) was a Turkish slave who rose to become a general in Iraq, and staged a revolt against the Seljuks.
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Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal title al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh (الحاكم بأمر الله; literally "Ruler by God's Command"), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam (996–1021).
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Al-Husayn ibn Zikrawayh
Al-Husayn ibn Zikrawayh, also known under his assumed name Sahib al-Shama ("Man with the Mole"), was a Qarmatian leader in the Syrian Desert in the early years of the 10th century.
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Al-Ma'mun
Abu al-Abbas al-Maʾmūn ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (أبو العباس المأمون; September 786 – 9 August 833) was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.
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Al-Mansur Qalawun
Qalāwūn aṣ-Ṣāliḥī (قلاوون الصالحي, c. 1222 – November 10, 1290) was the seventh Bahri Mamluk sultan; he ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1290.
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Al-Maqdisi
Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Shams al-Dīn al-Maqdisī (محمد بن أحمد شمس الدين المقدسي), also transliterated as al-Maqdisī or el-Mukaddasi, (c. 945/946 - 991) was a medieval Arab geographer, author of Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm (The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions), as well as author of the book, Description of Syria (Including Palestine).
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Al-Mujahid
Al Malik Al-Mujahid Asad ad-Din Shirkuh II was the Ayyubid emir of Homs from 1186-1240.
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Al-Mustakfi
Abdallah ibn al-Muktafi (عبدالله بن المكتفي) (905 – September/October 949), better known by his regnal name al-Mustakfi bi-llah (المستكفي بالله, "Desirous of Being Satisfied with God Alone") was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 944 to 946.
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Al-Mustansir Billah
Abū Tamīm Ma‘ad al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh (أبو تميم معد المستنصر بالله.‎; July 5, 1029 – January 10, 1094) was the eighth caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate from 1036 until 1094.
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Al-Tabari
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (محمد بن جریر طبری, أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير بن يزيد الطبري) (224–310 AH; 839–923 AD) was an influential Persian scholar, historian and exegete of the Qur'an from Amol, Tabaristan (modern Mazandaran Province of Iran), who composed all his works in Arabic.
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ALA-LC romanization
ALA-LC (American Library Association - Library of Congress) is a set of standards for romanization, the representation of text in other writing systems using the Latin script.
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Aleppo
Aleppo (ﺣﻠﺐ / ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most-populous Syrian governorate.
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Ali ibn al-Athir
Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ash-Shaybani, better known as Ali 'Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari (Arabic: علي عز الدین بن الاثیر الجزري) (1233–1160) was an Arab or Kurdish historian and biographer who wrote in Arabic and was from the Ibn Athir family.
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Alp Arslan
Alp Arslan (honorific in Turkish meaning "Heroic Lion"; in آلپ ارسلان; full name: Diya ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abu Shuja Muhammad Alp Arslan ibn Dawud ابو شجاع محمد آلپ ارسلان ابن داود; 20 January 1029 – 15 December 1072), real name Muhammad bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty.
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An-Nasir Muhammad
Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun (الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد بن قلاوون), commonly known as an-Nasir Muhammad (الناصر محمد), or by his kunya: Abu al-Ma'ali (أبو المعالى) or as Ibn Qalawun (1285–1341) was the ninth Turkic Mamluk sultan of Egypt who ruled for three reigns: December 1293–December 1294, 1299–1309, and 1310 until his death in 1341.
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Anah
Anah or Ana (عانة, ʾĀna), formerly also known as Anna, is an Iraqi town on the Euphrates river, approximately midway between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Persian Gulf.
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Anbar (town)
Anbar (الأنبار) was a town in Iraq, at lat.
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Arabs
Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.
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Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; خانەدانی ئەیووبیان) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin founded by Saladin and centred in Egypt.
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Öljaitü
Öljeitü, Oljeitu, Olcayto or Uljeitu, Öljaitu, Ölziit (Öljeitü Ilkhan, Өлзийт хаан), also known as Muhammad Khodabandeh (محمد خدابنده - اولجایتو, khodābandeh from Persian meaning the "slave of God" or "servant of God"; 1280 – December 16, 1316), was the eighth Ilkhanid dynasty ruler from 1304 to 1316 in Tabriz, Iran.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.
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Baha' al-Dawla
Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh (died December 22, 1012), better known by his laqab of Baha' al-Dawla (meaning "Splendour of the State") was the Buyid amir of Iraq (988–1012), along with Fars and Kerman (998–1012).
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Baibars
Baibars or Baybars (الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī) (1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), of Turkic Kipchak origin — nicknamed Abu al-Futuh and Abu l-Futuhat (Arabic: أبو الفتوح; English: Father of Conquest, referring to his victories) — was the fourth Sultan of Egypt in the Mamluk Bahri dynasty.
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Bajkam
Abū al-Husayn Bajkam al-Mākānī (أبو الحسين بجكم المكاني), referred to as Bajkam, Badjkam or Bachkam (from Bäčkäm, a Persian and Turkish word meaning a horse- or yak-tailCanard (1960), pp. 866–867), was a Turkish military commander and official of the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Banu Kilab
Banu Kilab (/ALA-LC: Banū Kilāb) was an Arab tribe that dominated central Arabia during the late pre-Islamic era.
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Banu Shayban
The Banu Shayban were an Arab tribe, a branch of the Bakr ibn Wa'il group.
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Bar Hebraeus
Gregory Bar Hebraeus (122630 July 1286), also known by his Latin name Abulpharagius or Syriac name Mor Gregorios Bar Ebraya, was a maphrian-catholicos (Chief bishop of Persia) of the Syriac Orthodox Church in the 13th century.
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Barracks
A barrack or barracks is a building or group of buildings built to house soldiers.
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Bedouin
The Bedouin (badawī) are a grouping of nomadic Arab peoples who have historically inhabited the desert regions in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and the Levant.
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Birecik
Birecik (Greek and Latin: Birtha, Βίρθα; البيرة; Bêrecûg, بيره جك), also formerly known as Bir, Biré, Biradjik and during the Crusades as Bile, is a town and district of Şanlıurfa Province of Turkey, on the River Euphrates.
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Buyid dynasty
The Buyid dynasty or the Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye), also known as Buwaihids, Bowayhids, Buyahids, or Buyyids, was an Iranian Shia dynasty of Daylamite origin.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Caravanserai
A caravanserai was a roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey.
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Casemate
A casemate, sometimes erroneously rendered casement, is a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which guns are fired.
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Chamfer
A chamfer is a transitional edge between two faces of an object.
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Circesium
Circesium (ܩܪܩܣܝܢ) was an ancient city in Osrhoene, corresponding to the modern city of Buseira, in the region of Deir ez-Zor in Syria, at the confluence of the Khabur River with the Euphrates.
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Cistern
A cistern (Middle English cisterne, from Latin cisterna, from cista, "box", from Greek κίστη, "basket") is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water.
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Concentric castle
A concentric castle is a castle with two or more concentric curtain walls, such that the inner wall is higher than the outer and can be defended from it.
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Conglomerate (geology)
Conglomerate is a coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of a substantial fraction of rounded to subangular gravel-size clasts, e.g., granules, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, larger than in diameter.
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Curtain wall (architecture)
A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, utilized to keep the weather out and the occupants in.
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Da'i
A da'i (dā‘īy) is generally someone who engages in da'wah, the act of inviting people to Islam.
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Damascus
Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.
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Deir ez-Zor
Deir ez-Zor (دير الزور Dayr az-Zūr; Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ Dayrāʾ Zəʿōrtāʾ) is the largest city in eastern Syria and the seventh largest in the country.
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Deir ez-Zor Governorate
Deir ez-Zor Governorate (مُحافظة دير الزور / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Dayr az-Zawr) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
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Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums
The Directorate-General for Antiquities and Museums (DGAM) (المديرية العامة للآثار والمتاحف) is a Syrian government owned agency that is responsible for the protection, promotion and excavation activities in all sites of national heritage in the country.
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Diyar Mudar
Diyār Mudar ("abode of Mudar") is the medieval Arabic name of the westernmost of the three provinces of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the other two being Diyar Bakr and Diyar Rabi'a.
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Duqaq
Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq (died June 8, 1104) was the Seljuq ruler of Damascus from 1095 to 1104.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Euphrates
The Euphrates (Sumerian: Buranuna; 𒌓𒄒𒉣 Purattu; الفرات al-Furāt; ̇ܦܪܬ Pǝrāt; Եփրատ: Yeprat; פרת Perat; Fırat; Firat) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.
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Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate was an Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
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Fletching
Fletching is the fin-shaped aerodynamic stabilization device attached on arrows, crossbow bolts or darts, typically made from light, semi-flexible materials such as feathers.
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Gasparo Balbi
Gasparo Balbi was an Italian jeweller, merchant, and author from Venice, who is best known for his account of his travels to India and the East from 1579–1588.
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Glacis
A glacis in military engineering is an artificial slope as part of a medieval castle or in early modern fortresses.
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Guillaume-Antoine Olivier
Guillaume-Antoine Olivier (19 January 1756, Toulon – 1 October 1814, Lyon) was a French entomologist.
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Gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
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Hamdanid dynasty
The Hamdanid dynasty (حمدانيون Ḥamdānyūn) was a Shi'a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq (al-Jazirah) and Syria (890-1004).
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Harran
Harran (حران,Harran, حران) was a major ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia whose site is near the modern village of Altınbaşak, Turkey, 44 kilometers southeast of Şanlıurfa.
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Hillah
Hillah (الحلة al-Ḥillah), also spelled Hilla, is a city in central Iraq on the Hilla branch of the Euphrates River, south of Baghdad.
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Homs
Homs (حمص / ALA-LC: Ḥimṣ), previously known as Emesa or Emisa (Greek: Ἔμεσα Emesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.
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Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta (محمد ابن بطوطة; fully; Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة) (February 25, 13041368 or 1369) was a Moroccan scholar who widely travelled the medieval world.
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Ibn Nazif
Abu'l Fada'il Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali ibn Muzhir ibn Barakat, commonly known as Ibn Nazif al-Hamawi (/ALA-LC: Ibn Naẓīf al-Ḥamawī), was a 13th-century Muslim chronicler and historian of the Ayyubid era.
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Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (ایلخانان, Ilxānān; Хүлэгийн улс, Hu’legīn Uls), was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.
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Imad ad-Din Zengi
Imad ad-Din Zengi (عماد الدین زنكي; – 14 September 1146), also romanized as Zangi, Zengui, Zenki, and Zanki, was a Oghuz Turkish atabeg who ruled Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, and Edessa.
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Institut français du Proche-Orient
The Institut français du Proche-Orient (IFPO), or French Institute of the Near East, is part of the network of French Research Centres abroad.
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Iqta'
Iqta‘ (اقطاع) was an Islamic practice of tax farming that became common in Muslim Asia during the Buyid dynasty.
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Isa ibn Muhanna
Sharaf ad-Din Isa ibn Muhanna at-Ta'i, better known as Isa ibn Muhanna (d. 1284/85), was an emir (commander/prince) of the Al Fadl, a Bedouin dynasty that dominated the Syrian Desert and steppe during the 13th–15th centuries.
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Isma'ilism
Ismāʿīlism (الإسماعيلية al-Ismāʿīliyya; اسماعیلیان; اسماعيلي; Esmāʿīliyān) is a branch of Shia Islam.
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Istakhri
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al-Istakhri (آبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن محمد الفارسي الإصطخري) (also Estakhri, استخری, i.e. from the Iranian city of Istakhr, b. - d. 957 AD) was a Persian medieval geographer in medieval Islam and traveler of the 10th century.
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Izz al-Dawla
Bakhtiyar (Persian: بختیار, died 978), better known by his laqab of ʿIzz al-Dawla (Arabic: عز الدولة،, "Glory of the Dynasty"), was the Buyid amir of Iraq (967–978).
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Jama Masjid
Jama Masjid (جَامع مَسجد|Jāma‘ Masjid, also spelt Jame Mosque, Jami Masjid, Jameh Mosque, Jamia Masjid, or Jomeh Mosque) refers to the main mosque of a town, city or village, and is usually the place of gathering for Eid prayers and Friday prayers.
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Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605 – 1689) was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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Keep
A keep (from the Middle English kype) is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility.
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Kerbogha
Kerbogha (كربغا, Kürboğa) was Atabeg of Mosul during the First Crusade and was renowned as a soldier.
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Khabur (Euphrates)
The Khabur River is the largest perennial tributary to the Euphrates in Syrian territory.
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Khafaja
Khafaja (خفاجة, also known as Al Khafaji and Khafaji) is one of the major Arab tribes (especially in Iraq and Egypt).
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Khutbah
Khutbah (Arabic: خطبة khuṭbah, hutbe) serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition.
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Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.
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Lumière University Lyon 2
Lumière University Lyon 2 (Université Lumière Lyon 2) is one of the three universities that comprise the current University of Lyon, having splintered from an older university of the same name, and is primarily based on two campuses in Lyon itself.
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Malik ibn Tawk
Malik ibn Tawk ibn Malik ibn 'Attab at-Taghlibi (died 873) was an Abbasid official during the reigns of caliphs al-Wathiq (r. 842–847) and al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861).
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Malik-Shah I
Jalāl al-Dawla Mu'izz al-Dunyā Wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fatḥ ibn Alp Arslān (8 August 1053 – 19 November 1092, full name: معزالدنیا و الدین ملکشاه بن محمد الب ارسلان قسیم امیرالمومنین), better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I (ملکشاه) (Melikşah), was Sultan of the Seljuq Empire from 1072 to 1092.
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Mamluk
Mamluk (Arabic: مملوك mamlūk (singular), مماليك mamālīk (plural), meaning "property", also transliterated as mamlouk, mamluq, mamluke, mameluk, mameluke, mamaluke or marmeluke) is an Arabic designation for slaves.
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Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
The Mamluk Sultanate (سلطنة المماليك Salṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz.
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Mayadin
Mayadin (الميادين/ALA-LC: al-Miyādīn) is a town in eastern Syria.
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Merlon
A merlon is the solid upright section of a battlement (a crenellated parapet) in medieval architecture or fortifications.
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Michael the Syrian
Michael the Syrian (ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ; died 1199 AD), also known as Michael the Great (ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܪܒܐ) or Michael Syrus or Michael the Elder, to distinguish him from his nephew,William Wright, A short history of Syriac literature, p.250, n.3. was a patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1166 to 1199. He is best known today as the author of the largest medieval Chronicle, which he composed in Syriac. Various other materials written in his own hand have survived.
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Mirdasid dynasty
The Mirdasid dynasty was an Arab dynasty that controlled the Emirate of Aleppo more or less continuously from 1024 until 1080.
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Mongol invasions of the Levant
Starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof.
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Mortar (masonry)
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls.
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Mosul
Mosul (الموصل, مووسڵ, Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq. Located some north of Baghdad, Mosul stands on the west bank of the Tigris, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank. The metropolitan area has grown to encompass substantial areas on both the "Left Bank" (east side) and the "Right Bank" (west side), as the two banks are described by the locals compared to the flow direction of Tigris. At the start of the 21st century, Mosul and its surrounds had an ethnically and religiously diverse population; the majority of Mosul's population were Arabs, with Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens, Kurds, Yazidis, Shabakis, Mandaeans, Kawliya, Circassians in addition to other, smaller ethnic minorities. In religious terms, mainstream Sunni Islam was the largest religion, but with a significant number of followers of the Salafi movement and Christianity (the latter followed by the Assyrians and Armenians), as well as Shia Islam, Sufism, Yazidism, Shabakism, Yarsanism and Mandaeism. Mosul's population grew rapidly around the turn of the millennium and by 2004 was estimated to be 1,846,500. In 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seized control of the city. The Iraqi government recaptured it in the 2016–2017 Battle of Mosul. Historically, important products of the area include Mosul marble and oil. The city of Mosul is home to the University of Mosul and its renowned Medical College, which together was one of the largest educational and research centers in Iraq and the Middle East. Mosul, together with the nearby Nineveh plains, is one of the historic centers for the Assyrians and their churches; the Assyrian Church of the East; its offshoot, the Chaldean Catholic Church; and the Syriac Orthodox Church, containing the tombs of several Old Testament prophets such as Jonah, some of which were destroyed by ISIL in July 2014.
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Mound
A mound is a heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris.
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Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal
Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal (died 1062) was the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo from 1042 until 1057, and again from 1061 until his death.
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Mudbrick
A mudbrick or mud-brick is a brick, made of a mixture of loam, mud, sand and water mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw.
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Muhammad I Tapar
Muhammad I (also known as Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad or Muhammad Tapar, died 1118) was a son of Seljuq Sultan Malik Shah I. In Turkish, Tapar means "he who obtains, finds".
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Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj
Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, also known as Muhammad al-Afshin (died 901), an Iranian appointed general of al-Mu'tadid, was the first Sajid amir of Azerbaijan, from 889 or 890 until his death.
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Muhammad ibn Shirkuh
Nasr ad-Din Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Asad ad-Din Shirkuh (sometimes referred to as Nasr ad-Din ibn Shirkuh and al-Malik al-Qahir) was the Ayyubid emir of Homs from 1179 to 1186.
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Muhanna ibn Isa
Husam ad-Din Muhanna ibn Isa (also known as Muhanna II; d. 1335) was the lord of Palmyra and amir al-ʿarab (commander of the Bedouins) under the Mamluk Sultanate.
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Nasir al-Dawla
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Abu'l-Hayja 'Abdallah ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (أبو محمد الحسن ابن أبو الهيجاء عبدالله ابن حمدان ناصر الدولة التغلبي; died 968 or 969), more commonly known simply by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Nasir al-Dawla ("Defender of the Dynasty"), was the second Hamdanid ruler of the Emirate of Mosul, encompassing most of the Jazira.
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Numayrid dynasty
The Numayrids were an Arab dynasty based in Diyar Mudar (western Upper Mesopotamia).
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Nur ad-Din (died 1174)
Nūr ad-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿImād ad-Dīn Zengī (February 1118 – 15 May 1174), often shortened to his laqab Nur ad-Din (نور الدين, "Light of the Faith"), was a member of the Oghuz Turkish Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.
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Oratory (worship)
An oratory is a Christian room for prayer, from the Latin orare, to pray.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Palmyra
Palmyra (Palmyrene: Tadmor; تَدْمُر Tadmur) is an ancient Semitic city in present-day Homs Governorate, Syria.
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Palmyra Castle
Palmyra Castle, also known as Fakhr-al-Din al-Ma'ani Castle (قلعة فخر الدين المعني) or Tadmur Castle, is a castle overlooking Palmyra in the province of Homs, Syria.
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Parapet
A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure.
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Persian people
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group that make up over half the population of Iran.
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Puddingstone (rock)
Puddingstone, also known as either pudding stone or plum-pudding stone, is a popular name applied to a conglomerate that consists of distinctly rounded pebbles whose colors contrast sharply with the color of the finer-grained, often sandy, matrix or cement surrounding them.
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Qarmatians
The Qarmatians (قرامطة Qarāmita; also transliterated Carmathians, Qarmathians, Karmathians) were a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam that combined elements of Zoroastrianism.
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Quince
The quince (Cydonia oblonga) is the sole member of the genus Cydonia in the family Rosaceae (which also contains apples and pears, among other fruits).
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Qutb ad-Din Mawdud
Qutb ad-Din Mawdud (died 6 September 1170) was the Zengid Emir of Mosul from 1149 to 1169.
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Raqqa
Raqqa (الرقة; Kurdish: Reqa) also called Raqa, Rakka and Al-Raqqah is a city in Syria located on the northeast bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.
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Rehoboth (Bible)
Rehoboth (רְחוֹבוֹת, Reḥovot; lit. broad places) is the name of three Biblical places.
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Saladin
An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب / ALA-LC: Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb; سەلاحەدینی ئەییووبی / ALA-LC: Selahedînê Eyûbî), known as Salah ad-Din or Saladin (11374 March 1193), was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.
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Salamiyah
A full view of Shmemis (spring 1995) Salamiyah (سلمية) is a city and district in western Syria, in the Hama Governorate.
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Salih ibn Mirdas
Abū ʿAlī Ṣāliḥ ibn Mirdās, also known by the laqab (honorific epithet) Asad al-Dawla ("Lion of the State") (died May 1029), was the founder of the Mirdasid dynasty of Aleppo, ruling between 1025 until his death.
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Seljuk Empire
The Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (آل سلجوق) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks.
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Seljuq dynasty
The Seljuq dynasty, or Seljuqs (آل سلجوق Al-e Saljuq), was an Oghuz Turk Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became a Persianate society and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia.
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Sherd
In archaeology, a sherd, or more precisely, potsherd, is commonly a historic or prehistoric fragment of pottery, although the term is occasionally used to refer to fragments of stone and glass vessels, as well.
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Shirkuh
Asad ad-Dīn Shīrkūh bin Shādhī (in أسد الدين شيركوه بن شاذي), also known as Shirkuh, Shêrkoh, or Shêrko (meaning "lion of the mountains" in Kurdish) (died 22 February 1169) was a Kurdish military commander, and uncle of Saladin.
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Shmemis
Shmemis (قلعة شميميس) also ash-Shmemis, ash-Shmamis) is a castle located 3 km north west of Salamiyah and 30 km south east from Hama. A view of Shmemis castle at sunset The castle (Qalat Shmamis) was first built, on top of an extinct volcano, in the 1st century BC by Sampsiceramus I, the first Priest King of the Royal family of Emesa. Most of the original structure was subsequently destroyed by an earthquake. It was later destroyed by the Persian king Khosrau II in AD 613. It was rebuilt in AD 1229 by Assad ud-Din Shirkoh, an Ayyubid governor of Homs. The castle was rebuilt by the Ayyubid Cherkouh. The date of this reconstruction was set by Abu Fida in 626 e (1228), while Muhammad Kurd Ali in his book "al-Sham Plans" fixed the 627th (1229). However, the Mongols destroyed it in 1260 and then by the Tatars in 1401. It was rebuilt after the expulsion of the Mongols and Tatars from Syria. The castle today is in ruins with only walls partially preserved. This castle was built on a basaltic layer covering a conical top of the mountain. This summit is surrounded by a moat 15 m depth, and provides a very deep well to meet the water needs for the castle, and another well for supplies. The walls of the latter well were covered with a layer of lime and sludge. The castle housed the royal palace, as well as foundations for housing soldiers. The importance of this castle is due to its location which allows to observe a circular area of more than 50 km in diameter.
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Suruç
Suruç (italic) is a rural district and city of Şanlıurfa Province of Turkey, on a plain near the Syrian border south-west of the city of Urfa (36° 58' 33.9" N, 38° 25' 32.8" E).
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Syria
Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Syriac Orthodox Church
The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (ʿĪṯo Suryoyṯo Trišaṯ Šubḥo; الكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية), or Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, is an Oriental Orthodox Church with autocephalous patriarchate established in Antioch in 518, tracing its founding to St. Peter and St. Paul in the 1st century, according to its tradition.
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Syrian Civil War
The Syrian Civil War (الحرب الأهلية السورية, Al-ḥarb al-ʼahliyyah as-sūriyyah) is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, along with its allies, and various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations.
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Syrian Desert
The Syrian Desert (بادية الشام, Bâdiyat aş-Şâm), also known as the Hamad, is a combination of steppe and desert covering of the Middle East, including parts of south-eastern Syria, northeastern Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, and western Iraq.
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Talmud
The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד talmūd "instruction, learning", from a root LMD "teach, study") is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology.
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Toghtekin
Toghtekin (Modern Tuğtekin; Arabicised epithet: ظاهر الدين طغتكين Zahir ad-Din Toghtekin; died February 12, 1128), also spelled Tughtigin, was a Turkic military leader, who was atabeg of Damascus from 1104 to 1128.
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Tutush I
Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (I.) (died 1095) was the Seljuq emir of Damascus from 1078 to 1092, and Seljuq sultan of Damascus from 1092 to 1094.
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Uqaylid dynasty
The 'Uqailids or 'Uqaylid dynasty was a Shi'a Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq in the late tenth and eleventh centuries.
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Venice
Venice (Venezia,; Venesia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.
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Vizier
A vizier (rarely; وزير wazīr; وازیر vazīr; vezir; Chinese: 宰相 zǎixiàng; উজির ujira; Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu): वज़ीर or وزیر vazeer; Punjabi: ਵਜ਼ੀਰ or وزير vazīra, sometimes spelt vazir, vizir, vasir, wazir, vesir or vezir) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister.
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Yaqut al-Hamawi
Yāqūt ibn-'Abdullah al-Rūmī al-Hamawī (1179–1229) (ياقوت الحموي الرومي) was an Arab biographer and geographer of Greek origin, renowned for his encyclopedic writings on the Muslim world.
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Zengid dynasty
The Zengid or Zangid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turk origin, which ruled parts of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia on behalf of the Seljuk Empire.
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1157 Hama earthquake
The 1157 Hama earthquake occurred on 12 August after a year of foreshocks.
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Redirects here:
Al-Rahbah, Ar-Rahba, Ar-Rahbah, Ar-Rhaba, Qal'at Rahbeh, Rahba, Rahbat Malik ibn Tauk, Rahbat Malik ibn Tawk, Rhaba.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rahba
