Table of Contents
342 relations: Absolute zero, Absorption band, Acta Crystallographica, Age of Earth, Albert Einstein, Allotropes of oxygen, Allotropy, Alpha decay, Alpha particle, American Journal of Physics, Ancient Greek, Angstrom, Angular momentum, Annalen der Physik, Antihydrogen, Antimatter, Antiproton, Argon, Asymptotic giant branch, Atmosphere of Earth, Atom probe, Atomic electron transition, Atomic mass, Atomic nucleus, Atomic number, Atomic orbital, Atomic radii of the elements (data page), Atomic radius, Auger electron spectroscopy, Avogadro constant, Azimuthal quantum number, Baryogenesis, Baryon, Beryllium, Beta decay, Beta particle, Biasing, Big Bang, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Binding energy, Bismuth, Boron, Bose–Einstein condensate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Caesium, Carat (mass), Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Carbon-12, Carbon-14, ... Expand index (292 more) »
- Atoms
Absolute zero
Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero kelvin.
Absorption band
In quantum mechanics, an absorption band is a range of wavelengths, frequencies or energies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are characteristic of a particular transition from initial to final state in a substance.
Acta Crystallographica
Acta Crystallographica is a series of peer-reviewed scientific journals, with articles centred on crystallography, published by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr).
See Atom and Acta Crystallographica
Age of Earth
The age of Earth is estimated to be 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years This age may represent the age of Earth's accretion, or core formation, or of the material from which Earth formed.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".
Allotropes of oxygen
There are several known allotropes of oxygen.
See Atom and Allotropes of oxygen
Allotropy
Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements. Atom and allotropy are chemistry.
Alpha decay
Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or "decays" into a different atomic nucleus, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two.
Alpha particle
Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus.
American Journal of Physics
The American Journal of Physics is a monthly, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Association of Physics Teachers and the American Institute of Physics.
See Atom and American Journal of Physics
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Angstrom
The angstrom is a unit of length equal to m; that is, one ten-billionth of a metre, a hundred-millionth of a centimetre, 0.1 nanometre, or 100 picometres.
Angular momentum
Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum.
Annalen der Physik
Annalen der Physik (English: Annals of Physics) is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799.
See Atom and Annalen der Physik
Antihydrogen
Antihydrogen is the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen.
Antimatter
In modern physics, antimatter is defined as matter composed of the antiparticles (or "partners") of the corresponding particles in "ordinary" matter, and can be thought of as matter with reversed charge, parity, and time, known as CPT reversal.
Antiproton
The antiproton,, (pronounced p-bar) is the antiparticle of the proton.
Argon
Argon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ar and atomic number 18.
See Atom and Argon
Asymptotic giant branch
The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) is a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram populated by evolved cool luminous stars.
See Atom and Asymptotic giant branch
Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.
See Atom and Atmosphere of Earth
Atom probe
The atom probe was introduced at the by Erwin Wilhelm Müller and J. A. Panitz.
Atomic electron transition
In atomic physics and chemistry, an atomic electron transition (also called an atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap) is an electron changing from one energy level to another within an atom or artificial atom.
See Atom and Atomic electron transition
Atomic mass
The atomic mass (ma or m) is the mass of an atom. Atom and atomic mass are atoms.
Atomic nucleus
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. Atom and atomic nucleus are atoms.
Atomic number
The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus. Atom and atomic number are atoms.
Atomic orbital
In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom.
Atomic radii of the elements (data page)
The atomic radius of a chemical element is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost shell of an electron.
See Atom and Atomic radii of the elements (data page)
Atomic radius
The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atom, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost isolated electron. Atom and atomic radius are atoms.
Auger electron spectroscopy
Hanford scientist uses an Auger electron spectrometer to determine the elemental composition of surfaces. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials science.
See Atom and Auger electron spectroscopy
Avogadro constant
The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted or, is an SI defining constant with an exact value of (reciprocal moles).
See Atom and Avogadro constant
Azimuthal quantum number
In quantum mechanics, the azimuthal quantum number is a quantum number for an atomic orbital that determines its orbital angular momentum and describes aspects of the angular shape of the orbital.
See Atom and Azimuthal quantum number
Baryogenesis
In physical cosmology, baryogenesis (also known as baryosynthesis) is the physical process that is hypothesized to have taken place during the early universe to produce baryonic asymmetry, i.e. the imbalance of matter (baryons) and antimatter (antibaryons) in the observed universe.
Baryon
In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle, including the proton and the neutron, that contains an odd number of valence quarks, conventionally three.
See Atom and Baryon
Beryllium
Beryllium is a chemical element; it has symbol Be and atomic number 4.
Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide.
Beta particle
A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay.
Biasing
In electronics, biasing is the setting of DC (direct current) operating conditions (current and voltage) of an electronic component that processes time-varying signals.
See Atom and Biasing
Big Bang
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.
Big Bang nucleosynthesis
In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, and abbreviated as BBN) is the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the universe.
See Atom and Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Binding energy
In physics and chemistry, binding energy is the smallest amount of energy required to remove a particle from a system of particles or to disassemble a system of particles into individual parts.
Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element; it has symbol Bi and atomic number 83.
See Atom and Bismuth
Boron
Boron is a chemical element; it has symbol B and atomic number 5.
See Atom and Boron
Bose–Einstein condensate
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F or 0 K).
See Atom and Bose–Einstein condensate
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Upton, Long Island, a hamlet of the Town of Brookhaven.
See Atom and Brookhaven National Laboratory
Caesium
Caesium (IUPAC spelling; cesium in American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Cs and atomic number 55.
See Atom and Caesium
Carat (mass)
The carat (ct) is a unit of mass equal to, which is used for measuring gemstones and pearls.
Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.
See Atom and Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
Carbon-12
Carbon-12 (12C) is the most abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon (carbon-13 being the other), amounting to 98.93% of element carbon on Earth; its abundance is due to the triple-alpha process by which it is created in stars.
Carbon-14
Carbon-14, C-14, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
Cathode ray
Cathode rays or electron beams (e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes.
Center of mass
In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as the barycenter or balance point) is the unique point at any given time where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero.
CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (Conseil européen pour la Recherche nucléaire), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world.
See Atom and CERN
Chalcogen
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Charged particle
In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge.
Chemical bond
A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures.
Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. Atom and chemical compound are chemistry.
See Atom and Chemical compound
Chemical element
A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. Atom and chemical element are chemistry.
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Atom and chemical reaction are chemistry.
See Atom and Chemical reaction
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.
Circular symmetry
In geometry, circular symmetry is a type of continuous symmetry for a planar object that can be rotated by any arbitrary angle and map onto itself.
See Atom and Circular symmetry
Classical physics
Classical physics is a group of physics theories that predate modern, more complete, or more widely applicable theories.
See Atom and Classical physics
Compact object
In astronomy, the term compact object (or compact star) refers collectively to white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes.
Coordination number
In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science, the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it.
See Atom and Coordination number
Copper
Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
See Atom and Copper
Core electron
Core electrons are the electrons in an atom that are not valence electrons and do not participate in chemical bonding.
Cosmic ray spallation
Cosmic ray spallation, also known as the x-process, is a set of naturally occurring nuclear reactions causing nucleosynthesis; it refers to the formation of chemical elements from the impact of cosmic rays on an object.
See Atom and Cosmic ray spallation
Coulomb
The coulomb (symbol: C) is the unit of electric charge in the International System of Units (SI).
See Atom and Coulomb
Coulomb barrier
The Coulomb barrier, named after Coulomb's law, which is in turn named after physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, is the energy barrier due to electrostatic interaction that two nuclei need to overcome so they can get close enough to undergo a nuclear reaction.
Coulomb's law
Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest.
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.
Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
See Atom and Crystal
Crystal structure
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material.
See Atom and Crystal structure
Crystallization
Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.
Dalton (unit)
The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a non-SI unit of mass defined as of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest.
Dark matter
In astronomy, dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that appears not to interact with light or the electromagnetic field.
Darmstadtium
Darmstadtium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Ds and atomic number 110.
Density of states
In condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of allowed modes or states per unit energy range.
See Atom and Density of states
Deuterium
Deuterium (hydrogen-2, symbol H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other is protium, or hydrogen-1).
Diameter
In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the centre of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle.
Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic.
See Atom and Diamond
Diatomic molecule
Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements.
See Atom and Diatomic molecule
Distance
Distance is a numerical or occasionally qualitative measurement of how far apart objects, points, people, or ideas are.
Down quark
The down quark (symbol: d) is a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter.
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
See Atom and Earth
Electric charge
Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q) is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
Electric field
An electric field (sometimes called E-field) is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles.
Electric potential
Electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop, the electrostatic potential) is defined as the amount of work/energy needed per unit of electric charge to move the charge from a reference point to a specific point in an electric field.
See Atom and Electric potential
Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency or wavelength.
See Atom and Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetism
In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields.
Electron
The electron (or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.
Electron capture
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shells.
Electron configuration
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.
See Atom and Electron configuration
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a form of electron microscopy in which a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies.
See Atom and Electron energy loss spectroscopy
Electronvolt
In physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV), also written electron-volt and electron volt, is the measure of an amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum.
Electrostatics
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies slow-moving or stationary electric charges.
Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles.
See Atom and Elementary particle
Ellipsoid
An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation.
Emission spectrum
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to electrons making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state.
See Atom and Emission spectrum
Endeavour (journal)
Endeavour is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier.
See Atom and Endeavour (journal)
Endothermic process
An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings.
See Atom and Endothermic process
Energy level
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels.
Ernest Marsden
Sir Ernest Marsden (19 February 1889 – 15 December 1970) was an English-New Zealand physicist.
Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand physicist who was a pioneering researcher in both atomic and nuclear physics.
See Atom and Ernest Rutherford
Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as or, was a Nobel Prize–winning Austrian and naturalized Irish physicist who developed fundamental results in quantum theory.
See Atom and Erwin Schrödinger
Exchange interaction
In chemistry and physics, the exchange interaction is a quantum mechanical constraint on the states of indistinguishable particles.
See Atom and Exchange interaction
Excited state
In quantum mechanics, an excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum).
Exothermic reaction
In thermochemistry, an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change ΔH⚬ is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release heat.
See Atom and Exothermic reaction
Exotic atom
An exotic atom is an otherwise normal atom in which one or more sub-atomic particles have been replaced by other particles of the same charge.
Exponential decay
A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value.
See Atom and Exponential decay
Femtometre
The femtometre (American spelling femtometer), symbol fm, (derived from the Danish and Norwegian word femten 'fifteen', lit) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to 10−15 metres, which means a quadrillionth of one metre.
Fermi level
The Fermi level of a solid-state body is the thermodynamic work required to add one electron to the body.
Fermion
In particle physics, a fermion is a particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics.
See Atom and Fermion
Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet.
Fine structure
In atomic physics, the fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms due to electron spin and relativistic corrections to the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation.
Flerovium
Flerovium is a superheavy synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Fl and atomic number 114.
Foundations of Physics
Foundations of Physics is a monthly journal "devoted to the conceptual bases and fundamental theories of modern physics and cosmology, emphasizing the logical, methodological, and philosophical premises of modern physical theories and procedures".
See Atom and Foundations of Physics
Frequency
Frequency (symbol f), most often measured in hertz (symbol: Hz), is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.
Gamma ray
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
Gas
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.
See Atom and Gas
Gas-discharge lamp
Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma.
See Atom and Gas-discharge lamp
Gauge boson
In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions.
Geneva
Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.
See Atom and Geneva
Gluon
A gluon is a type of massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction.
See Atom and Gluon
Goddard Space Flight Center
The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory located approximately northeast of Washington, D.C. in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States.
See Atom and Goddard Space Flight Center
Graphite
Graphite is a crystalline form of the element carbon.
Ground state
The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system.
Group theory
In abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups.
Half-life
Half-life (symbol) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value.
Hans Geiger
Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist.
Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element; it has symbol He and atomic number 2.
See Atom and Helium
Helium-3
Helium-3 (3He see also helion) is a light, stable isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron.
Henry Moseley
Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.
History of quantum mechanics
The history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics.
See Atom and History of quantum mechanics
History of subatomic physics
The idea that matter consists of smaller particles and that there exists a limited number of sorts of primary, smallest particles in nature has existed in natural philosophy at least since the 6th century BC.
See Atom and History of subatomic physics
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.
Hydrogen atom
A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen. Atom and hydrogen atom are atoms.
Hydrostatic equilibrium
In fluid mechanics, hydrostatic equilibrium (hydrostatic balance, hydrostasy) is the condition of a fluid or plastic solid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such as gravity, are balanced by a pressure-gradient force.
See Atom and Hydrostatic equilibrium
Hyperpolarization (physics)
Hyperpolarization is the nuclear spin polarization of a material in a magnetic field far beyond thermal equilibrium conditions determined by the Boltzmann distribution.
See Atom and Hyperpolarization (physics)
Imperial College London
Imperial College London (Imperial) is a public research university in London, England.
See Atom and Imperial College London
Indistinguishable particles
In quantum mechanics, indistinguishable particles (also called identical or indiscernible particles) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle.
See Atom and Indistinguishable particles
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), is an analytical technique used for the detection of chemical elements.
See Atom and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry that uses an inductively coupled plasma to ionize the sample.
See Atom and Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Infinite divisibility
Infinite divisibility arises in different ways in philosophy, physics, economics, order theory (a branch of mathematics), and probability theory (also a branch of mathematics).
See Atom and Infinite divisibility
Internal conversion
Internal conversion is an atomic decay process where an excited nucleus interacts electromagnetically with one of the orbital electrons of an atom.
See Atom and Internal conversion
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology.
See Atom and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Interstellar medium
The interstellar medium (ISM) is the matter and radiation that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy.
See Atom and Interstellar medium
Invariant mass
The invariant mass, rest mass, intrinsic mass, proper mass, or in the case of bound systems simply mass, is the portion of the total mass of an object or system of objects that is independent of the overall motion of the system.
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
See Atom and Ion
Ionic crystal
In chemistry, an ionic crystal is a crystalline form of an ionic compound.
Ionization
Ionization (or ionisation specifically in Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.
Ionization energy
In physics and chemistry, ionization energy (IE) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule.
See Atom and Ionization energy
Iron
Iron is a chemical element.
See Atom and Iron
Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.
Iron(II) oxide
Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO.
Iron(III) oxide
Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3.
Island of stability
In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements.
See Atom and Island of stability
Isotope
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element.
See Atom and Isotope
Isotopes of hydrogen
Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted,, and.
See Atom and Isotopes of hydrogen
Isotopes of lanthanum
Naturally occurring lanthanum (57La) is composed of one stable (139La) and one radioactive (138La) isotope, with the stable isotope, 139La, being the most abundant (99.91% natural abundance).
See Atom and Isotopes of lanthanum
Isotopes of lithium
Naturally occurring lithium (3Li) is composed of two stable isotopes, lithium-6 (6Li) and lithium-7 (7Li), with the latter being far more abundant on Earth.
See Atom and Isotopes of lithium
Isotopes of lutetium
Naturally occurring lutetium (71Lu) is composed of one stable isotope 175Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life of 37 billion years (2.59% natural abundance).
See Atom and Isotopes of lutetium
Isotopes of nitrogen
Natural nitrogen (7N) consists of two stable isotopes: the vast majority (99.6%) of naturally occurring nitrogen is nitrogen-14, with the remainder being nitrogen-15.
See Atom and Isotopes of nitrogen
Isotopes of tantalum
Natural tantalum (73Ta) consists of two stable isotopes: 181Ta (99.988%) and (0.012%).
See Atom and Isotopes of tantalum
Isotopes of vanadium
Naturally occurring vanadium (23V) is composed of one stable isotope 51V and one radioactive isotope 50V with a half-life of 2.71×1017 years.
See Atom and Isotopes of vanadium
J. J. Thomson
Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics, credited with the discovery of the electron, the first subatomic particle to be found.
James Chadwick
Sir James Chadwick, (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was an English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932.
John Dalton
John Dalton (5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist.
Journal of the American Chemical Society
The Journal of the American Chemical Society (also known as JACS) is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1879 by the American Chemical Society.
See Atom and Journal of the American Chemical Society
Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
See Atom and Laser
Law of multiple proportions
In chemistry, the law of multiple proportions states that in compounds which contain two particular chemical elements, the amount of Element A per measure of Element B will differ across these compounds by ratios of small whole numbers.
See Atom and Law of multiple proportions
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is a federally funded research and development center in the hills of Berkeley, California, United States.
See Atom and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lead
Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
See Atom and Lead
Light
Light, visible light, or visible radiation is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye.
See Atom and Light
Limit of a function
Although the function is not defined at zero, as becomes closer and closer to zero, becomes arbitrarily close to 1.
See Atom and Limit of a function
Liquid
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure.
See Atom and Liquid
List of nuclides
This list of nuclides shows observed nuclides that either are stable or, if radioactive, have half-lives longer than one hour.
Lithium
Lithium is a chemical element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3.
See Atom and Lithium
Local Bubble
The Local Bubble, or Local Cavity, is a relative cavity in the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Orion Arm in the Milky Way.
Local Interstellar Cloud
The Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), also known as the Local Fluff, is an interstellar cloud roughly across, through which the Solar System is moving.
See Atom and Local Interstellar Cloud
Louis de Broglie
Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (also, or; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French aristocrat and physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory.
Magnetic field
A magnetic field (sometimes called B-field) is a physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials.
Magnetic moment
In electromagnetism, the magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment is the combination of strength and orientation of a magnet or other object or system that exerts a magnetic field.
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside the body.
See Atom and Magnetic resonance imaging
Mass
Mass is an intrinsic property of a body.
See Atom and Mass
Mass number
The mass number (symbol A, from the German word: Atomgewicht, "atomic weight"), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus.
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
See Atom and Mass spectrometry
Mass-to-charge ratio
The mass-to-charge ratio (m/Q) is a physical quantity relating the mass (quantity of matter) and the electric charge of a given particle, expressed in units of kilograms per coulomb (kg/C).
See Atom and Mass-to-charge ratio
Mass–energy equivalence
In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement.
See Atom and Mass–energy equivalence
Matrix mechanics
Matrix mechanics is a formulation of quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925.
Maximum and minimum
In mathematical analysis, the maximum and minimum of a function are, respectively, the largest and smallest value taken by the function.
See Atom and Maximum and minimum
Metal
A metal is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
See Atom and Metal
Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.
Mole (unit)
The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of measurement, the base unit in the International System of Units (SI) for amount of substance, a quantity proportional to the number of elementary entities of a substance.
Molecular cloud
A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within), is a type of interstellar cloud, the density and size of which permit absorption nebulae, the formation of molecules (most commonly molecular hydrogen, H2), and the formation of H II regions.
Molecule
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. Atom and molecule are chemistry.
Momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
Monoisotopic element
A monoisotopic element is an element which has only a single stable isotope (nuclide).
See Atom and Monoisotopic element
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in astronomy, astrophysics and related fields.
See Atom and Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Motion
In physics, motion is when an object changes its position with respect to a reference point in a given time.
See Atom and Motion
Muon
A muon (from the Greek letter mu (μ) used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and spin-1/2, but with a much greater mass.
See Atom and Muon
Names of large numbers
Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales.
See Atom and Names of large numbers
Nanometre
molecular scale. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres.
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
See Atom and NASA
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
Nebula
A nebula (cloud, fog;: nebulae, nebulæ, or nebulas) is a distinct luminescent part of interstellar medium, which can consist of ionized, neutral, or molecular hydrogen and also cosmic dust.
See Atom and Nebula
Negative number
In mathematics, a negative number represents an opposite.
Neon
Neon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ne and atomic number 10.
See Atom and Neon
Neptunium
Neptunium is a chemical element; it has symbol Np and atomic number 93.
Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
See Atom and Neutron
Neutron capture
Neutron capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus.
Neutron star
A neutron star is the collapsed core of a massive supergiant star.
Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
See Atom and Nickel
Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or nos, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula.
Nobel Foundation
The Nobel Foundation (Nobelstiftelsen) is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.
Noble gas
|- ! colspan.
Nuclear binding energy
Nuclear binding energy in experimental physics is the minimum energy that is required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its constituent protons and neutrons, known collectively as nucleons.
See Atom and Nuclear binding energy
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei.
Nuclear force
The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction, residual strong force, or, historically, strong nuclear force) is a force that acts between hadrons, most commonly observed between protons and neutrons of atoms.
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei, usually deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes), combine to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).
Nuclear Physics (journal)
Nuclear Physics A, Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements and discontinued Nuclear Physics are peer-reviewed scientific journals published by Elsevier.
See Atom and Nuclear Physics (journal)
Nuclear shell model
In nuclear physics, atomic physics, and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model utilizes the Pauli exclusion principle to model the structure of atomic nuclei in terms of energy levels.
See Atom and Nuclear shell model
Nucleon
In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus.
See Atom and Nucleon
Nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei.
Nuclide
A nuclide (or nucleide, from nucleus, also known as nuclear species) is a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, Z, their number of neutrons, N, and their nuclear energy state.
See Atom and Nuclide
Observable universe
The observable universe is a ball-shaped region of the universe consisting of all matter that can be observed from Earth or its space-based telescopes and exploratory probes at the present time; the electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach the Solar System and Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion.
See Atom and Observable universe
Oganesson
Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Og and atomic number 118.
Optical microscope
The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects.
See Atom and Optical microscope
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
Outline of chemistry
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry: Chemistry is the science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate to the chemical reactions.
See Atom and Outline of chemistry
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Atom and Oxford University Press
Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
See Atom and Oxide
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
See Atom and Oxygen
Ozone
Ozone (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.
See Atom and Ozone
Paraffin wax
Paraffin wax (or petroleum wax) is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms.
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field.
Pauli exclusion principle
In quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e. fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics.
See Atom and Pauli exclusion principle
Periodic table
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, is an ordered arrangement of the chemical elements into rows ("periods") and columns ("groups").
Philosophical Magazine
The Philosophical Magazine is one of the oldest scientific journals published in English.
See Atom and Philosophical Magazine
Photoelectric effect
The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.
See Atom and Photoelectric effect
Photon
A photon is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
See Atom and Photon
Physica Scripta
Physica Scripta is an international scientific journal for experimental and theoretical physics.
Physical Review
Physical Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols.
Physics Today
Physics Today is the membership magazine of the American Institute of Physics.
Picometre
The picometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: pm) or picometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to, or one trillionth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length.
Planck constant
The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.
Plasma (physics)
Plasma is one of four fundamental states of matter (the other three being solid, liquid, and gas) characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons.
Plum pudding model
The now obsolete plum pudding model was the first scientific model of the atom with internal structure. Atom and plum pudding model are atoms.
See Atom and Plum pudding model
Plutonium
Plutonium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Plutonium-244
Plutonium-244 (244Pu) is an isotope of plutonium that has a half-life of 80 million years.
Point (geometry)
In geometry, a point is an abstract idealization of an exact position, without size, in physical space, or its generalization to other kinds of mathematical spaces.
Position (geometry)
In geometry, a position or position vector, also known as location vector or radius vector, is a Euclidean vector that represents a point P in space.
See Atom and Position (geometry)
Positron
The positron or antielectron is the particle with an electric charge of +1e, a spin of 1/2 (the same as the electron), and the same mass as an electron.
Potassium-40
Potassium-40 (40K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a long half-life of 1.25 billion years.
Potential energy
In physics, potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
Potential well
A potential well is the region surrounding a local minimum of potential energy.
Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Primordial nuclide
In geochemistry, geophysics and nuclear physics, primordial nuclides, also known as primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed.
See Atom and Primordial nuclide
Principal quantum number
In quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (symbolized n) is one of four quantum numbers assigned to each electron in an atom to describe that electron's state.
See Atom and Principal quantum number
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.
See Atom and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the Royal Society
Proceedings of the Royal Society is the main research journal of the Royal Society.
See Atom and Proceedings of the Royal Society
Promethium
Promethium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pm and atomic number 61.
Proportionality (mathematics)
In mathematics, two sequences of numbers, often experimental data, are proportional or directly proportional if their corresponding elements have a constant ratio.
See Atom and Proportionality (mathematics)
Proton
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).
See Atom and Proton
Pyrite
The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron (II) disulfide).
See Atom and Pyrite
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.
See Atom and Quantum mechanics
Quantum state
In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that embodies the knowledge of a quantum system.
Quantum tunnelling
In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potential energy barrier that, according to classical mechanics, should not be passable due to the object not having sufficient energy to pass or surmount the barrier.
See Atom and Quantum tunnelling
Quark
A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.
See Atom and Quark
R-process
In nuclear astrophysics, the rapid neutron-capture process, also known as the r-process, is a set of nuclear reactions that is responsible for the creation of approximately half of the atomic nuclei heavier than iron, the "heavy elements", with the other half produced by the p-process and ''s''-process.
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
See Atom and Radioactive decay
Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
See Atom and Radiometric dating
Radionuclide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess numbers of either neutrons or protons, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable.
Radium
Radium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ra and atomic number 88.
See Atom and Radium
Recombination (cosmology)
In cosmology, recombination refers to the epoch during which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms.
See Atom and Recombination (cosmology)
Review of Scientific Instruments
Review of Scientific Instruments is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics.
See Atom and Review of Scientific Instruments
S-process
The slow neutron-capture process, or s-process, is a series of reactions in nuclear astrophysics that occur in stars, particularly asymptotic giant branch stars.
Salt
In common usage, salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl).
See Atom and Salt
Scanning tunneling microscope
A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a type of scanning probe microscope used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
See Atom and Scanning tunneling microscope
Schrödinger equation
The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system.
See Atom and Schrödinger equation
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
See Atom and Science (journal)
Silicate
A silicate is any member of a family of polyatomic anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where.
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
See Atom and Sodium
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride, commonly known as edible salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chlorine ions.
Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
Solid
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter along with liquid, gas, and plasma.
See Atom and Solid
Spectral line
A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum.
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra.
Speed of light
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to). According to the special theory of relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter or energy (and thus any signal carrying information) can travel through space.
Spin (physics)
Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, and thus by composite particles such as hadrons, atomic nuclei, and atoms.
Spin polarization
In particle physics, spin polarization is the degree to which the spin, i.e., the intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles, is aligned with a given direction.
See Atom and Spin polarization
Spin–orbit interaction
In quantum physics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's spin with its motion inside a potential.
See Atom and Spin–orbit interaction
Spontaneous emission
Spontaneous emission is the process in which a quantum mechanical system (such as a molecule, an atom or a subatomic particle) transits from an excited energy state to a lower energy state (e.g., its ground state) and emits a quantized amount of energy in the form of a photon.
See Atom and Spontaneous emission
Spontaneous fission
Spontaneous fission (SF) is a form of radioactive decay in which a heavy atomic nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei.
See Atom and Spontaneous fission
Stable nuclide
Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay.
Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.
Standing wave
In physics, a standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that oscillates in time but whose peak amplitude profile does not move in space.
Star
A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity.
See Atom and Star
Stark effect
The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external electric field.
Stationary state
A stationary state is a quantum state with all observables independent of time.
Statistical mechanics
In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities.
See Atom and Statistical mechanics
Stellar nucleosynthesis
In astrophysics, stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars.
See Atom and Stellar nucleosynthesis
Stimulated emission
Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level.
See Atom and Stimulated emission
Strong interaction
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles.
See Atom and Strong interaction
Subatomic particle
In physics, a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom.
See Atom and Subatomic particle
Supernova
A supernova (supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star.
Svetlana Kotochigova
Svetlana Alexandrovna Kotochigova is a Soviet and American physicist whose research involves the theory and simulation of ultracold atoms and ultracold molecules.
See Atom and Svetlana Kotochigova
Technetium
Technetium is a chemical element; it has symbol Tc and atomic number 43.
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness.
Thermal equilibrium
Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat.
See Atom and Thermal equilibrium
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is a method of mass spectrometry in which an ion's mass-to-charge ratio is determined by a time of flight measurement.
See Atom and Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics
A timeline of atomic and subatomic physics, including particle physics.
See Atom and Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics
Tin
Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
See Atom and Tin
Tin oxide
Tin oxide may refer to.
Tin(II) oxide
Tin(II) oxide (stannous oxide) is a compound with the formula SnO.
Tin(IV) oxide
Tin(IV) oxide, also known as stannic oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula SnO2.
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.
See Atom and Transmission electron microscopy
Transuranium element
The transuranium elements (also known as transuranic elements) are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium.
See Atom and Transuranium element
Triple-alpha process
The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed into carbon.
See Atom and Triple-alpha process
Tritium
Tritium or hydrogen-3 (symbol T or H) is a rare and radioactive isotope of hydrogen with half-life ~12.3 years.
See Atom and Tritium
Uncertainty principle
The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics.
See Atom and Uncertainty principle
University of Toronto
The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park.
See Atom and University of Toronto
Up quark
The up quark or u quark (symbol: u) is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a significant constituent of matter.
Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element; it has symbol U and atomic number 92.
See Atom and Uranium
Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules.
See Atom and Valence (chemistry)
Valence electron
In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed.
Walther Bothe
Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 – 8 February 1957) was a German nuclear physicist known for the development of coincidence methods to study particle physics.
Water
Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.
See Atom and Water
Wave–particle duality
Wave-particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that quantum entities exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances.
See Atom and Wave–particle duality
Waveform
In electronics, acoustics, and related fields, the waveform of a signal is the shape of its graph as a function of time, independent of its time and magnitude scales and of any displacement in time.
Wavelength
In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
Weak interaction
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the weak interaction, also called the weak force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and gravitation.
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics, and a principal scientist in the Nazi nuclear weapons program during World War II.
See Atom and Werner Heisenberg
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
See Atom and Wiley (publisher)
William Prout
William Prout FRS (15 January 1785 – 9 April 1850) was an English chemist, physician, and natural theologian.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the very topmost 200 atoms, 0.01 um, 10 nm of any surface.
See Atom and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Xenon
Xenon is a chemical element; it has symbol Xe and atomic number 54.
See Atom and Xenon
Zeeman effect
The Zeeman effect is the effect of splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field.
See also
Atoms
- 1s Slater-type function
- Atom
- Atomic fountain
- Atomic mass
- Atomic nucleus
- Atomic number
- Atomic radius
- BASIC Atom
- Chemical elements
- Cubical atom
- Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
- Exotic atoms
- Helium atom
- Hollow atom
- Hydrogen atom
- Hydrogen-like atom
- Lithium atom
- Manipulation of atoms by optical field
- Molecules
- Monolayers
- Nuclear density
- Oscillator strength
- PKA (irradiation)
- Plum pudding model
- Quantum defect
- Rydberg atom
- Subatomic particles
- Superatom
- Two-electron atom
- Ultracold atom
References
Also known as Ancient atom, Atom and Atomic Theory, Atomic chemical, Atomic structure, Atomic system, Atoms, Bound-bound, Bound-bound transition, Chemical Atom, Monoelectronic, Multielectron atom, Number of atoms on Earth, Polyelectronic, Polyelectronic atoms, Structure of the atom, The atom, .
, Cathode ray, Center of mass, CERN, Chalcogen, Charged particle, Chemical bond, Chemical compound, Chemical element, Chemical reaction, Chemistry, Circular symmetry, Classical physics, Compact object, Coordination number, Copper, Core electron, Cosmic ray spallation, Coulomb, Coulomb barrier, Coulomb's law, Covalent bond, Crystal, Crystal structure, Crystallization, Dalton (unit), Dark matter, Darmstadtium, Density of states, Deuterium, Diameter, Diamond, Diatomic molecule, Distance, Down quark, Earth, Electric charge, Electric field, Electric potential, Electromagnetic spectrum, Electromagnetism, Electron, Electron capture, Electron configuration, Electron energy loss spectroscopy, Electronvolt, Electrostatics, Elementary particle, Ellipsoid, Emission spectrum, Endeavour (journal), Endothermic process, Energy level, Ernest Marsden, Ernest Rutherford, Erwin Schrödinger, Exchange interaction, Excited state, Exothermic reaction, Exotic atom, Exponential decay, Femtometre, Fermi level, Fermion, Ferromagnetism, Fine structure, Flerovium, Foundations of Physics, Frequency, Gamma ray, Gas, Gas-discharge lamp, Gauge boson, Geneva, Gluon, Goddard Space Flight Center, Graphite, Ground state, Group theory, Half-life, Hans Geiger, Helium, Helium-3, Henry Moseley, History of quantum mechanics, History of subatomic physics, Hydrogen, Hydrogen atom, Hydrostatic equilibrium, Hyperpolarization (physics), Imperial College London, Indistinguishable particles, Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Infinite divisibility, Internal conversion, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Interstellar medium, Invariant mass, Ion, Ionic crystal, Ionization, Ionization energy, Iron, Iron oxide, Iron(II) oxide, Iron(III) oxide, Island of stability, Isotope, Isotopes of hydrogen, Isotopes of lanthanum, Isotopes of lithium, Isotopes of lutetium, Isotopes of nitrogen, Isotopes of tantalum, Isotopes of vanadium, J. J. Thomson, James Chadwick, John Dalton, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Laser, Law of multiple proportions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lead, Light, Limit of a function, Liquid, List of nuclides, Lithium, Local Bubble, Local Interstellar Cloud, Louis de Broglie, Magnetic field, Magnetic moment, Magnetic resonance imaging, Mass, Mass number, Mass spectrometry, Mass-to-charge ratio, Mass–energy equivalence, Matrix mechanics, Maximum and minimum, Metal, Milky Way, Mole (unit), Molecular cloud, Molecule, Momentum, Monoisotopic element, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Motion, Muon, Names of large numbers, Nanometre, NASA, Nature (journal), Nebula, Negative number, Neon, Neptunium, Neutron, Neutron capture, Neutron star, Nickel, Niels Bohr, Nitric oxide, Nitrogen, Nitrogen dioxide, Nitrous oxide, Nobel Foundation, Noble gas, Nuclear binding energy, Nuclear fission, Nuclear force, Nuclear fusion, Nuclear Physics (journal), Nuclear shell model, Nucleon, Nucleosynthesis, Nuclide, Observable universe, Oganesson, Optical microscope, Organic compound, Outline of chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxide, Oxygen, Ozone, Paraffin wax, Paramagnetism, Pauli exclusion principle, Periodic table, Philosophical Magazine, Photoelectric effect, Photon, Physica Scripta, Physical Review, Physics Today, Picometre, Planck constant, Plasma (physics), Plum pudding model, Plutonium, Plutonium-244, Point (geometry), Position (geometry), Positron, Potassium-40, Potential energy, Potential well, Pressure, Primordial nuclide, Principal quantum number, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Promethium, Proportionality (mathematics), Proton, Pyrite, Quantum mechanics, Quantum state, Quantum tunnelling, Quark, R-process, Radioactive decay, Radiometric dating, Radionuclide, Radium, Recombination (cosmology), Review of Scientific Instruments, S-process, Salt, Scanning tunneling microscope, Schrödinger equation, Science (journal), Silicate, Sodium, Sodium chloride, Solar System, Solid, Spectral line, Spectroscopy, Speed of light, Spin (physics), Spin polarization, Spin–orbit interaction, Spontaneous emission, Spontaneous fission, Stable nuclide, Standard Model, Standing wave, Star, Stark effect, Stationary state, Statistical mechanics, Stellar nucleosynthesis, Stimulated emission, Strong interaction, Subatomic particle, Supernova, Svetlana Kotochigova, Technetium, Temperature, Thermal equilibrium, Time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics, Tin, Tin oxide, Tin(II) oxide, Tin(IV) oxide, Transmission electron microscopy, Transuranium element, Triple-alpha process, Tritium, Uncertainty principle, University of Toronto, Up quark, Uranium, Valence (chemistry), Valence electron, Walther Bothe, Water, Wave–particle duality, Waveform, Wavelength, Weak interaction, Werner Heisenberg, Wiley (publisher), William Prout, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Xenon, Zeeman effect.