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Bay of Pigs Invasion

Index Bay of Pigs Invasion

The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. [1]

265 relations: Adlai Stevenson II, Alabama Air National Guard, Alberto Bayo, Alfredo Duran, Allen Dulles, American Mafia, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963, Antonio Enrique Lussón Batlle, Antonio Maceo Airport, Arleigh Burke, Arnaldo Ochoa, Augusto Martínez Sánchez, Australia, Cuba, Bahía Honda, Cuba, Baracoa, Bay of Pigs, Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After (conference), Bayamo, Belle Chasse, Louisiana, Ben Bradlee, Brigade 2506, Brothel, C-SPAN, Carlos Prío Socarrás, Cayman Islands, Central Intelligence Agency, Charles P. Cabell, Che Guevara, Chicago Outfit, Christian Herter, Church Committee, Civil liberties, Clandestine cell system, CNN, Coca-Cola, Cold War, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Consolidated PBY Catalina, Costa Rica, Counter-revolutionary, Cuba, Cuba–United States relations, Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front, Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuban Project, Cuban Revolution, Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force, Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, Cuban Revolutionary Council, Cuban War of Independence, ..., Cubana de Aviación, Curtiss C-46 Commando, David Atlee Phillips, David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech, Dean Rusk, Democratic Party (United States), Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Direct democracy, Director of Central Intelligence, Director of the National Clandestine Service, Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil, Dock landing ship, Dominican Republic, Douglas A-1 Skyraider, Douglas A-26 Invader, Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, Douglas C-47 Skytrain, Douglas C-54 Skymaster, Douglas DC-3, Duke Field, Dwight D. Eisenhower, E. Howard Hunt, Earl E. T. Smith, Eastern Bloc, Efigenio Ameijeiras, El Encanto fire, El Torero, Enrique Líster, Erneido Oliva, Escambray Mountains, Escambray rebellion, Esso, Estadio Latinoamericano, False flag, Félix Rodríguez (soldier), Fidel Castro, Flag of Cuba, Florida, Foreign policy of the United States, Fort Benning, Fort Clayton, Fort Gulick, Fort Knox, Francisco Ciutat de Miguel, Francisco Jose Hernandez, Frank Church, Freedom of Information Act (United States), Freedom of speech, Freedom of the press, Fulgencio Batista, Gerry Droller, Government in exile, Groupthink, Guantánamo Bay, Guatemala, Guatemalan Air Force, Guerrilla warfare, Havana, Hawker Sea Fury, Howitzer, Human rights, Humberto Sorí Marin, Import quota, Intelligence Star, Irving Janis, IS tank family, Isla de la Juventud, Italy, Jack Hawkins (U.S. Marine Corps officer), Jacksonville, Florida, Jacob Esterline, James B. Donovan, Jean Edward Smith, John F. Kennedy, José Antonio Echeverría, José Basulto, José Miró Cardona, José Ramón Fernández, Juan Almeida Bosque, KGB, Killed in action, La Cabaña, La Coubre explosion, Landing Craft Infantry, Landing Craft Utility, Latin America, Law enforcement in Cuba, LCVP (United States), Leo Huberman, Leonard Wood, Life (magazine), Little War (Cuba), Lockheed T-33, Lockheed U-2, Luis Somoza Debayle, Lyman Kirkpatrick, M41 Walker Bulldog, Manuel Artime, Manuel Piñeiro, Manuel Urrutia Lleó, Marxism–Leninism, Matanzas, Materiel, Maxwell D. Taylor, Mayday, McCarthyism, Mercedes-Benz, Mexico City, Miami, Miami Executive Airport, Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport, Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, Milan C. Miskovsky, Monthly Review, Morro Castle (Havana), Napalm, National Revolutionary Militia, National Security Act of 1947, National Security Archive, Nationalization, Naval Air Station Key West, New York City, Nicaragua, No quarter, Nueva Gerona, Obelisk, Operation 40, Operation Northwoods, Operation Ortsac, Orange Bowl, Organization of American States, Oriente Province, Oversight of United States covert operations, Panama, Partido Auténtico, Pepe San Román, Peter H. Wyden, Pinar del Río, Pinar del Río Province, Plausible deniability, Playa Girón, Politics of Cuba, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Cabezas Airport, Punta del Este, Quetzaltenango, Raúl Castro, Raúl Roa García, Radio Swan, Rafael García Bárcena, Rafael Trujillo, Ramiro Valdés, Raul Masvidal, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, Republican Party (United States), Retalhuleu, Ricardo Montero Duque, Richard M. Bissell Jr., Richard N. Goodwin, Richard Nixon, Right to a fair trial, Robert F. Kennedy, San Antonio de los Baños, Sancti Spíritus, Santa Clara Province, Santa Clara, Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Sears, Sergio del Valle Jiménez, Shell Oil Company, Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Sierra Maestra, Soviet Union, Spanish Civil War, Spanish Empire, Spanish–American War, Special Activities Division, Standard Oil, SU-100, Swan Islands, Honduras, T-34, Tank destroyer, Ten Years' War, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Tomás Estrada Palma, Tracy Barnes, Trade union, Trinidad, Cuba, United Nations, United States Armed Forces, United States Department of State, United States dollar, United States embargo against Cuba, United States invasion of Grenada, United States National Security Council, United States presidential election, 1960, United States Secretary of State, University of Havana, Uruguay, Useppa Island, Víctor Dreke, VFA-34, VFP-62, Vieques, Puerto Rico, Vietnam War, Voice of Russia, White House, William Alexander Morgan, Wishful thinking, World communism, World War II, Zapata Peninsula, 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, 26th of July Movement. Expand index (215 more) »

Adlai Stevenson II

Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent public speaking, and promotion of progressive causes in the Democratic Party.

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Alabama Air National Guard

The Alabama Air National Guard (AL ANG) is the air force militia of the State of Alabama, United States of America.

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Alberto Bayo

Alberto Bayo y Giroud (1892 in Camagüey – 1967 in Havana) was a Cuban military leader of the defeated left-wing Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War.

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Alfredo Duran

Alfredo Joaquin González Durán (born 16 August 1936) is a Cuban-born lawyer and an advocate for dialogue as a way to bring regime change in Cuba.

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Allen Dulles

Allen Welsh Dulles (April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was an American diplomat and lawyer who became the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and its longest-serving director to date.

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American Mafia

The American Mafia (commonly referred to as the Mafia or the Mob, though "the Mob" can refer to other organized crime groups) or Italian-American Mafia, is the highly organized Italian-American criminal society.

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An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963

An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 is a biography of the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy (JFK), who was assassinated in 1963.

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Antonio Enrique Lussón Batlle

Antonio Enrique Lussón Batlle (born 1930), Cuban military officer and one of four Vice Presidents of the Council of Ministers.

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Antonio Maceo Airport

Antonio Maceo Airport is an international airport located in Santiago, Cuba.

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Arleigh Burke

Arleigh Albert Burke (October 19, 1901 – January 1, 1996) was an admiral of the United States Navy who distinguished himself during World War II and the Korean War, and who served as Chief of Naval Operations during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations.

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Arnaldo Ochoa

Arnaldo T. Ochoa Sánchez (1930 in Cacocum, Cuba – July 13, 1989) was a prominent Cuban general who was executed by the government of Fidel Castro after being found guilty of a variety of crimes including drug smuggling and treason.

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Augusto Martínez Sánchez

Augusto Martínez Sánchez (1923-2013) was Cuban politician and military leader who served a number of major posts in Cuban government.

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Australia, Cuba

Australia is a Cuban village and consejo popular ("people's council", i.e. hamlet) on EcuRed of the municipality of Jagüey Grande, Matanzas Province.

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Bahía Honda, Cuba

Bahía Honda is a municipality and town in the Artemisa Province of Cuba.

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Baracoa

Baracoa is a municipality and city in Guantánamo Province near the eastern tip of Cuba.

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Bay of Pigs

The Bay of Pigs (Spanish: Bahía de Cochinos) is an inlet of the Gulf of Cazones located on the southern coast of Cuba.

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Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After (conference)

Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After was an international conference and reunion in Havana, Cuba, 22-24 March 2001.

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Bayamo

Bayamo is the capital city of the Granma Province of Cuba and one of the largest cities in the Oriente region.

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Belle Chasse, Louisiana

Belle Chasse is a census-designated place (CDP) in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States, on the West Bank of the Mississippi River.

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Ben Bradlee

Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (1921 –, 2014) was an American newspaperman.

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Brigade 2506

Brigade 2506 (Brigada Asalto 2506) was the name given to a CIA-sponsored group of Cuban exiles formed in 1960 to attempt the military overthrow of the Cuban government headed by Fidel Castro.

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Brothel

A brothel or bordello is a place where people engage in sexual activity with prostitutes, who are sometimes referred to as sex workers.

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C-SPAN

C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service.

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Carlos Prío Socarrás

Carlos Prío Socarrás (July 14, 1903 – April 5, 1977) was the President of Cuba from 1948 until he was deposed by a military coup led by Fulgencio Batista on March 10, 1952, three months before new elections were to be held.

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Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands is an autonomous British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Charles P. Cabell

Charles Pearre Cabell (October 11, 1903 – May 25, 1971) was a United States Air Force General and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (1953–1962).

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Che Guevara

Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967)The date of birth recorded on was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson), asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year.

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Chicago Outfit

The Chicago Outfit (also known as the Outfit, the Chicago Mafia, the Chicago Mob, or The Organization) is an Italian-American organized crime syndicate based in Chicago, Illinois, which dates back to the 1910s.

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Christian Herter

Christian Archibald Herter (March 28, 1895December 30, 1966) was an American politician who was the 59th Governor of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1957 and United States Secretary of State from 1959 to 1961.

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Church Committee

The Church Committee was the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a U.S. Senate committee chaired by Idaho Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975.

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Civil liberties

Civil liberties or personal freedoms are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation, without due process.

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Clandestine cell system

A clandestine cell system is a method for organizing a group of people such as resistance fighters, sleeper agents, or terrorists so that such people can more effectively resist penetration by an opposing organization (such as law enforcement).

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

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Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola, or Coke (also Pemberton's Cola at certain Georgian vendors), is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca-Cola Company.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.

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Consolidated PBY Catalina

The Consolidated PBY Catalina, also known as the Canso in Canadian service, is an American flying boat, and later an amphibious aircraft of the 1930s and 1940s produced by Consolidated Aircraft.

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Costa Rica

Costa Rica ("Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (República de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island.

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Counter-revolutionary

A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos.

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Cuba–United States relations

Cuba and the United States restored diplomatic relations on 20 July 2015, which had been severed in 1961 during the Cold War.

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Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front

The Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front was founded in May 1960 by anti-Castro Cuban exiles and was initially headquartered in Mexico.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962 (Crisis de Octubre), the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba.

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Cuban Project

The Cuban Project, also known as Operation Mongoose, was a covert operation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that was commissioned in March 1960 during the final year of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration.

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Cuban Revolution

The Cuban Revolution (Revolución cubana) was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's revolutionary 26th of July Movement and its allies against the authoritarian government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista.

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Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force

The Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force (Spanish: Defensa Anti-Aérea Y Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria) commonly abbreviated to DAAFAR in both Spanish and English, is the air force of Cuba.

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Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces

The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias – FAR) consist of ground forces, naval forces, air and air defence forces, and other paramilitary bodies including the Territorial Troops Militia (Milicias de Tropas Territoriales – MTT), Youth Labor Army (Ejército Juvenil del Trabajo – EJT), and the Defense and Production Brigades (Brigadas de Producción y Defensa – BPD), plus the Civil Defense Organization (Defensa Civil de Cuba – DCC) and the National Reserves Institution (Instituto Nacional de las Reservas Estatales – INRE).

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Cuban Revolutionary Council

The Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC) was a group formed, with CIA assistance, three weeks before the April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion to "coordinate and direct" the activities of another group known as the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front.

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Cuban War of Independence

The Cuban War of Independence (1895–98) was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880).

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Cubana de Aviación

Cubana de Aviación S.A., commonly known as Cubana, is a national airline based in Cuba, as well as the country's largest airline.

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Curtiss C-46 Commando

The Curtiss C-46 Commando is a transport aircraft derived from the Curtiss CW-20 pressurised high-altitude airliner design.

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David Atlee Phillips

David Atlee Phillips (October 31, 1922 – July 7, 1988) was a Central Intelligence Agency officer of 25 years and a recipient of the Career Intelligence Medal.

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David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech

William David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech (20 May 1918 – 26 January 1985), known as David Ormsby-Gore until 1964, was a British diplomat and Conservative politician.

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Dean Rusk

David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (nicknamed the GOP for Grand Old Party).

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Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

The Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DD/CIA) is a statutory office and the second-highest official of the Central Intelligence Agency.

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Direct democracy

Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly.

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Director of Central Intelligence

The Office of United States Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was the head of the American Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2005, acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the President of the United States and the United States National Security Council, as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between the various U.S. intelligence agencies (collectively known as the Intelligence Community from 1981 onwards).

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Director of the National Clandestine Service

The Director of the National Clandestine Service (D/NCS) is a senior United States government official in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency who serves as head of the Directorate of Operations.

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Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil

Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil (DRE) (English: Student Revolutionary Directorate) was a Cuban student group which in opposition to Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista from 1954 to 1957 played a role in the Cuban Revolution, which came to power in 1959.

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Dock landing ship

A dock landing ship (also called landing ship, dock or LSD) is an amphibious warfare ship with a well dock to transport and launch landing craft and amphibious vehicles.

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Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic (República Dominicana) is a sovereign state located in the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region.

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Douglas A-1 Skyraider

The Douglas A-1 Skyraider (formerly AD) is an American single-seat attack aircraft that saw service between the late 1940s and early 1980s.

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Douglas A-26 Invader

The Douglas A-26 Invader (designated B-26 between 1948 and 1965) is an American twin-engined light bomber and ground attack aircraft.

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Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk is a single seat subsonic carrier-capable attack aircraft developed for the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps in the early 1950s.

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Douglas C-47 Skytrain

The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota (RAF designation) is a military transport aircraft developed from the civilian Douglas DC-3 airliner.

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Douglas C-54 Skymaster

The Douglas C-54 Skymaster is a four-engined transport aircraft used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II and the Korean War.

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Douglas DC-3

The Douglas DC-3 is a fixed-wing propeller-driven airliner with tailwheel-type landing gear.

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Duke Field

Duke Field, also known as Eglin AFB Auxiliary Field #3, is a military airport located three miles (5 km) south of the central business district of Crestview, in Okaloosa County, Florida, United States.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

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E. Howard Hunt

Everette Howard Hunt Jr. (October 9, 1918 – January 23, 2007), better known as E. Howard Hunt, was an American intelligence officer and published author of 73 books.

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Earl E. T. Smith

Earl Edward Tailer Smith (July 8, 1903–February 15, 1991) was a United States diplomat, ambassador to Cuba (1957–1959), mayor of Palm Beach (1971–1977), and husband of model Florence Pritchett Smith (1920–1965).

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.

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Efigenio Ameijeiras

Efigenio Ameijeiras Delgado (born 1931 in Puerto Padre, Las Tunas Province), was an enthusiastic supporter of Fidel Castro from the 1950s through to the 21st century.

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El Encanto fire

The El Encanto fire was a terrorist attack in the form of an arson fire that destroyed a department store in central Havana on 13 April 1961.

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El Torero

Jose Isias Cancio Allon (born July 6, 1959) is a retired Mexican Luchador, or professional wrestler best known under the ring name El Torero, a Bullfighter ring persona.

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Enrique Líster

Enrique Líster Forján (April 21, 1907 – December 8, 1994) was a Spanish communist politician and military officer.

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Erneido Oliva

Erneido Andres Oliva Gonzalez (Born 20 June 1932 in Aguacate, Havana Province, Cuba)Bohning, Don.

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Escambray Mountains

The Escambray Mountains are a mountain range in the central region of Cuba, in the provinces of Sancti Spíritus, Cienfuegos and Villa Clara.

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Escambray rebellion

The Escambray rebellion was a six-year rebellion (1959–1965) in the Escambray Mountains by a group of insurgents who opposed the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro.

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Esso

Esso is a trading name for ExxonMobil and its related companies.

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Estadio Latinoamericano

The Estadio Latinoamericano (Spanish for Latin American Stadium) is a stadium in Havana, Cuba.

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False flag

A false flag is a covert operation designed to deceive; the deception creates the appearance of a particular party, group, or nation being responsible for some activity, disguising the actual source of responsibility.

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Félix Rodríguez (soldier)

Félix Ismael Rodríguez Mendigutia (born 31 May 1941) is a former Central Intelligence Agency Paramilitary Operations Officer in the famed Special Activities Division, known for his involvement in the Bay of Pigs Invasion, in the execution of Leftist revolutionary Che Guevara and his ties to George H. W. Bush during the Iran–Contra affair.

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Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008.

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Flag of Cuba

The national flag of Cuba consists of five alternating stripes (three blue and two white) and a red equilateral triangle at the hoist, within which is a white five-pointed star.

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Florida

Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States.

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Foreign policy of the United States

The foreign policy of the United States is its interactions with foreign nations and how it sets standards of interaction for its organizations, corporations and system citizens of the United States.

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Fort Benning

Fort Benning is a United States Army base straddling the Alabama-Georgia border next to Columbus, Georgia.

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Fort Clayton

Fort Clayton was a United States Army base in the former Panama Canal Zone, later part of the Republic of Panama.

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Fort Gulick

Fort Gulick was a United States Army base in the former Panama Canal Zone located on the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal near Fort Davis, on Gatun Lake.

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Fort Knox

Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky, south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown.

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Francisco Ciutat de Miguel

Francisco Ciutat de Miguel (1909 – November 30, 1986) (known as Angelito) was a Spanish communist Lieutenant of infantry and Commander.

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Francisco Jose Hernandez

Francisco José Hernández, known as "Pepe", (Havana, 1 September 1936) is a Cuban exile of the 1960s, anti-Castro, and Bay of Pigs Invasion participant who is co-founder and president of the Cuban American National Foundation that claims to be taking a less overt position against the Cuban form of government.

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Frank Church

Frank Forrester Church III (July 25, 1924 – April 7, 1984) was an American lawyer and politician.

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Freedom of Information Act (United States)

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA),, is a federal freedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.

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Freedom of the press

Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.

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Fulgencio Batista

Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, and U.S.-backed dictator from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution.

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Gerry Droller

Gerard "Gerry" Droller (1905? - 1992) was a German CIA officer involved in the covert 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état and the recruitment of Cuban exiles in the preparation of the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961.

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Government in exile

A government in exile is a political group which claims to be a country or semi-sovereign state's legitimate government, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in another state or foreign country.

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Groupthink

Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.

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Guantánamo Bay

Guantánamo Bay (Bahía de Guantánamo) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala (República de Guatemala), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast.

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Guatemalan Air Force

The Guatemalan Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Guatemalteca or FAG) is a small air force composed mostly of U.S.-made aircraft throughout its history.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

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Havana

Havana (Spanish: La Habana) is the capital city, largest city, province, major port, and leading commercial center of Cuba.

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Hawker Sea Fury

The Hawker Sea Fury is a British fighter aircraft designed and manufactured by Hawker.

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Howitzer

A howitzer is a type of artillery piece characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small propellant charges to propel projectiles over relatively high trajectories, with a steep angle of descent.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.

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Humberto Sorí Marin

Humberto Sorí Marín (1915 in Cuba – 1961 in Havana, Cuba) was a Cuban revolutionary.

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Import quota

An import quota is a type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time.

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Intelligence Star

The Intelligence Star is an award given by the Central Intelligence Agency to its officers for "voluntary acts of courage performed under hazardous conditions or for outstanding achievements or services rendered with distinction under conditions of grave risk".

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Irving Janis

Irving Lester Janis (May 26, 1918 – November 15, 1990) was a research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of "groupthink" which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions.

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IS tank family

The IS Tank was a series of heavy tanks developed as a successor to the KV-series by the Soviet Union during World War II.

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Isla de la Juventud

Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) is the second-largest Cuban island and the seventh-largest island in the West Indies (after Cuba itself, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and Andros Island).

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Jack Hawkins (U.S. Marine Corps officer)

Jack L. Hawkins (October 25, 1916, Roxton, Texas – May 17, 2013 in Fredericksburg, Virginia) was a United States Marines Corps Colonel employed by the CIA for the military planning, training of Cuban exiles, and the effective military command of forces in the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 1961.

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Jacksonville, Florida

Jacksonville is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Florida and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States.

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Jacob Esterline

Jacob Donald 'Jake' Esterline (April 26, 1920 in Lewistown, Pennsylvania – October 16, 1999) was the CIA project director for the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

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James B. Donovan

James Britt Donovan (February 29, 1916 – January 19, 1970) was an American lawyer, United States Navy officer in the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the Office of Strategic Services, ultimately becoming general counsel of the OSS (the predecessor of the CIA), and international diplomatic negotiator.

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Jean Edward Smith

Jean Edward Smith (born October 13, 1932) is a biographer and the John Marshall Professor of Political Science at Marshall University.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.

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José Antonio Echeverría

José Antonio Echeverría (July 16, 1932 in Cárdenas, Matanzas – March 13, 1957 in Havana, Cuba) was a Cuban revolutionary and student leader.

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José Basulto

Jose Jesus Basulto Leon (born August 8, 1940) is the leader of the nonprofit Cuban exile organization Brothers to the Rescue.

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José Miró Cardona

José Miró Cardona (22 August 1902 in Havana – 10 August 1974 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) was a Cuban politician.

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José Ramón Fernández

José Ramón Fernández Álvarez (born November 4, 1923) is a Cuban Communist leader who is a Vice-President of the Council of Ministers.

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Juan Almeida Bosque

Juan Almeida Bosque (February 17, 1927 – September 11, 2009) was a Cuban politician and one of the original commanders of the insurgent forces in the Cuban Revolution.

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KGB

The KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (p), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.

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Killed in action

Killed in action (KIA) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces.

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La Cabaña

Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabaña (Fort of Saint Charles), colloquially known as La Cabaña, is an 18th-century fortress complex, the third-largest in the Americas, located on the elevated eastern side of the harbor entrance in Havana, Cuba.

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La Coubre explosion

The French freighter La Coubre exploded in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on 4 March 1960 while it was unloading 76 tons of munitions.

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Landing Craft Infantry

The Landing Craft Infantry (LCI) were several classes of seagoing amphibious assault ships of the Second World War used to land large numbers of infantry directly onto beaches.

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Landing Craft Utility

The Landing Craft Utility (LCU) is a type of boat used by amphibious forces to transport equipment and troops to the shore.

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Latin America

Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Spanish, French and Portuguese are spoken; it is broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America.

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Law enforcement in Cuba

Law enforcement in Cuba is the responsibility of the National Revolutionary Police Force (Policía Nacional Revolucionaria, PNR) under the administration of the Cuban Ministry of the Interior.

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LCVP (United States)

The landing craft, vehicle, personnel (LCVP) or Higgins boat was a landing craft used extensively in amphibious landings in World War II.

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Leo Huberman

Leo Huberman (October 17, 1903 in Newark, New Jersey – November 9, 1968) was an American socialist economist.

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Leonard Wood

Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a United States Army major general, physician, and public official.

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Life (magazine)

Life was an American magazine that ran regularly from 1883 to 1972 and again from 1978 to 2000.

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Little War (Cuba)

The Little War or Small War (Guerra Chiquita) was the second of three conflicts between Cuban rebels and Spain.

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Lockheed T-33

The Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star (or T-Bird) is a subsonic American jet trainer aircraft.

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Lockheed U-2

The Lockheed U-2, nicknamed "Dragon Lady", is an American single-jet engine, ultra-high altitude reconnaissance aircraft operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) and previously flown by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

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Luis Somoza Debayle

Luis Anastasio Somoza Debayle (18 November 1922 – 13 April 1967) was the 26th President of Nicaragua from 29 September 1956 to 1 May 1963, but was effectively dictator of the country from 1956 until his death.

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Lyman Kirkpatrick

Lyman B. Kirkpatrick (1916–1995) served as inspector general and executive director of the CIA.

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M41 Walker Bulldog

The M41 Walker Bulldog, officially 76-mm Gun Tank, M41, was an American light tank developed for armed reconnaissance purposes.

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Manuel Artime

Manuel Francisco Artime Buesa, M.D. (29 January 1932 – 18 November 1977) was a Cuban-American who at one time was a member of the rebel army of Fidel Castro but later was the political leader of Brigade 2506 land forces in the abortive Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in April 1961.

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Manuel Piñeiro

Manuel Piñeiro Losada (Matanzas, Cuba, March 14, 1933 – Havana, March 11, 1998), known as Barba Roja (Spanish: "red beard"), was a Cuban political and military figure, a leading character of the Cuban Revolution, as the first head of Fidel Castro's security apparatus (known as Dirección General de Inteligencia (DGI): General Intelligence Directorate).

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Manuel Urrutia Lleó

Manuel Urrutia Lleó (December 8, 1901 – 5 July 1981) was a liberal Cuban lawyer and politician.

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Marxism–Leninism

In political science, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of the Communist International and of Stalinist political parties.

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Matanzas

Matanzas is the capital of the Cuban province of Matanzas.

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Materiel

Materiel, more commonly matériel in US English and also listed as the only spelling in some UK dictionaries (both pronounced, from French matériel meaning equipment or hardware), refers to military technology and supplies in military and commercial supply chain management.

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Maxwell D. Taylor

General Maxwell Davenport "Max" Taylor (August 26, 1901 – April 19, 1987) was a senior United States Army officer and diplomat of the mid-20th century.

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Mayday

Mayday is an emergency procedure word used internationally as a distress signal in voice-procedure radio communications.

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McCarthyism

McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.

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Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz is a global automobile marque and a division of the German company Daimler AG.

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Mexico City

Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Ciudad de México,; abbreviated as CDMX), is the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America.

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Miami

Miami is a major port city on the Atlantic coast of south Florida in the southeastern United States.

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Miami Executive Airport

Miami Executive Airport, formerly known until 2014 as Kendall-Tamiami Executive Airport, is a public airport in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida, 13 miles (21 km) southwest of Downtown Miami.

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Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport

Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport (formerly Opa-locka Airport and Opa-locka Executive Airport until 2014) is in Miami-Dade County, Florida 11 miles north of downtown Miami.

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Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes

General José Miguel Ramón Ydígoras Fuentes (17 October 1895 – 27 October 1982) was the conservative President of Guatemala from 1958 to March 1963.

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Milan C. Miskovsky

Milan Carl Miskovsky (May 11, 1926 – October 15, 2009) was an American who served as a member of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

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Monthly Review

The Monthly Review, established in 1949, is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City.

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Morro Castle (Havana)

Morro Castle (Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro), named after the three biblical Magi, is a fortress guarding the entrance to Havana bay in Havana, Cuba.

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Napalm

Napalm is a mixture of a gelling agent and either gasoline (petrol) or a similar fuel.

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National Revolutionary Militia

The National Revolutionary Militia (NRM) of Cuba is an organization constituted on 30 October 1960, to enable citizens to defend the country from the threat of military aggression, particularly from the United States, and for the protection of civilian targets against actions of armed or counterrevolutionary groups possibly originating from the U.S. and other countries of the Caribbean.

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National Security Act of 1947

The National Security Act of 1947 was a major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II.

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National Security Archive

The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-governmental, non-profit research and archival institution located on the campus of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 to check rising government secrecy, the National Security Archive is an investigative journalism center, open government advocate, international affairs research institute, and is the largest repository of declassified U.S. documents outside the federal government.

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Nationalization

Nationalization (or nationalisation) is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.

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Naval Air Station Key West

*Not to be confused with Key West International Airport Naval Air Station Key West, is a naval air station and military airport located on Boca Chica Key, four miles (6 km) east of the central business district of Key West, Florida, United States.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Nicaragua

Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

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No quarter

In war, a victor gives no quarter (or takes no prisoners) when the victor shows no clemency or mercy and refuses to spare the life of a vanquished opponent in return for their surrender at discretion (unconditional surrender).

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Nueva Gerona

Nueva Gerona is a Cuban city, capital of the Isla de la Juventud special municipality and province.

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Obelisk

An obelisk (from ὀβελίσκος obeliskos; diminutive of ὀβελός obelos, "spit, nail, pointed pillar") is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape or pyramidion at the top.

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Operation 40

Operation 40 was the code name for a Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored counterintelligence group composed of Cuban exiles.

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Operation Northwoods

Operation Northwoods was a proposed false flag operation against the Cuban government that originated within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) of the United States government in 1962.

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Operation Ortsac

Operation Ortsac (Castro backwards) was the project name of a possible invasion of Cuba planned by the United States military in 1962.

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Orange Bowl

The Orange Bowl, officially the Capital One Orange Bowl for sponsorship purposes, is an annual American college football bowl game played at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida.

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Organization of American States

The Organization of American States (Organización de los Estados Americanos, Organização dos Estados Americanos, Organisation des États américains), or the OAS or OEA, is a continental organization that was founded on 30 April 1948, for the purposes of regional solidarity and cooperation among its member states.

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Oriente Province

Oriente (Spanish for "East" or "Orient") was one of six provinces of Cuba until 1976.

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Oversight of United States covert operations

Executive oversight of United States covert operations has been carried out by a series of sub-committees of the National Security Council (NSC).

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Panama

Panama (Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south.

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Partido Auténtico

The Cuban Revolutionary Party – Authentic (Partido Revolucionario Cubano – Auténtico, PRC-A), commonly named Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico, PA), was a political party in Cuba most active between 1933 and 1952.

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Pepe San Román

José Alfredo Pérez San Román (1930 – 10 September 1989), known as Pepe San Román, was the commander of Brigade 2506 ground troops in the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 1961.

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Peter H. Wyden

Peter H. Wyden (October 2, 1923 – June 27, 1998) was an American journalist and writer.

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Pinar del Río

Pinar del Río is a Cuban city, capital of Pinar del Río Province.

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Pinar del Río Province

Pinar del Río (formerly Nuevas Filipinas) is one of the provinces of Cuba.

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Plausible deniability

Plausible deniability is the ability of people (typically senior officials in a formal or informal chain of command) to deny knowledge of or responsibility for any damnable actions committed by others in an organizational hierarchy because of a lack of evidence that can confirm their participation, even if they were personally involved in or at least willfully ignorant of the actions.

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Playa Girón

Playa Girón (Girón beach) is a beach and village on the east bank of the Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs), which is located in the province of Matanzas, on the southern coast of Cuba.

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Politics of Cuba

Cuba has had a communist political system since 1959 based on the "one state – one party" principle.

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Puerto Cabezas

Puerto Cabezas (Bragman's Bluff; Bilwi) is a municipality in Nicaragua.

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Puerto Cabezas Airport

Puerto Cabezas Airport is an airport that serves Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua.

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Punta del Este

Punta del Este is the second city of Uruguayhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1439666-tips-gasoleros-para-veranear-en-punta-del-este and the most important resort town in South America, the Punta area 220,000 residents add to a peak of over 600,000 people during the summer season, while year-round the town receives one million tourists.

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Quetzaltenango

Quetzaltenango, also known by its Maya name, Xelajú or Xela, is the second largest city of Guatemala.

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Raúl Castro

Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born 3 June 1931) is a Cuban politician and leader who is currently serving as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the most senior position in the Communist state, succeeding his brother Fidel Castro in April 2011.

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Raúl Roa García

Raúl Roa García (April 18, 1907 – July 6, 1982) was a Cuban intellectual, politician and diplomat.

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Radio Swan

Radio Swan was a pirate radio station based in the Swan Islands, a group of islands in the western Caribbean Sea, near the coastline of Honduras.

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Rafael García Bárcena

Rafael García Bárcena was a Cuban philosopher who later took a leading role in the Cuban Revolution against President Fulgencio Batista.

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Rafael Trujillo

Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina (24 October 1891 – 30 May 1961), nicknamed El Jefe (The Chief or The Boss), was a Dominican politician, soldier and dictator, who ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961.

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Ramiro Valdés

Ramiro Valdés Menéndez (born 28 April 1932) in Artemisa in the province of Havana) is a Cuban politician. He became a Government Vice President in the 2009 shake-up by Raúl Castro.

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Raul Masvidal

Raul Masvidal (born November 14, 1941 in Havana) is a Cuban-American banker and real estate developer.

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Republic P-47 Thunderbolt

The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt was a World War II era fighter aircraft produced by the United States from 1941 through 1945.

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Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

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Retalhuleu

The city of Retalhuleu is in south-western Guatemala.

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Ricardo Montero Duque

Ricardo Miguel Montero Duque (born July 4, 1925), was a military battalion commander in the invading forces of Brigade 2506 during the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 1961.

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Richard M. Bissell Jr.

Richard Mervin Bissell Jr. (September 18, 1909 – February 7, 1994) was a Central Intelligence Agency officer responsible for major projects such as the U-2 spy plane and the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

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Richard N. Goodwin

Richard Naradof Goodwin (December 7, 1931 – May 20, 2018) was an American writer and presidential advisor.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.

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Right to a fair trial

A trial which is observed by trial judge or by jury without being partial is a fair trial.

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Robert F. Kennedy

Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator for New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968.

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San Antonio de los Baños

San Antonio de los Baños is a municipality and town in the Artemisa Province of Cuba.

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Sancti Spíritus

Sancti Spíritus is a municipality and capital city of the province of Sancti Spíritus in central Cuba and one of the oldest Cuban European settlements.

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Santa Clara Province

Santa Clara (also known as Las Villas after 1940) was a historical province of Cuba and its capital was Santa Clara.

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Santa Clara, Cuba

Santa Clara is the capital city of the Cuban province of Villa Clara.

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Santiago de Cuba

Santiago de Cuba is the second-largest city of Cuba and the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province.

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Sears

Sears, Roebuck and Company, colloquially known as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck in 1892, reincorporated (a formality for a history-making consumer sector initial public offering) by Richard Sears and new partner Julius Rosenwald in 1906.

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Sergio del Valle Jiménez

Sergio del Valle Jiménez (15 April 1927—15 November 2007) was a high-ranking Cuban military and government official who served as army chief of staff during the 1962 Missile Crisis and headed various cabinet ministries during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.

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Shell Oil Company

Shell Oil Company is the United States-based wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, transnational corporation "oil major" of Anglo-Dutch origins, which is amongst the largest oil companies in the world.

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Sierra Madre de Chiapas

The Sierra Madre de Chiapas (as known in Mexico, with regional names in other countries) is a major mountain range in Central America.

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Sierra Maestra

Sierra Maestra is a mountain range that runs westward across the south of the old Oriente Province in southeast Cuba, rising abruptly from the coast.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español; Imperium Hispanicum), historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquía Hispánica) and as the Catholic Monarchy (Monarquía Católica) was one of the largest empires in history.

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Spanish–American War

The Spanish–American War (Guerra hispano-americana or Guerra hispano-estadounidense; Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898.

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Special Activities Division

The Special Activities Division (SAD) is a division of the United States Central Intelligence Agency responsible for covert operations.

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Standard Oil

Standard Oil Co.

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SU-100

The SU-100 (Samokhodnaya Ustanovka 100) was a Soviet tank destroyer armed with a 100 mm anti-tank gun in a casemate superstructure.

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Swan Islands, Honduras

The Swan Islands, or Islas Santanilla or Islas del Cisne, initially named Islas de las Pozas by Christopher Columbus in 1502, is a chain of three islands located in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, approximately off the coastline of Honduras, with a land area of.

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T-34

The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank that had a profound and lasting effect on the field of tank design.

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Tank destroyer

A tank destroyer or tank hunter is a type of armoured fighting vehicle, armed with a direct-fire artillery gun or missile launcher, with limited operational capacities and designed specifically to engage enemy tanks.

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Ten Years' War

The Ten Years' War (Guerra de los Diez Años) (1868–1878), also known as the Great War (Guerra Grande) and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Tomás Estrada Palma

Tomás Estrada Palma (July 9, 1835 – November 4, 1908) was a Cuban political figure.

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Tracy Barnes

Charles Tracy Barnes (August 2, 1911 – February 18, 1972) was a senior staff member at the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving as principal manager of CIA operations in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état and the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion.

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Trade union

A trade union or trades union, also called a labour union (Canada) or labor union (US), is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals; such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers.

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Trinidad, Cuba

Trinidad is a town in the province of Sancti Spíritus, central Cuba.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.

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United States Armed Forces

The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States of America.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), often referred to as the State Department, is the United States federal executive department that advises the President and represents the country in international affairs and foreign policy issues.

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United States dollar

The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.

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United States embargo against Cuba

The United States embargo against Cuba (in Cuba called el bloqueo, "the blockade") is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba.

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United States invasion of Grenada

The United States invasion of Grenada was a 1983 invasion led by the United States of the Caribbean island nation of Grenada, which has a population of about 91,000 and is located north of Venezuela, that resulted in a U.S. victory within a matter of weeks.

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United States National Security Council

The White House National Security Council (NSC) is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security, military matters, and foreign policy matters with senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the executive office of the president of the United States.

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United States presidential election, 1960

The United States presidential election of 1960 was the 44th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960.

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United States Secretary of State

The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the U.S. Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs.

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University of Havana

The University of Havana or UH (in Spanish, Universidad de La Habana) is a university located in the Vedado district of Havana, the capital of the Republic of Cuba.

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Uruguay

Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a sovereign state in the southeastern region of South America.

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Useppa Island

Useppa Island is an island located near the northern end of Pine Island Sound in Lee County, Florida, United States.

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Víctor Dreke

Víctor Emilio Dreke Cruz (born 10 March 1937 in Sagua La Grande) is a Cuban Communist Party leader of notable African descent, and a former commander in the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces.

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VFA-34

Strike Fighter Squadron 34 (VFA-34), also known as the "Blue Blasters", is a United States Navy F/A-18C Hornet strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana.

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VFP-62

Light Photographic Squadron 62 (VFP-62) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy in service from 1949 to 1968.

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Vieques, Puerto Rico

Vieques, in full Isla de Vieques, is an island–municipality of Puerto Rico (U.S.) in the northeastern Caribbean, part of an island grouping sometimes known as the Spanish Virgin Islands.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War (Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

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Voice of Russia

The Voice of Russia (r), commonly abbreviated VOR, was the Russian government's international radio broadcasting service from 1993 until 2014, when it was reorganised as Radio Sputnik.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.

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William Alexander Morgan

William Alexander Morgan (April 19, 1928 – March 11, 1961) was a United States citizen who fought in the Cuban Revolution, leading a band of rebels that drove the Cuban army from key positions in the central mountains, thereby helping to pave the way for Fidel Castro's forces to secure victory.

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Wishful thinking

Wishful thinking is the formation of beliefs and making decisions according to what might be pleasing to imagine instead of by appealing to evidence, rationality, or reality.

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World communism

World communism (also international communism and global communism) is a form of communism of international scope.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Zapata Peninsula

Zapata Peninsula (Península de Zapata) is a large peninsula in Matanzas Province, southern Cuba, at.

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1954 Guatemalan coup d'état

The 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état was a covert operation carried out by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz and ended the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944–1954.

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26th of July Movement

The 26th of July Movement (Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was a vanguard revolutionary organization then a party led by Fidel Castro that in 1959 overthrew the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba.

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Redirects here:

April 17, 1961, Bay of Pigs incident, Bay of Pigs invasion, Bay of pigs Invasion, Bay of pigs fiasco, Bay of pigs invasion, Bay of pigs watercrafts, Bay of the Pigs Invasion, Invasion of Cuba, Operation Zapata, The Bay of Pigs Invasion, United States Invasion of Cuba.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion

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