Table of Contents
272 relations: Acetate, Acetyl-CoA, Acetylation, Acetylglutamate kinase, Acetylornithine deacetylase, Acetylornithine transaminase, Activation energy, Acyl-CoA, Acylation, Acyltransferase, Adenosine, Adenosine deaminase, Adenosine triphosphate, Adenylosuccinate lyase, AICA ribonucleotide, AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase), Aldehyde, Amide, Amidophosphoribosyltransferase, Amine, Amino acid, Amino acid synthesis, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, Aminoacyl-tRNA, Ammonia, Amphiphile, Anabolism, Archaeal translation, Arginine, Argininosuccinic acid, Asparagine synthetase, Aspartate carbamoyltransferase, Aspartate kinase, Aspartate transaminase, Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, Aspartic acid, Atherosclerosis, Bacterial translation, Base pair, Bilayer, Biological membrane, Carbamoyl phosphate, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, Carbon dioxide, Carboxyglutamic acid, Carboxylic acid, Catabolism, Catalysis, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, ... Expand index (222 more) »
Acetate
An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. alkaline, earthy, metallic, nonmetallic or radical base).
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Biosynthesis and Acetyl-CoA are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Acetyl-CoA
Acetylation
In chemistry, acetylation is an organic esterification reaction with acetic acid.
See Biosynthesis and Acetylation
Acetylglutamate kinase
In enzymology, an acetylglutamate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and N-acetyl-L-glutamate, whereas its two products are ADP and N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate.
See Biosynthesis and Acetylglutamate kinase
Acetylornithine deacetylase
In enzymology, an acetylornithine deacetylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N2-acetyl-L-ornithine and H2O, whereas its two products are acetate and L-ornithine.
See Biosynthesis and Acetylornithine deacetylase
Acetylornithine transaminase
In enzymology, an acetylornithine transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N2-acetyl-L-ornithine and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde and L-glutamate.
See Biosynthesis and Acetylornithine transaminase
Activation energy
In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.
See Biosynthesis and Activation energy
Acyl-CoA
Acyl-CoA is a group of coenzymes that metabolize carboxylic acids. Biosynthesis and Acyl-CoA are metabolism.
Acylation
In chemistry, acylation is a broad class of chemical reactions in which an acyl group is added to a substrate.
See Biosynthesis and Acylation
Acyltransferase
Acyltransferase is a type of transferase enzyme that acts upon acyl groups.
See Biosynthesis and Acyltransferase
Adenosine
Adenosine (symbol A) is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature in the form of diverse derivatives.
See Biosynthesis and Adenosine
Adenosine deaminase
Adenosine deaminase (also known as adenosine aminohydrolase, or ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Adenosine deaminase
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See Biosynthesis and Adenosine triphosphate
Adenylosuccinate lyase
Adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADSL gene.
See Biosynthesis and Adenylosuccinate lyase
AICA ribonucleotide
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) is an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphate.
See Biosynthesis and AICA ribonucleotide
AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase (AIR synthetase) is the fifth enzyme in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides.
See Biosynthesis and AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)
Aldehyde
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure.
Amide
In organic chemistry, an amide, also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide, is a compound with the general formula, where R, R', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl groups or hydrogen atoms.
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase (ATase), also known as glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (GPAT), is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) into 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine (PRA), using the amine group from a glutamine side-chain.
See Biosynthesis and Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Amine
In chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
See Biosynthesis and Amino acid
Amino acid synthesis
Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. Biosynthesis and amino acid synthesis are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Amino acid synthesis
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA.
See Biosynthesis and Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
Aminoacyl-tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA (also aa-tRNA or charged tRNA) is tRNA to which its cognate amino acid is chemically bonded (charged).
See Biosynthesis and Aminoacyl-tRNA
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
Amphiphile
An amphiphile (from the Greek αμφις amphis, both, and φιλíα philia, love, friendship), or amphipath, is a chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) and lipophilic (fat-loving) properties.
See Biosynthesis and Amphiphile
Anabolism
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units. Biosynthesis and Anabolism are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Anabolism
Archaeal translation
Archaeal translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in archaea.
See Biosynthesis and Archaeal translation
Arginine
Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.
Argininosuccinic acid
Argininosuccinic acid is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is an important intermediate in the urea cycle.
See Biosynthesis and Argininosuccinic acid
Asparagine synthetase
Asparagine synthetase (or aspartate-ammonia ligase) is a chiefly cytoplasmic enzyme that generates asparagine from aspartate.
See Biosynthesis and Asparagine synthetase
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (also known as aspartate transcarbamoylase or ATCase) catalyzes the first step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
See Biosynthesis and Aspartate carbamoyltransferase
Aspartate kinase
Aspartate kinase or aspartokinase (AK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the amino acid aspartate.
See Biosynthesis and Aspartate kinase
Aspartate transaminase
Aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase, also known as AspAT/ASAT/AAT or (serum) glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, SGOT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaminase enzyme that was first described by Arthur Karmen and colleagues in 1954.
See Biosynthesis and Aspartate transaminase
Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
In enzymology, an aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase is an enzyme that is very important in the biosynthesis of amino acids in prokaryotes, fungi, and some higher plants.
See Biosynthesis and Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Aspartic acid
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries.
See Biosynthesis and Atherosclerosis
Bacterial translation
Bacterial translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in bacteria.
See Biosynthesis and Bacterial translation
Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
See Biosynthesis and Base pair
Bilayer
A bilayer is a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules.
Biological membrane
A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another.
See Biosynthesis and Biological membrane
Carbamoyl phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate is an anion of biochemical significance.
See Biosynthesis and Carbamoyl phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine or ammonia and bicarbonate.
See Biosynthesis and Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Biosynthesis and Carbon dioxide
Carboxyglutamic acid
Carboxyglutamic acid (or the conjugate base, carboxyglutamate), is an uncommon amino acid introduced into proteins by a post-translational carboxylation of glutamic acid residues.
See Biosynthesis and Carboxyglutamic acid
Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group.
See Biosynthesis and Carboxylic acid
Catabolism
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. Biosynthesis and Catabolism are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Catabolism
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
See Biosynthesis and Catalysis
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
See Biosynthesis and Cell membrane
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
See Biosynthesis and Cell nucleus
Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.
See Biosynthesis and Central nervous system
Ceramide
Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules.
Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds.
See Biosynthesis and Chemical compound
Chemical energy
Chemical energy is the energy of chemical substances that is released when the substances undergo a chemical reaction and transform into other substances.
See Biosynthesis and Chemical energy
Chlorophyllide
Chlorophyllide a and Chlorophyllide b are the biosynthetic precursors of chlorophyll ''a'' and chlorophyll ''b'' respectively.
See Biosynthesis and Chlorophyllide
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
See Biosynthesis and Cholesterol
Citrulline
The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid.
See Biosynthesis and Citrulline
Cobalamin biosynthesis
Cobalamin biosynthesis is the process by which bacteria and archea make cobalamin, vitamin B12.
See Biosynthesis and Cobalamin biosynthesis
Codon degeneracy
Degeneracy or redundancy of codons is the redundancy of the genetic code, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations that specify an amino acid.
See Biosynthesis and Codon degeneracy
Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction).
See Biosynthesis and Cofactor (biochemistry)
Cognition
Cognition is the "mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".
See Biosynthesis and Cognition
Condensation reaction
In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water.
See Biosynthesis and Condensation reaction
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone in the glucocorticoid class of hormones and a stress hormone.
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.
See Biosynthesis and Covalent bond
CTP synthetase
CTP synthase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis that interconverts UTP and CTP.
See Biosynthesis and CTP synthetase
Cyclic compound
A cyclic compound (or ring compound) is a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring.
See Biosynthesis and Cyclic compound
Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula.
Cysteine synthase
In enzymology, a cysteine synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ''O''3-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide, whereas its two products are L-cysteine and acetate.
See Biosynthesis and Cysteine synthase
Cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate.
See Biosynthesis and Cytidine triphosphate
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
See Biosynthesis and Cytoplasm
Cytosine
Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)).
Deoxyadenosine
Deoxyadenosine (symbol dA or dAdo) is a deoxyribonucleoside.
See Biosynthesis and Deoxyadenosine
Deoxyadenosine triphosphate
Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
See Biosynthesis and Deoxyadenosine triphosphate
Deoxygenation
Deoxygenation is a chemical reaction involving the removal of oxygen atoms from a molecule.
See Biosynthesis and Deoxygenation
Deoxyguanosine
Deoxyguanosine is composed of the purine nucleobase guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of deoxyribose.
See Biosynthesis and Deoxyguanosine
Deoxyribonucleotide
A deoxyribonucleotide is a nucleotide that contains deoxyribose.
See Biosynthesis and Deoxyribonucleotide
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose, or more precisely 2-deoxyribose, is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C.
See Biosynthesis and Deoxyribose
Deoxyuridine monophosphate
Deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), also known as deoxyuridylic acid or deoxyuridylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a deoxynucleotide.
See Biosynthesis and Deoxyuridine monophosphate
Dephosphorylation
In biochemistry, dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate () group from an organic compound by hydrolysis.
See Biosynthesis and Dephosphorylation
Diaminopimelate decarboxylase
The enzyme diaminopimelate decarboxylase catalyzes the cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds in meso 2,6 diaminoheptanedioate to produce CO2 and L-lysine, the essential amino acid.
See Biosynthesis and Diaminopimelate decarboxylase
Diaminopimelate epimerase
In enzymology, a diaminopimelate epimerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate, and one product, meso-diaminoheptanedioate.
See Biosynthesis and Diaminopimelate epimerase
Diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine.
See Biosynthesis and Diaminopimelic acid
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase
4-Hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase (EC 4.3.3.7, dihydrodipicolinate synthase, dihydropicolinate synthetase, dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase, L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde hydro-lyase (adding pyruvate and cyclizing), dapA (gene)) is an enzyme with the systematic name L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde hydro-lyase (adding pyruvate and cyclizing; (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinate-forming).
See Biosynthesis and Dihydrodipicolinate synthase
Dihydroorotase
Dihydroorotase (carbamoylaspartic dehydrase, dihydroorotate hydrolase) is an enzyme which converts carbamoyl aspartic acid into 4,5-dihydroorotic acid in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines.
See Biosynthesis and Dihydroorotase
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHODH gene on chromosome 16.
See Biosynthesis and Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
DNA and RNA codon tables
A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.
See Biosynthesis and DNA and RNA codon tables
DNA ligase
DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
See Biosynthesis and DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA.
See Biosynthesis and DNA polymerase
DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
See Biosynthesis and DNA replication
DNA supercoil
DNA supercoiling refers to the amount of twist in a particular DNA strand, which determines the amount of strain on it.
See Biosynthesis and DNA supercoil
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell.
See Biosynthesis and Endocytosis
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.
See Biosynthesis and Endoplasmic reticulum
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. Biosynthesis and Enzyme are metabolism.
Estrogen
Estrogen (oestrogen; see spelling differences) is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
See Biosynthesis and Eukaryote
Eukaryotic translation
Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes.
See Biosynthesis and Eukaryotic translation
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels, specifically very high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), in the blood and early cardiovascular diseases.
See Biosynthesis and Familial hypercholesterolemia
Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
See Biosynthesis and Fatty acid
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Functional group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.
See Biosynthesis and Functional group
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Genetic code
Gliosis
Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS).
Glutamate 5-kinase
In enzymology, a glutamate 5-kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and L-glutamate, whereas its two products are ADP and L-glutamate 5-phosphate.
See Biosynthesis and Glutamate 5-kinase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH, GDH) is an enzyme observed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic mitochondria.
See Biosynthesis and Glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutamate N-acetyltransferase
In enzymology, a glutamate N-acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N2-acetyl-L-ornithine and L-glutamate, whereas its two products are L-ornithine and N-acetyl-L-glutamate.
See Biosynthesis and Glutamate N-acetyltransferase
Glutamate synthase
Glutamate synthase (also known as Glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase) is an enzyme and frequently abbreviated as GOGAT.
See Biosynthesis and Glutamate synthase
Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, phosphate, and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are L-glutamyl 5-phosphate, NADPH, and H+.
See Biosynthesis and Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Glutamine
Glutamine synthetase
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the metabolism of nitrogen by catalyzing the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine: Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration.
See Biosynthesis and Glutamine synthetase
Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycineamide ribonucleotide
Glycineamide ribonucleotide (or GAR) is a biochemical intermediate in the formation of purine nucleotides via inosine-5-monophosphate, and hence is a building block for DNA and RNA.
See Biosynthesis and Glycineamide ribonucleotide
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). Biosynthesis and Glycolysis are biochemical reactions.
See Biosynthesis and Glycolysis
Glyconeogenesis
Glyconeogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen without using glucose or other carbohydrates, instead using substances like proteins and fats.
See Biosynthesis and Glyconeogenesis
Glycosidic bond
A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
See Biosynthesis and Glycosidic bond
Gout
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of pain in a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint, caused by the deposition of needle-like crystals of uric acid known as monosodium urate crystals.
Guanosine
Guanosine (symbol G or Guo) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
See Biosynthesis and Guanosine
Helicase
Helicases are a class of enzymes thought to be vital to all organisms.
Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Histidine
Huntingtin
Huntingtin (Htt) is the protein coded for in humans by the HTT gene, also known as the IT15 ("interesting transcript 15") gene.
See Biosynthesis and Huntingtin
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited.
See Biosynthesis and Huntington's disease
Hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
See Biosynthesis and Hydrocarbon
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
See Biosynthesis and Hydrolysis
Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
See Biosynthesis and Hydrophile
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
See Biosynthesis and Hydrophobe
Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom.
See Biosynthesis and Hydroxy group
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) is an enzyme encoded in humans by the HPRT1 gene.
See Biosynthesis and Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
Imidazole
Imidazole (ImH) is an organic compound with the formula C3N2H4.
See Biosynthesis and Imidazole
Immunological memory
Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen that the body has previously encountered and initiate a corresponding immune response.
See Biosynthesis and Immunological memory
Inner mitochondrial membrane
The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space.
See Biosynthesis and Inner mitochondrial membrane
Inosine monophosphate synthase
Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATIC gene.
See Biosynthesis and Inosine monophosphate synthase
Inosinic acid
Inosinic acid or inosine monophosphate (IMP) is a nucleotide (that is, a nucleoside monophosphate).
See Biosynthesis and Inosinic acid
Isoleucine
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Isoleucine
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an isoprenoid precursor. Biosynthesis and isopentenyl pyrophosphate are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
Α-Aminoadipate pathway
The amino acid L-lysine The α-aminoadipate pathway is a biochemical pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid L-lysine. Biosynthesis and Α-Aminoadipate pathway are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Α-Aminoadipate pathway
Α-Ketoglutaric acid
α-Ketoglutaric acid (also termed 2-oxoglutaric acid) is a dicarboxylic acid, i.e., a short-chain fatty acid containing two carboxyl groups (carboxy groups notated as) with C, O, and H standing for carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, respectively (see adjacent figure).
See Biosynthesis and Α-Ketoglutaric acid
Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT).
See Biosynthesis and Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
See Biosynthesis and Lipid bilayer
Locant
In the nomenclature of organic chemistry, a locant is a term to indicate the position of a functional group or substituent within a molecule.
Low-density lipoprotein
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein that transport all fat molecules around the body in extracellular water.
See Biosynthesis and Low-density lipoprotein
Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins.
Lysophosphatidic acid
A lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid derivative that can act as a signaling molecule.
See Biosynthesis and Lysophosphatidic acid
Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid.
See Biosynthesis and Macromolecule
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Meso compound
A meso compound or meso isomer is an optically inactive isomer in a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active.
See Biosynthesis and Meso compound
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
See Biosynthesis and Messenger RNA
Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. Biosynthesis and metabolic pathway are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Metabolic pathway
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
See Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Metal
A metal is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
See Biosynthesis and Methionine
Methyl group
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula (whereas normal methane has the formula). In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me.
See Biosynthesis and Methyl group
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
See Biosynthesis and Microorganism
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See Biosynthesis and Mitochondrion
Monomer
A monomer (mono-, "one" + -mer, "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization.
Myelin
Myelin is a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons (the nervous system's electrical wires) to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (called action potentials) pass along the axon.
N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase
In enzymology, a N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, NADP+, and phosphate, whereas its 3 products are N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate, NADPH, and H+.
See Biosynthesis and N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase
N-Acetylglutamate synthase
N-Acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) is an enzyme that catalyses the production of ''N''-acetylglutamate (NAG) from glutamate and acetyl-CoA.
See Biosynthesis and N-Acetylglutamate synthase
Neurology
Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.
See Biosynthesis and Neurology
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source').
See Biosynthesis and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nitrogen assimilation
Nitrogen assimilation is the formation of organic nitrogen compounds like amino acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds present in the environment. Biosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Nitrogen assimilation
Non-covalent interaction
In chemistry, a non-covalent interaction differs from a covalent bond in that it does not involve the sharing of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or within a molecule.
See Biosynthesis and Non-covalent interaction
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
See Biosynthesis and Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid metabolism
Nucleic acid metabolism is a collective term that refers to the variety of chemical reactions by which nucleic acids (DNA and/or RNA) are either synthesized or degraded. Biosynthesis and nucleic acid metabolism are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Nucleic acid metabolism
Nucleophile
In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair.
See Biosynthesis and Nucleophile
Nucleoside triphosphate
A nucleoside triphosphate is a nucleoside containing a nitrogenous base bound to a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), with three phosphate groups bound to the sugar.
See Biosynthesis and Nucleoside triphosphate
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
See Biosynthesis and Nucleotide
O-Acetylserine
O-Acetylserine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OC(O)CH3.
See Biosynthesis and O-Acetylserine
Okazaki fragments
Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides (approximately 150 to 200 base pairs long in eukaryotes) which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication.
See Biosynthesis and Okazaki fragments
Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.
See Biosynthesis and Organelle
Ornithine
Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle.
See Biosynthesis and Ornithine
Orotidine 5'-monophosphate
Orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP), also known as orotidylic acid, is a pyrimidine nucleotide which is the last intermediate in the biosynthesis of uridine monophosphate.
See Biosynthesis and Orotidine 5'-monophosphate
Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
Orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase (OMP decarboxylase) or orotidylate decarboxylase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
See Biosynthesis and Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
Oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H.
See Biosynthesis and Oxaloacetic acid
Palmitoyl-CoA
Palmitoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA thioester.
See Biosynthesis and Palmitoyl-CoA
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Peptide bond
In organic chemistry, a peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.
See Biosynthesis and Peptide bond
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula.
See Biosynthesis and Phenylalanine
Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphate
Phosphatidic acid
Phosphatidic acids are anionic phospholipids important to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphatidic acid
Phosphodiester bond
In chemistry, a phosphodiester bond occurs when exactly two of the hydroxyl groups in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form two ester bonds.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphodiester bond
Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions The two substrates of this enzyme are 3-phospho-D-glycerate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate, NADH, and H+ It is also possible that two substrates of this enzyme are 2-hydroxyglutarate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxoglutarate, NADH, and H+.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid
Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is an organic acid most widely known as an intermediate in the synthesis of serine.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).
See Biosynthesis and Phospholipid
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a pentose phosphate.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosylamine
Phosphoribosylamine (PRA) is a biochemical intermediate in the formation of purine nucleotides via inosine-5-monophosphate, and hence is a building block for DNA and RNA.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoribosylamine
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase
In enzymology, a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase, also known by the shorter name AICAR transformylase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 10-formyltetrahydrofolate and AICAR, whereas its two products are tetrahydrofolate and FAICAR.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide (SAICAR) is an intermediate in the formation of purines.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase
In molecular biology, the protein domain SAICAR synthase is an enzyme which catalyses a reaction to create SAICAR.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase
Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase
Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, also known as glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR Tfase), is an enzyme with systematic name 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide N-formyltransferase.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase
Phosphoryl group
A phosphoryl group is a trivalent group, consisting of a phosphorus atom (symbol P) and an oxygen atom (symbol O), where the three free valencies are on the phosphorus atom.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoryl group
Phosphoserine
Phosphoserine (abbreviated as SEP or J) is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoserine
Phosphoserine phosphatase
The enzyme phosphoserine phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.3) catalyzes the reaction This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoserine phosphatase
Phosphoserine transaminase
Phosphoserine transaminase (PSAT, phosphoserine aminotransferase, 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase, hydroxypyruvic phosphate-glutamic transaminase, L-phosphoserine aminotransferase, phosphohydroxypyruvate transaminase, phosphohydroxypyruvic-glutamic transaminase, 3-O-phospho-L-serine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, SerC, PdxC, 3PHP transaminase) is an enzyme with systematic name O-phospho-L-serine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.
See Biosynthesis and Phosphoserine transaminase
Precursor (chemistry)
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound. Biosynthesis and precursor (chemistry) are biochemical reactions and metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Precursor (chemistry)
Primase
DNA primase is an enzyme involved in the replication of DNA and is a type of RNA polymerase.
Primer (molecular biology)
A primer is a short, single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis.
See Biosynthesis and Primer (molecular biology)
Product (chemistry)
Products are the species formed from chemical reactions.
See Biosynthesis and Product (chemistry)
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
See Biosynthesis and Prokaryote
Proline
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group but is rather a secondary amine.
Prostaglandin
Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals.
See Biosynthesis and Prostaglandin
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Proteinogenic amino acid
Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation.
See Biosynthesis and Proteinogenic amino acid
Purine
Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings (pyrimidine and imidazole) fused together.
Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine is an aromatic, heterocyclic, organic compound similar to pyridine.
See Biosynthesis and Pyrimidine
Pyrophosphate
In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a linkage.
See Biosynthesis and Pyrophosphate
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (IUPAC name: 2-oxopropanoic acid, also called acetoic acid) (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Biosynthesis and Pyruvic acid are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Pyruvic acid
Reaction intermediate
In chemistry, a reaction intermediate, or intermediate, is a molecular entity arising within the sequence of a stepwise chemical reaction.
See Biosynthesis and Reaction intermediate
Reaction mechanism
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs.
See Biosynthesis and Reaction mechanism
Reaction rate
The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time.
See Biosynthesis and Reaction rate
Reagent
In chemistry, a reagent or analytical reagent is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or test if one occurs.
Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems.
See Biosynthesis and Receptor (biochemistry)
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
Release factor
A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence.
See Biosynthesis and Release factor
Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase
Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase (ribonucleotide reductase, 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase) is an enzyme with systematic name 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase.
See Biosynthesis and Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase
Ribonucleotide
In biochemistry, a ribonucleotide is a nucleotide containing ribose as its pentose component.
See Biosynthesis and Ribonucleotide
Ribose
Ribose is a simple sugar and carbohydrate with molecular formula C5H10O5 and the linear-form composition H−(C.
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
RNA polymerase
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template.
See Biosynthesis and RNA polymerase
Self-harm
Self-harm is intentional conduct that is considered harmful to oneself.
See Biosynthesis and Self-harm
Semiconservative replication
Semiconservative replication describes the mechanism of DNA replication in all known cells.
See Biosynthesis and Semiconservative replication
Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) (Vitamin B6) dependent enzyme which plays an important role in cellular one-carbon pathways by catalyzing the reversible, simultaneous conversions of L-serine to glycine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH2-THF).
See Biosynthesis and Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
Serine O-acetyltransferase
In enzymology, a serine O-acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-serine, whereas its two products are CoA and ''O''-acetyl-L-serine.
See Biosynthesis and Serine O-acetyltransferase
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), also known as Swiss-type agammaglobulinemia, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations that result in differing clinical presentations.
See Biosynthesis and Severe combined immunodeficiency
Single-strand DNA-binding protein
Single-strand DNA-binding protein (SSB) is a protein found in Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, that binds to single-stranded regions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
See Biosynthesis and Single-strand DNA-binding protein
Sphingolipid
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, which are a set of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes sphingosine.
See Biosynthesis and Sphingolipid
Sphingomyelin
Sphingomyelin (SPH) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons.
See Biosynthesis and Sphingomyelin
Sphingosine
Sphingosine (2-amino-4-trans-octadecene-1,3-diol) is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.
See Biosynthesis and Sphingosine
Squalene
Squalene is an organic compound.
Stereocenter
In stereochemistry, a stereocenter of a molecule is an atom (center), axis or plane that is the focus of stereoisomerism; that is, when having at least three different groups bound to the stereocenter, interchanging any two different groups creates a new stereoisomer.
See Biosynthesis and Stereocenter
Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
Sterol
Sterol is an organic compound with formula, whose molecule is derived from that of gonane by replacement of a hydrogen atom on C3 position by a hydroxyl group.
Stop codon
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein.
See Biosynthesis and Stop codon
Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent.
See Biosynthesis and Substrate (chemistry)
Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase
In enzymology, a succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate and H2O, whereas its two products are succinate and LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate.
See Biosynthesis and Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase
Succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase
In enzymology, a succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-succinyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are N-succinyl-L-2-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate and L-glutamate.
See Biosynthesis and Succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
Synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language.
T cell
T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response.
Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males.
See Biosynthesis and Testosterone
Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase
In enzymology, a tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, and H2O, whereas its two products are CoA and L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate.
See Biosynthesis and Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase
Tetrahydrofolic acid
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), or tetrahydrofolate, is a folic acid derivative.
See Biosynthesis and Tetrahydrofolic acid
Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Threonine
Thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine monophosphate (TMP), also known as thymidylic acid (conjugate base thymidylate), deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), or deoxythymidylic acid (conjugate base deoxythymidylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in DNA.
See Biosynthesis and Thymidine monophosphate
Thymidylate synthase
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
See Biosynthesis and Thymidylate synthase
Thymine
---> Thymine (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.
Topoisomerase
DNA topoisomerases (or topoisomerases) are enzymes that catalyze changes in the topological state of DNA, interconverting relaxed and supercoiled forms, linked (catenated) and unlinked species, and knotted and unknotted DNA.
See Biosynthesis and Topoisomerase
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Transfer RNA
Translation (biology)
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates.
See Biosynthesis and Translation (biology)
Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Biosynthesis and Tryptophan
Uracil
Uracil (symbol U or Ura) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA.
Uridine monophosphate
Uridine monophosphate (UMP), also known as 5′-uridylic acid (conjugate base uridylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA.
See Biosynthesis and Uridine monophosphate
Uridine triphosphate
Uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of the organic base uracil linked to the 1′ carbon of the ribose sugar, and esterified with tri-phosphoric acid at the 5′ position. Biosynthesis and Uridine triphosphate are metabolism.
See Biosynthesis and Uridine triphosphate
Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Viridiplantae
Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") constitute a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprises approximately 450,000–500,000 species that play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
See Biosynthesis and Viridiplantae
2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase
In enzymology, a 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are succinyl-CoA, (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, and H2O, whereas its two products are CoA and N-succinyl-L-2-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate.
See Biosynthesis and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG, 3-PGA, or PGA) is the conjugate acid of 3-phosphoglycerate or glycerate 3-phosphate (GP or G3P).
See Biosynthesis and 3-Phosphoglyceric acid
4,5-Dihydroorotic acid
4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is a derivative of orotic acid which serves as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
See Biosynthesis and 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid
4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase
In enzymology, a 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, NAD+ or NADP+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate, NADH or NADPH, and H+.
See Biosynthesis and 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase
5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate
5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate (N5,N10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate; 5,10-CH2-THF) is cofactor in several biochemical reactions.
See Biosynthesis and 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate
5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase
In enzymology, a 5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole, and one product, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate.
See Biosynthesis and 5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase
5-Aminoimidazole ribotide
5′-Phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole (or aminoimidazole ribotide, AIR) is a biochemical intermediate in the formation of purine nucleotides via inosine-5-monophosphate, and hence is a building block for DNA and RNA.
See Biosynthesis and 5-Aminoimidazole ribotide
5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide
5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide (or FAICAR) is an intermediate in the formation of purines.
See Biosynthesis and 5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide
5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole
5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole (or CAIR) is an intermediate in the formation of purines.
See Biosynthesis and 5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole
References
Also known as Biological synthesis, Biosynthesis of amino acids, Biosynthesis of lipids, Biosynthesize, Biosynthesized, Biosynthetic, Biosynthetic mechanism, Biosynthetic product, Biosynthetized, Phospholipid biosynthetic pathway, Production rate (biochemistry), Production rates (biochemistry).
, Central nervous system, Ceramide, Chemical compound, Chemical energy, Chlorophyllide, Cholesterol, Citrulline, Cobalamin biosynthesis, Codon degeneracy, Cofactor (biochemistry), Cognition, Condensation reaction, Cortisol, Covalent bond, CTP synthetase, Cyclic compound, Cysteine, Cysteine synthase, Cytidine triphosphate, Cytoplasm, Cytosine, Cytosol, Deoxyadenosine, Deoxyadenosine triphosphate, Deoxygenation, Deoxyguanosine, Deoxyribonucleotide, Deoxyribose, Deoxyuridine monophosphate, Dephosphorylation, Diaminopimelate decarboxylase, Diaminopimelate epimerase, Diaminopimelic acid, Dihydrodipicolinate synthase, Dihydroorotase, Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, DNA, DNA and RNA codon tables, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, DNA replication, DNA supercoil, Endocytosis, Endoplasmic reticulum, Enzyme, Estrogen, Ethanol, Eukaryote, Eukaryotic translation, Familial hypercholesterolemia, Fatty acid, Flavin adenine dinucleotide, Functional group, Genetic code, Gliosis, Glutamate 5-kinase, Glutamate dehydrogenase, Glutamate N-acetyltransferase, Glutamate synthase, Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glutamine synthetase, Glycine, Glycineamide ribonucleotide, Glycolysis, Glyconeogenesis, Glycosidic bond, Gout, Guanosine, Helicase, Histidine, Huntingtin, Huntington's disease, Hydrocarbon, Hydrolysis, Hydrophile, Hydrophobe, Hydroxy group, Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, Imidazole, Immunological memory, Inner mitochondrial membrane, Inosine monophosphate synthase, Inosinic acid, Isoleucine, Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, Α-Aminoadipate pathway, Α-Ketoglutaric acid, Kinase, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, Leucine, Lipid, Lipid bilayer, Locant, Low-density lipoprotein, Lysine, Lysophosphatidic acid, Macromolecule, Mammal, Meso compound, Messenger RNA, Metabolic pathway, Metabolism, Metal, Methionine, Methyl group, Microorganism, Mitochondrion, Monomer, Myelin, N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase, N-Acetylglutamate synthase, Neurology, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Nitrogen assimilation, Non-covalent interaction, Nucleic acid, Nucleic acid metabolism, Nucleophile, Nucleoside triphosphate, Nucleotide, O-Acetylserine, Okazaki fragments, Organelle, Ornithine, Orotidine 5'-monophosphate, Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, Oxaloacetic acid, Palmitoyl-CoA, Peptide, Peptide bond, Phenylalanine, Phosphate, Phosphatidic acid, Phosphodiester bond, Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid, Phospholipid, Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, Phosphoribosylamine, Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase, Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide, Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase, Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, Phosphoryl group, Phosphoserine, Phosphoserine phosphatase, Phosphoserine transaminase, Precursor (chemistry), Primase, Primer (molecular biology), Product (chemistry), Prokaryote, Proline, Prostaglandin, Protein, Proteinogenic amino acid, Purine, Pyrimidine, Pyrophosphate, Pyruvic acid, Reaction intermediate, Reaction mechanism, Reaction rate, Reagent, Receptor (biochemistry), Redox, Release factor, Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase, Ribonucleotide, Ribose, Ribosome, RNA, RNA polymerase, Self-harm, Semiconservative replication, Serine, Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, Serine O-acetyltransferase, Severe combined immunodeficiency, Single-strand DNA-binding protein, Sphingolipid, Sphingomyelin, Sphingosine, Squalene, Stereocenter, Steroid, Sterol, Stop codon, Substrate (chemistry), Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase, Succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase, Sulfur, Synonym, T cell, Testosterone, Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase, Tetrahydrofolic acid, Threonine, Thymidine monophosphate, Thymidylate synthase, Thymine, Topoisomerase, Transfer RNA, Translation (biology), Tryptophan, Uracil, Uridine monophosphate, Uridine triphosphate, Valine, Viridiplantae, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase, 3-Phosphoglyceric acid, 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid, 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase, 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase, 5-Aminoimidazole ribotide, 5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide, 5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole.