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171 relations: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Adaptive immune system, Adjuvant, Adoptive cell transfer, Affimer, Alemtuzumab, Antibody, Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Antigen, Antigen-presenting cell, Apoptosis, Atezolizumab, Autoimmunity, Autophagy, Avelumab, Axicabtagene ciloleucel, B cell, Beta-glucan, Bladder cancer, Blood, Bone marrow suppression, Brain tumor, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Calcium channel, Cancer, Cancer cell, Cancer vaccine, Carbohydrate, CD19, CD20, CD40 (protein), CD47, CD52, CD80, CD86, Cell membrane, Cell surface receptor, Cell-mediated immunity, Chemotherapy, Chimeric antigen receptor, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, CISH, Classical complement pathway, Coley's toxins, Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, Combinatorial ablation and immunotherapy, Complement membrane attack complex, Complement system, ..., Complementarity-determining region, Cryoimmunotherapy, CTLA-4, Cutaneous T cell lymphoma, Cytokine, Cytotoxic T cell, Cytotoxicity, Decoy receptors, Dendritic cell, Dietary supplement, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Durvalumab, Epitope, Ewing's sarcoma, Fc receptor, Fibrosarcoma, Fludarabine, Follicular lymphoma, Fragment antigen-binding, Fragment crystallizable region, Fusion protein, Ganglioside, GD2, Glycosylation, Graft-versus-host disease, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Granzyme B, Hairy cell leukemia, HIV/AIDS, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Immune checkpoint, Immune system, Immunogenicity, Immunoglobulin G, Immunologic adjuvant, Immunosurveillance, Immunotherapy, In vitro, In vivo, Interferon, Interferon gamma, Interferon type I, Interferon type II, Interferon type III, Interleukin, Interleukin 2, International Immunology, Ipilimumab, Kaposi's sarcoma, Leiomyosarcoma, Lentinan, Leukapheresis, Leukemia, Ligand (biochemistry), Liposarcoma, Lymphocyte, Lymphokine-activated killer cell, Lysis, Macrophage, Major histocompatibility complex, Medicinal fungi, Melanoma, Merck Serono, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, MIT Technology Review, Model organism, Monoclonal antibody, Monocyte, Natural killer cell, Neoplasm, Neuroblastoma, Neutrophil, Nivolumab, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-small-cell lung carcinoma, Ofatumumab, Oncolytic virus, Osteosarcoma, Ovarian cancer, Passive immunity, Pathogen, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, PD-L1, Pembrolizumab, Peptide, Perforin, Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, Phagocytosis, Photoimmunotherapy, Polysaccharide, Polysaccharide-K, Programmed cell death protein 1, Prostate cancer, Prostatic acid phosphatase, Protein, Radioactive decay, Receptor (biochemistry), Regulatory T cell, Renal cell carcinoma, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Rituximab, Signal-regulatory protein alpha, Sipuleucel-T, Small-cell carcinoma, Soft-tissue sarcoma, T cell, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, T-cell receptor, Tetrapeptide, Tisagenlecleucel, Tislelizumab, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, Toll-like receptor, TPBG, Trametes versicolor, Tumor antigen, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Expand index (121 more) »
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes.
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Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
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Adjuvant
An adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents.
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Adoptive cell transfer
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is the transfer of cells into a patient.
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Affimer
Affimer molecules are small, highly stable proteins that bind their target molecules with similar specificity and affinity to that of antibodies.
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Alemtuzumab
Alemtuzumab is a drug used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and T-cell lymphoma under the trade names Campath, MabCampath and Campath-1H, and in the treatment of multiple sclerosis as Lemtrada.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), also referred to as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lyses a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Antigen-presenting cell
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Atezolizumab
Atezolizumab (trade name Tecentriq) is a fully humanized, engineered monoclonal antibody of IgG1 isotype against the protein programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.
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Autophagy
Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) (from the Ancient Greek αὐτόφαγος autóphagos, meaning "self-devouring" and κύτος kýtos, meaning "hollow") is the natural, regulated, destructive mechanism of the cell that disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components.
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Avelumab
Avelumab (trade name Bavencio) is a fully human monoclonal antibody developed by Merck KGaA and Pfizer and Eli Lilly and Company in Canada as a pharmaceutical drug for use in immunotherapy, originally for the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).
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Axicabtagene ciloleucel
Axicabtagene ciloleucel (KTE-C19, Axi-cel), marketed as Yescarta, is an adoptive cell transfer therapy for treating certain cases of large B-cell lymphoma.
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B cell
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
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Beta-glucan
β-Glucans (beta-glucans) comprise a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source.
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Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder.
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Blood
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
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Bone marrow suppression
Bone marrow suppression also known as myelotoxicity or myelosuppression, is the decrease in production of cells responsible for providing immunity (leukocytes), carrying oxygen (erythrocytes), and/or those responsible for normal blood clotting (thrombocytes).
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Brain tumor
A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain.
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Bristol-Myers Squibb
Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) is an American pharmaceutical company, headquartered in New York City.
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Calcium channel
A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Cancer cell
Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.
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Cancer vaccine
A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of a cancer.
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Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).
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CD19
B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, also known as CD19 molecule ('''C'''luster of '''D'''ifferentiation 19), B-Lymphocyte Surface Antigen B4, T-Cell Surface Antigen Leu-12 and CVID3 is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the gene CD19.
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CD20
B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is an activated-glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of all B-cells beginning at the pro-B phase (CD45R+, CD117+) and progressively increasing in concentration until maturity.
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CD40 (protein)
Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a costimulatory protein found on antigen presenting cells and is required for their activation.
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CD47
CD47 (Cluster of Differentiation 47) also known as integrin associated protein (IAP) is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the CD47 gene.
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CD52
CAMPATH-1 antigen, also known as cluster of differentiation 52 (CD52), is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the CD52 gene.
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CD80
Cluster of differentiation 80 (also CD80 and B7-1) is a protein found on dendritic cells, activated B cells and monocytes that provides a costimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival.
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CD86
Cluster of Differentiation 86 (also known as CD86 and B7-2) is a protein expressed on antigen-presenting cells that provides costimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation and survival.
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the membranes of cells.
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Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Chimeric antigen receptor
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs, also known as chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors or artificial T cell receptors) are engineered receptors that combine a new specificity with an immune cell to target cancer cells.
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the white blood cells.
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Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) is a type of leukaemia, which are cancers of the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow.
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CISH
Cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CISH gene.
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Classical complement pathway
The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune system.
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Coley's toxins
Coley's toxins (also called Coley's toxin, Coley's vaccine, Coley vaccine, Coley's fluid or mixed bacterial vaccine) is a mixture consisting of killed bacteria of species Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens, named after William Coley, a surgical oncologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery who developed the mixture in the late 19th century as a treatment for cancer.
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Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor
Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR), and CD115 (Cluster of Differentiation 115), is a cell-surface protein encoded, in humans, by the CSF1R gene (known also as c-FMS).
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Combinatorial ablation and immunotherapy
Combinatorial ablation and immunotherapy is an oncological treatment that combines various tumor-ablation techniques with immunotherapy treatment.
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Complement membrane attack complex
The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a structure typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is one of the effector proteins of the immune system.
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Complement system
The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen's cell membrane.
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Complementarity-determining region
Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B-cells and T-cells respectively, where these molecules bind to their specific antigen.
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Cryoimmunotherapy
Cryoimmunotherapy, also referred to as cryoimmunology, is an oncological treatment for various cancers that combines cryoablation of tumor with immunotherapy treatment.
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CTLA-4
CTLA4 or CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), also known as CD152 (cluster of differentiation 152), is a protein receptor that, functioning as an immune checkpoint, downregulates immune responses.
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Cutaneous T cell lymphoma
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a class of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a type of cancer of the immune system.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Cytotoxic T cell
A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.
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Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.
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Decoy receptors
A decoy receptor is a receptor that is able to recognize and bind specific growth factors or cytokines efficiently, but is not structurally able to signal or activate the intended receptor complex.
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Dendritic cell
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system.
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Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.
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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL or DLBL) is a cancer of B cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies.
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Durvalumab
Durvalumab is an FDA-approved immunotherapy for cancer, developed by Medimmune/AstraZeneca.
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Epitope
An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.
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Ewing's sarcoma
Ewing's sarcoma or Ewing sarcoma is a malignant small, round, blue cell tumor.
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Fc receptor
An Fc receptor is a protein found on the surface of certain cells – including, among others, B lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, human platelets, and mast cells – that contribute to the protective functions of the immune system.
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Fibrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma (fibroblastic sarcoma) is a malignant mesenchymal tumour derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by the presence of immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells in a storiform pattern.
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Fludarabine
Fludarabine, sold under the brand name Fludara among others, is a chemotherapy medication used in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma.
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Follicular lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma is a type of blood cancer.
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Fragment antigen-binding
The antigen-binding (Fab) fragment is a region on an antibody that binds to antigens.
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Fragment crystallizable region
The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system.
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Fusion protein
Fusion proteins or chimeric (\kī-ˈmir-ik) proteins (literally, made of parts from different sources) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins.
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Ganglioside
A ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (e.g. n-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) linked on the sugar chain.
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GD2
GD2 is a disialoganglioside expressed on tumors of neuroectodermal origin, including human neuroblastoma and melanoma, with highly restricted expression on normal tissues, principally to the cerebellum and peripheral nerves in humans.
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Glycosylation
Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor).
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Graft-versus-host disease
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a medical complication following the receipt of transplanted tissue from a genetically different person.
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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), is a monomeric glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts that functions as a cytokine.
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Granzyme B
Granzyme B is a serine protease most commonly found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T cells.
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Hairy cell leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes.
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma which is generally believed to result from white blood cells of the lymphocyte kind.
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Ibritumomab tiuxetan
Ibritumomab tiuxetan, sold under the trade name Zevalin, is a monoclonal antibody radioimmunotherapy treatment for relapsed or refractory, low grade or transformed B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a lymphoproliferative disorder.
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Immune checkpoint
Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Immunogenicity
Immunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human and other animal.
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Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody.
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Immunologic adjuvant
In immunology, an adjuvant is a component that potentiates the immune responses to an antigen and/or modulates it towards the desired immune responses.
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Immunosurveillance
Cancer immunosurveillance is a process by which an organism's immune system recognizes transformed cells in order to inhibit the growth of neoplastic tissue.
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Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response".
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.
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Interferon gamma
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons.
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Interferon type I
Human type I interferons (IFNs) are a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system.
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Interferon type II
A sole member makes up the type II interferons (IFNs) that is called IFN-γ (gamma).
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Interferon type III
The recently classified type III interferon group consists of three IFN-λ (lambda) molecules called IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3 (also called IL29, IL28A and IL28B respectively).
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Interleukin
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).
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Interleukin 2
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system.
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International Immunology
International Immunology is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Society for Immunology, addressing studies in allergology and immunology.
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Ipilimumab
Ipilimumab (trade name Yervoy) is a monoclonal antibody that works to activate the immune system by targeting CTLA-4, a protein receptor that downregulates the immune system.
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Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs.
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Leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma, also referred to as LMS, is a malignant (cancerous) smooth muscle tumor.
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Lentinan
Lentinan is a polysaccharide isolated from the fruit body of shiitake (Lentinula edodes mycelium.
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Leukapheresis
Leukapheresis is a laboratory procedure in which white blood cells are separated from a sample of blood.
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Leukemia
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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Liposarcoma
Liposarcoma is a cancer that arises in fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Lymphokine-activated killer cell
In cell biology, a lymphokine-activated killer cell (also known as a LAK cell) is a white blood cell that has been stimulated to kill tumor cells.
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Lysis
Lysis (Greek λύσις lýsis, "a loosing" from λύειν lýein, "to unbind") refers to the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic") mechanisms that compromise its integrity.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.
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Medicinal fungi
Medicinal fungi are those fungi which produce medically significant metabolites or can be induced to produce such metabolites using biotechnology.
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Melanoma
Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes.
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Merck Serono
Merck Serono (EMD Serono in the United States and Canada) is a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Darmstadt, Germany, and a brand and division of Merck focused on biopharmaceuticals.
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Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
The is a cabinet level ministry of the Japanese government.
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MIT Technology Review
MIT Technology Review is a magazine published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
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Monocyte
Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell.
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Natural killer cell
Natural killer cells or NK cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
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Neoplasm
Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
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Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue. It most frequently starts from one of the adrenal glands, but can also develop in the neck, chest, abdomen, or spine. Symptoms may include bone pain, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest, or a painless bluish lump under the skin. Occasionally, neuroblastoma may be due to a mutation inherited from a person's parents. Environmental factors have not been found to be involved. Diagnosis is based on a tissue biopsy. Occasionally it may be found in a baby by ultrasound during pregnancy. At diagnosis, the cancer has usually already spread. The cancer is divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups based on a child's age, cancer stage, and what the cancer looks like. Treatment and outcomes depends on the risk group a person is in. Treatments may include observation, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation. Low-risk disease in babies typically has a good outcome with surgery or simply observation. In high-risk disease, chances of long-term survival, however, are less than 40% despite aggressive treatment. Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies and the third-most common cancer in children after leukemia and brain cancer. About one in every 7,000 children is affected at some time. About 90% of cases occur in children less than 5 years old and it is rare in adults. Of cancer deaths in children, about 15% are due to neuroblastoma. The disease was first described in the 1800s.
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Neutrophil
Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals.
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Nivolumab
Nivolumab, marketed as Opdivo, is a medication used to treat cancer.
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas.
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Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).
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Ofatumumab
Ofatumumab (trade name Arzerra, also known as HuMax-CD20) is a fully human monoclonal antibody (for the CD20 protein) which appears to inhibit early-stage B lymphocyte activation.
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Oncolytic virus
An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells.
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Osteosarcoma
An osteosarcoma (OS) or osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) is a cancerous tumor in a bone.
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Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary.
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Passive immunity
Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors
PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a novel group of checkpoint inhibitors being developed for the treatment of cancer.
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PD-L1
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene.
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Pembrolizumab
Pembrolizumab (formerly MK-3475 and lambrolizumab, trade name Keytruda) is a humanized antibody used in cancer immunotherapy.
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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Perforin
Perforin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRF1 gene and the Prf1 gene in mice.
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Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma refers to a group of T-cell lymphomas that develop away from the thymus.
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Phagocytosis
In cell biology, phagocytosis is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome.
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Photoimmunotherapy
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT), also referred to as photothermal immunotherapy and photothermalimmunology, is an oncological treatment that combines photodynamic therapy of tumor with immunotherapy treatment.
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.
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Polysaccharide-K
Polysaccharide-K (Krestin, PSK) is a protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from the fruitbody of Trametes versicolor.
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Programmed cell death protein 1
Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279), is a protein found on the surface of cells that has a role in regulating the immune system's response to the cells of the human body by down-regulating the immune system and promoting self tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity.
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Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.
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Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), also prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), is an enzyme produced by the prostate.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Regulatory T cell
The regulatory T cells (Tregs), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease.
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Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine.
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Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye.
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma, or RMS, is an aggressive and highly malignant form of cancer that develops from skeletal (striated) muscle cells that have failed to fully differentiate.
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Rituximab
Rituximab, sold under the brand name Rituxan among others, is a medication used to treat certain autoimmune diseases and types of cancer.
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Signal-regulatory protein alpha
Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) is a regulatory membrane glycoprotein from SIRP family expressed mainly by myeloid cells and also by stem cells or neurons.
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Sipuleucel-T
Sipuleucel-T (APC8015, trade name Provenge), developed by Dendreon Corporation, is a cell-based cancer immunotherapy for prostate cancer (CaP).
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Small-cell carcinoma
Small-cell carcinoma (also known as "small-cell lung cancer", or "oat-cell carcinoma") is a type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung, although it can occasionally arise in other body sites, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract.
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Soft-tissue sarcoma
A soft-tissue sarcoma is a form of sarcoma that develops in connective tissue, though the term is sometimes applied to elements of the soft tissue that are not currently considered connective tissue.
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T cell
A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
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T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
T-cell-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a mature T-cell leukemia with aggressive behavior and predilection for blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and skin involvement.
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T-cell receptor
The T-cell receptor, or TCR, is a molecule found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
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Tetrapeptide
A tetrapeptide is a peptide, classified as an oligopeptide, since it only consists of four amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
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Tisagenlecleucel
Tisagenlecleucel, marketed as Kymriah, is a treatment for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia which uses the body's own T cells to fight cancer (adoptive cell transfer).
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Tislelizumab
Tislelizumab (BGB-A317) is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against PD-1.
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TLR3
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR3 gene.
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TLR7
Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR7 gene.
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TLR8
Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR8 gene.
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Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.
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TPBG
Trophoblast glycoprotein, also known as TPBG, 5T4, Wnt-Activated Inhibitory Factor 1 or WAIF1, is a human protein encoded by a TPBG gene.
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Trametes versicolor
Trametes versicolor – also known as Coriolus versicolor and Polyporus versicolor – is a common polypore mushroom found throughout the world.
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Tumor antigen
Tumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host.
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Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are white blood cells that have left the bloodstream and migrated toward tumor.
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Adoptive T-cell therapy, CC-90002, Cancer Immunotherapy, Cell transfer therapy, Checkpoint antibody, Cytokine therapy for cancer, Dendritic cell therapy, Immune checkpoint blockade, Immune checkpoint inhibitor, Immuno-oncology, Immunooncology, Immunotherapy for brain cancer, Immunotherapy of cancer, PD-1 inhibitor.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy
