COVID-19 vaccine

A COVID19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVIDnbhyph19). ^[1]

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Table of Contents

1. 254 relations: Aarogya Setu, Abdala (vaccine), Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator, Adaptive immune system, Adenoviridae, Adjuvant, Adverse effect, Agência Pública, Alex Azar, Allergy, Alum, Amnesty International, Anaphylaxis, Andina (news agency), Anthony Fauci, Antigen, Antigenic escape, ARCT-154, Arick Wierson, Arthralgia, AstraZeneca, Attenuated vaccine, Avian coronavirus, BCG vaccine, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Biotechnology, Booster dose, Breakthrough infection, Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Canine coronavirus, Capsid, CBS News, Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Clinical trial, ClinicalTrials.gov, Conjugate vaccine, Convidecia, Corbevax, CoronaVac, Coronaviridae, Coronavirus, Coronavirus spike protein, COVAX, COVAX-19, Covaxin, COVID-19, COVID-19 CPI, ... Expand index (204 more) » « Shrink index

2. COVID-19 vaccines

Aarogya Setu

Aarogya Setu (translation from Sanskrit: the bridge to health) is an Indian COVID-19 "contact tracing, syndromic mapping and self-assessment" digital service, primarily a mobile app, developed by the National Informatics Centre under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

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Abdala (vaccine)

Abdala, technical name CIGB-66, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Cuba.

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Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator

The Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT Accelerator or ACT-A), or the Global Collaboration to Accelerate the Development, Production and Equitable Access to New COVID-19 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, is a G20 initiative announced by pro-tem Chair Mohammed al-Jadaan on 24 April 2020.

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Adaptive immune system

The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, or specific immune system is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.

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Adenoviridae

Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome.

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Adjuvant

In pharmacology, an adjuvant is a drug or other substance, or a combination of substances, that is used to increase the efficacy or potency of certain drugs.

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Adverse effect

An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention, such as surgery.

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Agência Pública

Agência Pública is a Brazilian investigative and independent journalism agency.

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Alex Azar

Alex Michael Azar II (born June 17, 1967) is an American attorney, businessman, lobbyist, and former pharmaceutical executive who served as the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2018 to 2021.

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Allergy

Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.

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Alum

An alum is a type of chemical compound, usually a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium with the general formula, such that is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom.

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Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis (Greek: ana- ‘against’ + phylaxis ‘guarding’) is a serious, potentially fatal allergic reaction and medical emergency that is rapid in onset and requires immediate medical attention regardless of the use of emergency medication on site.

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Andina (news agency)

Andina is a news agency owned by the Peruvian government, covering Latin America and the world at large.

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Anthony Fauci

Anthony Stephen Fauci (born December 24, 1940) is an American physician-scientist and immunologist who served as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) from 1984 to 2022, and the chief medical advisor to the president from 2021 to 2022.

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Antigen

In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor.

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Antigenic escape

Antigenic escape, immune escape, immune evasion or escape mutation occurs when the immune system of a host, especially of a human being, is unable to respond to an infectious agent: the host's immune system is no longer able to recognize and eliminate a pathogen, such as a virus.

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ARCT-154

ARCT-154, also known as VBC-COV19-154 in Vietnam, is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Arcturus Therapeutics.

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Arick Wierson

Arick Wierson (born November 23, 1971) is an American columnist who writes on politics and business for CNN and Newsweek.

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Arthralgia

Arthralgia literally means 'joint pain'.

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AstraZeneca

AstraZeneca plc (AZ) is a British-Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with its headquarters at the Cambridge Biomedical Campus in Cambridge, England.

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Attenuated vaccine

An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live").

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Avian coronavirus

Avian coronavirus is a species of virus from the genus Gammacoronavirus that infects birds; since 2018, all gammacoronaviruses which infect birds have been classified as this single species.

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BCG vaccine

The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB).

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Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority

The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) is a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) office responsible for the procurement and development of medical countermeasures, principally against bioterrorism, including chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats, as well as pandemic influenza and emerging diseases.

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.

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Booster dose

A booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier (primer) dose.

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Breakthrough infection

A breakthrough infection is a case of illness in which a vaccinated individual becomes infected with the illness, because the vaccine has failed to provide complete immunity against the pathogen (currently only viruses).

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Bureau of Investigative Journalism

The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, typically abbreviated to TBIJ or "the Bureau", is a nonprofit news organisation based in London that was founded in 2010 to pursue "public interest" investigations.

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Canine coronavirus

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus 1. It causes a highly contagious intestinal disease worldwide in dogs.

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Capsid

A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material.

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CBS News

CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS.

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Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy

The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) is a center within the University of Minnesota that focuses on addressing public health preparedness and emerging infectious disease response.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States.

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Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine

Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine, or IMBCAMS COVID-19 vaccine, traded as Covidful (p), is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by.

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Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) is an institution directly under the National Health Commission, based in Changping District, Beijing, China.

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Clinical trial

Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison.

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ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry of clinical trials.

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Conjugate vaccine

A conjugate vaccine is a type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen.

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Convidecia

AD5-nCOV, trade-named Convidecia, is a single-dose viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 that is also used as an inhaled booster.

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Corbevax

Corbevax is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas and Dynavax technologies based in Emeryville, California.

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CoronaVac

CoronaVac, also known as the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine, was a whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Chinese company Sinovac Biotech.

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Coronaviridae

Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals.

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Coronavirus

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.

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Coronavirus spike protein

Spike (S) glycoprotein (sometimes also called spike protein, formerly known as E2) is the largest of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses.

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COVAX

COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access, abbreviated as COVAX, is a worldwide initiative aimed at equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines directed by the GAVI vaccine alliance, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and the World Health Organization (WHO), alongside key delivery partner UNICEF. COVID-19 vaccine and COVAX are COVID-19 vaccines.

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COVAX-19

COVAX-19 (or SpikoGen) is a recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by South Australian-based biotech company Vaxine, in collaboration with CinnaGen, a private company with operations in the Middle East.

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Covaxin

Covaxin (development name, BBV152) is a whole inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Virology.

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COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

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COVID-19 CPI

The COVID-19 CPI, also known as Pandemic CPI, Coronavirus CPI, or simply COVID CPI, was a parliamentary inquiry commission from Brazil, with the goal to investigate alleged omissions and irregularities in federal government actions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

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COVID-19 drug development

COVID-19 drug development is the research process to develop preventative therapeutic prescription drugs that would alleviate the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

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COVID-19 drug repurposing research

Drug repositioning (also known as drug repurposing, re-profiling, re-tasking, or therapeutic switching) is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed.

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COVID-19 in pregnancy

COVID-19 infection in pregnancy is associated with several pregnancy complications.

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COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.

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COVID-19 vaccine

A COVID19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVIDnbhyph19). COVID-19 vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine are COVID-19 vaccines.

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COVIran Barekat

COVIran Barekat (کووایران برکت) is a COVID-19 vaccine developed in Iran by Shifa Pharmed Industrial Group, a subsidiary of the Barkat Pharmaceutical Group.

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CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)

CoviVac (КовиВак) is an inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the, which is an institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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CoVLP

CoVLP (brand name Covifenz) was a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Medicago in Canada and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).

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CoWIN

CoWIN (Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network) is an Indian government web portal for COVID-19 vaccination registration, owned and operated by India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

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CureVac

CureVac N.V. is a German biopharmaceutical company.

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CureVac COVID-19 vaccine

The CureVac COVID-19 vaccine (abbreviated CVnCoV) was a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by CureVac N.V. and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).

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Damages

At common law, damages are a remedy in the form of a monetary award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury.

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DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT

DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Beijing Wantai Biological, Xiamen University and the University of Hong Kong.

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Dendritic cell

A dendritic cell (DC) is an antigen-presenting cell (also known as an accessory cell) of the mammalian immune system.

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Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network

The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) is a voluntary non-partisan public health alliance of health organizations and vaccine manufacturers.

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Developing country

A developing country is a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

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Disinformation

Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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DNA vaccine

A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.

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Drew Weissman

Drew Weissman (born September 7, 1959) is an American physician and immunologist known for his contributions to RNA biology.

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Drug delivery

Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, manufacturing techniques, storage systems, and technologies involved in transporting a pharmaceutical compound to its target site to achieve a desired therapeutic effect.

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Economics of vaccines

Vaccine development and production is economically complex and prone to market failure.

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Egyptian pound

The Egyptian pound (جنيه مصرى; abbreviations: £, E£, £E, LE, or EGP in Latin, and ج.م. in Arabic, ISO code: EGP) is the official currency of Egypt.

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Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination

Post-vaccination embolic and thrombotic events, termed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VIPIT), thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT), or vaccine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VATT), are rare types of blood clotting syndromes that were initially observed in a number of people who had previously received the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine (AZD1222) during the COVID‑19 pandemic. COVID-19 vaccine and embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination are COVID-19 vaccines.

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Emergency Use Authorization

An Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the United States is an authorization granted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under sections of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as added to and amended by various Acts of Congress, including by the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 (PAHPRA), as codified by, to allow the use of a drug prior to approval.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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EpiVacCorona

EpiVacCorona (EpiVacCorona) is a peptide-based vaccine against COVID-19 developed by the Russian VECTOR Center of Virology. The lack of protective effectiveness of EpiVacCorona, which is still in use in Russia, has been reported in scientific literature and in the media.

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Erik Prince

Erik Dean Prince (born June 6, 1969) is an American businessman, investor, and former U.S. Navy SEAL officer, and the founder of the private military company Blackwater.

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EudraCT

EudraCT (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials) is the European clinical trials database of all clinical trials of investigational medicinal products with at least one site in the European Union commencing 1 May 2004 or later.

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EudraVigilance

EudraVigilance (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Pharmacovigilance) is the European data processing network and management system for reporting and evaluation of suspected adverse reactions to medicines which have been authorised or being studied in clinical trials in the European Economic Area (EEA).

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is the primary executive arm of the European Union (EU).

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European Medicines Agency

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) in charge of the evaluation and supervision of pharmaceutical products.

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Excipient

Excipient is a substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication.

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FAKHRAVAC

FAKHRAVAC (واکسن فخرا) is a COVID-19 vaccine developed in Iran by the Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research, a subsidiary of Iran's Ministry of Defense.

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Fear of needles

Fear of needles, known in medical literature as needle phobia, is the extreme fear of medical procedures involving injections or hypodermic needles.

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Feline coronavirus

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that infects cats worldwide.

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Food and Drug Administration

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.

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Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (systematic name methanal) is an organic compound with the chemical formula and structure, more precisely.

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Fortune (magazine)

Fortune (stylized in all caps) is an American global business magazine headquartered in New York City.

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François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017.

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Freedom of Information Act 2000

The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (c. 36) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that creates a public "right of access" to information held by public authorities.

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G20

The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union (EU), and the African Union (AU).

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GAVI

GAVI, officially Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (previously the GAVI Alliance, and before that the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) is a public–private global health partnership with the goal of increasing access to immunization in poor countries.

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Gordon Brown

James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2010.

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Government of China

The government of the People's Republic of China is based on a system of people's congress within the parameters of a unitary communist state, in which the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enacts its policies through people's congresses.

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Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.

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GSK plc

GSK plc (an acronym from its former name GlaxoSmithKline plc) is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with global headquarters in London.

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Haram

Haram (حَرَام) is an Arabic term meaning 'forbidden'.

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Helen Clark

Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th prime minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008, and was the administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017.

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HGC019

HGC019 is a mRNA and Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) based COVID-19 vaccine candidate being developed by Gennova Biopharmaceuticals and HDT Bio Corp.

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Immune system

The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.

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Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.

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Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal.

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Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin A (Ig A, also referred to as sIgA in its secretory form) is an antibody that plays a role in the immune function of mucous membranes.

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Immunologic adjuvant

In immunology, an adjuvant is a substance that increases or modulates the immune response to a vaccine.

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Immunology

Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.

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Inactivated vaccine

An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) is a vaccine consisting of virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens that have been grown in culture and then killed to destroy disease-producing capacity.

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INCOVACC

iNCOVACC (codenamed BBV154) is an intranasal COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Bharat Biotech, American company Precision Virologics and the Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri, United States.

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Indemnity

In contract law, an indemnity is a contractual obligation of one party (the indemnitor) to compensate the loss incurred by another party (the indemnitee) due to the relevant acts of the indemnitor or any other party.

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Indiana vesiculovirus

Indiana vesiculovirus, formerly Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV or VSV) is a virus in the family Rhabdoviridae; the well-known Rabies lyssavirus belongs to the same family.

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IndoVac

IndoVac is a recombinant protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine, developed by Indonesian pharmaceutical company Bio Farma and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas.

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Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.

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Intellectual property

Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect.

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International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.

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Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection, often abbreviated IM, is the injection of a substance into a muscle.

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Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

The Janssen COVID19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Jcovden, is a COVIDnbhyph19 vaccine that was developed by Janssen Vaccines in Leiden, Netherlands, and its Belgian parent company Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of American company Johnson & Johnson.

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Janssen Pharmaceuticals

Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine (formerly Janssen Pharmaceuticals) is a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Beerse, Belgium, and wholly-owned by Johnson & Johnson.

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Jeffery Taubenberger

Jeffery K. Taubenberger (born 1961 in Landstuhl, Germany) is an American virologist.

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Johnson & Johnson

Johnson & Johnson (J&J) is an American multinational pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical technologies corporation headquartered in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange.

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Joseph Stiglitz

Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (born February 9, 1943) is an American New Keynesian economist, a public policy analyst, political activist, and a full professor at Columbia University.

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Katalin Karikó

Katalin "Kati" Karikó (Karikó Katalin,; born 17 January 1955) is a Hungarian-American biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

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Lentiviral vector in gene therapy

Lentiviral vectors in gene therapy is a method by which genes can be inserted, modified, or deleted in organisms using lentiviruses.

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List of national public health agencies

This list of national public health agencies includes national level organizations responsible for public health, infectious disease control, and epidemiology.

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Long COVID

Long COVID or long-haul COVID is a group of health problems persisting or developing after an initial period of COVID-19 infection.

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Lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is a disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency.

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Médecins Sans Frontières

italic (MSF; pronounced), also known as Doctors Without Borders, is a charity that provides humanitarian medical care. It is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) of French origin known for its projects in conflict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases.

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Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care in the United Kingdom which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work and are acceptably safe.

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Menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.

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MERS

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

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Messenger RNA

In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.

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Microbiological culture

A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.

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Minhai COVID-19 vaccine

Minhai COVID-19 vaccine (s), trademarked as KCONVAC (p), is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co.

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Model organism

A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Moderna

Moderna, Inc. is an American pharmaceutical and biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that focuses on RNA therapeutics, primarily mRNA vaccines.

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Moderna COVID-19 vaccine

The Moderna COVID19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Spikevax, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the American company Moderna, the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA).

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Modified vaccinia Ankara

Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated (weakened) strain of the vaccinia virus.

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Moratorium (law)

A moratorium is a delay or suspension of an activity or a law.

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Moving target indication

Moving target indication (MTI) is a mode of operation of a radar to discriminate a target against the clutter.

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MRNA vaccine

An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response.

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Mucosal immunology

Mucosal immunology is the study of immune system responses that occur at mucosal membranes of the intestines, the urogenital tract, and the respiratory system.

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MVC COVID-19 vaccine

The MVC COVID-19 vaccine (first), designated MVC-COV1901 and also known as the Medigen COVID-19 vaccine, is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation in Taiwan, American company Dynavax Technologies, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

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Myalgia

Myalgia or muscle pain is a painful sensation evolving from muscle tissue.

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Myocarditis

Myocarditis, also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy, is an acquired cardiomyopathy due to inflammation of the heart muscle.

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MySociety

mySociety is a UK-based registered charity, previously named UK Citizens Online Democracy.

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Nanoparticle

A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is a particle of matter 1 to 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter.

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Narendra Modi

Narendra Damodardas Modi (born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the current Prime Minister of India since 26 May 2014.

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Nasal mucosa

The nasal mucosa lines the nasal cavity.

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Nasal vaccine

A nasal vaccine is a vaccine administered through the nose that stimulates an immune response without an injection.

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National Health Commission

The National Health Commission (NHC) is a cabinet-level executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China which is responsible for formulating national health policies.

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.

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Negligence

Negligence (Lat. negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate care expected to be exercised in similar circumstances.

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.

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Nocebo

A nocebo effect is said to occur when a patient's negative expectations for a treatment cause the treatment to have a worse effect than it otherwise would have.

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Noora (vaccine)

Noora (نورا) is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences in collaboration with Plasma Darman Sarv Sepid Co.

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Novavax

Novavax, Inc. is an American biotechnology company based in Gaithersburg, Maryland, that develops vaccines to counter serious infectious diseases.

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Novavax COVID-19 vaccine

The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Nuvaxovid and Covovax, among others, is a subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Novavax and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.

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Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA

A nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) is a synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) in which some nucleosides are replaced by other naturally modified nucleosides or by synthetic nucleoside analogues.

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Operation Warp Speed

Operation Warp Speed (OWS) was a public–private partnership initiated by the United States government to facilitate and accelerate the development, manufacturing, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics.

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Our World in Data

Our World in Data (OWID) is a scientific online publication that focuses on large global problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, climate change, war, existential risks, and inequality.

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Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield and Vaxzevria among others, is a viral vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19. It was developed in the United Kingdom by Oxford University and British-Swedish company AstraZeneca, using as a vector the modified chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1.

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Pedro Castillo

José Pedro Castillo Terrones (born 19 October 1969) is a Peruvian politician, former elementary school teacher, and union leader who served as the President of Peru from 28 July 2021 to 7 December 2022.

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People's Bank of China

The People's Bank of China (officially PBC and unofficially PBOC) is the central bank of the People's Republic of China.

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Peptide

Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

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Peptide vaccine

Peptide-based synthetic vaccines (epitope vaccines) are subunit vaccines made from peptides.

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Pericarditis

Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.

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Pfizer

Pfizer Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporation headquartered at The Spiral in Manhattan, New York City.

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Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine

The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Comirnaty, is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the German biotechnology company BioNTech. For its development, BioNTech collaborated with the American company Pfizer to carry out clinical trials, logistics, and manufacturing.

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Pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry is an industry involved in medicine that discovers, develops, produces, and markets pharmaceutical goods for use as drugs that function by being administered to (or self-administered by) patients using such medications with the goal of curing and/or preventing disease (as well as possibly alleviating symptoms of illness and/or injury).

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Pivotal trial

A pivotal trial is typically a Phase III clinical trial in the multi-year process of clinical research intended to demonstrate and confirm the safety and efficacy of a treatment – such as a drug candidate, medical device or clinical diagnostic procedure – and to estimate the incidence of common adverse effects.

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Presidency of Joe Biden

Joe Biden's tenure as the 46th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 2021.

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President of Peru

The President of Peru (Presidente del Perú), officially called the Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru (presidente constitucional de la República del Perú), is the head of state and head of government of Peru.

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Protein production

Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein.

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Protein subunit

In structural biology, a protein subunit is a polypeptide chain or single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with others to form a protein complex.

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Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act

The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREPA), passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President of the United States George W. Bush in December 2005 (as part of), is a controversial tort liability shield intended to protect pharmaceutical manufacturers from financial risk in the event of a declared public health emergency.

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QazCovid-in

QazCovid-in, commercially known as QazVac, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems in Kazakhstan.

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Razi Cov Pars

Razi Cov Pars (رازی کوو پارس) is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Iranian Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Razi Cov Pars is a covid-19 vaccine based on recombinant protein, which is being produced by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Iran.

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Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).

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Ron DeSantis

Ronald Dion DeSantis (born September 14, 1978) is an American politician serving since 2019 as the 46th governor of Florida.

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Russian Direct Investment Fund

The Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) is Russia's sovereign wealth fund established in 2011 by the Russian government to make investments in companies of high-growth sectors of the Russian economy.

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Sanofi Pasteur

Sanofi Pasteur is the vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi.

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Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine

The Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine sold under the brand name VidPrevtyn Beta, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sanofi Pasteur and GSK.

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SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1, the first identified strain of the SARS-related coronavirus.

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SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.

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SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant

The Beta variant, (B.1.351), was a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

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SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant

The Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

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SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant

Kappa variant is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Omicron (B.1.1.529) is a variant of SARS-CoV-2 first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) by the Network for Genomics Surveillance in South Africa on 24 November 2021.

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Scientific American

Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.

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Serum Institute of India

Serum Institute of India (SII) is an Indian biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals company, based in Pune.

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Seventy-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly

The Seventy-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly was the session of the United Nations General Assembly which ran from 14 September 2021 to 13 September 2022.

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Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as BBIBP-CorV, the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, or BIBP vaccine, is one of two whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (sometimes written as Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products, resulting in the two different acronyms BBIBP and BIBP for the same vaccine).

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Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine

Sinopharm NVSI COVID-19 vaccine, also known as mutI-tri-RBD or NVSI-06-08, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI, 中生研究院), a subsidiary of CNBG of Sinopharm.

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Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine

The Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as WIBP-CorV, is one of two inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm.

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Sinovac Biotech

Sinovac Biotech Ltd. is a Chinese biopharmaceutical company based in Haidian District, Beijing that focuses on the research, development, manufacture, and commercialization of vaccines that protect against human infectious diseases.

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Skycovione

Skycovione is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by SK Bioscience and the Institute for Protein Design of the University of Washington, It is South Korea's first homegrown COVID-19 vaccine and utilizes GSK's AS03 adjuvant technology.

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Soberana 02

Soberana 02 or Soberana 2, technical name FINLAY-FR-2, is a COVID-19 vaccine produced by the Finlay Institute, a Cuban epidemiological research institute.

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Soberana Plus

Soberana Plus, technical name FINLAY-FR-1A, is a COVID-19 candidate vaccine produced by the Finlay Institute, a Cuban epidemiological research institute.

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Social distancing

In public health, social distancing, also called physical distancing, (NB. Regula Venske is president of the PEN Centre Germany.) is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures intended to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other.

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Solid lipid nanoparticle

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are nanoparticles composed of lipids.

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Spike protein

In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus.

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Sputnik Light

Sputnik Light (Sputnik Layt or Lajt) is a single dose COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology.

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Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine

Sputnik V (Спутник V, the brand name from the Russian Direct Investment Fund or RDIF) or Gam-COVID-Vac (Гам-КОВИД-Вак, the name under which it is legally registered and produced) is an adenovirus viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia.

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Stat (website)

Stat (stylized STAT, sometimes also called Stat News) is an American health-oriented news website launched on November 4, 2015, by John W. Henry, the owner of The Boston Globe.

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State of Palestine

Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in the southern Levant region of West Asia, encompassing the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, within the larger historic Palestine region.

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Subjective well-being

Subjective well-being (SWB) is a self-reported measure of well-being, typically obtained by questionnaire.

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Subunit vaccine

A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response.

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Supply chain

A supply chain, sometimes expressed as a "supply-chain", is a complex logistics system that consists of facilities that convert raw materials into finished products and distribute them to end consumers or end customers.

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Swissmedic

The Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic) is the Swiss surveillance authority for medicines and medical devices, registered in Bern.

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Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia.

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Task force

A task force (TF) is a unit or formation established to work on a single defined task or activity.

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Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus

Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (ቴዎድሮስ አድሓኖም ገብረኢየሱስ, sometimes spelt label; born 3 March 1965) is an Ethiopian public health official, researcher, diplomat, and the Director-General of the World Health Organization since 2017.

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The BMJ

The BMJ is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal, published by BMJ Group, which in turn is wholly-owned by the British Medical Association (BMA).

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The Globe and Mail

The Globe and Mail is a Canadian newspaper printed in five cities in western and central Canada.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Lancet

The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Therapeutic Goods Administration

The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is the medicine and therapeutic regulatory agency of the Australian Government.

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Tinnitus

Tinnitus is a variety of sound that is heard when no corresponding external sound is present.

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Treaty

A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement concluded by sovereign states in international law.

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TRIPS Agreement waiver

The TRIPS Agreement waiver (officially titled the Waiver from certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of COVID-19) is a joint intervention communication by South Africa and India to the TRIPS council of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 2 October 2020.

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Turkovac

Turkovac (pronunciation: cat.

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UB-612

UB-612 is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by, and Vaxxinity, Inc.

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UNICEF

UNICEF, originally the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, officially United Nations Children's Fund since 1953, is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.

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United States Department of Defense

The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the U.S. government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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Uppsala Monitoring Centre

Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), located in Uppsala, Sweden, is the field name for the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring.

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V-01

V-01 is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by a subsidiary of Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Inc.

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V451 vaccine

V451 was a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by the University of Queensland and the Australian pharmaceutical company CSL Limited.

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Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease.

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Vaccine adverse event

A vaccine adverse event (VAE), sometimes referred to as a vaccine injury, is an adverse event believed to have been caused by vaccination.

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Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a United States program for vaccine safety, co-managed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

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Vaccine equity

Vaccine equity means ensuring that everyone in the world has equal access to vaccines.

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Vaccine hesitancy

Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal, of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services and supporting evidence.

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Vaccine Taskforce

The Vaccine Taskforce in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was set up in April 2020 by the Second Johnson ministry, in collaboration with Chief Scientific Advisor Patrick Vallance and Chief Medical Officer Professor Chris Whitty, in order to facilitate the path towards the introduction of a COVID-19 vaccine in the UK and its global distribution. COVID-19 vaccine and vaccine Taskforce are COVID-19 vaccines.

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Valneva COVID-19 vaccine

Valneva COVID-19 vaccine was a COVID-19 vaccine developed by French biotechnology company Valneva SE in collaboration with the American biopharmaceutical company Dynavax Technologies.

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Variants of SARS-CoV-2

Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are viruses that, while similar to the original, have genetic changes that are of enough significance to lead virologists to label them separately.

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VigiBase

VigiBase is a World Health Organization's (WHO) global Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR) database that contains ICSRs submitted by the participating member states enrolled under WHO's international drug monitoring programme.

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Viral vector

Viral vectors are modified viruses designed to deliver genetic material into cells.

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Viral vector vaccine

A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient's host cells as mRNA coding for a desired protein, or antigen, to elicit an immune response.

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Virology

Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses.

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Virus-like particle

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are molecules that closely resemble viruses, but are non-infectious because they contain no viral genetic material.

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Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) is the largest biomedical research facility administered by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).

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Walvax COVID-19 vaccine

AWcorna, originally termed ARCoV and also known as the Walvax COVID-19 vaccine, is an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine developed by Walvax Biotechnology, Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, and the PLA Academy of Military Science.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States.

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World Bank high-income economy

A high-income economy is defined by the World Bank as a country with a gross national income per capita of US$14,005 or more in 2023, calculated using the Atlas method.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.

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Yellow Card Scheme

The Yellow Card Scheme is the United Kingdom's system for collecting information on suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to medicines.

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ZF2001

ZF2001, trade-named Zifivax or ZF-UZ-VAC-2001, is an adjuvanted protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Anhui Zhifei Longcom in collaboration with the Institute of Microbiology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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ZyCoV-D

ZyCoV-D is a DNA plasmid-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by Indian pharmaceutical company Cadila Healthcare, with support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council.

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See also

COVID-19 vaccines

• COVAX
• COVID-19 vaccine
• COVID-19 vaccine clinical research
• COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
• ChAdOx1
• Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines
• Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination
• History of COVID-19 vaccine development
• List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations
• Seroconversion
• Universal coronavirus vaccine
• Vaccine Maitri
• Vaccine Taskforce
• Vaccine line jumping

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine

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