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Camera obscura

Index Camera obscura

Camera obscura (plural camera obscura or camera obscuras; from Latin, meaning "dark room": camera "(vaulted) chamber or room," and obscura "darkened, dark"), also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. [1]

184 relations: A Matter of Life and Death (film), Addicted to Love (film), Al-Kindi, American Philosophical Society, Anamorphosis, Ancient Greece, Andrei Rublev (film), Andrei Tarkovsky, Aniconism in Islam, Anthemius of Tralles, Arabs, Aristotle, Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Astronomy Centre, Athanasius Kircher, BBC Books, Benedetto Castelli, Bonnington Pavilion, Book of Optics, Buzza Tower, Byzantine Empire, Camera, Camera lucida, Camera Obscura (album), Camera Obscura (band), Camera Obscura (duo), Camera Obscura (Edinburgh), Camera Obscura (San Francisco, California), Cave painting, Chinese pagoda, Christoph Scheiner, Claude glass, Cliff House, San Francisco, Clifton Observatory, Codex Atlanticus, Colin Firth, Constantijn Huygens, Cornelis Drebbel, Cuba, Daniel Schwenter, Daniele Barbaro, David Fabricius, Diffraction, Doctor Who, Don Ihde, Donald Hill, Dream Pool Essays, Duan Chengshi, Dumfries Museum, Dutch Golden Age painting, ..., Edinburgh University Press, Enigma (musical project), Euclid, Euclid's Optics, F-number, Fatal Frame, Foredown Tower, François d'Aguilon, Francesco Algarotti, Francesco Maurolico, Friedrich Risner, Galileo Galilei, Gaspar Schott, Gemma Frisius, Gerolamo Cardano, Gersonides, Giambattista Benedetti, Giambattista della Porta, Girl with a Pearl Earring (film), Gnomon, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Grand Union Camera Obscura, Greenport, Suffolk County, New York, Griffith Observatory, Hagia Sophia, Hans Belting, Havana, Helioscope, Henry Fox Talbot, History of film, History of science and technology in China, Hockney–Falco thesis, Hugh Town, Human eye, Ibn al-Haytham, Ibn Yunus, Ignazio Danti, Isles of Scilly, Jacob's staff, Jean François Niceron, Johann Sturm, Johann Zahn, Johannes Fabricius, Johannes Kepler, Johannes Vermeer, John Locke, John Peckham, Joseph Needham, Joshua Reynolds, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, Latin, Laughter in the Dark (novel), Lavie Tidhar, Lens (anatomy), Lens (optics), Leonardo da Vinci, Lisbon, Lloyd Rose, London, Los Angeles, Louis Daguerre, Magia Naturalis, Magic lantern, Mario Bettinus, Matthew Broderick, Middle Ages, Minim (religious order), Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang, Mohism, Mozi, Mozi (book), National Register of Historic Places, Necromancy, Nejc Gazvoda, Neolithic, Nicéphore Niépce, Nico, Nicolaas Beets, Old Havana, Optics, Opus Majus, Oriental studies, Pacific Ocean, Paleolithic, Palisades Park (Santa Monica), Pappenheim, Paul Sandby, Peconic Bay, Pepper's ghost, Perspective (graphical), Philadelphia, Physicist, Pinhole camera, Plaza Vieja, Havana, Pope Gregory XIII, Portslade, Problems (Aristotle), Pupil, René Descartes, Retina, Robert Boyle, Robert Grosseteste, Robert Hooke, Roger Bacon, Roger Livesey, San Francisco, Santa Monica Camera Obscura, Santa Monica Pier, Santa Monica State Beach, Santa Monica, California, São Jorge Castle, Scarlett Johansson, Scholasticism, Science Museum, London, Scioptic ball, Shelter Island, New York, Shen Kuo, Song dynasty, South Downs, Sunspot, Sutro District, Sutro Heights Park, Telescope, The Photographers' Gallery, The Screen Behind the Mirror, Theon of Alexandria, Tracing paper, United States, Universal joint, University of Chicago Press, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Vitello, Vladimir Nabokov, Zhoubi Suanjing. Expand index (134 more) »

A Matter of Life and Death (film)

A Matter of Life and Death is a 1946 British fantasy-romance film written, produced and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, and set in England during the Second World War.

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Addicted to Love (film)

Addicted to Love is a 1997 American romantic comedy film directed by Griffin Dunne, starring Meg Ryan, Matthew Broderick, Tchéky Karyo, and Kelly Preston.

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Al-Kindi

Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician.

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American Philosophical Society

The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 and located in Philadelphia, is an eminent scholarly organization of international reputation that promotes useful knowledge in the sciences and humanities through excellence in scholarly research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach.

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Anamorphosis

Anamorphosis is a distorted projection or perspective requiring the viewer to use special devices or occupy a specific vantage point (or both) to reconstitute the image.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).

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Andrei Rublev (film)

Andrei Rublev (Russian: Андрей Рублёв) is a 1966 Soviet biographical historical drama film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and co-written with Andrei Konchalovsky.

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Andrei Tarkovsky

Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (p; 4 April 1932 – 29 December 1986) was a Russian filmmaker, writer, film editor, film theorist, theatre and opera director.

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Aniconism in Islam

Aniconism is a proscription in Islam against the creation of images of sentient beings.

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Anthemius of Tralles

Anthemius of Tralles (Ἀνθέμιος ὁ Τραλλιανός, Medieval Greek:, Anthémios o Trallianós; – 533 558) was a Greek from Tralles who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

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Arabs

Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.

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Arnaldus de Villa Nova

Arnaldus de Villa Nova (also called Arnau de Vilanova in Valencian, his language, Arnaldus Villanovanus, Arnaud de Ville-Neuve or Arnaldo de Villanueva, c. 1240–1311) was a physician and a religious reformer.

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Astronomy Centre

The Astronomy Centre, also known as the Amateur Astronomy Centre, is an astronomical observatory located in northern England which is run by experienced amateur astronomers and is open to the public at certain times.

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Athanasius Kircher

Athanasius Kircher, S.J. (sometimes erroneously spelled Kirchner; Athanasius Kircherus, 2 May 1602 – 28 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works, most notably in the fields of comparative religion, geology, and medicine.

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BBC Books

BBC Books (also formerly known as BBC Publishing) is an imprint majority owned and managed by Penguin Random House through its Ebury Publishing division.

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Benedetto Castelli

Benedetto Castelli (1578 – 9 April 1643), born Antonio Castelli, was an Italian mathematician.

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Bonnington Pavilion

The Bonnington Pavilion or Hall of Mirrors, now a ruin, is situated in the grounds of the old estate of Bonnington, near New Lanark, overlooking Corra Linn falls on the River Clyde in Lanarkshire, Scotland.

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Book of Optics

The Book of Optics (Kitāb al-Manāẓir; Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva; Italian: Deli Aspecti) is a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen (965– c. 1040 AD).

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Buzza Tower

Buzza Tower is a Grade II listed structure on St Mary's, Isles of Scilly now used as a camera obscura.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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Camera

A camera is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored locally, transmitted to another location, or both.

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Camera lucida

A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by artists.

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Camera Obscura (album)

Camera Obscura is the sixth and final solo studio album by German singer Nico, featuring the backing band the Faction.

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Camera Obscura (band)

Camera Obscura is a Scottish indie pop band from Glasgow.

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Camera Obscura (duo)

Camera Obscura was a new wave/synthpop band formed in 1982 in York, England, by Peter Oldroyd and Nigel James.

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Camera Obscura (Edinburgh)

Camera Obscura and World of Illusions is a major tourist attraction in the Old Town, Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Camera Obscura (San Francisco, California)

The Camera Obscura is a large-scale camera obscura, in the Lands End area of the Outer Richmond District in western San Francisco, California.

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Cave painting

Cave paintings, also known as parietal art, are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, beginning roughly 40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in Eurasia.

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Chinese pagoda

Chinese pagodas are a traditional part of Chinese architecture.

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Christoph Scheiner

Christoph Scheiner SJ (25 July 1573 (or 1575) – 18 June 1650) was a Jesuit priest, physicist and astronomer in Ingolstadt.

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Claude glass

A Claude glass (or black mirror) is a small mirror, slightly convex in shape, with its surface tinted a dark colour.

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Cliff House, San Francisco

The Cliff House is a restaurant on Point Lobos Avenue perched on the headland above the cliffs just north of Ocean Beach, in the Outer Richmond neighborhood of San Francisco, California.

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Clifton Observatory

Clifton Observatory is a former mill, now used as an observatory, located on Clifton Down, close to the Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England.

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Codex Atlanticus

The Codex Atlanticus (Atlantic Codex) is a twelve-volume, bound set of drawings and writings (in Italian) by Leonardo da Vinci, the largest such set; its name indicates the large paper used to preserve original da Vinci notebook pages, which was that used for atlases.

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Colin Firth

Colin Andrew Firth, (born 10 September 1960), is an English actor who has received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, two BAFTA Awards, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival.

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Constantijn Huygens

Sir Constantijn Huygens, Lord of Zuilichem (4 September 159628 March 1687), was a Dutch Golden Age poet and composer.

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Cornelis Drebbel

Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel (1572 – 7 November 1633) was a Dutch engineer and inventor.

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos.

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Daniel Schwenter

Daniel Schwenter (Schwender) (31 January 1585 – 19 January 1636) was a German Orientalist, mathematician, inventor, poet, and librarian.

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Daniele Barbaro

Daniele Matteo Alvise Barbaro (also Barbarus) (8 February 1514 – 13 April 1570) was an Italian architect, writer on architecture, and translator of, and commentator on, Vitruvius.

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David Fabricius

David Fabricius (9 March 1564 – 7 May 1617) was a German pastor who made two major discoveries in the early days of telescopic astronomy, jointly with his eldest son, Johannes Fabricius (1587–1615).

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Diffraction

--> Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit.

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Doctor Who

Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963.

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Don Ihde

Don Ihde (born 1934) is an American philosopher of science and technology, and a postphenomenologist.

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Donald Hill

Donald Routledge Hill (August 6, 1922 – May 30, 1994)D.

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Dream Pool Essays

The Dream Pool Essays or Dream Torrent Essays (Pinyin: Mèng Xī Bǐ Tán; Wade-Giles: Meng⁴ Hsi¹ Pi³-t'an²; Chinese: 夢溪筆談/梦溪笔谈) was an extensive book written by the Han Chinese polymath, genius, scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) by 1088 AD, during the Song dynasty (960-1279) of China.

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Duan Chengshi

Duan Chengshi (died 863) was a Chinese poet and writer of the Tang Dynasty.

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Dumfries Museum

Dumfries Museum and Camera Obscura, located in Dumfries in Dumfries & Galloway, is the largest museum in the region.

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Dutch Golden Age painting

Dutch Golden Age painting is the painting of the Dutch Golden Age, a period in Dutch history roughly spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) for Dutch independence.

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Edinburgh University Press

Edinburgh University Press is a scholarly publisher of academic books and journals, based in Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Enigma (musical project)

Enigma is a German musical project founded in 1990 by Romanian-German musician and producer Michael Cretu.

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Euclid

Euclid (Εὐκλείδης Eukleidēs; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry".

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Euclid's Optics

Euclid's Optics (Ὀπτικά), is a work on the geometry of vision written by the Greek mathematician Euclid around 300 BC.

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F-number

The f-number of an optical system (such as a camera lens) is the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil.

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Fatal Frame

Fatal Frame, titled in Japan and Project Zero in Europe, is a survival horror video game series created and primarily developed by Koei Tecmo (originally Tecmo), and currently co-owned by Koei Tecmo and Nintendo.

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Foredown Tower

Foredown Tower is a former water tower in Portslade, in the city of Brighton and Hove, England, that now contains one of only two operational camera obscuras in southeast England.

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François d'Aguilon

François d'Aguilon (also d'Aguillon or in Latin Franciscus Aguilonius) (4 January 1567 – 20 March 1617) was a Belgian Jesuit mathematician, physicist and architect.

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Francesco Algarotti

Count Francesco Algarotti (11 December 1712 – 3 May 1764) was an Venetian polymath, philosopher, poet, essayist, anglophile, art critic and art collector.

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Francesco Maurolico

Francesco Maurolico (Greek: Φραγκίσκος Μαυρόλυκος, Frangiskos Mavrolikos; Latin: Franciscus Maurolycus; Francisci Maurolyci; Italian: Francesco Maurolico; 16 September 1494 - 21/22 July 1575) was a mathematician and astronomer from Sicily.

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Friedrich Risner

Friedrich Risner (c.1533 – 15 September 1580) (in Latin Fridericus Risnerus) was a German mathematician from Hersfeld, Hesse.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.

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Gaspar Schott

Gaspar Schott (German: Kaspar (or Caspar) Schott; Latin: Gaspar Schottus; 5 February 1608 – 22 May 1666) was a German Jesuit and scientist, specializing in the fields of physics, mathematics and natural philosophy, and known for his industry.

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Gemma Frisius

Gemma Frisius (born Jemme Reinerszoon; December 9, 1508 – May 25, 1555), was a Dutch physician, mathematician, cartographer, philosopher, and instrument maker.

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Gerolamo Cardano

Gerolamo (or Girolamo, or Geronimo) Cardano (Jérôme Cardan; Hieronymus Cardanus; 24 September 1501 – 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged from being a mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler.

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Gersonides

Levi ben Gershon (1288–1344), better known by his Graecized name as Gersonides or by his Latinized name Magister Leo Hebraeus the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG, was a medieval French Jewish philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, physician and astronomer/astrologer.

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Giambattista Benedetti

Giambattista (Gianbattista) Benedetti (August 14, 1530 in Venice – January 20, 1590 in Turin) was an Italian mathematician from Venice who was also interested in physics, mechanics, the construction of sundials, and the science of music.

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Giambattista della Porta

Giambattista della Porta (1535? – 4 February 1615), also known as Giovanni Battista Della Porta, was an Italian scholar, polymath and playwright who lived in Naples at the time of the Scientific Revolution and Reformation.

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Girl with a Pearl Earring (film)

Girl with a Pearl Earring is a 2003 romantic drama film directed by Peter Webber.

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Gnomon

A gnomon (from Greek γνώμων, gnōmōn, literally: "one that knows or examines") is the part of a sundial that casts a shadow.

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Golden Gate National Recreation Area

The Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA) is a U.S. National Recreation Area protecting of ecologically and historically significant landscapes surrounding the San Francisco Bay Area.

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Grand Union Camera Obscura

The Grand Union Camera Obscura is an unusual building which, via methods of light and mirrors, reflects images of the surrounding area onto large white screens within the dark confines of the building.

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Greenport, Suffolk County, New York

Greenport is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States.

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Griffith Observatory

Griffith Observatory is a facility in Los Angeles, California, sitting on the south-facing slope of Mount Hollywood in Los Angeles' Griffith Park.

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Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia (from the Greek Αγία Σοφία,, "Holy Wisdom"; Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia; Ayasofya) is a former Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica (church), later an Ottoman imperial mosque and now a museum (Ayasofya Müzesi) in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Hans Belting

Hans Belting (born 7 July 1935 in Andernach) is a German art historian and theorist of medieval and Renaissance art, as well as contemporary art and image theory.

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Havana

Havana (Spanish: La Habana) is the capital city, largest city, province, major port, and leading commercial center of Cuba.

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Helioscope

A helioscope is an instrument used in observing the sun and sunspots.

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Henry Fox Talbot

William Henry Fox Talbot FRS (11 February 180017 September 1877) was a British scientist, inventor and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries.

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History of film

Although the start of the history of film is not clearly defined, the commercial, public screening of ten of Lumière brothers' short films in Paris on 28 December 1895 can be regarded as the breakthrough of projected cinematographic motion pictures.

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History of science and technology in China

Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.

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Hockney–Falco thesis

The Hockney–Falco thesis is a theory of art history, advanced by artist David Hockney and physicist Charles M. Falco.

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Hugh Town

Hugh Town (Tre Huw) is the largest settlement on the Isles of Scilly and its administrative centre.

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Human eye

The human eye is an organ which reacts to light and pressure.

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Ibn al-Haytham

Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized Alhazen; full name أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Ibn Yunus

Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri (Arabic: ابن يونس; c. 950 – 1009) was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.

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Ignazio Danti

Ignazio (Egnatio or Egnazio) Danti (April 1536 – 19 October 1586), born Pellegrino Rainaldi Danti, was an Italian priest, mathematician, astronomer, and cosmographer.

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Isles of Scilly

The Isles of Scilly (Syllan or Enesek Syllan) is an archipelago off the southwestern tip of Cornwall.

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Jacob's staff

The term Jacob's staff, also known as cross-staff, a ballastella, a fore-staff, or a balestilha, is used to refer to several things.

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Jean François Niceron

Jean-François Nicéron (1613 – 22 September 1646) was a French mathematician, Minim friar, and painter of anamorphic art, on which he wrote the ground-breaking book La Perspective Curieuse (Curious Perspectives).

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Johann Sturm

Johann Christoph Sturm (3 November 1635 – 26 December 1703) was a German philosopher.

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Johann Zahn

Johann Zahn (29 March 1641, Karlstadt am Main – 27 June 1707) was the seventeenth-century German author of Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium (Würzburg, 1685).

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Johannes Fabricius

Johann Goldsmid, better known by his Latinized name Johann(es) Fabricius (8 January 1587 – 19 March 1616), eldest son of David Fabricius (1564–1617), was a Frisian/German astronomer and a discoverer of sunspots (in 1610), independently of Galileo Galilei.

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Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.

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Johannes Vermeer

Johannes Vermeer (October 1632 – December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life.

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John Locke

John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".

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John Peckham

John Peckham (c. 1230 – 8 December 1292) was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292.

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Joseph Needham

Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham (9 December 1900 – 24 March 1995) was a British biochemist, historian and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science and technology.

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Joshua Reynolds

Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter, specialising in portraits.

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Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī

Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Farisi or Abu Hasan Muhammad ibn Hasan (1267– 12 January 1319, long assumed to be 1320)) (كمال‌الدين فارسی) was a Persian Muslim scientist. He made two major contributions to science, one on optics, the other on number theory. Farisi was a pupil of the astronomer and mathematician Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, who in turn was a pupil of Nasir al-Din Tusi. According to Encyclopædia Iranica, Kamal al-Din was the most prominent Persian author on optics.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Laughter in the Dark (novel)

Laughter in the Dark (Original Russian title: Камера обскура, Camera obscura) is a novel written by Vladimir Nabokov and serialised in Sovremennye Zapiski in 1932.

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Lavie Tidhar

Lavie Tidhar (לביא תדהר) (born 16 November 1976) is an Israeli-born writer, working across multiple genres.

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Lens (anatomy)

The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.

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Lens (optics)

A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.

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Lisbon

Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 552,700, Census 2011 results according to the 2013 administrative division of Portugal within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.

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Lloyd Rose

Lloyd Rose is an American writer most associated with her work on various ''Doctor Who'' spin-offs.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Los Angeles

Los Angeles (Spanish for "The Angels";; officially: the City of Los Angeles; colloquially: by its initials L.A.) is the second-most populous city in the United States, after New York City.

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Louis Daguerre

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (18 November 1787 – 10 July 1851), better known as Louis Daguerre, was a French artist and photographer, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography.

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Magia Naturalis

Magia Naturalis (in English, Natural Magic) is a work of popular science by Giambattista della Porta first published in Naples in 1558.

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Magic lantern

The magic lantern, also known by its Latin name lanterna magica, is an early type of image projector employing pictures painted, printed or produced photographically on transparent plates (usually made of glass), one or more lenses, and a light source.

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Mario Bettinus

Mario Bettinus (Italian name: Mario Bettini; 6 February 1582 – 7 November 1657) was an Italian Jesuit philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.

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Matthew Broderick

Matthew Broderick (born March 21, 1962) is an American actor, stage actor and singer.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Minim (religious order)

The Minims (also called the Minimi or Order of Minims, abbreviated O.M.) are members of a Roman Catholic religious order of friars founded by Saint Francis of Paola in fifteenth-century Italy.

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Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang

The Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang is a miscellany of Chinese and foreign legends and hearsay, reports on natural phenomena, short anecdotes, and tales of the wondrous and mundane, as well as notes on such topics as medicinal herbs and tattoos.

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Mohism

Mohism or Moism was an ancient Chinese philosophy of logic, rational thought and science developed by the academic scholars who studied under the ancient Chinese philosopher Mozi (c. 470 BC – c. 391 BC) and embodied in an eponymous book: the Mozi.

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Mozi

Mozi (Latinized as Micius; c. 470 – c. 391 BC), original name Mo Di (墨翟), was a Chinese philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early Warring States period).

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Mozi (book)

The Mozi is an ancient Chinese text from the Warring States period (476221) that expounds the philosophy of Mohism.

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National Register of Historic Places

The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance.

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Necromancy

Necromancy is a practice of magic involving communication with the deceased – either by summoning their spirit as an apparition or raising them bodily – for the purpose of divination, imparting the means to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge, to bring someone back from the dead, or to use the deceased as a weapon, as the term may sometimes be used in a more general sense to refer to black magic or witchcraft.

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Nejc Gazvoda

Nejc Gazvoda (born 5 June 1985) is a Slovene writer, screenwriter and director.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology, in some parts of Western Asia, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC.

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Nicéphore Niépce

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (7 March 1765 – 5 July 1833) was a French inventor, now usually credited as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in that field.

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Nico

Christa Päffgen (16 October 1938 – 18 July 1988), known by her stage name Nico, was a German singer, songwriter, musician, model, and actress.

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Nicolaas Beets

Nicolaas Beets (13 September 1814 – 13 March 1903) was a Dutch theologian, writer and poet.

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Old Havana

Old Havana (La Habana Vieja) is the city-center (downtown) and one of the 15 municipalities (or boroughs) forming Havana, Cuba.

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Optics

Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.

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Opus Majus

The Opus Majus (Latin for "Greater Work") is the most important work of Roger Bacon.

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Oriental studies

Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology; in recent years the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of Asian studies and Middle Eastern studies.

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Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions.

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Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers c. 95% of human technological prehistory.

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Palisades Park (Santa Monica)

Palisades Park is a 26.4-acre park in Santa Monica, California.

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Pappenheim

Pappenheim is a town in the Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district, in Bavaria, Germany.

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Paul Sandby

Paul Sandby (1731 – 9 November 1809) was an English map-maker turned landscape painter in watercolours, who, along with his older brother Thomas, became one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in 1768.

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Peconic Bay

The Peconic Bay is the parent name for two bays between the North Fork and South Fork of Long Island in the U.S. state of New York.

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Pepper's ghost

Pepper's ghost is an illusion technique used in the theatre, amusement parks, museums, television, and concerts.

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Perspective (graphical)

Perspective (from perspicere "to see through") in the graphic arts is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is seen by the eye.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.

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Physicist

A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.

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Pinhole camera

A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a tiny aperture, a pinhole – effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side.

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Plaza Vieja, Havana

The Old Square (Spanish: Plaza Vieja) is a plaza located in Old Havana, Cuba.

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Pope Gregory XIII

Pope Gregory XIII (Gregorius XIII; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 13 May 1572 to his death in 1585.

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Portslade

Portslade is the name of an area of the city of Brighton and Hove, England.

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Problems (Aristotle)

The Problems (Προβλήματα; Problemata) is an Aristotelian or possibly pseudo-Aristotelian, as its authenticity has been questioned, collection of problems written in a question and answer format.

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Pupil

The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike the retina.

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René Descartes

René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.

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Retina

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.

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Robert Grosseteste

Robert Grosseteste (Robertus Grosseteste; – 9 October 1253) was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln.

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Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke FRS (– 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath.

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Roger Bacon

Roger Bacon (Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Rogerus), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor, was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism.

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Roger Livesey

Roger Livesey (25 June 1906 – 4 February 1976) was a British stage and film actor.

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San Francisco

San Francisco (initials SF;, Spanish for 'Saint Francis'), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California.

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Santa Monica Camera Obscura

The Santa Monica Camera Obscura is a publicly accessible historic camera obscura, located in Palisades Park overlooking the Pacific Ocean, in Santa Monica, California.

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Santa Monica Pier

The Santa Monica Pier is a large double-jointed pier at the foot of Colorado Avenue in Santa Monica, California.

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Santa Monica State Beach

Santa Monica State Beach is a California State Park operated by the city of Santa Monica.

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Santa Monica, California

Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States.

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São Jorge Castle

São Jorge Castle (Castelo de São Jorge;; Saint George Castle) is a Moorish castle occupying a commanding hilltop overlooking the historic centre of the Portuguese city of Lisbon and Tagus River.

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Scarlett Johansson

Scarlett Ingrid Johansson (born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer.

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context.

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Science Museum, London

The Science Museum is a major museum on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, London.

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Scioptic ball

The scioptic ball is a universal joint allowing an optical instrument mounted on a ball to be swiveled to point anywhere in a wide arc.

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Shelter Island, New York

Shelter Island is a town and island at the eastern end of Long Island in the U.S. state of New York.

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Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (1031–1095), courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁),Yao (2003), 544.

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Song dynasty

The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.

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South Downs

The South Downs are a range of chalk hills that extends for about across the south-eastern coastal counties of England from the Itchen Valley of Hampshire in the west to Beachy Head, near Eastbourne, East Sussex, in the east.

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Sunspot

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun's photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas.

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Sutro District

The Sutro Historic District is a National Park Service historic district in the Lands End area of the Outer Richmond District in western San Francisco, California.

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Sutro Heights Park

Sutro Heights Park is an historic public park in the Outer Richmond District of western San Francisco, California.

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Telescope

A telescope is an optical instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).

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The Photographers' Gallery

The Photographers' Gallery was founded in London in 1971, as the first public gallery in the UK devoted solely to photography.

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The Screen Behind the Mirror

The Screen Behind the Mirror is the fourth studio album by Enigma.

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Theon of Alexandria

Theon of Alexandria (Θέων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; 335 – c. 405) was a Greek scholar and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt.

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Tracing paper

Tracing paper is paper made to have low opacity, allowing light to pass through.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Universal joint

A universal joint (universal coupling, U-joint, Cardan joint, Spicer or Hardy Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint) is a joint or coupling connecting rigid rods whose axes are inclined to each other, and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.

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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, also known as UNC, UNC Chapel Hill, the University of North Carolina, or simply Carolina, is a public research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.

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Vitello

Witelo (also Erazmus Ciołek Witelo; Witelon; Vitellio; Vitello; Vitello Thuringopolonis; Vitulon; Erazm Ciołek); born ca.

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Vladimir Nabokov

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Набо́ков, also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin; 2 July 1977) was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator and entomologist.

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Zhoubi Suanjing

The Zhoubi Suanjing, or Chou Pei Suan Ching (周髀算经), is one of the oldest Chinese mathematical texts.

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Camera Obscura, Dark camera, Dark chamber, The camera obscura.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura

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