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835 relations: A mari usque ad mare, A. J. Casson, A. Y. Jackson, Aboriginal land title in Canada, Abortion in Canada, Academy, Academy Award for Best Picture, Acadians, Acid rain, Act of Union 1840, Advice (constitutional law), Aeronautics, Affordable housing in Canada, Age of Discovery, Agriculture in Canada, Aid, Air India Flight 182, Air pollution in Canada, Alaska, Alaska Purchase, Alberta, Algonquin Provincial Park, Alice Munro, Allied invasion of Italy, Alouette 1, Amendments to the Constitution of Canada, American Revolution, American Sign Language, Amsterdam University Press, Anabaptism, Anglican Church of Canada, Anne of Green Gables, Appalachian Mountains, Arabic, Arctic Archipelago, Arctic Cordillera, Arctic Ocean, Arthur Lismer, Artificial cardiac pacemaker, Ashgate Publishing, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Athabasca oil sands, Atlantic Canada, Atlantic Ocean, Atomic nucleus, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Autumn, École Polytechnique massacre, Badminton, Balance of trade, ... Expand index (785 more) »
- 1867 establishments in Canada
- Countries in North America
- Federal monarchies
- G20 members
- Member states of NATO
- Northern America
- OECD members
- States and territories established in 1867
A mari usque ad mare
A mari usque ad mare (D'un océan à l'autre,; italics) is the Canadian national motto.
See Canada and A mari usque ad mare
A. J. Casson
Alfred Joseph Casson (May 17, 1898 – February 20, 1992) was a member of the Canadian group of artists known as the Group of Seven.
A. Y. Jackson
Alexander Young Jackson LL.
Aboriginal land title in Canada
In Canada, aboriginal title is considered a sui generis interest in land.
See Canada and Aboriginal land title in Canada
Abortion in Canada
Abortion in Canada is legal throughout pregnancy and is publicly funded as a medical procedure under the combined effects of the federal Canada Health Act and provincial health-care systems.
See Canada and Abortion in Canada
Academy
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership).
Academy Award for Best Picture
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards (also known as Oscars) presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929.
See Canada and Academy Award for Best Picture
Acadians
The Acadians (Acadiens) are an ethnic group descended from the French who settled in the New France colony of Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Acid rain
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).
Act of Union 1840
The British North America Act, 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 35), also known as the Act of Union 1840, (Acte d’Union) was approved by Parliament in July 1840 and proclaimed February 10, 1841, in Montreal.
See Canada and Act of Union 1840
Advice (constitutional law)
In a parliamentary system, advice is a formal and usually binding instruction given by one constitutional officer of state to another.
See Canada and Advice (constitutional law)
Aeronautics
Aeronautics is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight-capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere.
Affordable housing in Canada
Affordable housing in Canada refers to living spaces that are deemed financially accessible to households with a median household income.
See Canada and Affordable housing in Canada
Age of Discovery
The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapping with the Age of Sail.
See Canada and Age of Discovery
Agriculture in Canada
Canada is one of the largest agricultural producers and exporters in the world.
See Canada and Agriculture in Canada
Aid
In international relations, aid (also known as international aid, overseas aid, foreign aid, economic aid or foreign assistance) is – from the perspective of governments – a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another.
See Canada and Aid
Air India Flight 182
Air India Flight 182 was a passenger flight operating on the Montreal–London–Delhi–Mumbai route, that on 23 June 1985, disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean as a result of an explosion from a bomb planted by Canadian Sikh terrorists.
See Canada and Air India Flight 182
Air pollution in Canada
Air pollution is the release of pollutants (a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects) into the air that are detrimental to human health and the Earth.
See Canada and Air pollution in Canada
Alaska
Alaska is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. Canada and Alaska are northern America.
Alaska Purchase
The Alaska Purchase was the purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire to the United States for a sum of $7.2 million in 1867 (equivalent to $ million in). On May 15 of that year, the United States Senate ratified a bilateral treaty that had been signed on March 30, and American sovereignty became legally effective across the territory on October 18.
See Canada and Alaska Purchase
Alberta
Alberta is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.
Algonquin Provincial Park
Algonquin Provincial Park is an Ontario provincial park located between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River, mostly within the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District.
See Canada and Algonquin Provincial Park
Alice Munro
Alice Ann Munro (10 July 1931 – 13 May 2024) was a Canadian short story writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013.
Allied invasion of Italy
The Allied invasion of Italy was the Allied amphibious landing on mainland Italy that took place from 3 September 1943, during the Italian campaign of World War II.
See Canada and Allied invasion of Italy
Alouette 1
Alouette 1 is a deactivated Canadian satellite that studied the ionosphere.
Amendments to the Constitution of Canada
Before 1982, modifying the Constitution of Canada primarily meant amending the British North America Act, 1867.
See Canada and Amendments to the Constitution of Canada
American Revolution
The American Revolution was a rebellion and political movement in the Thirteen Colonies which peaked when colonists initiated an ultimately successful war for independence against the Kingdom of Great Britain.
See Canada and American Revolution
American Sign Language
American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada.
See Canada and American Sign Language
Amsterdam University Press
Amsterdam University Press (AUP) is a university press that was founded in 1992 by the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
See Canada and Amsterdam University Press
Anabaptism
Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά 're-' and βαπτισμός 'baptism'; Täufer, earlier also Wiedertäufer)Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term Wiedertäufer (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased.
Anglican Church of Canada
The Anglican Church of Canada (ACC or ACoC) is the province of the Anglican Communion in Canada.
See Canada and Anglican Church of Canada
Anne of Green Gables
Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery (published as L. M. Montgomery).
See Canada and Anne of Green Gables
Appalachian Mountains
The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a mountain range in eastern to northeastern North America.
See Canada and Appalachian Mountains
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Arctic Archipelago
The Arctic Archipelago, also known as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago lying to the north of the Canadian continental mainland, excluding Greenland (an autonomous territory of Denmark) and Iceland (an independent country).
See Canada and Arctic Archipelago
Arctic Cordillera
The Arctic Cordillera is a terrestrial ecozone in northern Canada characterized by a vast, deeply dissected chain of mountain ranges extending along the northeastern flank of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from Ellesmere Island to the northeasternmost part of the Labrador Peninsula in northern Labrador and northern Quebec, Canada.
See Canada and Arctic Cordillera
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions.
Arthur Lismer
Arthur Lismer, LL.D. (27 June 1885 – 23 March 1969) was an English-Canadian painter, member of the Group of Seven and educator.
Artificial cardiac pacemaker
An artificial cardiac pacemaker, commonly referred to as simply a pacemaker, is an implanted medical device that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to one or more of the chambers of the heart.
See Canada and Artificial cardiac pacemaker
Ashgate Publishing
Ashgate Publishing was an academic book and journal publisher based in Farnham (Surrey, United Kingdom).
See Canada and Ashgate Publishing
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
See Canada and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Athabasca oil sands
The Athabasca oil sands, also known as the Athabasca tar sands, are large deposits of bitumen, a heavy and viscous form of petroleum, located in northeastern Alberta, Canada.
See Canada and Athabasca oil sands
Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada, also called the Atlantic provinces (provinces de l'Atlantique), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising the provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec.
See Canada and Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
Atomic nucleus
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), established as the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS) in 1964, is an independent Australian Government statutory authority.
See Canada and Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Autumn
Autumn, also known as fall in North American English, is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth.
École Polytechnique massacre
The massacre (French: tuerie de l'École polytechnique), also known as the Montreal massacre, was an antifeminist mass shooting that occurred on December 6, 1989, at the in Montreal, Quebec.
See Canada and École Polytechnique massacre
Badminton
Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net.
Balance of trade
Balance of trade is the difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over a certain time period.
See Canada and Balance of trade
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
Banff National Park
Banff National Park is Canada's oldest national park, established in 1885 as Rocky Mountains Park.
See Canada and Banff National Park
Bank of Canada
The Bank of Canada (BoC; Banque du Canada) is a Crown corporation and Canada's central bank.
Baptists in Canada
According to the Canada 2021 Census, the number of people in Canada who identify themselves as Baptistsis 436,940, about 1.2% of the population.
See Canada and Baptists in Canada
Baseball in Canada
Baseball in Canada is played at various levels throughout the country, including by Major League Baseball's Toronto Blue Jays, founded in 1977 (Canada's first MLB team, the Montreal Expos, formed in 1969, relocated to Washington, D.C. in 2005) and Minor League Baseball's Vancouver Canadians, an affiliate of the Blue Jays competing in the High-A Northwest League.
See Canada and Baseball in Canada
Basketball in Canada
Basketball in Canada dates back to the 20th century.
See Canada and Basketball in Canada
Basques
The Basques (or; euskaldunak; vascos; basques) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians.
Battle of the Scheldt
The Battle of the Scheldt in World War II was a series of military operations to open up the Scheldt river between Antwerp and the North Sea for shipping, so that Antwerp's port could be used to supply the Allies in north-west Europe.
See Canada and Battle of the Scheldt
Battle of Vimy Ridge
The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Pas-de-Calais department of France, during the First World War.
See Canada and Battle of Vimy Ridge
Beaver
Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere.
Beaver Wars
The Beaver Wars (Tsianì kayonkwere), also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars (Guerres franco-iroquoises), were a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th century in North America throughout the Saint Lawrence River valley in Canada and the Great Lakes region which pitted the Iroquois against the Hurons, northern Algonquians and their French allies.
Beer in Canada
Beer was introduced to Canada by European settlers in the seventeenth century.
Beothuk
The Beothuk (or; also spelled Beothuck) were a group of Indigenous people who lived on the island of Newfoundland.
Beringia
Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72° north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Big tent
A big tent party, or catch-all party, is a term used in reference to a political party having members covering a broad spectrum of beliefs.
Black Brant (rocket)
The Black Brant is a family of Canadian-designed sounding rockets originally built by Bristol Aerospace, since absorbed by Magellan Aerospace in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
See Canada and Black Brant (rocket)
Black Canadians
Black Canadians, also known as African Canadians (French: Canadiens Africains) or Afro-Canadians (French: Afro-Canadiens), are Canadians of full or partial sub-Saharan African descent.
See Canada and Black Canadians
Black hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light and other electromagnetic waves, is capable of possessing enough energy to escape it.
Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois (BQ;, "Quebecer Bloc") is a federal political party in Canada devoted to Quebec nationalism and the promotion of Quebec sovereignty.
Block settlement
A block settlement (or bloc settlement) is a particular type of land distribution which allows settlers with the same ethnicity to form small colonies.
See Canada and Block settlement
Bloomsbury Publishing
Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.
See Canada and Bloomsbury Publishing
Bluefish Caves
Bluefish Caves is an archaeological site in Yukon, Canada, located southwest of the Vuntut Gwichin community of Old Crow.
Boarding school
A boarding school is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction.
See Canada and Boarding school
Booker Prize
The Booker Prize, formerly the Booker Prize for Fiction (1969–2001) and the Man Booker Prize (2002–2019), is a prestigious literary award conferred each year for the best single work of sustained fiction written in the English language, which was published in the United Kingdom and/or Ireland.
Boreal forest of Canada
Canada's boreal forest is a vast region comprising about one third of the circumpolar boreal forest that rings the Northern Hemisphere, mostly north of the 50th parallel.
See Canada and Boreal forest of Canada
Bowling
Bowling is a target sport and recreational activity in which a player rolls a ball toward pins (in pin bowling) or another target (in target bowling).
Breakwater Books
Breakwater Books Ltd. is a Canadian publishing company based in Newfoundland and Labrador.
See Canada and Breakwater Books
British Association of Canadian Studies
The British Association for Canadian Studies (BACS) is a membership-based academic association that is also a registered UK charity.
See Canada and British Association of Canadian Studies
British colonization of the Americas
The British colonization of the Americas is the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by England, Scotland, and, after 1707, Great Britain.
See Canada and British colonization of the Americas
British North America
British North America comprised the colonial territories of the British Empire in North America from 1783 onwards. Canada and British North America are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and British North America
British North America Acts
The British North America Acts, 1867–1975, are a series of acts of Parliament that were at the core of the Constitution of Canada.
See Canada and British North America Acts
Broadcasting Act (Canada)
The Broadcasting Act (Loi sur la radiodiffusion), given royal assent on 1 February 1991, is an act of the Parliament of Canada regarding broadcasting of telecommunications in the country.
See Canada and Broadcasting Act (Canada)
Broadview Press
Broadview Press is an independent academic publisher that focuses on the humanities.
See Canada and Broadview Press
Buddhism in Canada
Buddhism is among the smallest minority-religions in Canada, with a very slowly growing population in the country, partly the result of conversion, with only 4.6% of new immigrants identifying themselves as Buddhist.
See Canada and Buddhism in Canada
Butter tart
A butter tart (tarte au beurre) is a type of small pastry tart highly regarded in Canadian cuisine.
Cabinet of Canada
The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada) is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada.
See Canada and Cabinet of Canada
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Canada and Cambridge University Press
Canada (New France)
The colony of Canada was a French colony within the larger territory of New France.
See Canada and Canada (New France)
Canada Act 1982
The Canada Act 1982 (1982 c. 11; Loi de 1982 sur le Canada) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and one of the enactments which make up the Constitution of Canada.
See Canada and Canada Act 1982
Canada and the Iraq War
The Iraq War began with the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq.
See Canada and Canada and the Iraq War
Canada and the United Nations
Canada was a founding member of the United Nations, and was an original signatory of the Declaration by United Nations.
See Canada and Canada and the United Nations
Canada and the Vietnam War
Canada did not officially participate in the Vietnam War.
See Canada and Canada and the Vietnam War
Canada at the Summer Olympics
Canada has competed at 28 Summer Olympic Games, missing only the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.
See Canada and Canada at the Summer Olympics
Canada at the Winter Olympics
Canada (IOC country code CAN) has competed at every Winter Olympic Games, and has won at least one medal each time.
See Canada and Canada at the Winter Olympics
Canada Council
The Canada Council for the Arts (Conseil des arts du Canada), commonly called the Canada Council, is a Crown corporation established in 1957 as an arts council of the Government of Canada.
Canada Day
Canada Day (Fête du Canada), formerly known as Dominion Day (Fête du Dominion), is the national day of Canada.
Canada Elections Act
The Canada Elections Act (Loi électorale du Canada) is an Act of the Parliament of Canada which regulates the election of members of parliament to the House of Commons of Canada.
See Canada and Canada Elections Act
Canada goose
The Canada goose (Branta canadensis), sometimes called Canadian goose, is a large wild goose with a black head and neck, white cheeks, white under its chin, and a brown body.
Canada Health Act
The Canada Health Act (CHA; Loi canadienne sur la santé), adopted in 1984, is the federal legislation in Canada for publicly-funded health insurance, commonly called "medicare", and sets out the primary objective of Canadian healthcare policy.
See Canada and Canada Health Act
Canada in NATO
Canada has been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since its inception in 1949.
Canada in the Korean War
The Canadian Forces were involved in the 1950–1953 Korean War and its aftermath.
See Canada and Canada in the Korean War
Canada in the War in Afghanistan
Canada's role in the Afghanistan War began in late 2001.
See Canada and Canada in the War in Afghanistan
Canada in World War I
The military history of Canada during World War I began on August 4, 1914, when the United Kingdom entered the First World War (1914–1918) by declaring war on Germany.
See Canada and Canada in World War I
Canada Pension Plan
The Canada Pension Plan (CPP; Régime de pensions du Canada) is a contributory, earnings-related social insurance program.
See Canada and Canada Pension Plan
Canada Savings Bond
The Canada Savings Bond (Obligations d’épargne du Canada) was an investment instrument offered by the Government of Canada from 1945 to 2017, sold between early October and December 1 of every year.
See Canada and Canada Savings Bond
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (Panthéon des sports canadiens; sometimes referred to as the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame) is a Canadian sports hall of fame and museum in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
See Canada and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
Canada–France relations
The diplomatic relations between Canada and the French Republic are friendly, the importance of which centres on the history of French immigration to Canada.
See Canada and Canada–France relations
Canada–Netherlands relations
Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands have a special relationship resulting from actions during World War II when Canada hosted the Dutch royal family in exile and then led the military liberation of the Netherlands.
See Canada and Canada–Netherlands relations
Canada–United Kingdom relations
The bilateral relations between Canada and the United Kingdom have yielded intimate and frequently-co-operative contact since Canada gained independence in 1931.
See Canada and Canada–United Kingdom relations
Canada–United States border
The Canada–United States border is the longest international border in the world.
See Canada and Canada–United States border
Canada–United States relations
Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its history, economy, and culture.
See Canada and Canada–United States relations
Canadarm
Canadarm or Canadarm1 (officially Shuttle Remote Manipulator System or SRMS, also SSRMS) is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy, manoeuvre, and capture payloads.
Canadian Aboriginal law
Canadian Aboriginal law is the body of law of Canada that concerns a variety of issues related to Indigenous peoples in Canada.
See Canada and Canadian Aboriginal law
Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences
The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) is a non-profit organization responsible for promoting Canadian music and artists.
See Canada and Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences
Canadian Armed Forces
The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; Forces armées canadiennes, FAC) are the unified military forces of Canada, including land, sea, and air commands referred to as the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and the Royal Canadian Air Force.
See Canada and Canadian Armed Forces
Canadian Army
The Canadian Army (Armée canadienne) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces. Canada and Canadian Army are 1867 establishments in Canada.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Société Radio-Canada), branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is the Canadian public broadcaster for both radio and television.
See Canada and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Charte canadienne des droits et libertés), often simply referred to as the Charter in Canada, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada, forming the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982.
See Canada and Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Canadian Confederation
Canadian Confederation (Confédération canadienne) was the process by which three British North American provinces—the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick—were united into one federation, called the Dominion of Canada, on July 1, 1867. Canada and Canadian Confederation are 1867 establishments in Canada.
See Canada and Canadian Confederation
Canadian Corps
The Canadian Corps was a World War I corps formed from the Canadian Expeditionary Force in September 1915 after the arrival of the 2nd Canadian Division in France.
Canadian dollar
The Canadian dollar (symbol: $; code: CAD; dollar canadien) is the currency of Canada.
See Canada and Canadian dollar
Canadian English
Canadian English (CanE, CE, en-CA) encompasses the varieties of English used in Canada.
See Canada and Canadian English
Canadian ethnicity
Canadian ethnicity refers to the self-identification of one's ethnic origin as being Canadian.
See Canada and Canadian ethnicity
Canadian federalism
Canadian federalism involves the current nature and historical development of the federal system in Canada.
See Canada and Canadian federalism
Canadian fifty-cent coin
The Canadian fifty-cent coin (pièce de cinquante cents) is a Canadian coin worth 50 cents.
See Canada and Canadian fifty-cent coin
Canadian football
Canadian football, or simply football (in Canada), is a sport in Canada in which two teams of 12 players each compete on a field long and wide, attempting to advance a pointed oval-shaped ball into the opposing team's end zone.
See Canada and Canadian football
Canadian Football League
The Canadian Football League (CFL; Ligue canadienne de football—LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada.
See Canada and Canadian Football League
Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan
The number of Canadian Forces' fatalities resulting from Canadian military activities in Afghanistan is the largest for any single Canadian military mission since the Korean War between 1950 and 1953.
See Canada and Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan
Canadian French
Canadian French (français canadien) is the French language as it is spoken in Canada.
See Canada and Canadian French
Canadian Geographic
Canadian Geographic is a magazine published by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, (RCGS) based in Ottawa, Ontario.
See Canada and Canadian Geographic
Canadian Global Affairs Institute
The Canadian Global Affairs Institute (CGAI) is an independent, non-partisan research institute based in Calgary with an office in Ottawa.
See Canada and Canadian Global Affairs Institute
Canadian horse
The Canadian (cheval canadien) is a horse breed from Canada.
Canadian identity
Canadian identity refers to the unique culture, characteristics and condition of being Canadian, as well as the many symbols and expressions that set Canada and Canadians apart from other peoples and cultures of the world.
See Canada and Canadian identity
Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
The Canadian Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous children directed and funded by the Department of Indian Affairs.
See Canada and Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
Canadian Indian residential school system
The Canadian Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples.
See Canada and Canadian Indian residential school system
Canadian Institute for Health Information
The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) is an independent, not-for-profit organization that provides essential information on Canada's health systems and the health of Canadians.
See Canada and Canadian Institute for Health Information
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science
The Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science (Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement) is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association on behalf of the Canadian Psychological Association.
See Canada and Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science
Canadian Music Hall of Fame
The Canadian Music Hall of Fame was established in 1978 by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) to honour Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements in music.
See Canada and Canadian Music Hall of Fame
Canadian nationality law
Canadian nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of Canada.
See Canada and Canadian nationality law
Canadian online media
Canadian online media is content aimed at a Canadian audience through the medium of the Internet.
See Canada and Canadian online media
Canadian Pacific Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway (Chemin de fer Canadien Pacifique), also known simply as CPR or Canadian Pacific and formerly as CP Rail (1968–1996), is a Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881.
See Canada and Canadian Pacific Railway
Canadian Parliamentary Review
The Canadian Parliamentary Review is a quarterly publication of the Canadian Region of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.
See Canada and Canadian Parliamentary Review
Canadian patriotic music
Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British or French patriotism, preceding the first legal steps to independence by over 50 years.
See Canada and Canadian patriotic music
Canadian peacekeeping
Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every United Nations (UN) peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.
See Canada and Canadian peacekeeping
Canadian Prairies
The Canadian Prairies (usually referred to as simply the Prairies in Canada) is a region in Western Canada.
See Canada and Canadian Prairies
Canadian Premier League
The Canadian Premier League (CPL or CanPL; Première ligue canadienne) is a professional men's soccer league in Canada.
See Canada and Canadian Premier League
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC; Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des télécommunications canadiennes) is a public organization in Canada with mandate as a regulatory agency for broadcasting and telecommunications.
See Canada and Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Canadian Rangers
The Canadian Rangers (Rangers canadiens) are a sub-component of the Canadian Army under the Canadian Armed Forces reserves that provides a limited military presence in regions of Canada where stationing conventional Army units would not be practical or economically viable.
See Canada and Canadian Rangers
Canadian Red Ensign
The Canadian Red Ensign (Red Ensign canadien) served as a nautical flag and civil ensign for Canada from 1892 to 1965, and later as the de facto flag of Canada before 1965.
See Canada and Canadian Red Ensign
Canadian Rockies
The Canadian Rockies (Rocheuses canadiennes) or Canadian Rocky Mountains, comprising both the Alberta Rockies and the British Columbian Rockies, is the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains.
See Canada and Canadian Rockies
Canadian Shield
The Canadian Shield (Bouclier canadien), also called the Laurentian Shield or the Laurentian Plateau, is a geologic shield, a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks.
See Canada and Canadian Shield
Canadian sovereignty
The sovereignty of Canada is, in legal terms, the power of Canada to govern itself and its subjects; it is the ultimate source of Canada's law and order.
See Canada and Canadian sovereignty
Canadian Space Agency
The Canadian Space Agency (CSA; Agence spatiale canadienne, ASC) is the national space agency of Canada, established in 1990 by the Canadian Space Agency Act.
See Canada and Canadian Space Agency
Canadian values
Canadian values are the commonly shared ethical and human values of Canadians.
See Canada and Canadian values
Canadians
Canadians (Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada.
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cannabis in Canada
Cannabis in Canada is legal for both recreational and medicinal purposes.
See Canada and Cannabis in Canada
Canoe
A canoe is a lightweight narrow water vessel, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel and using paddles.
See Canada and Canoe
Cantonese
Cantonese is the traditional prestige variety of Yue Chinese, a Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding Pearl River Delta, with over 82.4 million native speakers.
Cape Breton Island
Cape Breton Island (île du Cap-Breton, formerly île Royale; Ceap Breatainn or Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn; Unamaꞌki) is a rugged and irregularly shaped island on the Atlantic coast of North America and part of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. Canada and Cape Breton Island are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and Cape Breton Island
Capital punishment in Canada
Capital punishment in Canada dates to Canada's earliest history, including its period as first a French then a British colony.
See Canada and Capital punishment in Canada
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels.
See Canada and Cardiovascular disease
Caribbean people
Caribbean people are the people born in or inhabitants of the Caribbean region or people of Caribbean descent living outside the Caribbean.
See Canada and Caribbean people
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Canada and Catholic Church
Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
The Catholic Church during the Age of Discovery inaugurated a major effort to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the indigenous peoples of the Americas and other indigenous peoples.
See Canada and Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
Catholic Church in Canada
The Catholic Church in Canada, is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, and has a decentralised structure, meaning each diocesan bishop is autonomous but under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops.
See Canada and Catholic Church in Canada
CBC Radio
CBC Radio is the English-language radio operations of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
CBC Television
CBC Television (also known as CBC TV, or simply CBC) is a Canadian English-language broadcast television network owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the national public broadcaster.
Cengage Group
Cengage Group is an American educational content, technology, and services company for higher education, K–12, professional, and library markets.
Censorship by country
Censorship by country collects information on censorship, Internet censorship, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and human rights by country and presents it in a sortable table, together with links to articles with more information.
See Canada and Censorship by country
Central bank
A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a country or monetary union.
Central Canada
Central Canada (Centre du Canada, sometimes the Central provinces) is a Canadian region consisting of Ontario and Quebec, the largest and most populous provinces of the country.
Centre-left politics
Centre-left politics is the range of left-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre and broadly conform with progressivism.
See Canada and Centre-left politics
Centre-right politics
Centre-right politics is the set of right-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre.
See Canada and Centre-right politics
Centrism
Centrism is the range of political ideologies that exist between left-wing politics and right-wing politics on the left–right political spectrum.
CFS Alert
Canadian Forces Station Alert (Station des Forces canadiennes Alert), often shortened to CFS Alert (SFC Alert), is a signals intelligence intercept facility of the Canadian Armed Forces at Alert, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.
Chamber music
Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of instruments—traditionally a group that could fit in a palace chamber or a large room.
Charles III
Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms.
Chief Justice of Canada
The chief justice of Canada (juge en chef du Canada) is the presiding judge of the nine-member Supreme Court of Canada, the highest judicial body in Canada.
See Canada and Chief Justice of Canada
Chief Public Health Officer of Canada
The chief public health officer of Canada (CPHO; administratrice en chef de la santé publique; ACSP) is the lead health professional and primary spokesperson on public health related matters for the Government of Canada.
See Canada and Chief Public Health Officer of Canada
Chinese Canadians
Chinese Canadians are Canadians of full or partial Han Chinese ancestry, which includes both naturalized Chinese immigrants and Canadian-born Chinese.
See Canada and Chinese Canadians
Christianity in Canada
Christianity is the most adhered-to religion in Canada, with 19,373,330 Canadians, or 53.3%, identifying themselves as of the 2021 census.
See Canada and Christianity in Canada
Christians
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Church hall
A church hall or parish hall is a room or building associated with a church, generally for community and charitable use.
Cinema of Canada
Cinema in Canada dates back to the earliest known display of film in Saint-Laurent, Quebec, in 1896.
See Canada and Cinema of Canada
Civil law (legal system)
Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world.
See Canada and Civil law (legal system)
Clarity Act
The Clarity Act (Loi sur la clarté référendaire, known as Bill C-20 before it became law) is legislation passed by the Parliament of Canada that established the conditions under which the Government of Canada would enter into negotiations that might lead to secession following such a vote by one of the provinces.
Cleavage (politics)
In political science and sociology, a cleavage is a historically determined social or cultural line which divides citizens within a society into groups with differing political interests, resulting in political conflict among these groups.
See Canada and Cleavage (politics)
Climate change in Canada
Climate change in Canada has had large impacts on the country's environment and landscapes.
See Canada and Climate change in Canada
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF; Fédération du Commonwealth Coopératif, FCC) was a federal democratic socialistThe following sources describe the CCF as a democratic socialist political party.
See Canada and Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
Coast Mountains
The Coast Mountains (La chaîne Côtière) are a major mountain range in the Pacific Coast Ranges of western North America, extending from southwestern Yukon through the Alaska Panhandle and virtually all of the Coast of British Columbia south to the Fraser River.
See Canada and Coast Mountains
Coat of arms of Canada
The coat of arms of Canada (Armoiries du Canada), also known as the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada (armoiries royales du Canada) or, formally, as the Arms of His Majesty The King in Right of Canada (Armoiries de Sa Majesté Le Roi du Canada), is the arms of dominion of the Canadian monarch and, thus, also the official coat of arms of Canada.
See Canada and Coat of arms of Canada
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom
The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom (also called the Royal Arms) are the arms of dominion of the British monarch, King Charles III.
See Canada and Coat of arms of the United Kingdom
Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)
The Colony of British Columbia was a crown colony in British North America from 1858 until 1866 that was founded by Richard Clement Moody,Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 90, Issue 1887, 1887, pp. Canada and colony of British Columbia (1858–1866) are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)
Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)
The Colony of British Columbia was a British Crown Colony that resulted from the 1866 merger of two British colonies, the Colony of Vancouver Island and the mainland Colony of British Columbia. Canada and colony of British Columbia (1866–1871) are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)
Colony of Vancouver Island
The Colony of Vancouver Island, officially known as the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies, was a Crown colony of British North America from 1849 to 1866, after which it was united with the mainland to form the Colony of British Columbia. Canada and colony of Vancouver Island are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and Colony of Vancouver Island
Columbian exchange
The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries.
See Canada and Columbian exchange
Common law
Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions.
Common loon
The common loon or great northern diver (Gavia immer) is a large member of the loon, or diver, family of birds.
Commonwealth Fund
The Commonwealth Fund is a private U.S. foundation whose stated purpose is to "promote a high-performing health care system that achieves better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency, particularly for society's most vulnerable, including low-income people, the uninsured, and people of color." It is active in a number of areas related to health care and health policy.
See Canada and Commonwealth Fund
Commonwealth of Nations
The Commonwealth of Nations, often simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is an international association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire from which it developed.
See Canada and Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth realm
A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state within the Commonwealth that has Charles III as its monarch and ceremonial head of state.
See Canada and Commonwealth realm
Compulsory education
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government.
See Canada and Compulsory education
Confidence and supply
In parliamentary democracies based on the Westminster system, confidence and supply is an arrangement under which a minority government (one which does not control a majority in the legislature) receives the support of one or more parties or independent MPs on confidence votes and the state budget ("supply").
See Canada and Confidence and supply
Conscription
Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.
Conscription Crisis of 1917
The Conscription Crisis of 1917 (Crise de la conscription de 1917) was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. It was mainly caused by disagreement on whether men should be conscripted to fight in the war, but also brought out many issues regarding relations between French Canadians and English Canadians.
See Canada and Conscription Crisis of 1917
Conscription Crisis of 1944
The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and military crisis following the introduction of forced military service for men in Canada during World War II.
See Canada and Conscription Crisis of 1944
Conservative Party of Canada
The Conservative Party of Canada (CPC; Parti conservateur du Canada, PCC), colloquially known as the Tories, is a federal political party in Canada.
See Canada and Conservative Party of Canada
Constitution Act, 1867
The Constitution Act, 1867 (Loi constitutionnelle de 1867),The Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria (U.K.), c. 3, http://canlii.ca/t/ldsw retrieved on 2019-03-14. Canada and constitution Act, 1867 are 1867 establishments in Canada.
See Canada and Constitution Act, 1867
Constitution Act, 1982
The Constitution Act, 1982 (Loi constitutionnelle de 1982) is a part of the Constitution of Canada.
See Canada and Constitution Act, 1982
Constitution of Canada
The Constitution of Canada (Constitution du Canada) is the supreme law in Canada.
See Canada and Constitution of Canada
Constitutional Act 1791
The Constitutional Act 1791 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which was passed during the reign of George III.
See Canada and Constitutional Act 1791
Constitutional crisis
In political science, a constitutional crisis is a problem or conflict in the function of a government that the political constitution or other fundamental governing law is perceived to be unable to resolve.
See Canada and Constitutional crisis
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.
See Canada and Constitutional monarchy
Contiguous United States
The contiguous United States (officially the conterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states and the District of Columbia of the United States of America in central North America. Canada and contiguous United States are northern America.
See Canada and Contiguous United States
Continental climate
Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm to hot summers and cold winters).
See Canada and Continental climate
Cooperative banking
Cooperative banking is retail and commercial banking organized on a cooperative basis.
See Canada and Cooperative banking
Corruption Perceptions Index
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives.
See Canada and Corruption Perceptions Index
Coureur des bois
A coureur des bois or coureur de bois (plural: coureurs de(s) bois) were independent entrepreneurial French Canadian traders who travelled in New France and the interior of North America, usually to trade with First Nations peoples by exchanging various European items for furs.
See Canada and Coureur des bois
Court system of Canada
The court system of Canada is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction.
See Canada and Court system of Canada
COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
See Canada and COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
Credit Suisse
Credit Suisse Group AG is a global investment bank and financial services firm founded and based in Switzerland as a standalone firm but now a subsidiary of UBS.
Credit union
A credit union is a member-owned nonprofit cooperative financial institution.
Criminal law of Canada
The criminal law of Canada is under the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the Parliament of Canada.
See Canada and Criminal law of Canada
Crown colony
A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony governed by England, and then Great Britain or the United Kingdom within the English and later British Empire.
Crown corporations of Canada
Crown corporations in Canada (Société de la Couronne) are government organizations with a mixture of commercial and public-policy objectives.
See Canada and Crown corporations of Canada
Cultural mosaic
"Cultural mosaic" ("la mosaïque culturelle") is the mix of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures that coexist within society.
See Canada and Cultural mosaic
Culture of Canada
The culture of Canada embodies the artistic, culinary, literary, humour, musical, political and social elements that are representative of Canadians.
See Canada and Culture of Canada
Culture of France
The culture of France has been shaped by geography, by historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups.
See Canada and Culture of France
Culture of Quebec
The culture of Quebec emerged over the last few hundred years, resulting predominantly from the shared history of the French-speaking North American majority in Quebec.
See Canada and Culture of Quebec
Culture of the United Kingdom
The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by its combined nations' history; its historically Christian religious life, its interaction with the cultures of Europe, the individual cultures of England, Wales and Scotland and the impact of the British Empire.
See Canada and Culture of the United Kingdom
Curling
Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice toward a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles.
Curling Canada
Curling Canada (formerly the Canadian Curling Association (CCA)) is a sanctioning body for the sport of curling in Canada.
Cycling in Canada
Cycling in Canada is experienced in various ways across a geographically huge, economically and socially diverse country.
See Canada and Cycling in Canada
Cygnus X-1
Cygnus X-1 (abbreviated Cyg X-1) is a galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus and was the first such source widely accepted to be a black hole.
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner that impairs the normal clearance of mucus from the lungs, which facilitates the colonization and infection of the lungs by bacteria, notably Staphylococcus aureus.
See Canada and Cystic fibrosis
Danish Realm
The Danish Realm, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, or simply Denmark, is a sovereign state and refers to the area over which the monarch of Denmark is head of state.
De Gruyter
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter, is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.
Deep learning
Deep learning is the subset of machine learning methods based on neural networks with representation learning.
Demographic transition
In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.
See Canada and Demographic transition
Demographics of New Brunswick
New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and the only officially bilingual province (French and English) in the country.
See Canada and Demographics of New Brunswick
Demographics of Oceania
Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean.
See Canada and Demographics of Oceania
Dentistry
Dentistry, also known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth.
Department of Canadian Heritage
The Department of Canadian Heritage, or simply Canadian Heritage (Patrimoine canadien), is the department of the Government of Canada that has roles and responsibilities related to initiatives that promote and support "Canadian identity and values, cultural development, and heritage." The department is administered by the Deputy Minister, currently Isabelle Mondou, who is appointed by the Governor in Council, and it reports directly to the Minister of Canadian Heritage, who is currently Pascale St-Onge.
See Canada and Department of Canadian Heritage
Developed country
A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
See Canada and Developed country
Dextre
Dextre, also known as the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM), is a two-armed robot, or telemanipulator, which is part of the Mobile Servicing System on the International Space Station (ISS), and does repairs that would otherwise require astronauts to do spacewalks.
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.
Dieppe Raid
Operation Jubilee or the Dieppe Raid (19 August 1942) was a disastrous Allied amphibious attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe in northern France, during the Second World War.
Disposable income
Disposable income is total personal income minus current taxes on income.
See Canada and Disposable income
Dissent
Dissent is an opinion, philosophy or sentiment of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea or policy enforced under the authority of a government, political party or other entity or individual.
Dominion
A dominion was any of several largely self-governing countries of the British Empire.
Dominion Lands Act
The Dominion Lands Act (Loi des terres fédérales) was an 1872 Canadian law that aimed to encourage the settlement of the Canadian Prairies and to help prevent the area being claimed by the United States.
See Canada and Dominion Lands Act
Dominion of Newfoundland
Newfoundland was a British dominion in eastern North America, today the modern Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
See Canada and Dominion of Newfoundland
Donnacona
Chief Donnacona (died 1539 in France) was the chief of the St. Lawrence Iroquois village of Stadacona, located at the present site of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
Dundurn Press
Dundurn Press is one of the largest Canadian-owned book publishing companies of adult fiction and non-fiction.
Durham Report
The Report on the Affairs of British North America, (Rapport sur les affaires de l’Amérique du Nord britannique, 1839) commonly known as the Durham Report or Lord Durham's Report, is an important document in the history of Quebec, Ontario, Canada and the British Empire.
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), also called younger-onset Alzheimer's disease (YOAD), is Alzheimer's disease diagnosed before the age of 65.
See Canada and Early-onset Alzheimer's disease
Eastern Canada
Eastern Canada (Est du Canada, also the Eastern provinces, Canadian East or the East) is generally considered to be the region of Canada south of Hudson Bay/Hudson Strait and east of Manitoba, consisting of the following provinces (from east to west): Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario.
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.
See Canada and Eastern Orthodoxy
Economic impact of immigration to Canada
The economic impact of immigration is an important topic in Canada.
See Canada and Economic impact of immigration to Canada
Economic inequality
Economic inequality is an umbrella term for a) income inequality or distribution of income (how the total sum of money paid to people is distributed among them), b) wealth inequality or distribution of wealth (how the total sum of wealth owned by people is distributed among the owners), and c) consumption inequality (how the total sum of money spent by people is distributed among the spenders).
See Canada and Economic inequality
Economic migrant
An economic migrant is someone who emigrates from one region to another, including crossing international borders, seeking an improved standard of living, because the conditions or job opportunities in the migrant's own region are insufficient.
See Canada and Economic migrant
Economy of Canada
The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy, with the world's tenth-largest economy, and a nominal GDP of approximately.
See Canada and Economy of Canada
Ecozones of Canada
Canada has 20 major ecosystems—ecozones, comprising 15 terrestrial units and 5 marine units.
See Canada and Ecozones of Canada
Education in Canada
Education in Canada is for the most part provided publicly, funded and overseen by federal, provincial, and local governments.
See Canada and Education in Canada
Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism, or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds on the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people.
Elections in Canada
Canada holds elections for legislatures or governments in several jurisdictions: for the federal (national) government, provincial and territorial governments, and municipal governments.
See Canada and Elections in Canada
Electoral alliance
An electoral alliance (also known as a bipartisan electoral agreement, electoral pact, electoral agreement, electoral coalition or electoral bloc) is an association of political parties or individuals that exists solely to stand in elections.
See Canada and Electoral alliance
Electoral district (Canada)
An electoral district in Canada is a geographical constituency upon which Canada's representative democracy is based.
See Canada and Electoral district (Canada)
Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.
See Canada and Electron microscope
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.
Ellesmere Island
Ellesmere Island (lit; île d'Ellesmere) is Canada's northernmost and third largest island, and the tenth largest in the world.
See Canada and Ellesmere Island
Emily Carr
Emily Carr (December 13, 1871 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist who was inspired by the monumental art and villages of the First Nations and the landscapes of British Columbia.
English Canada
English Canada comprises that part of the population within Canada, whether of British origin or otherwise, that speaks English.
English Canadians
English Canadians (Canadiens anglais), or Anglo-Canadians (Anglo-canadiens), refers to either Canadians of English ethnic origin and heritage or to English-speaking or Anglophone Canadians of any ethnic origin; it is used primarily in contrast with French Canadians.
See Canada and English Canadians
English overseas possessions
The English overseas possessions comprised a variety of overseas territories that were colonised, conquered, or otherwise acquired by the Kingdom of England before 1707.
See Canada and English overseas possessions
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC; Environnement et Changement climatique Canada)Environment and Climate Change Canada is the applied title under the Federal Identity Program; the legal title is Department of the Environment.
See Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada
Environmental issues in Canada
Environmental issues in Canada include impacts of climate change, air and water pollution, mining, logging, and the degradation of natural habitats.
See Canada and Environmental issues in Canada
Equalization payments
Equalization payments are cash payments made in some federal systems of government from the federal government to subnational governments with the objective of offsetting differences in available revenue or in the cost of providing services.
See Canada and Equalization payments
Ethnic groups in Asia
The ancestral population of modern Asian people has its origins in the two primary prehistoric settlement centres – greater Southwest Asia and from the Mongolian plateau towards Northern China.
See Canada and Ethnic groups in Asia
Ethnic groups in Europe
Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe.
See Canada and Ethnic groups in Europe
Ethnic origins of people in Canada
According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians.
See Canada and Ethnic origins of people in Canada
European Canadians
European Canadians or Euro-Canadians, are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the continent of Europe.
See Canada and European Canadians
Euthanasia in Canada
Euthanasia in Canada in its legal voluntary form is called Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD, also spelled MAID) and it first became legal along with assisted suicide in June 2016 for those whose death was reasonably foreseeable.
See Canada and Euthanasia in Canada
Fanconi anemia
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, autosomal recessive, genetic disease resulting in impaired response to DNA damage in the FA/BRCA pathway.
Far-left politics
Far-left politics, also known as extreme left politics or left-wing extremism, are politics further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left.
See Canada and Far-left politics
Far-right politics
Far-right politics, or right-wing extremism, is a spectrum of political thought that tends to be radically conservative, ultra-nationalist, and authoritarian, often also including nativist tendencies.
See Canada and Far-right politics
Federal territory
A federal territory is an administrative division under the direct and usually exclusive jurisdiction of a federation's national government.
See Canada and Federal territory
Federalism
Federalism is a mode of government that combines a general government (the central or federal government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two.
Federated state
A federated state (also state, province, region, canton, land, governorate, oblast, emirate, or country) is a territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federation.
See Canada and Federated state
Feminism in Canada
The history of feminism in Canada has been a gradual struggle aimed at establishing equal rights.
See Canada and Feminism in Canada
Firearms regulation in Canada
Firearms in Canada are federally regulated through the Firearms Act and related provisions of the Criminal Code.
See Canada and Firearms regulation in Canada
First language
A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.
First Nations in Canada
First Nations (Premières Nations) is a term used to identify Indigenous peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis.
See Canada and First Nations in Canada
Fishing industry in Canada
Canada's fishing industry is a key contributor to the success of the Canadian economy.
See Canada and Fishing industry in Canada
Five Eyes
The Five Eyes (FVEY) is an anglosphere intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Flag of Canada
The National Flag of Canada (Drapeau national du Canada), often referred to simply as the Canadian flag, consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of, in which is featured a stylized, red, 11-pointed maple leaf charged in the centre.
Foreign direct investment
A foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building).
See Canada and Foreign direct investment
Foreign relations of Canada
The foreign relations of Canada are Canada's relations with other governments and nations.
See Canada and Foreign relations of Canada
Forestry in Canada
The Canadian forestry industry is a major contributor to the Canadian economy.
See Canada and Forestry in Canada
Former colonies and territories in Canada
A number of states and polities formerly claimed colonies and territories in Canada prior to the evolution of the current provinces and territories under the federal system.
See Canada and Former colonies and territories in Canada
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Canada and France are french-speaking countries and territories, G20 members, member states of NATO, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the United Nations and OECD members.
Francis I of France
Francis I (er|; Françoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547.
See Canada and Francis I of France
Franco-Albertans
Franco-Albertans (Franco-Albertains) are francophone residents of the Canadian province of Alberta.
See Canada and Franco-Albertans
Franco-Manitoban
Franco-Manitobans (Franco-Manitobains) are French Canadians or Canadian francophones living in the province of Manitoba.
See Canada and Franco-Manitoban
Franco-Ontarians
Franco-Ontarians (Franco-Ontariens or Franco-Ontariennes if female, sometimes known as Ontarois and Ontaroises) are Francophone Canadians that reside in the province of Ontario.
See Canada and Franco-Ontarians
Francophonie
The Francophonie or Francophone world is the whole body of people and organisations around the world who use the French language regularly for private or public purposes. Canada and Francophonie are french-speaking countries and territories.
Frank Johnston (artist)
Francis Hans Johnston (also known as Frank H. Johnston and as Franz Johnston) (June 19, 1888July 9, 1949) was a member of the Group of Seven.
See Canada and Frank Johnston (artist)
Franklin Carmichael
Franklin Carmichael (May 4, 1890 – October 24, 1945) was a Canadian artist and member of the Group of Seven.
See Canada and Franklin Carmichael
Fraser Institute
The Fraser Institute is a libertarian-conservative Canadian public policy think tank and registered charity.
See Canada and Fraser Institute
Frederick Varley
Frederick Horsman Varley (January 2, 1881 – September 8, 1969) was a member of the Canadian Group of Seven.
See Canada and Frederick Varley
Free trade agreements of Canada
The free trade agreements of Canada represents Canada's cooperation in multinational trade pacts and plays a large role in the Canadian economy.
See Canada and Free trade agreements of Canada
Freedom of religion in Canada
Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing believers the freedom to assemble and worship without limitation or interference.
See Canada and Freedom of religion in Canada
French and Indian Wars
The French and Indian Wars were a series of conflicts that occurred in North America between 1688 and 1763, some of which indirectly were related to the European dynastic wars.
See Canada and French and Indian Wars
French Canadians
French Canadians (referred to as Canadiens mainly before the nineteenth century; Canadiens français,; feminine form: Canadiennes françaises), or Franco-Canadians (Franco-Canadiens), are an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in France's colony of Canada beginning in the 17th century.
See Canada and French Canadians
French colonization of the Americas
France began colonizing the Americas in the 16th century and continued into the following centuries as it established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere.
See Canada and French colonization of the Americas
Fresh water
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids.
Front de libération du Québec
The italics (FLQ) was a militant Quebec separatist group which aimed to establish an independent and socialist Quebec through violent means.
See Canada and Front de libération du Québec
Frost
Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor that deposits onto a freezing surface.
See Canada and Frost
G7
The Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental political and economic forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States; additionally, the European Union (EU) is a "non-enumerated member".
See Canada and G7
Garrison mentality
The theory of garrison mentality argues that early Canadian identity was characterised by fear of an empty and hostile national landscape.
See Canada and Garrison mentality
Geography of Canada
Canada has a vast geography that occupies much of the continent of North America, sharing a land border with the contiguous United States to the south and the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest.
See Canada and Geography of Canada
Geology of Canada
The geology of Canada is a subject of regional geology and covers the country of Canada, which is the second-largest country in the world.
See Canada and Geology of Canada
George VI
George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952.
German Canadians
German Canadians (Deutsch-Kanadier or Deutschkanadier) are Canadian citizens of German ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada.
See Canada and German Canadians
Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.
Global Competitiveness Report
The Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) was a yearly report published by the World Economic Forum.
See Canada and Global Competitiveness Report
Global Innovation Index
The Global Innovation Index is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation, published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
See Canada and Global Innovation Index
Globalization
Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.
God Save the King
"God Save the King" (alternatively "God Save the Queen" when the British monarch is female) is the national anthem of the United Kingdom and the royal anthem of each of the British Crown Dependencies, one of two national anthems of New Zealand, and the royal anthem of most Commonwealth realms.
See Canada and God Save the King
Golf
Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit a ball into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.
See Canada and Golf
Government of Canada
The Government of Canada (Gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. Canada and Government of Canada are 1867 establishments in Canada.
See Canada and Government of Canada
Governor General of Canada
The governor general of Canada (gouverneure générale du Canada) is the federal representative of the. Canada and governor General of Canada are 1867 establishments in Canada.
See Canada and Governor General of Canada
Great Depression in Canada
The worldwide Great Depression of the early 1930s was a social and economic shock that left millions of Canadians unemployed, hungry and often homeless.
See Canada and Great Depression in Canada
Great Famine (Ireland)
The Great Famine, also known as the Great Hunger (an Gorta Mór), the Famine and the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of starvation and disease in Ireland lasting from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a historical social crisis and subsequently had a major impact on Irish society and history as a whole.
See Canada and Great Famine (Ireland)
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes (Grands Lacs), also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the east-central interior of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River.
Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands
The Great Lakes-St.
See Canada and Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands
Green Party of Canada
The Green Party of Canada (Parti vert du Canada) is a federal political party in Canada, founded in 1983 with a focus on green politics.
See Canada and Green Party of Canada
Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark. Canada and Greenland are northern America.
Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.
See Canada and Greenwood Publishing Group
Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.
See Canada and Gross domestic product
Gross national income
The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total domestic and foreign financial output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents.
See Canada and Gross national income
Group of Seven (artists)
The Group of Seven, once known as the Algonquin School, was a group of Canadian landscape painters from 1920 to 1933, with "a like vision".
See Canada and Group of Seven (artists)
Gulf of St. Lawrence
The Gulf of St.
See Canada and Gulf of St. Lawrence
Gulf War
The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.
Hans Island
Hans Island (Inuktitut and Tartupaluk,; Inuktitut syllabics: ᑕᕐᑐᐸᓗᒃ; Hans Ø; île Hans) is an island in the centre of the Kennedy Channel of Nares Strait in the high Arctic region, split between the Canadian territory of Nunavut and the Danish autonomous territory of Greenland.
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
See Canada and Harvard University Press
Head of government
In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.
See Canada and Head of government
Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.
Healthcare in Canada
Healthcare in Canada is delivered through the provincial and territorial systems of publicly funded health care, informally called Medicare.
See Canada and Healthcare in Canada
Henry VII of England
Henry VII (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509.
See Canada and Henry VII of England
High Arctic relocation
The High Arctic relocation (La délocalisation du Haut-Arctique, Quttiktumut nuutauningit) took place during the Cold War in the 1950s, when 92 Inuit were moved by the Government of Canada under Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent to the High Arctic.
See Canada and High Arctic relocation
Highland Clearances
The Highland Clearances (Fuadaichean nan Gàidheal, the "eviction of the Gaels") were the evictions of a significant number of tenants in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, mostly in two phases from 1750 to 1860.
See Canada and Highland Clearances
Hinduism in Canada
Hinduism is the third-largest religion in Canada, which is followed by approximately 2.3% of the nation's total population.
See Canada and Hinduism in Canada
History of Canada
The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of the Paleo-Indians to North America thousands of years ago to the present day.
See Canada and History of Canada
History of the Jews in Canada
Canadian Jews, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion, form the fourth largest Jewish community in the world, exceeded only by those in Israel, the United States and France.
See Canada and History of the Jews in Canada
Hockey Hall of Fame
The Hockey Hall of Fame (Temple de la renommée du hockey) is a museum and hall of fame located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
See Canada and Hockey Hall of Fame
Homeschooling in Canada
In Canada, homeschooling has increased in popularity since the advent of the 21st century.
See Canada and Homeschooling in Canada
House of Commons of Canada
The House of Commons of Canada (Chambre des communes du Canada) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. Canada and house of Commons of Canada are 1867 establishments in Canada.
See Canada and House of Commons of Canada
Hudson Bay
Hudson Bay, sometimes called Hudson's Bay (usually historically), is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of.
Hudson Bay Lowlands
The Hudson Bay Lowlands is a vast wetland located between the Canadian Shield and southern shores of Hudson Bay and James Bay.
See Canada and Hudson Bay Lowlands
Humphrey Gilbert
Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 – 9 September 1583) was an English adventurer, explorer, member of parliament and soldier who served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and was a pioneer of the English colonial empire in North America and the Plantations of Ireland.
See Canada and Humphrey Gilbert
Ice hockey
Ice hockey (or simply hockey) is a team sport played on ice skates, usually on an ice skating rink with lines and markings specific to the sport.
Ice hockey in Canada
Ice hockey, simply referred to as "hockey" in both English and French in Canada, dates back to the 19th century.
See Canada and Ice hockey in Canada
Immigration to Canada
According to the 2021 Canadian census, immigrants in Canada number 8.3 million persons and make up approximately 23 percent of Canada's total population.
See Canada and Immigration to Canada
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC; Immigration, Réfugiés et Citoyenneté Canada)Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada is the applied title under the Federal Identity Program since 2015; the legal title is Department of Citizenship and Immigration.
See Canada and Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
Implied bill of rights
The implied bill of rights is a theory in Canadian jurisprudence which proposed that as a consequence of the British North America Act, certain important civil liberties could not be abrogated by the government.
See Canada and Implied bill of rights
Importance of religion by country
This article charts a list of countries by importance of religion.
See Canada and Importance of religion by country
Income tax in Canada
Income taxes in Canada constitute the majority of the annual revenues of the Government of Canada, and of the governments of the Provinces of Canada.
See Canada and Income tax in Canada
Index of Canada-related articles
The following is an alphabetical list of topics related to Canada.
See Canada and Index of Canada-related articles
Index of Economic Freedom
The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual index and ranking created in 1995 by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations.
See Canada and Index of Economic Freedom
Indian Act
The Indian Act (Loi sur les Indiens) is a Canadian Act of Parliament that concerns registered Indians, their bands, and the system of Indian reserves.
Indian Health Transfer Policy
The Canadian Indian Health Transfer Policy provides a framework for the assumption of control of health services by Indigenous peoples in Canada and set forth a developmental approach to transfer centred on the concept of self-determination in health.
See Canada and Indian Health Transfer Policy
Indian hospital
The Indian hospitals were racially segregated hospitals, originally serving as tuberculosis sanatoria but later operating as general hospitals for indigenous peoples in Canada which operated during the 20th century.
See Canada and Indian hospital
Indian reserve
In Canada, an Indian reserve (reserve indienne) is defined by the Indian Act as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty, that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band." Reserves are areas set aside for First Nations, one of the major groupings of Indigenous peoples in Canada, after a contract with the Canadian state ("the Crown"), and are not to be confused with Indigenous peoples' claims to ancestral lands under Aboriginal title.
Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA; Convention de règlement relative aux pensionnats indiens, CRRPI) is an agreement between the government of Canada and approximately 86,000 Indigenous peoples in Canada who at some point were enrolled as children in the Canadian Indian residential school system, a system which was in place between 1879 and 1997.
See Canada and Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
Indigenous peoples in Canada
Indigenous peoples in Canada (Peuples autochtones au Canada, also known as Aboriginals) are the Indigenous peoples within the boundaries of Canada.
See Canada and Indigenous peoples in Canada
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are composed of many nations and tribal affiliations, each with distinctive cultural and political identities.
See Canada and Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Indo-Canadians
Indo-Canadians or Indian Canadians, are Canadians who have ancestry from India.
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.
Intact forest landscape
An intact forest landscape (IFL) is an unbroken natural landscape of a forest ecosystem and its habitat–plant community components, in an extant forest zone.
See Canada and Intact forest landscape
Interior Plains
The Interior Plains is a vast physiographic region that spreads across the Laurentian craton of central North America, extending along the east flank of the Rocky Mountains from the Gulf Coast region to the Arctic Beaufort Sea.
See Canada and Interior Plains
International Futures
International Futures (IFs) is a global integrated assessment model designed to help with thinking strategically and systematically about key global systems (economic, demographic, education, health, environment, technology, domestic governance, infrastructure, agriculture, energy and environment).
See Canada and International Futures
International Journal of the Sociology of Language
The International Journal of the Sociology of Language is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of sociology of language.
See Canada and International Journal of the Sociology of Language
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Canada and International Monetary Fund
International organisation membership of Canada
Canada is a member of various international organizations and forums.
See Canada and International organisation membership of Canada
International rankings of Canada
Canada ranks among the highest in international measurements of civil liberties, quality of life, education levels, gender equality, public services, public security and environmental sustainability.
See Canada and International rankings of Canada
International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies and their contractors: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada).
See Canada and International Space Station
Internationalism (politics)
Internationalism is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation among states and nations.
See Canada and Internationalism (politics)
Inuit
Inuit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, ᐃᓄᒃ, dual: Inuuk, ᐃᓅᒃ; Iñupiaq: Iñuit 'the people'; Greenlandic: Inuit) are a group of culturally and historically similar Indigenous peoples traditionally inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of North America, including Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, Yukon (traditionally), Alaska, and Chukotsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.
See Canada and Inuit
Inuksuk
An inuksuk (plural inuksuit) or inukshuk (from the ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ, plural ᐃᓄᒃᓱᐃᑦ; alternatively inukhuk in Inuinnaqtun, iñuksuk in Iñupiaq, inussuk in Greenlandic) is a type of stone landmark or cairn built by, and for the use of, Inuit, Iñupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America.
Inuktitut
Inuktitut (syllabics ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ; from, 'person' + -titut, 'like', 'in the manner of'), also known as Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada.
Irish Canadians
Irish Canadians (Gael-Cheanadaigh) are Canadian citizens who have full or partial Irish heritage including descendants who trace their ancestry to immigrants who originated in Ireland.
See Canada and Irish Canadians
Irreligion in Canada
Irreligion is common throughout all provinces and territories of Canada.
See Canada and Irreligion in Canada
ISIS (satellite)
ISIS 1 and 2 ("International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies") were the third and fourth in a series of Canadian satellites launched to study the ionosphere over one complete solar cycle.
See Canada and ISIS (satellite)
Islam in Canada
Islam is the second-largest religion in Canada practised by approximately 5% of the population.
See Canada and Islam in Canada
Islamic State
The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.
Italian Canadians
Italian Canadians (italocanadesi) are Canadian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who migrated to Canada as part of Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Canada.
See Canada and Italian Canadians
J. E. H. MacDonald
James Edward Hervey MacDonald (1873–1932) was an English-Canadian artist, best known as a member of the Group of Seven who asserted a distinct national identity combined with a common heritage stemming from early modernism in Europe in the early twentieth century.
See Canada and J. E. H. MacDonald
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier (Jakez Karter; 31 December 14911 September 1557) was a French-Breton maritime explorer for France.
See Canada and Jacques Cartier
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination.
See Canada and Jehovah's Witnesses
John Cabot
John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto; 1450 – 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer.
Judiciary
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.
Juno Awards
The Juno Awards (stylized as JUNOS), or simply known as the Junos, are awards presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to recognize outstanding achievements in Canada's music industry.
Just society
A Just society is a normative phrase used to describe what a society "ought" to be.
Justin Trudeau
Justin Pierre James Trudeau (born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician who has been serving as the 23rd prime minister of Canada since 2015 and the leader of the Liberal Party since 2013.
King's Printer
The King's Printer (known as the Queen's Printer during the reign of a female monarch) is typically a bureau of the national, state, or provincial government responsible for producing official documents issued by the King-in-Council, Ministers of the Crown, or other departments.
King-in-Council
The King-in-Council or the Queen-in-Council, depending on the sex of the reigning monarch, is a constitutional term in a number of states.
See Canada and King-in-Council
Klondike Gold Rush
The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of Yukon, in north-western Canada, between 1896 and 1899.
See Canada and Klondike Gold Rush
Knit cap
A knit cap is a piece of knitted headwear designed to provide warmth in cold weather.
L'Anse aux Meadows
L'Anse aux Meadows is an archaeological site, first excavated in the 1960s, of a Norse settlement dating to approximately 1,000 years ago.
See Canada and L'Anse aux Meadows
Lacrosse
Lacrosse is a contact team sport played with a lacrosse stick and a lacrosse ball.
Lacrosse in Canada
Modern lacrosse in Canada has been a popular sport since the mid 1800s.
See Canada and Lacrosse in Canada
Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area (Aire marine nationale de conservation du Lac-Supérieur) is a National Marine Conservation Area (NMCA) on the north shore of Lake Superior in Ontario, and is a unit of the national park system.
See Canada and Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
Languages of Canada
A multitude of languages have always been spoken in Canada.
See Canada and Languages of Canada
Lasker Award
In 1945 Albert Lasker and Mary Woodard Lasker created the Lasker Awards.
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Canada and Latin
Latin America
Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.
Latter Day Saint movement
The Latter Day Saint movement (also called the LDS movement, LDS restorationist movement, or Smith–Rigdon movement) is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian Restorationist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s.
See Canada and Latter Day Saint movement
Law of France
French law has a dual jurisdictional system comprising private law (droit privé), also known as judicial law, and public law (droit public).
Lawren Harris
Lawren Stewart Harris LL.
Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)
The leader of the Official Opposition (chef de l'Opposition officielle), formally known as the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition (chef de la loyale opposition de Sa Majesté), is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in Canada, typically the leader of the party possessing the most seats in the House of Commons that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition.
See Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)
League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
See Canada and League of Nations
Left-wing politics
Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.
See Canada and Left-wing politics
Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories
This is a list of the legislative assemblies of Canada's provinces and territories. Each province's legislative assembly, along with the province's lieutenant governor, form the province's legislature (which is called a parliament or general assembly in some provinces).
See Canada and Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories
Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.
Leif Erikson
Leif Erikson, also known as Leif the Lucky, was a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to set foot on continental America, approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus.
LGBT rights in Canada
Canadian lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are some of the most extensive in the world.
See Canada and LGBT rights in Canada
Liberal Party of Canada
The Liberal Party of Canada (LPC; region, PLC) is a federal political party in Canada. Canada and Liberal Party of Canada are 1867 establishments in Canada.
See Canada and Liberal Party of Canada
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.
Liberation Day (Netherlands)
Liberation Day (Bevrijdingsdag) is a public holiday in the Netherlands to mark the end of the Nazi occupation of the country during the Second World War.
See Canada and Liberation Day (Netherlands)
Library of Parliament
The Library of Parliament (Bibliothèque du Parlement) is the main information repository and research resource for the Parliament of Canada.
See Canada and Library of Parliament
Libyan civil war (2011)
The Libyan civil war, also known as the First Libyan Civil War, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya that was fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups that were seeking to oust his government.
See Canada and Libyan civil war (2011)
Lieutenant Governor (Canada)
In Canada, a lieutenant governor (French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenante-gouverneure) is the representative of the King of Canada in the government of each province.
See Canada and Lieutenant Governor (Canada)
List of bands from Canada
This is a list of bands from Canada.
See Canada and List of bands from Canada
List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories
This is a list of topics related to the provinces and territories of Canada, listed by topic type.
See Canada and List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories
List of Canadian composers
This is a list of composers who are either native to the country of Canada, are citizens of that nation, or have spent a major portion of their careers living and working in Canada.
See Canada and List of Canadian composers
List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries
Canadian inventions and discoveries are objects, processes, or techniques—invented, innovated, or discovered—that owe their existence either partially or entirely to a person born in Canada, a citizen of Canada, or a company or organization based in Canada.
See Canada and List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries
List of Canadian magazines
This is a list of magazines published in Canada.
See Canada and List of Canadian magazines
List of Canadian musicians
This is a list of Canadian musicians.
See Canada and List of Canadian musicians
List of Canadian writers
This is a list of Canadian literary figures, such as poets, novelists, children's writers, essayists, and scholars.
See Canada and List of Canadian writers
List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada
This is a list of the census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada by population, using data from the 2021 Canadian census and the 2016 Canadian census.
See Canada and List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada
List of countries and dependencies by area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.
See Canada and List of countries and dependencies by area
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.
See Canada and List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.
See Canada and List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
This is a list of sovereign states and territories by greenhouse gas emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the created by European Commission.
See Canada and List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
List of countries by length of coastline
This article contains a list of countries by length of coastline, in kilometers.
See Canada and List of countries by length of coastline
List of countries by number of Internet users
Below is a sortable list of countries by number of Internet users as of 2024.
See Canada and List of countries by number of Internet users
List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles
Those are lists of countries and territories by number of scientific publications in English.
See Canada and List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles
List of countries by proven oil reserves
Proven oil reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated, with a high degree of confidence, to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
See Canada and List of countries by proven oil reserves
List of countries by total health expenditure per capita
This article includes 2 lists of countries of the world and their total expenditure on health per capita.
See Canada and List of countries by total health expenditure per capita
List of countries with highest military expenditures
This is a list of countries with the highest military expenditure in a given year.
See Canada and List of countries with highest military expenditures
List of diplomatic missions of Canada
This is a list of diplomatic missions of Canada.
See Canada and List of diplomatic missions of Canada
List of earthquakes in Canada
This is a list of earthquakes in Canada.
See Canada and List of earthquakes in Canada
List of ethnic groups of Africa
The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each ethnicity generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture.
See Canada and List of ethnic groups of Africa
List of exports of Canada
The following is a list of the top 20 exports of Canada.
See Canada and List of exports of Canada
List of lakes of Canada
This is a partial list of lakes of Canada.
See Canada and List of lakes of Canada
List of newspapers in Canada
This list of newspapers in Canada is a list of newspapers printed and distributed in Canada.
See Canada and List of newspapers in Canada
List of Nobel laureates by country
This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country.
See Canada and List of Nobel laureates by country
List of regions of Canada
The list of regions of Canada is a summary of geographical areas on a hierarchy that ranges from national (groups of provinces and territories) at the top to local regions and sub-regions of provinces at the bottom.
See Canada and List of regions of Canada
List of the largest population centres in Canada
A population centre, in the context of a Canadian census, is a populated place, or a cluster of interrelated populated places, which meets the demographic characteristics of an urban area, having a population of at least 1,000 people and a population density of no fewer than 400 people per square km2.
See Canada and List of the largest population centres in Canada
List of the largest trading partners of Canada
This is a list of the largest trading partners of Canada.
See Canada and List of the largest trading partners of Canada
List of Wildlife Species at Risk (Canada)
The List of Wildlife Species at Risk currently has more than 800 entries for Canadian wild life species considered vulnerable; including 363 classified as endangered species, —190 threatened species, —235 special concern, and 22 extirpated (no longer found in the wild).
See Canada and List of Wildlife Species at Risk (Canada)
Local government
Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of governance or public administration within a particular sovereign state.
See Canada and Local government
London Conference of 1866
The London Conference was held in London, in the United Kingdom, in 1866.
See Canada and London Conference of 1866
Lonely Planet
Lonely Planet is a travel guide book publisher.
Loonie
The loonie (huard), formally the Canadian one-dollar coin, is a gold-coloured Canadian coin that was introduced in 1987 and is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint at its facility in Winnipeg.
Louisiana (New France)
Louisiana (Louisiane) or French Louisiana (Louisiane française) was an administrative district of New France.
See Canada and Louisiana (New France)
Lower Canada
The Province of Lower Canada (province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791–1841). Canada and lower Canada are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
Loyalism
Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom.
Lucy Maud Montgomery
Lucy Maud Montgomery (November 30, 1874 – April 24, 1942), published as L. M. Montgomery, was a Canadian author best known for a collection of novels, essays, short stories, and poetry beginning in 1908 with Anne of Green Gables.
See Canada and Lucy Maud Montgomery
Lunar Gateway
The Lunar Gateway, or simply Gateway, is a space station which is planned to be assembled in orbit around the Moon.
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league and the highest level of organized baseball in the United States and Canada.
See Canada and Major League Baseball
Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada
Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada traditionally include four leagues: Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL).
See Canada and Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada
Majority rule
Majority rule is the principle that a group which has more than half of all voters should be allowed to make the decisions for a group.
Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin is a group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China.
See Canada and Mandarin Chinese
Manitoba
Manitoba is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country.
Maple leaf
The maple leaf is the characteristic leaf of the maple tree.
Maple syrup
Maple syrup is a syrup made from the sap of maple trees.
Margaret Atwood
Margaret Eleanor Atwood (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian novelist, poet, and literary critic.
See Canada and Margaret Atwood
Maritime boundary
A maritime boundary is a conceptual division of Earth's water surface areas using physiographical or geopolitical criteria.
See Canada and Maritime boundary
Market capitalization
Market capitalization, sometimes referred to as market cap, is the total value of a publicly traded company's outstanding common shares owned by stockholders.
See Canada and Market capitalization
Martial arts
Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defence; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage.
Mary Simon
Mary Jeannie May Simon (in Inuktitut syllabics: ᒥᐊᓕ ᓴᐃᒪᓐ; Ningiukudluk; born August 21, 1947) is a Canadian civil servant, diplomat, and former broadcaster who has served as the 30th governor general of Canada since July 26, 2021.
Mass media in Canada
The term mass media refers to any means or technology used to communicate a message to large groups of people.
See Canada and Mass media in Canada
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
See Canada and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Materiel
Materiel is supplies, equipment, and weapons in military supply-chain management, and typically supplies and equipment in a commercial supply chain context.
Métis
The Métis are an Indigenous people whose historical homelands include Canada's three Prairie Provinces.
See Canada and Métis
McClelland & Stewart
McClelland & Stewart Limited is a Canadian publishing company.
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McGill University
McGill University (French: Université McGill) is an English-language public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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McGill–Queen's University Press
The McGill–Queen's University Press (MQUP) is a Canadian university press formed as a joint venture between McGill University in Montreal, Quebec and Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario.
See Canada and McGill–Queen's University Press
Measles
Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus.
Media ownership in Canada
Media ownership in Canada is governed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), with regards to audiovisual media and telecom networks, as well as other agencies with more specific jurisdiction, in the case of non-broadcast media—like the Competition Bureau, with regards to competition matters and Department of Canadian Heritage regarding foreign investment in the cultural sector.
See Canada and Media ownership in Canada
Medicare (Canada)
Medicare (assurance-maladie) is an unofficial designation used to refer to the publicly funded single-payer healthcare system of Canada.
See Canada and Medicare (Canada)
Meech Lake Accord
The Meech Lake Accord (Accord du lac Meech) was a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 Canadian provincial premiers.
See Canada and Meech Lake Accord
Megadiverse countries
A megadiverse country is one of a group of nations that harbours the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species.
See Canada and Megadiverse countries
Member of Parliament (Canada)
A member of Parliament (post-nominal letters: MP) is a term used to describe an elected politician in the House of Commons of Canada, the lower chamber of the bicameral Parliament of Canada. Canada and member of Parliament (Canada) are 1867 establishments in Canada.
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Methodism
Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a Protestant Christian tradition whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley.
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. Canada and Mexico are countries in North America, G20 members and member states of the United Nations.
Michael Ondaatje
Philip Michael Ondaatje (born 12 September 1943) is a Sri Lankan-born Canadian poet, fiction writer and essayist.
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Michigan State University Press
Michigan State University Press is the scholarly publishing arm of Michigan State University.
See Canada and Michigan State University Press
Middle power
A middle power is a state that is not a superpower or a great power, but still exerts influence and plays a significant role in international relations.
Military history of Canada
The military history of Canada comprises centuries of conflict within the territory, and interventions by the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping missions worldwide.
See Canada and Military history of Canada
Minister of Finance (Canada)
The minister of finance (ministre des Finances) is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet, who is responsible for overseeing the Department of Finance and presenting the federal government's budget each year. Canada and minister of Finance (Canada) are 1867 establishments in Canada.
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Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry
The minister of innovation, science, and industry (ministre de l'innovation, des sciences et de l'industrie) is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for overseeing the economic development and corporate affairs department of the government of Canada; Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada.
See Canada and Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry
Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
The minister of justice and attorney general of Canada is a dual-role portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet.
See Canada and Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
Minister of the Crown
Minister of the Crown is a formal constitutional term used in Commonwealth realms to describe a minister of the reigning sovereign or viceroy.
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Minority language
A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory.
See Canada and Minority language
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW), also known as Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) and more broadly as Missing and Murdered Indigenous Relatives (MMIR) or Missing and Murdered Indigenous People (MMIP), is a human rights crisis of violence against Indigenous women in Canada and the United States, notably those in the Indigenous peoples in Canada and Native American communities, but also amongst other Indigenous peoples such as in Australia and New Zealand, and the grassroots movement to raise awareness of MMIW through organizing marches; building databases of the missing; holding local community, city council, and tribal council meetings; and conducting domestic violence trainings and other informational sessions for police.
See Canada and Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the primary river and second-longest river of the largest drainage basin in the United States.
See Canada and Mississippi River
Mixed economy
A mixed economy is an economic system that accepts both private businesses and nationalized government services, like public utilities, safety, military, welfare, and education.
Mixed-blood
The term mixed-blood in the United States and Canada has historically been described as people of multiracial backgrounds, in particular mixed European and Native American ancestry.
Mobile Servicing System
The Mobile Servicing System (MSS), is a robotic system on board the International Space Station (ISS).
See Canada and Mobile Servicing System
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element; it has symbol Mo (from Neo-Latin molybdaenum) and atomic number 42.
Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
The monarchy of Canada forms the core of each Canadian provincial jurisdiction's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy, being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government in each province.
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Monarchy of Canada
The monarchy of Canada is Canada's form of government embodied by the Canadian sovereign and head of state.
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Monarchy of the Netherlands
The monarchy of the Netherlands is governed the country's Constitution, roughly a third of which explains the mechanics of succession, accession, and abdication; the roles and duties of the monarch; the formalities of communication between the States General of the Netherlands; and the monarch's role in creating laws.
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Montreal
Montreal is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest in Canada, and the tenth-largest in North America.
MOST (spacecraft)
The Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars/Microvariabilité et Oscillations STellaire (MOST), was Canada's first space telescope.
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Motion of no confidence
A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion of confidence and corresponding vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fit to continue to occupy their office.
See Canada and Motion of no confidence
Multi-touch
In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface (a touchpad or touchscreen) to recognize the presence of more than one point of contact with the surface at the same time.
Multicultural media in Canada
Multicultural media in Canada, also referred to as “ethnic media” or “third media” (as it may use languages other than Canada's two official languages, French and English), is media that responds to the needs of ethnic minorities of Canada.
See Canada and Multicultural media in Canada
Multiculturalism in Canada
Multiculturalism in Canada was officially adopted by the government during the 1970s and 1980s.
See Canada and Multiculturalism in Canada
Multilateralism
In international relations, multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.
See Canada and Multilateralism
Music of Canadian cultures
Music of Canadian Cultures is a wide and diverse accumulation of music from many different individual communities all across Canada.
See Canada and Music of Canadian cultures
Music school
A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music.
Music video
A music video is a video that integrates a song or an album with imagery that is produced for promotional or musical artistic purposes.
Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The Indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise numerous different cultures.
See Canada and Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Nanaimo bar
The Nanaimo bar is a bar dessert that requires no baking and is named after the Canadian city of Nanaimo in British Columbia.
National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada).
See Canada and National Basketball Association
National Film Board of Canada
The National Film Board of Canada (NFB; Office national du film du Canada (ONF)) is Canada's public film and digital media producer and distributor.
See Canada and National Film Board of Canada
National Hockey League
The National Hockey League (NHL; Ligue nationale de hockey, LNH) is a professional ice hockey league in North America comprising 32 teams25 in the United States and 7 in Canada.
See Canada and National Hockey League
National Lacrosse League
The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a men's professional box lacrosse league in North America.
See Canada and National Lacrosse League
National parks of Canada
National parks of Canada are vast natural spaces throughout the country that are protected by Parks Canada, a government agency.
See Canada and National parks of Canada
National Policy
The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A. Macdonald's Conservative Party in 1876.
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National Wildlife Area
A National Wildlife Area is a conservation designation for a geographical region in Canada that restricts most human activities on that region.
See Canada and National Wildlife Area
Natural Resources Canada
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan; Ressources naturelles Canada; label)Natural Resources Canada is the applied title under the Federal Identity Program; the legal title is Department of Natural Resources.
See Canada and Natural Resources Canada
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
See Canada and Nature (journal)
Nature Index
The Nature Index is a database that tracks institutions and countries/territories and their scientific output since its introduction in November, 2014.
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
Netherlands in World War II
Despite Dutch neutrality, Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 as part of Fall Gelb (Case Yellow).
See Canada and Netherlands in World War II
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (Nouveau-Brunswick) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Canada and New Brunswick are 1867 establishments in Canada, former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas, french-speaking countries and territories, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and states and territories established in 1867.
New France
New France (Nouvelle-France) was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.
Newfoundland (island)
Newfoundland (Terre-Neuve) is a large island within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
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Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region.
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Nickel (Canadian coin)
The Canadian five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a coin worth five cents or one-twentieth of a Canadian dollar.
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.
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Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature (here meaning for literature; Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction" (original den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning).
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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.
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NORAD
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Canada and the continental United States.
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Normandy landings
The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during the Second World War.
See Canada and Normandy landings
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.
North American Free Trade Agreement
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN; Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA) was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
See Canada and North American Free Trade Agreement
North American fur trade
The North American fur trade is the (typically) historical commercial trade of furs and other goods in North America, predominantly in the eastern provinces of Canada and the northeastern American colonies (soon-to-be northeastern United States).
See Canada and North American fur trade
North-West Mounted Police
The North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was a Canadian paramilitary police force, established in 1873, to maintain order in the new Canadian North-West Territories (NWT) following the 1870 transfer of Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory to Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company, the Red River Rebellion and in response to lawlessness, demonstrated by the subsequent Cypress Hills Massacre and fears of United States military intervention.
See Canada and North-West Mounted Police
North-Western Territory
The North-Western Territory was a region of British North America extant until 1870 and named for where it lay in relation to Rupert's Land.
See Canada and North-Western Territory
Northern Canada
Northern Canada (Nord du Canada), colloquially the North or the Territories, is the vast northernmost region of Canada, variously defined by geography and politics.
See Canada and Northern Canada
Northwest Territories
The Northwest Territories (abbreviated NT or NWT; Territoires du Nord-Ouest; formerly North-West Territories) is a federal territory of Canada.
See Canada and Northwest Territories
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is a province of Canada, located on its east coast. Canada and Nova Scotia are 1867 establishments in Canada, former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas and states and territories established in 1867.
Nunavut
Nunavut (ᓄᓇᕗᑦ) is the largest and northernmost territory of Canada.
O Canada
"O Canada" (italic) is the national anthem of Canada.
October Crisis
The October Crisis (Crise d'Octobre) was a chain of political events in Canada that started in October 1970 when members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister Pierre Laporte and British diplomat James Cross from his Montreal residence.
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
See Canada and OECD
Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages
The Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages of the Canadian government is responsible for achieving the objectives of, and promoting, Canada's Official Languages Act.
See Canada and Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages
Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)
The Office of the Prime Minister (commonly called the prime minister's office or PMO (Cabinet du Premier ministre; label) comprises the staff that supports the prime minister of Canada and is located in the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council Building in Ottawa, Ontario. The PMO provides policy advice, information gathering, communications, planning, and strategizing.
See Canada and Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)
Official bilingualism in Canada
The official languages of Canada are English and French, which "have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada," according to Canada's constitution.
See Canada and Official bilingualism in Canada
Official language
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.
See Canada and Official language
Official Language Act (Quebec)
The Official Language Act of 1974 (Loi sur la langue officielle), also known as Bill 22, was an act of the National Assembly of Quebec, commissioned by Premier Robert Bourassa, which made French the sole official language of Quebec, Canada.
See Canada and Official Language Act (Quebec)
Official Languages Act (Canada)
The Official Languages Act (Loi sur les langues officielles) is a Canadian law that came into force on September 9, 1969, which gives French and English equal status in the government of Canada.
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Official multilingualism
Official multilingualism is the policy adopted by some states of recognizing multiple languages as official and producing all official documents, and handling all correspondence and official dealings, including court procedure, in these languages.
See Canada and Official multilingualism
Official Opposition (Canada)
Majesty's Loyal Opposition (loyale Opposition de Sa Majesté), or simply the Official Opposition (Opposition officielle), is usually the second-largest party (or group of parties) in the House of Commons.
See Canada and Official Opposition (Canada)
Offshore drilling in Atlantic Canada
In addition to terrestrial oil wells, Canada also extracts oil via offshore drilling.
See Canada and Offshore drilling in Atlantic Canada
Ohio River
The Ohio River is a river in the United States.
Oka Crisis
The Oka Crisis (Crise d'Oka), also known as the Kanehsatà:ke Resistance,, or Mohawk Crisis, was a land dispute between a group of Mohawk people and the town of Oka, Quebec, Canada, over plans to build a golf course on land known as "The Pines" which included an indigenous burial ground.
Old Crow Flats
Old Crow Flats (Van Tat in the Gwichʼin language) is a wetland complex in northern Yukon, Canada along the Old Crow River.
Ontario
Ontario is the southernmost province of Canada. Canada and Ontario are 1867 establishments in Canada and states and territories established in 1867.
Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful liberation of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II.
See Canada and Operation Overlord
Optometry
Optometry is a specialized health care profession that involves examining the eyes and related structures for defects or abnormalities.
Orbis (journal)
Orbis is the Foreign Policy Research Institute's (FPRI) quarterly journal of world affairs.
See Canada and Orbis (journal)
Oregon boundary dispute
The Oregon boundary dispute or the Oregon Question was a 19th-century territorial dispute over the political division of the Pacific Northwest of North America between several nations that had competing territorial and commercial aspirations in the region.
See Canada and Oregon boundary dispute
Oregon Treaty
The Oregon Treaty is a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country; the area had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S.
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF; sometimes shortened to the Francophonie, La Francophonie, sometimes also called International Organisation of italic in English) is an international organization representing countries and regions where French is a lingua franca or customary language, where a significant proportion of the population are francophones (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with French culture. Canada and Organisation internationale de la Francophonie are french-speaking countries and territories.
See Canada and Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
Organization of American States
The Organization of American States (OAS or OEA; Organización de los Estados Americanos; Organização dos Estados Americanos; Organisation des États américains) is an international organization founded on 30 April 1948 to promote cooperation among its member states within the Americas.
See Canada and Organization of American States
Ottawa
Ottawa (Canadian French) is the capital city of Canada.
Outline of Canada
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Canada: Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories.
See Canada and Outline of Canada
Overseas collectivity
The French overseas collectivities (collectivité d'outre-mer abbreviated as COM) are first-order administrative divisions of France, like the French regions, but have a semi-autonomous status.
See Canada and Overseas collectivity
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Canada and Oxford University Press
Pacific Cordillera (Canada)
The Pacific Cordillera, also known as the Western Cordillera or simply The Cordillera, is a top-level physiographic region of Canada, referring mainly to the extensive cordillera system in Western and Northwestern Canada that constitutes the northern part of the North American Cordillera.
See Canada and Pacific Cordillera (Canada)
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
Paleo-Indians
Paleo-Indians were the first peoples who entered and subsequently inhabited the Americas towards the end of the Late Pleistocene period.
Palgrave Macmillan
Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.
See Canada and Palgrave Macmillan
Panethnicity
Panethnicity is a political neologism used to group various ethnic groups together based on their related cultural origins; geographic, linguistic, religious, or 'racial' (i.e. phenotypic) similarities are often used alone or in combination to draw panethnic boundaries.
Parliament of Canada
The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada) is the federal legislature of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, and is composed of three parts: the King, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Canada and Parliament of Canada are 1867 establishments in Canada.
See Canada and Parliament of Canada
Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories.
See Canada and Parliament of the United Kingdom
Parliamentary sovereignty
Parliamentary sovereignty, also called parliamentary supremacy or legislative supremacy, is a concept in the constitutional law of some parliamentary democracies.
See Canada and Parliamentary sovereignty
Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a system of democratic government where the head of government (who may also be the head of state) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which they are accountable.
See Canada and Parliamentary system
Parti Québécois
The paren,; PQ) is a sovereignist and social democratic provincial political party in Quebec, Canada. The PQ advocates national sovereignty for Quebec involving independence of the province of Quebec from Canada and establishing a sovereign state. The PQ has also promoted the possibility of maintaining a loose political and economic sovereignty-association between Quebec and Canada.
See Canada and Parti Québécois
Patriation
Patriation is the political process that led to full Canadian sovereignty, culminating with the Constitution Act, 1982.
Peace and Friendship Treaties
The Peace and Friendship Treaties were a series of written documents (or, treaties) that Britain signed bearing the Authority of Great Britain between 1725 and 1779 with various Mi’kmaq, Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), Abenaki, Penobscot, and Passamaquoddy peoples (i.e., the Wabanaki Confederacy) living in parts of what are now the Maritimes and Gaspé region in Canada and the northeastern United States.
See Canada and Peace and Friendship Treaties
Peace of Utrecht
The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715.
See Canada and Peace of Utrecht
Peace, order, and good government
In many Commonwealth jurisdictions, the phrase "peace, order, and good government" (POGG) is an expression used in law to express the legitimate objects of legislative powers conferred by statute.
See Canada and Peace, order, and good government
Pentecostalism
Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Charismatic Christian movement that emphasizes direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit.
Peopling of the Americas
The peopling of the Americas began when Paleolithic hunter-gatherers (Paleo-Indians) entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and western Alaska due to the lowering of sea level during the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 19,000 years ago).
See Canada and Peopling of the Americas
Performing arts center
Performing arts center/centre (see spelling differences), often abbreviated as PAC, is used to refer to.
See Canada and Performing arts center
Permafrost
Permafrost is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below for two years or more: the oldest permafrost had been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years.
Permanent residency in Canada
Permanent residency (résidence permanente) is a status granting someone who is not a Canadian citizen the right to live and work in Canada without any time limit on their stay.
See Canada and Permanent residency in Canada
Petroleum industry in Canada
Petroleum production in Canada is a major industry which is important to the overall economy of North America.
See Canada and Petroleum industry in Canada
Plains Indians
Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of North America.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.
See Canada and Plate tectonics
Platinum group
The platinum-group metals (PGMs), also known as the platinoids, platinides, platidises, platinum group, platinum metals, platinum family or platinum-group elements (PGEs), are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table.
Pluralism (political philosophy)
Pluralism as a political philosophy is the diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles.
See Canada and Pluralism (political philosophy)
Polio vaccine
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).
Political moderate
Moderate is an ideological category which designates a rejection of radical or extreme views, especially in regard to politics and religion.
See Canada and Political moderate
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Population figures for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European colonization have been difficult to establish.
See Canada and Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Population of Canada
Canada ranks 36th by population among countries of the world, comprising about 0.5% of the world's total, with more than 40 million Canadians as of 2024.
See Canada and Population of Canada
Port-Royal (Acadia)
Port Royal (1605–1713) was a historic settlement based around the upper Annapolis Basin in Nova Scotia, Canada, and the predecessor of the modern town of Annapolis Royal.
See Canada and Port-Royal (Acadia)
Portuguese maritime exploration
Portuguese maritime exploration resulted in the numerous territories and maritime routes recorded by the Portuguese as a result of their intensive maritime journeys during the 15th and 16th centuries.
See Canada and Portuguese maritime exploration
Postchristianity
Postchristianity is the situation in which Christianity is no longer the dominant civil religion of a society but has gradually assumed values, culture, and worldviews that are not necessarily Christian.
See Canada and Postchristianity
Poutine
Poutine is a dish of french fries and cheese curds topped with a brown gravy.
Poverty in Canada
Poverty in Canada refers to the state or condition in which a person or household lacks essential resourcesfinancial or otherwiseto maintain a modest standard of living in their community.
See Canada and Poverty in Canada
Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism is a Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders.
See Canada and Presbyterianism
Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication, prescription medicine or prescription-only medication) is a pharmaceutical drug that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a medical prescription.
See Canada and Prescription drug
Primary education
Primary education or elementary education is typically the first stage of formal education, coming after preschool/kindergarten and before secondary school.
See Canada and Primary education
Primary sector of the economy
The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry and mining.
See Canada and Primary sector of the economy
Prime Minister of Canada
The prime minister of Canada (premier ministre du Canada) is the head of government of Canada. Canada and prime Minister of Canada are 1867 establishments in Canada.
See Canada and Prime Minister of Canada
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI;;; colloquially known as the Island) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Canada and Prince Edward Island are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and Prince Edward Island
Protected areas of Canada
Protected areas of Canada consist of approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are considered conservation areas, including 11.4 percent designated as protected areas.
See Canada and Protected areas of Canada
Province of Canada
The Province of Canada (or the United Province of Canada or the United Canadas) was a British colony in British North America from 1841 to 1867. Canada and Province of Canada are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and Province of Canada
Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
The Province of Quebec (Province de Québec) was a colony in British North America which comprised the former French colony of Canada. Canada and Province of Quebec (1763–1791) are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
Provinces and territories of Canada
Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution.
See Canada and Provinces and territories of Canada
Public broadcasting
Public broadcasting (or public service broadcasting) involves radio, television, and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service.
See Canada and Public broadcasting
Publicly funded health care
Publicly funded healthcare is a form of health care financing designed to meet the cost of all or most healthcare needs from a publicly managed fund.
See Canada and Publicly funded health care
Punjabi language
Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.
See Canada and Punjabi language
Quebec
QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Canada and Quebec are 1867 establishments in Canada, french-speaking countries and territories, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and states and territories established in 1867.
Quebec Act
The Quebec Act, 1774 (Acte de Québec de 1774) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which set procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec.
Quebec City
Quebec City (or; Ville de Québec), officially known as Québec, is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec.
Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
The Quebec City–Windsor Corridor (Corridor Québec-Windsor) is the most densely populated and heavily industrialized region of Canada.
See Canada and Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
Quebec nationalism
Quebec nationalism or Québécois nationalism is a feeling and a political doctrine that prioritizes cultural belonging to, the defence of the interests of, and the recognition of the political legitimacy of the Québécois nation, particularly its French Canadian population.
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Quebec Sign Language
Quebec Sign Language (or, LSQ) is the predominant sign language of deaf communities used in francophone Canada, primarily in Quebec.
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Quebec sovereignty movement
The Quebec sovereignty movement (mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement whose objective is to achieve the independence of Quebec from Canada.
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Queen's University at Kingston
Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario), commonly known as Queen's University or simply Queen's, is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution (Révolution tranquille) refers to a significant period of socio-political and socio-cultural transformation in French Canada, particularly in Quebec, following the election of 1960.
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Radarsat-1
RADARSAT-1 was Canada's first commercial Earth observation satellite.
Radarsat-2
RADARSAT-2 is a Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Earth observation satellite.
Radio broadcasting
Radio broadcasting is the broadcasting of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience.
See Canada and Radio broadcasting
Rapeseed oil
Close-up of canola blooms Canola flower Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils.
Rebellions of 1837–1838
The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (Rébellions de 1837), were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838.
See Canada and Rebellions of 1837–1838
Record label
"Big Three" music labels A record label or record company is a brand or trademark of music recordings and music videos, or the company that owns it.
Red River Rebellion
The Red River Rebellion (Rébellion de la rivière Rouge), also known as the Red River Resistance, Red River uprising, or First Riel Rebellion, was the sequence of events that led up to the 1869 establishment of a provisional government by Métis leader Louis Riel and his followers at the Red River Colony, in the early stages of establishing today's Canadian province of Manitoba.
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Reference Re Secession of Quebec
Reference Re Secession of Quebec, 2 SCR 217 is a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the legality, under both Canadian and international law, of a unilateral secession of Quebec from Canada.
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Reform Party of Canada
The Reform Party of Canada (Parti réformiste du Canada) was a right-wing populist and conservative federal political party in Canada that existed from 1987 to 2000.
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Reformed Episcopal Church
The Reformed Episcopal Church (REC) is an Anglican Church.
See Canada and Reformed Episcopal Church
Regional tartans of Canada
Regional tartans of Canada are represented by all Canada's provinces and territories having a regional tartan, as do many other regional divisions in Canada.
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Reichskommissariat Niederlande
The Reichskommissariat Niederlande was the civilian occupation regime set up by Germany in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II.
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Reign
A reign is the period of a person's or dynasty's occupation of the office of monarch of a nation (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Andorra), of a people (e.g., the Franks, the Zulus) or of a spiritual community (e.g., Catholicism, Tibetan Buddhism, Nizari Ismailism).
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Religious pluralism
Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society.
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Republic of China (1912–1949)
The Republic of China (ROC), or simply China, as a sovereign state was based on mainland China from 1912 to 1949, when the government retreated to Taiwan, where it continues to be based.
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Research and development
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.
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Respiratory disease
Respiratory diseases, or lung diseases, are pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in air-breathing animals.
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Responsible government
Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability, the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy.
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Richard Wagner (judge)
Richard Wagner (born April 2, 1957) is a Canadian jurist serving as the 18th and current Chief Justice of Canada since 2017.
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Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America.
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Rowman & Littlefield
Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.
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Royal Canadian Air Force
The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; Aviation royale canadienne, ARC) is the air and space force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower". The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces.
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Royal Canadian Geographical Society
The Royal Canadian Geographical Society (RCGS; French: Société géographique royale du Canada) is a Canadian nonprofit educational organization.
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Royal Canadian Mounted Police
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; Gendarmerie royale du Canada; GRC) is the national police service of Canada.
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Royal Canadian Navy
The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN; Marine royale canadienne, MRC) is the naval force of Canada.
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Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) was a Canadian royal commission established in 1991 with the aim of investigating the relationship between Indigenous peoples in Canada, the Government of Canada, and Canadian society as a whole.
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Royal prerogative
The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity recognized in common law (and sometimes in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy) as belonging to the sovereign, and which have become widely vested in the government.
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Royal Proclamation of 1763
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III on 7 October 1763.
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Rupert's Land
Rupert's Land (Terre de Rupert), or Prince Rupert's Land (Terre du Prince Rupert), was a territory in British North America which comprised the Hudson Bay drainage basin. Canada and Rupert's Land are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. Canada and Russia are G20 members and member states of the United Nations.
Saint John, New Brunswick
Saint John is a seaport city located on the Bay of Fundy in the province of New Brunswick, Canada.
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Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon, officially the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (Collectivité d'outre-mer de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon), is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, located near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Canada and Saint Pierre and Miquelon are french-speaking countries and territories, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and northern America.
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Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain (Fichier OrigineFor a detailed analysis of his baptismal record, see RitchThe baptism act does not contain information about the age of Samuel, neither his birth date nor his place of birth. – 25 December 1635) was a French explorer, navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler.
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a province in Western Canada, bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and to the south by the United States (Montana and North Dakota).
School shooting
A school shooting is an armed attack at an educational institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, high school or university, involving the use of a firearm.
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Scientific journal
In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication designed to further the progress of science by disseminating new research findings to the scientific community.
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Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area
Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area is a National Wildlife Area off the northwestern tip of Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia.
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Scottish Canadians
Scottish Canadians (Canèidianaich Albannach) are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada.
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Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic (endonym: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland.
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Secondary education
Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale.
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Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the first of several sections of the Constitution dealing with Canada's two official languages, English and French.
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Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada.
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Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 provides constitutional protection to the indigenous and treaty rights of indigenous peoples in Canada.
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Secularity
Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin saeculum, "worldly" or "of a generation"), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion.
Senate of Canada
The Senate of Canada (Sénat du Canada) is the upper house of the Parliament of Canada.
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Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas.
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Siberia
Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Sign language
Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words.
Sikhism by country
Most of the 25-30 million followers of Sikhism, the world's fifth-largest religion live in the northern Indian state of Punjab, the only Sikh-majority administrative division on Earth, but Sikh communities exist on every inhabited continent.
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Sikhism in Canada
Sikhism is the fourth-largest religious group in Canada, with nearly 800,000 adherents, or 2.1% of Canada's population, as of 2021.
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Sikhism in India
Indian Sikhs number approximately 21 million people and account for 1.7% of India's population as of 2011, forming the country's fourth-largest religious group.
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Site-directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional mutating changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.
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Skiing
Skiing is the use of skis to glide on snow for basic transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport.
Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.
Soccer in Canada
In Canada, soccer is the most popular sport in terms of participation rate; according to FIFA's Big Count, almost 2.7 million people played in Canada in 2006.
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Social democracy
Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and supports a gradualist, reformist and democratic approach towards achieving socialism.
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Social integration
Social integration is the process during which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society.
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Social justice
Social justice is justice in relation to the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society where individuals' rights are recognized and protected.
Social liberalism
The logotype "Quaerite Libertatem et Altruismum" (Latin: as a transnational and neutral language) means "Seek Freedom and Altruism!".
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Social programs in Canada
Social programs in Canada (programmes sociaux) include all Canadian government programs designed to give assistance to citizens outside of what the market provides.
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Somalia
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. Canada and Somalia are member states of the United Nations.
Somalia affair
The Somalia affair was a 1993 Canadian military scandal, prompted by the beating to death of Shidane Arone, a Somali teenager, at the hands of two Canadian peacekeepers participating in humanitarian efforts in Somalia.
Sounding rocket
A sounding rocket or rocketsonde, sometimes called a research rocket or a suborbital rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight.
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South Asian Canadians
South Asian Canadians are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to South Asia or the Indian subcontinent, which includes the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program.
Spring (season)
Spring, also known as springtime, is one of the four temperate seasons, succeeding winter and preceding summer.
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Springer Publishing
Springer Publishing Company is an American publishing company of academic journals and books, focusing on the fields of nursing, gerontology, psychology, social work, counseling, public health, and rehabilitation (neuropsychology).
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St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
St.
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St. Lawrence Iroquoians
The St.
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St. Lawrence River
The St.
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St. Martin's Press
St.
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Stadacona
Stadacona was a 16th-century St. Lawrence Iroquoian village not far from where Quebec City was founded in 1608.
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.
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State school
A state school, public school, or government school is a primary or secondary school that educates all students without charge.
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada (StatCan; Statistique Canada), formed in 1971, is the agency of the Government of Canada commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture.
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Statute of Westminster 1931
The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that sets the basis for the relationship between the Dominions (now called Commonwealth realms) and the Crown.
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Stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an international institute based in Stockholm.
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Student financial aid in Canada
Government sponsored Student Loans in Canada was designed to help post-secondary students pay for their education in Canada.
See Canada and Student financial aid in Canada
SUNY Press
The State University of New York Press (more commonly referred to as the SUNY Press) is a university press affiliated with the State University of New York system.
Supremacy Clause
The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution of the United States (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the "supreme Law of the Land", and thus take priority over any conflicting state laws.
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Supreme Court of Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC; Cour suprême du Canada, CSC) is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada.
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Swimming (sport)
Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water.
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T-cell receptor
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
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Tadoussac
Tadoussac is a village municipality in La Haute-Côte-Nord RCM (Regional County Municipality), on the north shore of the maritime section of the estuary of St. Lawrence river, in Côte-Nord region, Quebec, Canada.
Tagalog language
Tagalog (Baybayin) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority.
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Taiga
Taiga (p), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches.
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Tamil language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia.
Taxation in Canada
In Canada, taxation is a prerogative shared between the federal government and the various provincial and territorial legislatures.
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Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
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Télé-Québec
The Société de télédiffusion du Québec (Quebec Television Broadcasting Corporation), branded as Télé-Québec (formerly known as Radio-Québec), is a Canadian French-language public educational television network in the province of Quebec.
Television in Canada
Television in Canada officially began with the sign-on of the nation's first television stations in Montreal and Toronto in 1952.
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Temperature in Canada
Climate in Canada varies widely from region to region.
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Tennis
Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles).
Territorial evolution of Canada
The history of post-confederation Canada began on July 1, 1867, when the British North American colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united to form a single Dominion within the British Empire.
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Tertiary education
Tertiary education, also referred to as third-level, third-stage or post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of secondary education.
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Tertiary sector of the economy
The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle).
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The Bold Canadian
"The Bold Canadian" was a patriotic song for Canadians that originated during the War of 1812.
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The Canadas
The Canadas is the collective name for the provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada, two historical British colonies in present-day Canada. Canada and the Canadas are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
The Canadian Encyclopedia
The Canadian Encyclopedia (TCE; L'Encyclopédie canadienne) is the national encyclopedia of Canada, published online by the Toronto-based historical organization Historica Canada, with the support of the federal Department of Canadian Heritage.
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The Economic Times
The Economic Times is an Indian English-language business-focused daily newspaper.
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The Economist Democracy Index
The Democracy Index published by the Economist Group is an index measuring the quality of democracy across the world.
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The English Patient
The English Patient is a 1992 novel by Michael Ondaatje.
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The English Patient (film)
The English Patient is a 1996 epic romantic war drama directed by Anthony Minghella from his own script based on the 1992 novel of the same name by Michael Ondaatje, and produced by Saul Zaentz.
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The Globe and Mail
The Globe and Mail is a Canadian newspaper printed in five cities in western and central Canada.
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The Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation, sometimes referred to simply as "Heritage", is an activist American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1973, it took a leading role in the conservative movement in the 1980s during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage Foundation studies, including its Mandate for Leadership.
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The Maple Leaf Forever
"The Maple Leaf Forever" is a Canadian patriotic song written by Alexander Muir (1830–1906) in 1867, the year of Canada's Confederation.
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The Maritimes
The Maritimes, also called the Maritime provinces, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The Porcupine's Quill
The Porcupine's Quill is an independent publishing company in Erin, Ontario, Canada.
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The Weather Network
The Weather Network (TWN) is a Canadian English-language discretionary weather information specialty channel available in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Third country resettlement
Third country resettlement or refugee resettlement is, according to the UNHCR, one of three durable solutions (voluntary repatriation and local integration being the other two) for refugees who fled their home country.
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Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries. Canada and Thirteen Colonies are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
See Canada and Thirteen Colonies
Tom Thomson
Thomas John Thomson (August 5, 1877July 8, 1917) was a Canadian artist active in the early 20th century.
Tommy Douglas
Thomas Clement Douglas (20 October 1904 – 24 February 1986) was a Scottish-born Canadian politician who served as the seventh premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and Leader of the New Democratic Party from 1961 to 1971.
Toronto
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario.
Toronto Star
The Toronto Star is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper.
Toronto Stock Exchange
The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX; Bourse de Toronto) is a stock exchange located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
See Canada and Toronto Stock Exchange
Totem pole
Totem poles (gyáaʼaang) are monumental carvings found in western Canada and the northwestern United States.
Trading nation
A trading nation (also known as a trade-dependent economy, or an export-oriented economy) is a country where international trade makes up a large percentage of its economy.
Trafford Publishing
Trafford Publishing is a book publishing company for self-publishing authors.
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Transparency International
Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank.
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Treaty of Paris (1763)
The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, following Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
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Treaty of Paris (1783)
The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States on September 3, 1783, officially ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the Thirteen Colonies, which had been part of colonial British America, to be free, sovereign and independent states.
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Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)
The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1825 or the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825, officially the Convention Concerning the Limits of Their Respective Possessions on the Northwest Coast of America and the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean, defined the boundaries between Russian America and British claims and possessions of the Pacific Coast, and the later Yukon and Arctic regions of North America.
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Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC; Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada) was a truth and reconciliation commission active in Canada from 2008 to 2015, organized by the parties of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement.
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TVO
TVO (stylized in all lowercase as tvo), formerly known as TVOntario, is a publicly funded English-language educational television network and media organization serving the Canadian province of Ontario.
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Ukrainian Canadians
Ukrainian Canadians are Canadian citizens of Ukrainian descent or Ukrainian-born people who immigrated to Canada.
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UN Trade and Development
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is an intergovernmental organization within the United Nations Secretariat that promotes the interests of developing countries in world trade.
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Unicameralism
Unicameralism (from uni- "one" + Latin camera "chamber") is a type of legislature consisting of one house or assembly that legislates and votes as one.
Unionist Party (Canada)
The Unionist Party was a centre to centre-right political party in Canada, composed primarily of former members of the Conservative party with some individual Liberal Members of Parliament.
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United Church of Canada
The United Church of Canada (Église unie du Canada) is a mainline Protestant denomination that is the largest Protestant Christian denomination in Canada and the second largest Canadian Christian denomination after the Catholic Church in Canada.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland. Canada and United Kingdom are G20 members, member states of NATO, member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, member states of the United Nations and OECD members.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe that was established by the union in 1801 of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland.
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United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
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United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. Canada and United States are countries in North America, former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas, G20 members, member states of NATO and member states of the United Nations.
United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement
The Agreement between the United States of America, Mexico, and Canada (USMCA)Commonly known as the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in the United States and the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in Canada.
See Canada and United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings.
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Universal health care
Universal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care) is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care.
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Université Laval
italic (English: Laval University) is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
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University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public research university with campuses near Vancouver and Okanagan, in British Columbia, Canada.
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University of Colorado Boulder
The University of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder, CU, or Colorado) is a public research university in Boulder, Colorado, United States.
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University of Michigan Press
The University of Michigan Press is a new university press (NUP) that is a part of Michigan Publishing at the University of Michigan Library.
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University of Nebraska Press
The University of Nebraska Press (UNP) was founded in 1941 and is an academic publisher of scholarly and general-interest books.
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University of Ottawa Press
The University of Ottawa Press (Les Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa) is a bilingual university press located in Ottawa, Ontario.
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University of Toronto
The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park.
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University of Toronto Press
The University of Toronto Press is a Canadian university press.
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University Press of New England
The University Press of New England (UPNE), located in Lebanon, New Hampshire and founded in 1970, was a university press consortium including Brandeis University, Dartmouth College (its host member), Tufts University, the University of New Hampshire, and Northeastern University.
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Upper Canada
The Province of Upper Canada (province du Haut-Canada) was a part of British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North America, formerly part of the Province of Quebec since 1763. Canada and Upper Canada are former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas.
Vancouver
Vancouver is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia.
Vikings
Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.
Visible minority
A visible minority is defined by the Government of Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".
See Canada and Visible minority
Visual cortex
The visual cortex of the brain is the area of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information.
Volcanism of Canada
Volcanic activity is a major part of the geology of Canada and is characterized by many types of volcanic landform, including lava flows, volcanic plateaus, lava domes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, submarine volcanoes, calderas, diatremes, and maars, along with less common volcanic forms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds.
See Canada and Volcanism of Canada
Volleyball in Canada
Volleyball in Canada dates back to the beginning of the 20th century.
See Canada and Volleyball in Canada
Voyageurs
Voyageurs were 18th- and 19th-century French and later French Canadians and others who transported furs by canoe at the peak of the North American fur trade.
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was fought by the United States and its allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in North America.
Welfare state
A welfare state is a form of government in which the state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.
Wesleyan Church
The Wesleyan Church, also known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church and Wesleyan Holiness Church depending on the region, is a Methodist Christian denomination in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Indonesia, and Australia.
See Canada and Wesleyan Church
Western Canada
Western Canada, also referred to as the Western provinces, Canadian West or the Western provinces of Canada, and commonly known within Canada as the West, is a Canadian region that includes the four western provinces just north of the Canada–United States border namely (from west to east) British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
Western Front (World War I)
The Western Front was one of the main theatres of war during the First World War.
See Canada and Western Front (World War I)
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.
Westminster system
The Westminster system, or Westminster model, is a type of parliamentary government that incorporates a series of procedures for operating a legislature, first developed in England.
See Canada and Westminster system
White people
White (often still referred to as Caucasian) is a racial classification of people generally used for those of mostly European ancestry.
Wildlife of Canada
The wildlife of Canada or biodiversity of Canada consist of over 80,000 classified species, and an equal number thought yet to be recognized.
See Canada and Wildlife of Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie King
William Lyon Mackenzie King (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian statesman and politician who was the tenth prime minister of Canada for three non-consecutive terms from 1921 to 1926, 1926 to 1930, and 1935 to 1948.
See Canada and William Lyon Mackenzie King
Wind chill
Wind chill (popularly wind chill factor) is the sensation of cold produced by the wind for a given ambient air temperature on exposed skin as the air motion accelerates the rate of heat transfer from the body to the surrounding atmosphere.
World Press Freedom Index
The World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) is an annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) since 2002 based upon the organization's own assessment of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year.
See Canada and World Press Freedom Index
World Scientific
World Scientific Publishing is an academic publisher of scientific, technical, and medical books and journals headquartered in Singapore.
See Canada and World Scientific
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
See Canada and World Trade Organization
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Yugoslav Wars
The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but relatedNaimark (2003), p. xvii.
.ca
.ca is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Canada.
See Canada and .ca
150th anniversary of Canada
The 150th anniversary of Canada, also known as the 150th anniversary of Confederation and promoted by the Canadian government as Canada 150, occurred in 2017 as Canada marked the sesquicentennial of Canadian Confederation.
See Canada and 150th anniversary of Canada
1921 Canadian census
The Canada 1921 census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population.
See Canada and 1921 Canadian census
1948 Newfoundland referendums
The Newfoundland referendums of 1948 were a series of two referendums to decide the political future of the Dominion of Newfoundland.
See Canada and 1948 Newfoundland referendums
1976 Summer Olympics
The 1976 Summer Olympics (Jeux olympiques d'été de 1976), officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad (Jeux de la XXIe Olympiade) and officially branded as Montreal 1976 (Montréal 1976), were an international multi-sport event held from July 17 to August 1, 1976, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
See Canada and 1976 Summer Olympics
1980 Quebec referendum
The 1980 Quebec independence referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty.
See Canada and 1980 Quebec referendum
1988 Winter Olympics
The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games (XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Calgary 1988 (Mohkínsstsisi 1988; Wîchîspa Oyade 1988 or Wenchi Ispase 1988; Otôskwanihk 1988/ᐅᑑᐢᑿᓂᕽ 1988; Guts’ists’i 1988; ʔaknuqtapȼik’ 1988; Klincho-tinay-indihay 1988), were a multi-sport event held from February 13 to 28, 1988, with Calgary, Alberta, Canada as main host city.
See Canada and 1988 Winter Olympics
1995 Quebec referendum
The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second referendum to ask voters in the predominantly French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should proclaim sovereignty and become an independent country, with the condition precedent of offering a political and economic agreement to Canada.
See Canada and 1995 Quebec referendum
2010 Winter Olympics
The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games (XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and also known as Vancouver 2010, were an international winter multi-sport event held from February 12 to 28, 2010 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond, West Vancouver and the University of British Columbia, and in the nearby resort town of Whistler.
See Canada and 2010 Winter Olympics
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
The 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup was the seventh FIFA Women's World Cup, the quadrennial international soccer championship contested by the women's national teams of the member associations of FIFA.
See Canada and 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
2015 Pan American Games
The 2015 Pan American Games (Jeux Panaméricains de 2015), officially the XVII Pan American Games and commonly known as the Toronto 2015 Pan-Am Games (Jeux panaméricains de 2015 à Toronto), were a major international multi-sport event celebrated in the tradition of the Pan American Games, as governed by Pan American Sports Organization (PASO).
See Canada and 2015 Pan American Games
2015 Parapan American Games
The 2015 Parapan American Games, officially the V Parapan American Games and commonly known as the Toronto 2015 ParaPan-Am Games, were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities, celebrated in the tradition of the Parapan American Games as governed by the Americas Paralympic Committee, held from August 7 to 15, 2015, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
See Canada and 2015 Parapan American Games
2021 Canadian census
The 2021 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population with a reference date of May 11, 2021.
See Canada and 2021 Canadian census
2021 Canadian federal election
The 2021 Canadian federal election was held on September 20, 2021, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 44th Canadian Parliament.
See Canada and 2021 Canadian federal election
2026 FIFA World Cup
The 2026 FIFA World Cup, marketed as FIFA World Cup 26, will be the 23rd FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's soccer championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA.
See Canada and 2026 FIFA World Cup
49th parallel north
The 49th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 49° north of Earth's equator.
See Canada and 49th parallel north
55th parallel north
The 55th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 55 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
See Canada and 55th parallel north
See also
1867 establishments in Canada
- 1st Canadian Ministry
- 1st Canadian Parliament
- Canada
- Canada Post
- Canadian Army
- Canadian Confederation
- Canadian Medical Association
- Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)
- Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada
- Constitution Act, 1867
- Department of Finance Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- Government of Canada
- Government of Quebec
- Governor General of Canada
- House of Commons of Canada
- Huron North (provincial electoral district)
- Huron South (provincial electoral district)
- John Howard Society
- Liberal Party of Canada
- Member of Parliament (Canada)
- Minister of Finance (Canada)
- New Brunswick
- Nova Scotia
- Ontario
- Parliament of Canada
- Peel County Courthouse
- Postmaster General of Canada
- Prime Minister of Canada
- Privy Council Office (Canada)
- Quebec
Countries in North America
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Barbados
- Belize
- Canada
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- El Salvador
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Jamaica
- List of North American countries by GDP (PPP)
- List of North American countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
- List of North American countries by GDP (nominal)
- List of North American countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- The Bahamas
- Trinidad and Tobago
- United States
Federal monarchies
G20 members
- African Union
- Argentina
- Australia
- Brazil
- Canada
- China
- European Union
- France
- Germany
- India
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Japan
- Mexico
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
Member states of NATO
- Albania
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Canada
- Canada and NATO
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- Finland and NATO
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Member states of NATO
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- North Macedonia
- North Macedonia and NATO
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Romania and NATO
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Sweden and NATO
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
Northern America
- Alaska
- Bermuda
- Canada
- Contiguous United States
- Greenland
- Leachia cyclura
- Northern America
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon
OECD members
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Canada
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Japan
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Ireland
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
States and territories established in 1867
- Adrianople vilayet
- Aidin vilayet
- Angora vilayet
- Austria-Hungary
- Biała County, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
- Bosnia vilayet
- Bruce County
- Canada
- Constantinople vilayet
- Department of Alaska
- Diyarbekir vilayet
- Ellichpur District
- Erzurum vilayet
- Gmina Mokotów
- Hüdavendigâr vilayet
- Janina vilayet
- Kalisz Governorate
- Kastamonu vilayet
- Khedivate of Egypt
- Kielce Governorate
- Konya vilayet
- Kumanovo district (Ottoman)
- Municipal Borough of Hornsey
- Nebraska
- New Brunswick
- North German Confederation
- Nova Scotia
- Ontario
- Piotrków Governorate
- Province of Schleswig-Holstein
- Quebec
- Republic of Manitobah
- Russian Turkestan
- Salonica vilayet
- Samaná Province
- Scutari vilayet
- Semirechye Oblast
- Siam Nakhon province
- Siedlce Governorate
- Sivas vilayet
- Suwałki Governorate
- Syr-Darya Oblast
- Trebizond vilayet
- Vilayet of the Archipelago
- Vistula Land
- Łomża Governorate
References
Also known as Canada (country), Canada's, Canada., Canada/References, Canadaa, Canadialand, Cnada, Commonwealth of Canada, Etymology of Canada, ISO 3166-1:CA, Le Canada, Xanada, .
, Balkans, Banff National Park, Bank of Canada, Baptists in Canada, Baseball in Canada, Basketball in Canada, Basques, Battle of the Scheldt, Battle of Vimy Ridge, Beaver, Beaver Wars, Beer in Canada, Beothuk, Beringia, Big tent, Black Brant (rocket), Black Canadians, Black hole, Bloc Québécois, Block settlement, Bloomsbury Publishing, Bluefish Caves, Boarding school, Booker Prize, Boreal forest of Canada, Bowling, Breakwater Books, British Association of Canadian Studies, British colonization of the Americas, British North America, British North America Acts, Broadcasting Act (Canada), Broadview Press, Buddhism in Canada, Butter tart, Cabinet of Canada, Cambridge University Press, Canada (New France), Canada Act 1982, Canada and the Iraq War, Canada and the United Nations, Canada and the Vietnam War, Canada at the Summer Olympics, Canada at the Winter Olympics, Canada Council, Canada Day, Canada Elections Act, Canada goose, Canada Health Act, Canada in NATO, Canada in the Korean War, Canada in the War in Afghanistan, Canada in World War I, Canada Pension Plan, Canada Savings Bond, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, Canada–France relations, Canada–Netherlands relations, Canada–United Kingdom relations, Canada–United States border, Canada–United States relations, Canadarm, Canadian Aboriginal law, Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, Canadian Armed Forces, Canadian Army, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canadian Confederation, Canadian Corps, Canadian dollar, Canadian English, Canadian ethnicity, Canadian federalism, Canadian fifty-cent coin, Canadian football, Canadian Football League, Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan, Canadian French, Canadian Geographic, Canadian Global Affairs Institute, Canadian horse, Canadian identity, Canadian Indian residential school gravesites, Canadian Indian residential school system, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, Canadian Music Hall of Fame, Canadian nationality law, Canadian online media, Canadian Pacific Railway, Canadian Parliamentary Review, Canadian patriotic music, Canadian peacekeeping, Canadian Prairies, Canadian Premier League, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Canadian Rangers, Canadian Red Ensign, Canadian Rockies, Canadian Shield, Canadian sovereignty, Canadian Space Agency, Canadian values, Canadians, Cancer, Cannabis in Canada, Canoe, Cantonese, Cape Breton Island, Capital punishment in Canada, Cardiovascular disease, Caribbean people, Catholic Church, Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery, Catholic Church in Canada, CBC Radio, CBC Television, Cengage Group, Censorship by country, Central bank, Central Canada, Centre-left politics, Centre-right politics, Centrism, CFS Alert, Chamber music, Charles III, Chief Justice of Canada, Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, Chinese Canadians, Christianity in Canada, Christians, Church hall, Cinema of Canada, Civil law (legal system), Clarity Act, Cleavage (politics), Climate change in Canada, Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, Coast Mountains, Coat of arms of Canada, Coat of arms of the United Kingdom, Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866), Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871), Colony of Vancouver Island, Columbian exchange, Common law, Common loon, Commonwealth Fund, Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth realm, Compulsory education, Confidence and supply, Conscription, Conscription Crisis of 1917, Conscription Crisis of 1944, Conservative Party of Canada, Constitution Act, 1867, Constitution Act, 1982, Constitution of Canada, Constitutional Act 1791, Constitutional crisis, Constitutional monarchy, Contiguous United States, Continental climate, Cooperative banking, Corruption Perceptions Index, Coureur des bois, Court system of Canada, COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, Credit Suisse, Credit union, Criminal law of Canada, Crown colony, Crown corporations of Canada, Cultural mosaic, Culture of Canada, Culture of France, Culture of Quebec, Culture of the United Kingdom, Curling, Curling Canada, Cycling in Canada, Cygnus X-1, Cystic fibrosis, Danish Realm, De Gruyter, Deep learning, Demographic transition, Demographics of New Brunswick, Demographics of Oceania, Dentistry, Department of Canadian Heritage, Developed country, Dextre, Diabetes, Dieppe Raid, Disposable income, Dissent, Dominion, Dominion Lands Act, Dominion of Newfoundland, Donnacona, Dundurn Press, Durham Report, Early-onset Alzheimer's disease, Eastern Canada, Eastern Orthodoxy, Economic impact of immigration to Canada, Economic inequality, Economic migrant, Economy of Canada, Ecozones of Canada, Education in Canada, Egalitarianism, Elections in Canada, Electoral alliance, Electoral district (Canada), Electron microscope, Elizabeth I, Ellesmere Island, Emily Carr, English Canada, English Canadians, English overseas possessions, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Environmental issues in Canada, Equalization payments, Ethnic groups in Asia, Ethnic groups in Europe, Ethnic origins of people in Canada, European Canadians, Euthanasia in Canada, Fanconi anemia, Far-left politics, Far-right politics, Federal territory, Federalism, Federated state, Feminism in Canada, Firearms regulation in Canada, First language, First Nations in Canada, Fishing industry in Canada, Five Eyes, Flag of Canada, Foreign direct investment, Foreign relations of Canada, Forestry in Canada, Former colonies and territories in Canada, France, Francis I of France, Franco-Albertans, Franco-Manitoban, Franco-Ontarians, Francophonie, Frank Johnston (artist), Franklin Carmichael, Fraser Institute, Frederick Varley, Free trade agreements of Canada, Freedom of religion in Canada, French and Indian Wars, French Canadians, French colonization of the Americas, Fresh water, Front de libération du Québec, Frost, G7, Garrison mentality, Geography of Canada, Geology of Canada, George VI, German Canadians, Glacial period, Global Competitiveness Report, Global Innovation Index, Globalization, God Save the King, Golf, Government of Canada, Governor General of Canada, Great Depression in Canada, Great Famine (Ireland), Great Lakes, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, Green Party of Canada, Greenland, Greenwood Publishing Group, Gross domestic product, Gross national income, Group of Seven (artists), Gulf of St. Lawrence, Gulf War, Hans Island, Harvard University Press, Head of government, Head of state, Healthcare in Canada, Henry VII of England, High Arctic relocation, Highland Clearances, Hinduism in Canada, History of Canada, History of the Jews in Canada, Hockey Hall of Fame, Homeschooling in Canada, House of Commons of Canada, Hudson Bay, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Humphrey Gilbert, Ice hockey, Ice hockey in Canada, Immigration to Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, Implied bill of rights, Importance of religion by country, Income tax in Canada, Index of Canada-related articles, Index of Economic Freedom, Indian Act, Indian Health Transfer Policy, Indian hospital, Indian reserve, Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, Indigenous peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Indo-Canadians, Influenza, Intact forest landscape, Interior Plains, International Futures, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, International Monetary Fund, International organisation membership of Canada, International rankings of Canada, International Space Station, Internationalism (politics), Inuit, Inuksuk, Inuktitut, Irish Canadians, Irreligion in Canada, ISIS (satellite), Islam in Canada, Islamic State, Italian Canadians, J. E. H. MacDonald, Jacques Cartier, Jehovah's Witnesses, John Cabot, Judiciary, Juno Awards, Just society, Justin Trudeau, King's Printer, King-in-Council, Klondike Gold Rush, Knit cap, L'Anse aux Meadows, Lacrosse, Lacrosse in Canada, Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area, Languages of Canada, Lasker Award, Latin, Latin America, Latter Day Saint movement, Law of France, Lawren Harris, Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada), League of Nations, Left-wing politics, Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories, Legislature, Leif Erikson, LGBT rights in Canada, Liberal Party of Canada, Liberalism, Liberation Day (Netherlands), Library of Parliament, Libyan civil war (2011), Lieutenant Governor (Canada), List of bands from Canada, List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories, List of Canadian composers, List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries, List of Canadian magazines, List of Canadian musicians, List of Canadian writers, List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada, List of countries and dependencies by area, List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita, List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions, List of countries by length of coastline, List of countries by number of Internet users, List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles, List of countries by proven oil reserves, List of countries by total health expenditure per capita, List of countries with highest military expenditures, List of diplomatic missions of Canada, List of earthquakes in Canada, List of ethnic groups of Africa, List of exports of Canada, List of lakes of Canada, List of newspapers in Canada, List of Nobel laureates by country, List of regions of Canada, List of the largest population centres in Canada, List of the largest trading partners of Canada, List of Wildlife Species at Risk (Canada), Local government, London Conference of 1866, Lonely Planet, Loonie, Louisiana (New France), Lower Canada, Loyalism, Lucy Maud Montgomery, Lunar Gateway, Lutheranism, Major League Baseball, Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, Majority rule, Mandarin Chinese, Manitoba, Maple leaf, Maple syrup, Margaret Atwood, Maritime boundary, Market capitalization, Martial arts, Mary Simon, Mass media in Canada, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Materiel, Métis, McClelland & Stewart, McGill University, McGill–Queen's University Press, Measles, Media ownership in Canada, Medicare (Canada), Meech Lake Accord, Megadiverse countries, Member of Parliament (Canada), Methodism, Mexico, Michael Ondaatje, Michigan State University Press, Middle power, Military history of Canada, Minister of Finance (Canada), Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry, Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, Minister of the Crown, Minority language, Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Mississippi River, Mixed economy, Mixed-blood, Mobile Servicing System, Molybdenum, Monarchy in the Canadian provinces, Monarchy of Canada, Monarchy of the Netherlands, Montreal, MOST (spacecraft), Motion of no confidence, Multi-touch, Multicultural media in Canada, Multiculturalism in Canada, Multilateralism, Music of Canadian cultures, Music school, Music video, Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Nanaimo bar, National Basketball Association, National Film Board of Canada, National Hockey League, National Lacrosse League, National parks of Canada, National Policy, National Wildlife Area, Natural Resources Canada, Nature (journal), Nature Index, Nazi Germany, Netherlands in World War II, New Brunswick, New France, Newfoundland (island), Newfoundland and Labrador, Nickel (Canadian coin), Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, NORAD, Normandy landings, North America, North American Free Trade Agreement, North American fur trade, North-West Mounted Police, North-Western Territory, Northern Canada, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, O Canada, October Crisis, OECD, Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Office of the Prime Minister (Canada), Official bilingualism in Canada, Official language, Official Language Act (Quebec), Official Languages Act (Canada), Official multilingualism, Official Opposition (Canada), Offshore drilling in Atlantic Canada, Ohio River, Oka Crisis, Old Crow Flats, Ontario, Operation Overlord, Optometry, Orbis (journal), Oregon boundary dispute, Oregon Treaty, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organization of American States, Ottawa, Outline of Canada, Overseas collectivity, Oxford University Press, Pacific Cordillera (Canada), Pacific Ocean, Paleo-Indians, Palgrave Macmillan, Panethnicity, Parliament of Canada, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Parliamentary sovereignty, Parliamentary system, Parti Québécois, Patriation, Peace and Friendship Treaties, Peace of Utrecht, Peace, order, and good government, Pentecostalism, Peopling of the Americas, Performing arts center, Permafrost, Permanent residency in Canada, Petroleum industry in Canada, Plains Indians, Plate tectonics, Platinum group, Pluralism (political philosophy), Polio vaccine, Political moderate, Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Population of Canada, Port-Royal (Acadia), Portuguese maritime exploration, Postchristianity, Poutine, Poverty in Canada, Presbyterianism, Prescription drug, Primary education, Primary sector of the economy, Prime Minister of Canada, Prince Edward Island, Protected areas of Canada, Province of Canada, Province of Quebec (1763–1791), Provinces and territories of Canada, Public broadcasting, Publicly funded health care, Punjabi language, Quebec, Quebec Act, Quebec City, Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, Quebec nationalism, Quebec Sign Language, Quebec sovereignty movement, Queen's University at Kingston, Quiet Revolution, Radarsat-1, Radarsat-2, Radio broadcasting, Rapeseed oil, Rebellions of 1837–1838, Record label, Red River Rebellion, Reference Re Secession of Quebec, Reform Party of Canada, Reformed Episcopal Church, Regional tartans of Canada, Reichskommissariat Niederlande, Reign, Religious pluralism, Republic of China (1912–1949), Research and development, Respiratory disease, Responsible government, Richard Wagner (judge), Rocky Mountains, Rowman & Littlefield, Royal Canadian Air Force, Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Royal prerogative, Royal Proclamation of 1763, Rupert's Land, Russia, Saint John, New Brunswick, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Samuel de Champlain, Saskatchewan, School shooting, Scientific journal, Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area, Scottish Canadians, Scottish Gaelic, Secondary education, Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, Secularity, Senate of Canada, Seven Years' War, Siberia, Sign language, Sikhism by country, Sikhism in Canada, Sikhism in India, Site-directed mutagenesis, Skiing, Smallpox, Soccer in Canada, Social democracy, Social integration, Social justice, Social liberalism, Social programs in Canada, Somalia, Somalia affair, Sounding rocket, South Asian Canadians, Soviet Union, Space Shuttle, Spring (season), Springer Publishing, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. Lawrence Iroquoians, St. Lawrence River, St. Martin's Press, Stadacona, Stanford University Press, State school, Statistics Canada, Statute of Westminster 1931, Stem cell, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Student financial aid in Canada, SUNY Press, Supremacy Clause, Supreme Court of Canada, Swimming (sport), T-cell receptor, Tadoussac, Tagalog language, Taiga, Tamil language, Taxation in Canada, Taylor & Francis, Télé-Québec, Television in Canada, Temperature in Canada, Tennis, Territorial evolution of Canada, Tertiary education, Tertiary sector of the economy, The Bold Canadian, The Canadas, The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Economic Times, The Economist Democracy Index, The English Patient, The English Patient (film), The Globe and Mail, The Heritage Foundation, The Maple Leaf Forever, The Maritimes, The New York Times, The Porcupine's Quill, The Weather Network, The World Factbook, Third country resettlement, Thirteen Colonies, Tom Thomson, Tommy Douglas, Toronto, Toronto Star, Toronto Stock Exchange, Totem pole, Trading nation, Trafford Publishing, Transparency International, Treaty of Paris (1763), Treaty of Paris (1783), Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825), Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, TVO, Ukrainian Canadians, UN Trade and Development, Unicameralism, Unionist Party (Canada), United Church of Canada, United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Nations Development Programme, 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FIFA Women's World Cup, 2015 Pan American Games, 2015 Parapan American Games, 2021 Canadian census, 2021 Canadian federal election, 2026 FIFA World Cup, 49th parallel north, 55th parallel north.