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229 relations: A. Owen Aldridge, Académie française, Adam and Eve, Admiral, Advocate General, Afsharid dynasty, Age of Enlightenment, Ahmed III, Alcalde, Aldous Huxley, Alex Massie (journalist), Alexander Pope, All Saints' Day, Allegory, Americas, Amsterdam, Anabaptism, Apocrypha, Armand Mattelart, Augustus III of Poland, Auto-da-fé, Azov campaigns (1695–96), Óttar M. Norðfjörð, Örvitinn; eða hugsjónamaðurinn, Best of all possible worlds, Bildungsroman, Black comedy, Black people, Bloodhound Gang, Book frontispiece, Book of Genesis, Bordeaux, Border checkpoint, Bosporus, Boston, Brave New World, Broadway theatre, Buenos Aires, Burton Raffel, Candide (operetta), Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle, Candide, Part II, Candy (1968 film), Candy (Southern and Hoffenberg novel), Carnival of Venice, Catholic Church, Charles Brockden Brown, Charles Edward Stuart, Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria, Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, ..., Christian Marquand, Cicero, Commandant, Composer, Conducting, Constantinople, Cramer brothers, Cunégonde, Customs, David Allan Cates, Deism, Dervish, Dismemberment, Dorothy Parker, Dramatic structure, Dystopia, Edgar Huntly, Edinburgh International Festival, El Dorado, Electoral Palatinate, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopédie, Episode, Epistle, Felicia Montealegre, Ferney-Voltaire, Flagellation, François Fénelon, Francis II Rákóczi, Frank Finlay, Frank Woodley, French literature, Galley, Garden of Eden, Geneva, George Orwell, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Grand Council of Geneva, Grand Inquisitor, Great Books of the Western World, Gulliver's Travels, Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, Harold Bloom, Harvard University, Henri-Joseph Dulaurens, Hershy Kay, Holy Roman Empire, Hooray for Boobies, Horace, Horror vacui (physics), Hugh Wheeler, Human skin color, Ian Ogilvy, Illustration, Inca Empire, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Internet Archive, Ismail Ibn Sharif, Istanbul, Ivan VI of Russia, James Agee, Janissaries, Jean-Louis Wagnière, Jean-Michel Moreau, Jesuit reduction, John Barth, John Byng, John La Touche (lyricist), Jonathan Swift, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, Kurt Wolff (publisher), Legitimacy (family law), Leonard Bernstein, Leonardo Sciascia, Les Aventures de Télémaque, Les Délices, Lillian Hellman, Lisbon, List of French-language authors, List of public universities in France, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Maid, Manichaeism, Marc-Michel Rey, Marionette, Martin Seymour-Smith, Mason Hoffenberg, Masterpiece, Melbourne, Meliorism, Metaphysics, Micromégas, Minden, Monadology, Musical theatre, Nedim Gürsel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, Novella, Ottoman Empire, Overture, Palestrina, Paradise, Paraguay, Paris, Parliament, Paul Klee, Peter Constantine, Philosopher, Philosophical fiction, Piastre, Picaresque novel, Pierre Bayle, Plagiarism, Play of the Month, Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne, Pope Urban X, Popular psychology, Pornography, Portsmouth, Portuguese Inquisition, Pre-established harmony, Problem of evil, Protagonist, Prussia, Rape, Recess (break), Richard Wilbur, Russian Empire, Samuel Krachmalnick, Satire, Scholarly method, Schwetzingen, Science fiction, Sea of Marmara, Seven Years' War, Shabbat, Simplicius Simplicissimus, Social class, Society of Jesus, South Atlantic Review, Stand-up comedy, Stanford University, Stanisław Leszczyński, Stephen Sondheim, Subtle body, Sultan, Suriname, Syphilis, Terry Southern, The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written, The Spectator, The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages, Theatines, Theatre of the Absurd, Theodicy, Theodore of Corsica, Theology, Thirty Years' War, Thomas Pynchon, Transylvania, Turkish people, Tyrant, Tyrone Guthrie, University of Trier, Utopia, Vagrancy, Venice, Virgil, Voltaire, Waiting for Godot, We (novel), Western canon, Western literature, Westphalia, World view, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Zadig, 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Expand index (179 more) »
A. Owen Aldridge
Alfred Owen Aldridge (December 16, 1915 – January 29, 2005) was a professor of French and comparative literature, founder-editor of the journal Comparative Literature Studies, and author of books on a wide range of literature studies.
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Académie française
The Académie française is the pre-eminent French council for matters pertaining to the French language.
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Adam and Eve
Adam and Eve, according to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, were the first man and woman.
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Admiral
Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies, and in many navies is the highest rank.
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Advocate General
An advocate general is a senior officer of the law.
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Afsharid dynasty
The Afsharid dynasty (افشاریان) were members of an Iranian dynasty that originated from the Turkic Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Persia in the mid-eighteenth century.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Ahmed III
Ahmed III (Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث, Aḥmed-i sālis) (30/31 December 16731 July 1736) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–87).
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Alcalde
Alcalde, or Alcalde ordinario, is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate, who had both judicial and administrative functions.
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Aldous Huxley
Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer, novelist, philosopher, and prominent member of the Huxley family.
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Alex Massie (journalist)
Alex Massie (born 1 July 1974) is a Scottish freelance journalist commentator based in Edinburgh.
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Alexander Pope
Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744) was an 18th-century English poet.
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All Saints' Day
All Saints' Day, also known as All Hallows' Day, Hallowmas, Feast of All Saints, or Solemnity of All Saints, is a Christian festival celebrated in honour of all the saints, known and unknown.
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Allegory
As a literary device, an allegory is a metaphor in which a character, place or event is used to deliver a broader message about real-world issues and occurrences.
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Americas
The Americas (also collectively called America)"America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Netherlands.
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Anabaptism
Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά- "re-" and βαπτισμός "baptism", Täufer, earlier also WiedertäuferSince the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term "Wiedertäufer" (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. The term Täufer (translation: "Baptizers") is now used, which is considered more impartial. From the perspective of their persecutors, the "Baptizers" baptized for the second time those "who as infants had already been baptized". The denigrative term Anabaptist signifies rebaptizing and is considered a polemical term, so it has been dropped from use in modern German. However, in the English-speaking world, it is still used to distinguish the Baptizers more clearly from the Baptists, a Protestant sect that developed later in England. Cf. their self-designation as "Brethren in Christ" or "Church of God":.) is a Christian movement which traces its origins to the Radical Reformation.
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Apocrypha
Apocrypha are works, usually written, of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin.
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Armand Mattelart
Armand Mattelart (born January 8, 1936) is a Belgian sociologist and well known as a Leftist French scholar.
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Augustus III of Poland
Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1734 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire from 1733 until 1763 where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).
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Auto-da-fé
An auto-da-fé or auto-de-fé (from Portuguese auto da fé, meaning "act of faith") was the ritual of public penance of condemned heretics and apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition, Portuguese Inquisition or the Mexican Inquisition had decided their punishment, followed by the execution by the civil authorities of the sentences imposed.
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Azov campaigns (1695–96)
The Azov campaigns of 1695–96 (Азо́вские похо́ды, Azovskiye Pokhody), were two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700, led by Peter the Great and aimed at capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov (garrison - 7,000 men), which had been blocking Russia's access to the Azov Sea and the Black Sea.
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Óttar M. Norðfjörð
Óttar Martin Norðfjörð (born 1980) is an Icelandic writer, both of crime fiction and poetry.
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Örvitinn; eða hugsjónamaðurinn
Örvitinn eða; hugsjónamaðurinn (The Idiot, or, the Visionary) is a novel by Óttar M. Norðfjörð, published by Nýhil in 2010.
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Best of all possible worlds
The phrase "the best of all possible worlds" (le meilleur des mondes possibles; Die beste aller möglichen Welten) was coined by the German polymath Gottfried Leibniz in his 1710 work Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal (Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil).
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Bildungsroman
In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman ("bildung", meaning "education", and "roman", meaning "novel"; English: "novel of formation, education, culture"; "coming-of-age story") is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), in which character change is extremely important.
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Black comedy
Black comedy, also known as dark comedy or gallows humor, is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo, particularly subjects that are normally considered serious or painful to discuss.
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Black people
Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other populations.
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Bloodhound Gang
The Bloodhound Gang is an American rock band which began as a hip hop group but branched out into other genres, including punk rock, alternative hip hop, rapcore, funk metal and electronic rock, as their career progressed.
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Book frontispiece
A frontispiece in books is a decorative or informative illustration facing a book's title page — on the left-hand, or verso, page opposite the right-hand, or recto, page.
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Book of Genesis
The Book of Genesis (from the Latin Vulgate, in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek "", meaning "Origin"; בְּרֵאשִׁית, "Bərēšīṯ", "In beginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) and the Old Testament.
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Bordeaux
Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: Bordèu) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
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Border checkpoint
A border checkpoint is a place, generally between two countries, where travelers or goods are inspected.
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Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus;The spelling Bosporus is listed first or exclusively in all major British and American dictionaries (e.g.,,, Merriam-Webster,, and Random House) as well as the Encyclopædia Britannica and the.
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Boston
Boston is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.
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Brave New World
Brave New World is a dystopian novel written in 1931 by English author Aldous Huxley, and published in 1932.
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Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre,Although theater is the generally preferred spelling in the United States (see American and British English spelling differences), many Broadway venues, performers and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina.
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Burton Raffel
Burton Nathan Raffel (April 27, 1928 – September 29, 2015) was a translator, a poet and a teacher.
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Candide (operetta)
Candide is an operetta with music composed by Leonard Bernstein, based on the 1759 novella of the same name by Voltaire.
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Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle
Candide ou l'Optimisme du XXe siècle (Candide, or the Optimist of the Twentieth Century) is a 1960 French comedy drama film directed by Norbert Carbonnaux and written by Carbonnaux and Albert Simonin.
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Candide, Part II
Candide, or Optimism — Part II is an apocryphal picaresque novel, possibly written by Thorel de Campigneulles (1737–1809) or Henri Joseph Du Laurens (1719–1797), published in 1760.
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Candy (1968 film)
Candy is a 1968 sex farce film directed by Christian Marquand based on the 1958 novel by Terry Southern and Mason Hoffenberg, from a screenplay by Buck Henry.
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Candy (Southern and Hoffenberg novel)
Candy is a 1958 novel written by Maxwell Kenton, the pseudonym of Terry Southern and Mason Hoffenberg, who wrote it in collaboration for the "dirty book" publisher Olympia Press, which published the novel as part of its "Traveller's Companion" series.
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Carnival of Venice
The Carnival of Venice (Carnevale di Venezia) is an annual festival held in Venice, Italy.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Charles Brockden Brown
Charles Brockden Brown (January 17, 1771 – February 22, 1810) was an American novelist, historian, and editor of the Early National period.
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Charles Edward Stuart
Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788) was the elder son of James Francis Edward Stuart, grandson of James II and VII and after 1766 the Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain.
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Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
Charles Theodore (Karl Theodor; 11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799) reigned as Prince-elector and Count Palatine from 1742, as Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1742 and also as prince-elector and Duke of Bavaria from 1777 to his death.
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Charles-Joseph Panckoucke
Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (26 November 1736 – 19 December 1798) was a French writer and publisher.
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Christian Marquand
Christian Marquand (15 March 1927 – 22 November 2000) was a French director, actor and screenwriter working in French cinema.
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, who served as consul in the year 63 BC.
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Commandant
Commandant is a title often given to the officer in charge of a military (or other uniformed service) training establishment or academy.
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Composer
A composer (Latin ''compōnō''; literally "one who puts together") is a musician who is an author of music in any form, including vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music, electronic music, and music which combines multiple forms.
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Conducting
Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.
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Cramer brothers
The Cramer brothers, Gabriel and Philibert Cramer, were 18th century publishers from Geneva and the official publishers of Voltaire.
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Cunégonde
Cunégonde is a fictional character in Voltaire's novel Candide.
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Customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal, and hazardous items, into and out of a country.
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David Allan Cates
David Allan Cates is an American novelist and poet, and director of Missoula Medical Aid.
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Deism
Deism (or; derived from Latin "deus" meaning "god") is a philosophical belief that posits that God exists and is ultimately responsible for the creation of the universe, but does not interfere directly with the created world.
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Dervish
A dervish or darvesh (from درویش, Darvīsh) is someone guiding a Sufi Muslim ascetic down a path or "tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity.
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Dismemberment
Dismemberment is the act of cutting, tearing, pulling, wrenching or otherwise removing the limbs of a living thing.
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Dorothy Parker
Dorothy Parker (née Rothschild; August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet, writer, critic, and satirist, best known for her wit, wisecracks, and eye for 20th-century urban foibles.
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Dramatic structure
Dramatic structure is the structure of a dramatic work such as a play or film.
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Dystopia
A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- "bad" and τόπος "place"; alternatively, cacotopia,Cacotopia (from κακός kakos "bad") was the term used by Jeremy Bentham in his 19th century works kakotopia, or simply anti-utopia) is a community or society that is undesirable or frightening.
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Edgar Huntly
Edgar Huntly, Or, Memoirs of a Sleepwalker is a 1799 novel by the American author Charles Brockden Brown.
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Edinburgh International Festival
The Edinburgh International Festival is an annual festival of performing arts in Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks in August.
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El Dorado
El Dorado (Spanish for "the golden one"), originally El Hombre Dorado ("The Golden Man") or El Rey Dorado ("The Golden King"), was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief (zipa) of the Muisca native people of Colombia, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita.
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Electoral Palatinate
The County Palatine of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein), later the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum von der Pfalz) or simply Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz), was a territory in the Holy Roman Empire (specifically, a palatinate) administered by the Count Palatine of the Rhine.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Encyclopédie
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (English: Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts), better known as Encyclopédie, was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations.
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Episode
An episode is a coherent narrative unit within a larger dramatic work, such as a film or television series.
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Epistle
An epistle (Greek ἐπιστολή, epistolē, "letter") is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter.
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Felicia Montealegre
Felicia Cohn Montealegre (3 March 1922 – 16 June 1978) was a Chilean stage and television actress born in San Jose, Costa Rica.
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Ferney-Voltaire
Ferney-Voltaire is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
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Flagellation
Flagellation (Latin flagellum, "whip"), flogging, whipping or lashing is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, lashes, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, etc.
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François Fénelon
François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon, more commonly known as François Fénelon (6 August 1651 – 7 January 1715), was a French Roman Catholic archbishop, theologian, poet and writer.
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Francis II Rákóczi
Francis II Rákóczi (II.,; 27 March 1676 – 8 April 1735) was a Hungarian nobleman and leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs in 1703-11 as the prince (fejedelem) of the Estates Confederated for Liberty of the Kingdom of Hungary.
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Frank Finlay
Francis "Frank" Finlay, CBE (6 August 1926 – 30 January 2016) was an English stage, film and television actor.
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Frank Woodley
Frank Woodley (born Frank Wood; 29 February 1968) is an Australian comedian, author, and musician who is best known for his work alongside Colin Lane as part of the comedic duo, Lano and Woodley.
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French literature
French literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of France other than French.
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Galley
A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by rowing.
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Garden of Eden
The Garden of Eden (Hebrew גַּן עֵדֶן, Gan ʿEḏen) or (often) Paradise, is the biblical "garden of God", described most notably in the Book of Genesis chapters 2 and 3, and also in the Book of Ezekiel.
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Geneva
Geneva (Genève, Genèva, Genf, Ginevra, Genevra) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of the Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland.
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George Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic whose work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism and outspoken support of democratic socialism.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Grand Council of Geneva
* SP/PS 17.
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Grand Inquisitor
Grand Inquisitor (Inquisitor Generalis, literally Inquisitor General or General Inquisitor) was the lead official of the Inquisition.
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Great Books of the Western World
Great Books of the Western World is a series of books originally published in the United States in 1952, by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., to present the Great Books in a 54-volume set.
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Gulliver's Travels
Gulliver's Travels, or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World.
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Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (1621/22 – 17 August 1676) was a German author.
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Harold Bloom
Harold Bloom (born July 11, 1930) is an American literary critic and Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Henri-Joseph Dulaurens
Henri Joseph Du Laurens (sometimes Laurens or Dulaurens, original name Henri Joseph Laurent, 1719–1793 or 1797) was a French unfrocked monk, satirical poet and novelist, born at Douai, the son of the regimental surgeon Jean Joseph Laurent and his wife Marie Josephe Menon.
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Hershy Kay
Hershy Kay (November 17, 1919 – December 2, 1981) was an American composer, arranger, and orchestrator.
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.
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Hooray for Boobies
Hooray for Boobies is the third studio album by American alternative rock band Bloodhound Gang.
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Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC – November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian).
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Horror vacui (physics)
In physics, horror vacui, or plenism, is commonly stated as "Nature abhors a vacuum".
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Hugh Wheeler
Hugh Callingham Wheeler (19 March 1912 – 26 July 1987) was a British screenwriter, librettist, poet, and translator.
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Human skin color
Human skin color ranges in variety from the darkest brown to the lightest hues.
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Ian Ogilvy
Ian Raymond Ogilvy (born 30 September 1943) is a British actor, playwright, and novelist.
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Illustration
An illustration is a decoration, interpretation or visual explanation of a text, concept or process, designed for integration in published media, such as posters, flyers, magazines, books, teaching materials, animations, video games and films.
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Inca Empire
The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, "The Four Regions"), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century.
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Index Librorum Prohibitorum
The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books) was a list of publications deemed heretical, or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia) and thus Catholics were forbidden to read them.
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Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and nearly three million public-domain books.
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Ismail Ibn Sharif
Moulay Ismail ibn Sharif (مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف ابن النصر) (1634– 22 March 1727), reigned 1672–1727, was the second ruler of the Moroccan Alaouite dynasty. He is also known in his native country as the "Warrior King".
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Istanbul
Istanbul (or or; İstanbul), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center.
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Ivan VI of Russia
Ivan VI Antonovich of Russia (Ioann Antonovich; Иоанн VI; Иоанн Антонович; –) was Emperor of Russia in 1740–41.
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James Agee
James Rufus Agee (November 27, 1909 – May 16, 1955) was an American novelist, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic.
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Janissaries
The Janissaries (يڭيچرى, meaning "new soldier") were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe.
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Jean-Louis Wagnière
Jean-Louis Wagnière (15 October 1739, Rueyres, Vaud, Switzerland7 April 1802, Ferney-Voltaire) was Voltaire's secretary from 1756 to 1778, when Voltaire died.
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Jean-Michel Moreau
Jean-Michel Moreau (26 March 1741 – 30 November 1814), also called Moreau le Jeune ("the younger"), was a French draughtsman, illustrator and engraver.
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Jesuit reduction
A Jesuit reduction was a type of settlement for indigenous people in North and South America established by the Jesuit Order from the 16th to the 18th centuries.
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John Barth
John Simmons Barth (born May 27, 1930) is an American writer, best known for his postmodernist and metafictional fiction.
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John Byng
Admiral John Byng (baptised 29 October 1704 – 14 March 1757) was a Royal Navy officer who was notoriously court-martialled and shot dead by a firing squad.
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John La Touche (lyricist)
John Treville Latouche (La Touche) (November 13, 1914, Baltimore, Maryland – August 7, 1956, Calais, Vermont) was a lyricist and bookwriter in American musical theater.
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Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.
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Joseph Heller
Joseph Heller (May 1, 1923 – December 12, 1999) was an American author of novels, short stories, plays and screenplays.
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Kurt Vonnegut
Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (November 11, 1922April 11, 2007) was an American writer.
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Kurt Wolff (publisher)
Kurt Wolff (3 March 1887 – 21 October 1963) was a German publisher, editor, writer and journalist.
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Legitimacy (family law)
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.
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Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer, conductor, author, music lecturer, and pianist.
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Leonardo Sciascia
Leonardo Sciascia (8 January 1921 – 20 November 1989) was an Italian writer, novelist, essayist, playwright, and politician.
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Les Aventures de Télémaque
Les aventures de Télémaque (The adventures of Telemachus) is a didactic French novel by Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambrai and tutor to the seven-year-old Duc de Bourgogne (grandson of Louis XIV and second in line to the throne).
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Les Délices
Les Délices, or "The Delights", was from 1755-1760 the home of the French philosopher Voltaire (1694-1778) in Geneva, Switzerland.
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Lillian Hellman
Lillian Florence Hellman (June 20, 1905 – June 30, 1984) was an American dramatist and screenwriter known for her success as a playwright on Broadway, as well as her left-wing sympathies and political activism.
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Lisbon
Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 552,700, Census 2011 results according to the 2013 administrative division of Portugal within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.
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List of French-language authors
Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality), by date of birth.
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List of public universities in France
This list of public universities in France refers to the autonomous institutions which are distinguished as being state institutes of higher education and research that practice open admissions, designated "Université" by the French ministry of Higher Education and Research.
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Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Louis-Ferdinand Céline was the pen name of Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961), a French novelist, pamphleteer and physician.
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Maid
A maid, or housemaid or maidservant, is a female domestic worker.
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Manichaeism
Manichaeism (in Modern Persian آیین مانی Āyin-e Māni) was a major religious movement that was founded by the Iranian prophet Mani (in مانی, Syriac: ܡܐܢܝ, Latin: Manichaeus or Manes from Μάνης; 216–276) in the Sasanian Empire.
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Marc-Michel Rey
Marc-Michel Rey (5 May 1720 – 8 June 1780) was an influential publisher in the United Provinces, who published many of the works of the French philosophes, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
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Marionette
A marionette is a puppet controlled from above using wires or strings depending on regional variations.
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Martin Seymour-Smith
Martin Roger Seymour-Smith (24 April 1928 – 1 July 1998) was a British poet, literary critic, biographer and astrologer.
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Mason Hoffenberg
Mason Kass Hoffenberg (December 1922 – 1 June 1986) was an American writer best known for having written the satiric novel Candy in collaboration with Terry Southern.
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Masterpiece
Masterpiece, magnum opus (Latin, great work) or chef-d’œuvre (French, master of work, plural chefs-d’œuvre) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.
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Melbourne
Melbourne is the state capital of Victoria and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania.
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Meliorism
Meliorism is an idea in metaphysical thinking holding that progress is a real concept leading to an improvement of the world.
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Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.
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Micromégas
Micromégas is a 1752 novella by the French philosopher and satirist Voltaire.
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Minden
Minden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Monadology
The Monadology (La Monadologie, 1714) is one of Gottfried Leibniz’s best known works representing his later philosophy.
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Musical theatre
Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting and dance.
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Nedim Gürsel
Nedim Gürsel (born April 5, 1951, in Gaziantep) is a Turkish writer.
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Nineteen Eighty-Four
Nineteen Eighty-Four, often published as 1984, is a dystopian novel published in 1949 by English author George Orwell.
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Novella
A novella is a text of written, fictional, narrative prose normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel, somewhere between 7,500 and 40,000 words.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Overture
Overture (from French ouverture, "opening") in music is the term originally applied to the instrumental introduction to an opera.
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Palestrina
Palestrina (ancient Praeneste; Πραίνεστος, Prainestos) is an ancient city and comune (municipality) with a population of about 21,000, in Lazio, about east of Rome.
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Paradise
Paradise is the term for a place of timeless harmony.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (Paraguái), officially the Republic of Paraguay (República del Paraguay; Tetã Paraguái), is a landlocked country in central South America, bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Parliament
In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.
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Paul Klee
Paul Klee (18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss German artist.
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Peter Constantine
Peter Constantine (born 1963) is a British and American literary translator who has translated literary works from German, Russian, French, Modern Greek, Ancient Greek, Italian, Albanian, Dutch, and Slovene.
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Philosopher
A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science.
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Philosophical fiction
Philosophical fiction refers to the class of works of fiction which devote a significant portion of their content to the sort of questions normally addressed in discursive philosophy.
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Piastre
The piastre or piaster is any of a number of units of currency.
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Picaresque novel
The picaresque novel (Spanish: picaresca, from pícaro, for "rogue" or "rascal") is a genre of prose fiction that depicts the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by their wits in a corrupt society.
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Pierre Bayle
Pierre Bayle (18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the Historical and Critical Dictionary, published beginning in 1697.
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Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.
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Play of the Month
Play of the Month is a BBC television anthology series, which ran from 1965 to 1983 featuring productions of classic and contemporary stage plays (or adaptations) which were usually broadcast on BBC1.
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Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne
The Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (English title: Poem on the Lisbon Disaster) is a poem in French composed by Voltaire as a response to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
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Pope Urban X
Pope Urban X is a fictional pope created by French writer Voltaire in his book Candide.
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Popular psychology
Popular psychology (sometimes shortened as pop psychology or pop psych) is the concepts and theories about human mental life and behavior that are purportedly based on psychology and that find credence among and pass muster with the populace.
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Pornography
Pornography (often abbreviated porn) is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the exclusive purpose of sexual arousal.
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth is a port city in Hampshire, England, mainly on Portsea Island, south-west of London and south-east of Southampton.
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Portuguese Inquisition
The Portuguese Inquisition (Portuguese: Inquisição Portuguesa) was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of its king, John III.
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Pre-established harmony
Gottfried Leibniz's theory of pre-established harmony (harmonie préétablie) is a philosophical theory about causation under which every "substance" affects only itself, but all the substances (both bodies and minds) in the world nevertheless seem to causally interact with each other because they have been programmed by God in advance to "harmonize" with each other.
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Problem of evil
The problem of evil refers to the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil with an omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent God (see theism).
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Protagonist
A protagonist In modern usage, a protagonist is the main character of any story (in any medium, including prose, poetry, film, opera and so on).
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Prussia
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
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Rape
Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person's consent.
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Recess (break)
Recess is a general term for a period in which a group of people are temporarily dismissed from their duties.
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Richard Wilbur
Richard Purdy Wilbur (March 1, 1921 – October 14, 2017) was an American poet and literary translator.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Samuel Krachmalnick
Samuel Krachmalnick (1926, St. Louis – April 1, 2005, Burbank, California) was an American conductor and music educator.
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Satire
Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.
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Scholarly method
The scholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public.
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Schwetzingen
Schwetzingen is a German town situated in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, around southwest of Heidelberg and southeast of Mannheim.
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Science fiction
Science fiction (often shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as advanced science and technology, spaceflight, time travel, and extraterrestrial life.
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Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizi), also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis is the inland sea, entirely within the borders of Turkey, that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and European parts.
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Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.
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Shabbat
Shabbat (שַׁבָּת, "rest" or "cessation") or Shabbos (Ashkenazi Hebrew and שבת), or the Sabbath is Judaism's day of rest and seventh day of the week, on which religious Jews, Samaritans and certain Christians (such as Seventh-day Adventists, the 7th Day movement and Seventh Day Baptists) remember the Biblical creation of the heavens and the earth in six days and the Exodus of the Hebrews, and look forward to a future Messianic Age.
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Simplicius Simplicissimus
Simplicius Simplicissimus (Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus Teutsch) is a picaresque novel of the lower Baroque style, written in 1668 by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen and probably published the same year (although bearing the date 1669).
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Social class
A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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South Atlantic Review
The South Atlantic Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the South Atlantic Modern Language Association.
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Stand-up comedy
Stand-up comedy is a comic style in which a comedian performs in front of a live audience, usually speaking directly to them.
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Stanford University
Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University, colloquially the Farm) is a private research university in Stanford, California.
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Stanisław Leszczyński
Stanisław I Leszczyński (also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, Stanislovas Leščinskis, Stanislas Leszczynski; 20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766) was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Lorraine and a count of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Stephen Sondheim
Stephen Joshua Sondheim (born March 22, 1930) is an American composer and lyricist known for more than a half-century of contributions to musical theater.
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Subtle body
A subtle body is one of a series of psycho-spiritual constituents of living beings, according to various esoteric, occult, and mystical teachings.
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Sultan
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.
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Suriname
Suriname (also spelled Surinam), officially known as the Republic of Suriname (Republiek Suriname), is a sovereign state on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America.
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Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
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Terry Southern
Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and university lecturer, noted for his distinctive satirical style.
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The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written
The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written: The History of Thought from Ancient Times to Today (1998) is a book of intellectual history written by Martin Seymour-Smith, a British poet, critic, and biographer.
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The Spectator
The Spectator is a weekly British magazine on politics, culture, and current affairs.
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The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages
The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages is a 1994 book by Harold Bloom on Western literature, in which the author defends the concept of the Western canon by discussing 26 writers whom he sees as central to the canon.
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Theatines
The Theatines or the Congregation of Clerics Regular of the Divine Providence are a religious order of the Catholic Church, with the post-nominal initials "C.R.".
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Theatre of the Absurd
The Theatre of the Absurd (théâtre de l'absurde) is a post–World War II designation for particular plays of absurdist fiction written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1950s, as well as one for the style of theatre which has evolved from their work.
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Theodicy
Theodicy, in its most common form, is an attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil, thus resolving the issue of the problem of evil.
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Theodore of Corsica
Theodore I of Corsica (25 August 1694 – 11 December 1756), born Theodor Stephan Freiherr von Neuhoff, was a German adventurer who was briefly King of Corsica.
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Theology
Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.
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Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.
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Thomas Pynchon
Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. (born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist.
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Transylvania
Transylvania is a historical region in today's central Romania.
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Turkish people
Turkish people or the Turks (Türkler), also known as Anatolian Turks (Anadolu Türkleri), are a Turkic ethnic group and nation living mainly in Turkey and speaking Turkish, the most widely spoken Turkic language.
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Tyrant
A tyrant (Greek τύραννος, tyrannos), in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or person, or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty.
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Tyrone Guthrie
Sir William Tyrone Guthrie (2 July 1900 – 15 May 1971) was an English theatrical director instrumental in the founding of the Stratford Festival of Canada, the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Tyrone Guthrie Centre at his family's ancestral home, Annaghmakerrig, near Newbliss in County Monaghan, Ireland.
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University of Trier
The University of Trier (Universität Trier), in the German city of Trier, was founded in 1473.
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Utopia
A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens.
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Vagrancy
Vagrancy is the condition of a person who wanders from place to place homeless with no regular employment nor income, referred to as a vagrant, vagabond, rogue, tramp or drifter.
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Venice
Venice (Venezia,; Venesia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.
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Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (traditional dates October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period.
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Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on Christianity as a whole, especially the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state.
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Waiting for Godot
Waiting for Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett, in which two characters, Vladimir (Didi) and Estragon (Gogo), wait for the arrival of someone named Godot who never arrives, and while waiting they engage in a variety of discussions and encounter three other characters.
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We (novel)
We (translit) is a dystopian novel by Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin, completed in 1921.
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Western canon
The Western canon is the body of Western literature, European classical music, philosophy, and works of art that represents the high culture of Europe and North America: "a certain Western intellectual tradition that goes from, say, Socrates to Wittgenstein in philosophy, and from Homer to James Joyce in literature".
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Western literature
Western literature, also known as European literature, is the literature written in the context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, including the ones belonging to the Indo-European language family as well as several geographically or historically related languages such as Basque and Hungarian.
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Westphalia
Westphalia (Westfalen) is a region in northwestern Germany and one of the three historic parts of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
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World view
A world view or worldview is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the whole of the individual's or society's knowledge and point of view.
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Yevgeny Zamyatin
Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin (p; 20 January (Julian) / 1 February (Gregorian), 1884 – 10 March 1937), sometimes anglicized as Eugene Zamyatin, was a Russian author of science fiction and political satire.
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Zadig
Zadig ou la Destinée (Zadig, or The Book of Fate; 1747) is a novella and work of philosophical fiction by the Enlightenment writer Voltaire.
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1755 Lisbon earthquake
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon earthquake, occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on the morning of Saturday, 1 November, the holy day of All Saints' Day, at around 09:40 local time.
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Redirects here:
All is for the best in this best of all possible worlds, Cacambo, Candide (character), Candide (novel), Candide (play), Candide (protagonist), Candide Ou L'Optimisme, Candide, Ou L'Optimisme, Candide, or Optimism, Candide, ou l'Optimisme, Candide: or, All is for the Best, Candide: or, Optimism, Candide: or, The Optimist, Doctor Pangloss, Dr. Pangloss, L'Optimisme, Martin (Candide), Metaphysico-theologo-cosmonigology, Pan gloss, Panglossian pessimism, Pour encourager les autres, Professor Pangloss, Professor pangloss, Thunder-ten-Tronckh.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide
