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118 relations: Anaphase, Anaphase-promoting complex, Animal, Apoptosis, Aspergillus nidulans, Bacteria, Blood cell, Cancer, CDC20, Cdc25, CDKN1B, Cell (biology), Cell cycle, Cell cycle checkpoint, Cell division, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cellular differentiation, Cellular model, Chemotherapy, Chromatid, Chromosome, Conserved sequence, Copy-number variation, Cyanobacteria, Cyclin, Cyclin A, Cyclin B, Cyclin D, Cyclin E, Cyclin-dependent kinase, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4, Cyclin-dependent kinase complex, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C, Cytokinesis, Cytoplasm, Debulking, DNA, DNA polymerase, DNA repair, DNA replication, Drosophila melanogaster, E2F, Elsevier, Endoreduplication, Eukaryote, Fission (biology), Fluorescence, ..., Fluorescent protein, Fungus, G0 phase, G1 phase, G2 phase, Genome, Green fluorescent protein, Growth factor, Hair, Heterochromatin, Histone, Interphase, Kinetochore, Leland H. Hartwell, Messenger RNA, Metaphase, Microarray, Midblastula, Mitosis, Mutation, Neoplasm, Neuron, Nitrogen, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nuclear envelope, Nuclear localization sequence, Organ (anatomy), Organelle, Origin of replication, P14arf, P16, P21, P53, Paul Nurse, Phosphorylation, Phytochrome, Ploidy, Postreplication checkpoint, Pre-replication complex, Prokaryote, Prophase, Proteasome, Protein biosynthesis, Protein dimer, Proteolysis, Radiation therapy, Restriction point, Retinoblastoma, Retinoblastoma protein, S phase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sister chromatids, Skin, Slime mold, SmURFP, Spindle apparatus, Synchronous culture, Telophase, Thymidine kinase, Tim Hunt, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Transforming growth factor beta, Tumor suppressor, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin ligase, Yeast, Zygote. Expand index (68 more) »
Anaphase
Anaphase (from the Greek ἀνά, "up" and φάσις, "stage"), is the stage of mitosis after the metaphase when replicated chromosomes are split and the daughter chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
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Anaphase-promoting complex
Anaphase-promoting complex (also called the cyclosome or APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome.
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Animal
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Aspergillus nidulans
Aspergillus nidulans (also called Emericella nidulans when referring to its sexual form, or teleomorph) is one of many species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Blood cell
A blood cell, also called a haematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte, is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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CDC20
The cell-division cycle protein 20 is an essential regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene in humans.
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Cdc25
Cdc25 is a dual-specificity phosphatase first isolated from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a cell cycle defective mutant.
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CDKN1B
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1) is an enzyme inhibitor that in humans is encoded by the CDKN1B gene.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
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Cell cycle checkpoint
Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Cellular model
Creating a cellular model has been a particularly challenging task of systems biology and mathematical biology.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Chromatid
A chromatid (Greek khrōmat- 'color' + -id) is one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the original chromosome by a single centromere.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Conserved sequence
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences) or within a genome (paralogous sequences).
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Copy-number variation
Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals in the human population.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cyclin
Cyclin is a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.
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Cyclin A
Cyclin A is a member of the cyclin family, a group of proteins that function in regulating progression through the cell cycle.
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Cyclin B
Cyclin B is a member of the cyclin family.
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Cyclin D
Cyclin D is a member of the cyclin protein family that is involved in regulating cell cycle progression.
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Cyclin E
Cyclin E is a member of the cyclin family.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase
Gap phase 2. The duration of mitosis in relation to the other phases has been exaggerated in this diagram Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of sugar kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 1
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 also known as cell division protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK4 gene.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase complex
A cyclin-dependent kinase complex (CDKC, cyclin-CDK) is a protein complex formed by the association of an inactive catalytic subunit of a protein kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), with a regulatory subunit, cyclin.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2), also known as CDKN1C, is protein which in humans is encoded by the CDKN1C imprinted gene.
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Debulking
Debulking is the reduction of as much of the bulk (volume) of a tumour as possible.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA polymerase
DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.
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DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
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DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
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Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.
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E2F
E2F is a group of genes that codifies a family of transcription factors (TF) in higher eukaryotes.
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Elsevier
Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.
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Endoreduplication
Endoreduplication (also referred to as endoreplication or endocycling) is replication of the nuclear genome in the absence of mitosis, which leads to elevated nuclear gene content and polyploidy.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Fission (biology)
Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate entities resembling the original.
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Fluorescence
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
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Fluorescent protein
Fluorescent proteins include.
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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G0 phase
The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle.
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G1 phase
The g1 phase, or Gap 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division.
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G2 phase
G2 phase, or Gap 2 phase, is the second subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Green fluorescent protein
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues (26.9 kDa) that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range.
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Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation.
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Hair
Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis.
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Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.
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Histone
In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
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Interphase
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life.
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Kinetochore
A kinetochore is a disc-shaped protein structure, found at the centromere of a chromatid, to which microtubules attach during cell division.
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Leland H. Hartwell
Leland Harrison (Lee) Hartwell (born October 30, 1939, in Los Angeles, California) is former president and director of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metaphase
Metaphase (from the Greek μετά, "adjacent" and φάσις, "stage") is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase).
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Microarray
A microarray is a multiplex lab-on-a-chip.
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Midblastula
In developmental biology, midblastula or midblastula transition (MBT) occurs during the blastula stage of embryonic development.
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Mitosis
In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Neoplasm
Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes which surrounds the nucleus, and in eukaryotic cells it encases the genetic material.
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Nuclear localization sequence
A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.
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Origin of replication
The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.
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P14arf
p14ARF (also called ARF tumor suppressor, ARF, p14ARF) is an alternate reading frame protein product of the CDKN2A locus (i.e. INK4a/ARF locus).
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P16
p16 (also known as p16INK4a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1 and as several other synonyms), is a tumor suppressor protein, that in humans is encoded by the CDKN2A gene.
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P21
p21Cip1 (alternatively p21Waf1), also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) that is capable of inhibiting all cyclin/CDK complexes, though is primarily associated with inhibition of CDK2.
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P53
Tumor protein p53, also known as p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53), is any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in various organisms, such as TP53 (humans) and Trp53 (mice).
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Paul Nurse
Sir Paul Maxime Nurse (born 25 January 1949), is an English geneticist, former President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute.
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Phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.
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Phytochrome
Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor in plants, bacteria and fungi use to detect light.
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Ploidy
Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.
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Postreplication checkpoint
A postreplication checkpoint is a DNA damage checkpoint response that provides time for the repair of daughter-strand gaps generated by the eukaryotic replication fork at sites of DNA damage.
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Pre-replication complex
A pre-replication complex (pre-RC) is a protein complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initiation step of DNA replication.
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Prokaryote
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
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Prophase
Prophase (from the Greek πρό, "before" and φάσις, "stage") is the first stage of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis.
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Proteasome
Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.
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Protein biosynthesis
Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.
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Protein dimer
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.
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Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.
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Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is therapy using ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator.
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Restriction point
The restriction point (R) is a point in G1 of the animal cell cycle at which the cell becomes "committed" to the cell cycle and after which extracellular proliferation stimulants are no longer required.
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Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye.
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Retinoblastoma protein
The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated pRb; gene name abbreviated RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers.
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S phase
S phase (synthesis phase) is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.
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Sister chromatids
A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere.
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Skin
Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.
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Slime mold
Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures.
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SmURFP
Small ultra red fluorescent protein (smURFP) is a class of far-red fluorescent protein evolved from a cyanobacterial (Trichodesmium erythraeum) phycobiliprotein, α-allophycocyanin.
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Spindle apparatus
In cell biology, the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle) refers to the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.
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Synchronous culture
A synchronous or synchronized culture is a microbiological culture or a cell culture that contains cells that are all in the same growth stage.
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Telophase
Telophase (from the Greek τέλος (télos), "end" and φάσις (phásis), "stage") is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell.
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Thymidine kinase
Thymidine kinase is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase (a kinase): 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21.
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Tim Hunt
Sir Richard Timothy Hunt, (born 19 February 1943) is a British biochemist and molecular physiologist.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Transforming growth factor beta
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 4, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFB4) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages.
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Tumor suppressor
A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.
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Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small (8.5 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e. it occurs ''ubiquitously''.
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Ubiquitin ligase
A ubiquitin ligase (also called an E3 ubiquitin ligase) is a protein that recruits an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that has been loaded with ubiquitin, recognizes a protein substrate, and assists or directly catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 to the protein substrate.
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Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
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Zygote
A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zygōtos "joined" or "yoked", from ζυγοῦν zygoun "to join" or "to yoke") is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle
